774:
allowed non-medical professionals, such as the aforementioned individuals, to continue to oversee childbirths. In addition, this gave some of the public more comfort in trusting childbirth oversight to common people. However, the introduction of obstetrical forceps also had a negative effect, because there was no medical oversight of childbirth by any kind of medical professional, this exposed the practice to unnecessary risks and complications for the fetus and mother. These risks could range from minimal effects to lifetime consequences for both individuals. The baby could develop cuts and bruises in various body parts due to the forcible squeezing of his or her body through the mother's vagina. In addition, there could be bruising on the baby's face if the forceps' handler were to squeeze too tight. In some extreme cases, this could cause temporary or permanent facial nerve injury. Furthermore, if the forceps' handler were to twist his or her wrist while the grip was on the baby's head, this would twist the baby's neck and cause damage to a cranial nerve, resulting in strabismus. In rare cases, a clavicle fracture to the baby could occur. The addition of obstetrical forceps came with complication to the mother during and after childbirth. The use of the forceps gave rise to an increased risk in cuts and lacerations along the vaginal wall. This, in turn, would cause an increase in post-operative recovery time and increase the pain experienced by the mother. In addition, the use of forceps could cause more difficulty evacuating during the recovery time as compared to a mother who did not use the forceps. While some of these risks and complications were very common, in general, many people overlooked them and continued to use them.
704:
570:
361:
684:
665:
606:
353:
617:
720:
728:
410:(1915, Norwegian) are distinguished by having no angle between the shanks and the blades and a sliding lock. The pelvic curve of the blades is identical to all other forceps. The common misperception that there is no pelvic curve has become so entrenched in the obstetric literature that it may never be able to be overcome, but it can be proved by holding a blade of Kielland's against any other forceps of one's choice. Kielland forceps are probably the most common forceps used for rotation. The sliding mechanism at the articulation can be helpful in
636:
only succeed in a maternal pelvis of normal dimensions and on fetal heads already well engaged (i.e. well lowered into maternal pelvis). Abnormalities of pelvis were much more common in the past than today, which complicated the use of
Chamberlen forceps. The absence of pelvic curvature of the branches (vertical curvature to accommodate the anatomical curvature of maternal sacrum) prohibited blades from reaching the upper-part of the pelvis and exercising traction in the natural axis of pelvic excavation.
404:(1860) are similar to Simpson forceps but with an adjustable pin in the end of the handles which can be drawn out as a means of regulating the lateral pressure on the handles when the instrument is positioned for use. They are used most often with women who have had at least one previous vaginal delivery because the muscles and ligaments of the birth canal provide less resistance during second and subsequent deliveries. In these cases, the fetal head may remain rounder.
436:(see explanations below), when the maximum diameter is about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) above the vulva. Wrigley's forceps were designed for use by general practitioner obstetricians, having the safety feature of an inability to reach high into the pelvis. Obstetricians now use these forceps most commonly in cesarean section delivery where manual traction is proving difficult. The short length results in a lower chance of uterine rupture.
25:
341:
133:
414:(when the fetal head is tilted to the side) since it is no longer in line with the birth canal. Because the handles, shanks, and blades are all in the same plane the forceps can be applied in any position to affect rotation. Because the shanks and handles are not angled, the forceps cannot be applied to a high station as readily as those with the angle since the shanks impinge on the
753:
Around this era in the 18th century, there were no female doctors. Since males were exclusively called in under extreme circumstances, the act of childbirth was thought to be better known to a midwife or female relative than a male doctor. Usually the male doctor's job was to save the mother's life if, for example, the baby had become stuck on his or her way exiting the mother.
757:
in other cases, a caesarean section (c section) could be performed, but this would almost always result in the mother's death. "In addition, women who had forceps deliveries had shorter after-childbirth complications than those who had caesarean sections performed." These procedures came with various risks to the mother's health, along with the death of the baby.
711:
Tarnier's idea was to "split" mechanically the grabbing of the fetal head (between the forceps blades) on which the operator does not intervene after their correct positioning, from a mechanical accessory set on the forceps itself, the "tractor" on which the operator exercises traction needed to pull
635:
The
Chamberlen family's forceps were based on the idea of separating the two branches of "sugar clamp" (as those used to remove "stones" from bladder), which were put in place one after another in the birth canal. This was not possible with conventional tweezers previously tested. However, they could
391:
All
American forceps are derived from French forceps (long forceps) or English forceps (short forceps). Short forceps are applied on the fetal head already descended significantly in the maternal pelvis (i.e., proximal to the vagina). Long forceps are able to reach a fetal head still in the middle or
756:
Before the obstetrical forceps, this had to be done by cutting the baby out piece by piece. In other cases, if the baby was deemed undeliverable, then the doctor would use a tool called a crochet. This was used to crush the baby's skull, allowing the baby to be pulled out of the mother's womb. Still
545:
from
Normandy who worked in Paris before they migrated to England in 1569 to escape the religious violence in France. William Chamberlen, the patriarch of the family, was most likely a surgeon; he had two sons, both named Pierre, who became maverick surgeons and specialists in midwifery. William and
450:
The cervix must be fully dilated and retracted and the membranes ruptured. The urinary bladder should be empty, perhaps with the use of a catheter. High forceps are never indicated in the modern era. Mid forceps can occasionally be indicated but require operator skill and caution. The station of the
379:
The blade of each forceps branch is the curved portion that is used to grasp the fetal head. The forceps should surround the fetal head firmly, but not tightly. The blade characteristically has two curves, the cephalic and the pelvic curves. The cephalic curve is shaped to conform to the fetal head.
773:
Child birth was not considered a medical practice before the 18th century. It was mostly overseen by a midwife, mother, stepmother, neighbor, or any female relative. Around the 19th and 20th centuries, childbirth was considered dangerous for women. With the introduction of obstetrical forceps, this
764:
Around this time, in large cities such as London and Paris, some men would become devoted to obstetrical practices. It became stylish among wealthy women of the era to have their childbirth overseen by male midwives. A notable male midwife was
William Hunter. He popularised obstetrics. "In 1762, he
593:
The forceps were used most notably in difficult childbirths. The forceps could avoid some infant deaths when previous approaches (involving hooks and other instruments) extracted them in parts. In the interest of secrecy, the forceps were carried into the birthing room in a lined box and would only
735:
Forceps had a profound influence on obstetrics as it allowed for the speedy delivery of the baby in cases of difficult or obstructed labour. Over the course of the 19th century, many practitioners attempted to redesign the forceps, so much so that the Royal
College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists'
380:
The cephalic curve can be rounded or rather elongated depending on the shape of the fetal head. The pelvic curve is shaped to conform to the birth canal and helps direct the force of the traction under the pubic bone. Forceps used for rotation of the fetal head should have almost no pelvic curve.
371:
forceps consist of two branches (blades) that are positioned around the head of the fetus. These branches are defined as left and right depending on which side of the mother's pelvis they will be applied. The branches usually, but not always, cross at a midpoint, which is called the articulation.
760:
However, with the introduction of the obstetrical forceps, the male doctor had a more important role. In many cases, they could actually save the baby's life if called early enough. Although the use of the forceps in childbirth came with its own set of risks, the positives included a significant
752:
The introduction of the obstetrical forceps provided huge advances in the medicalisation of childbirth. Before the 18th century, childbirth was thought of as a medical phase that could be overseen by a female relative. Usually, if a doctor had to get involved that meant something had gone wrong.
566:(barbers-surgeons were not doctors in the sense of physician), as royal obstetrician. The success of this dynasty of obstetricians with the royal family and high nobles was related in part to the use of this "secret" instrument allowing delivery of a live child in difficult cases.
589:
maternity, was a failure which resulted in the death of mother and child. The secret may have been sold by Hugh
Chamberlen to Dutch obstetricians at the start of the 18th century in Amsterdam, but there are doubts about the authenticity of what was actually provided to buyers.
217:(head presentation). Common complications include the possibility of bruising the baby and causing more severe vaginal tears (perineal laceration) than would otherwise be the case. Severe and rare complications (occurring less frequently than 1 in 200) include nerve damage,
372:
Most forceps have a locking mechanism at the articulation, but a few have a sliding mechanism instead that allows the two branches to slide along each other. Forceps with a fixed lock mechanism are used for deliveries where little or no rotation is required, as when the
632:(UK) in the attic of the house. The instruments were found along with gloves, old coins and trinkets. The tools discovered also contained a pair of forceps that were assumed to have been invented by the father of Peter Chamberlen because of the nature of the design.
878:
O'Mahony, Fidelma; Settatree, Ralph; Platt, Craig; Johanson, Richard (May 2005). "Review of singleton fetal and neonatal deaths associated with cranial trauma and cephalic delivery during a national intrapartum-related confidential enquiry".
502:, where the forceps are applied when the fetal head has reached the perineal floor and its scalp is visible between contractions. This type of assisted delivery is performed only when the fetal head is in a straight forward or backward
392:
even in the upper part of the maternal pelvis. At present practice, it is uncommon to use forceps to access a fetal head in the upper pelvis. So, short forceps are preferred in the UK and USA. Long forceps are still in use elsewhere.
398:(1848) are the most commonly used among the types of forceps and has an elongated cephalic curve. These are used when there is substantial molding, that is, temporary elongation of the fetal head as it moves through the birth canal.
201:
Forceps births, like all assisted births, should only be undertaken to help promote the health of the mother or baby. In general, a forceps birth is likely to be safer for both the mother and baby than the alternatives – either a
765:
was appointed as obstetrician to Queen
Charlotte." In addition, with the use of forceps, male doctors invented lying in hospitals to provide safe, somewhat advanced obstetrical care because of the use of the obstetrical forceps.
761:
decrease in risk to the mother, a decrease in child morbidity, and a decreased risk to the baby. Since the forceps in childbirth were made public around 1720, they gave male doctors a way to assist and even oversee childbirths.
467:
position; posterior blade first if a transverse position, then locked. The position on the baby's head is checked. The fetal head is then rotated to the occiput anterior position if it is not already in that position. An
459:) is used to help the mother remain comfortable during the birth. Ascertaining the precise position of the fetal head is paramount, and though historically was accomplished by feeling the fetal skull suture lines and
695:
misaligned with the instrument itself, sometimes called the "third curvature of the forceps". This particularly ingenious traction system, allowed the forceps to exercise traction on the head of the child following
803:
Murphy, Deirdre J; Liebling, Rachel E; Verity, Lisa; Swingler, Rebecca; Patel, Roshni (2001). "Early maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with operative delivery in second stage of labour: A cohort study".
712:
down the fetal head in the correct axis of the pelvic excavation. Tarnier forceps (and its multiple derivatives under other names) remained the most widely used system in the world until the development of the
597:
Models derived from the
Chamberlen instrument finally appeared gradually in England and Scotland in 1735. About 100 years after the invention of the forceps by Peter Chamberlen Sr. a surgeon by the name of
213:
Advantages of forceps use include avoidance of caesarean section (and the short and long-term complications that accompany this), reduction of delivery time, and general applicability with
463:, in the modern era, confirmation with ultrasound is essentially mandatory. At this point, the two blades of the forceps are individually inserted, the left blade first for the commonest
691:
The last improvement of the instrument was added in 1877 by a French obstetrician, Stephan
Tarnier in "descriptions of two new forceps." This instrument featured a
455:. The woman is placed on her back, usually with the aid of stirrups or assistants to support her legs. A regional anaesthetic (usually either a spinal, epidural or
492:
1372:
532:
is not performed in modern obstetrics practice. It would be a forceps-assisted vaginal delivery performed when the baby's head is not yet engaged.
577:
In fact, the instrument was kept secret for 150 years by the Chamberlen family, although there is evidence for its presence as far back as 1634.
602:
presented his obstetric forceps to the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1723. They contained parallel blades and were called the Hands of Palfijn.
159:
155:
383:
The handles are connected to the blades by shanks of variable lengths. Forceps with longer shanks are used if rotation is being considered.
1533:
491:
The accepted clinical standard classification system for forceps deliveries according to station and rotation was developed by the
89:
613:
These "hands" were possibly the instruments described and used in Paris by Gregoire father and son, Dussée, and Jacques Mesnard.
581:, grandnephew of Peter the eldest, tried to sell the instrument in Paris in 1670, but the demonstration he performed in front of
944:
61:
1760:
929:
1345:
1818:
680:. After this fundamental improvement, the forceps would become a common obstetrical instrument for more than two centuries.
376:
is in line with the mother's pelvis. Forceps with a sliding lock mechanism are used for deliveries requiring more rotation.
1365:
68:
42:
783:
541:
The obstetric forceps were invented by the eldest son of the Chamberlen family of surgeons. The Chamberlens were French
360:
703:
1039:
862:
108:
75:
1551:
1823:
1662:
1358:
503:
569:
57:
1733:
673:
345:
142:
46:
1833:
1350:
1528:
1297:
1455:
546:
the eldest son practiced in Southampton and then settled in London. The inventor was probably the eldest
1828:
1657:
744:
or vacuum extractor, the use of forceps and training in the technique of its use has sharply declined.
683:
563:
547:
1725:
687:
French forceps, Levret-Baudelocque type (1760–1860) with perforator and hook at the end of the handles
1770:
1614:
1523:
1498:
1470:
1433:
736:
collection has several hundred examples. In the last decades, however, with the ability to perform a
578:
551:
1710:
1543:
1538:
1054:
664:
559:
352:
246:
Analgesic drug-related inhibition of maternal effort (especially with epidural/spinal anaesthesia).
1460:
82:
35:
1697:
1405:
605:
218:
586:
506:
or in slight rotation (less than 45 degrees to the right or left) from one of these positions.
854:
464:
425:
214:
616:
582:
1480:
555:
8:
1780:
1556:
1475:
1513:
1715:
1705:
1319:
1292:
1268:
1246:
1241:
1095:
1068:
1031:
990:
965:
912:
831:
472:
may be performed if necessary. The baby is then delivered with gentle (maximum 30
442:
has a perineal curve to allow application to the after-coming head in breech delivery.
182:
1217:
1192:
1145:
819:
1755:
1747:
1682:
1561:
1448:
1324:
1273:
1222:
1035:
995:
941:
904:
896:
892:
858:
835:
823:
523:
207:
150:
916:
1640:
1579:
1410:
1314:
1306:
1263:
1255:
1212:
1204:
1141:
1090:
1082:
985:
977:
888:
815:
737:
713:
625:
411:
731:
Elliott forceps with "pressure regulating" screw at the end of handles – US (1860)
1649:
1609:
948:
301:
Increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage - sometimes leading to death: 4/10,000.
266:
1086:
322:
Increased risk of perineal lacerations, pelvic organ prolapse, and incontinence.
1793:
1765:
1465:
1400:
727:
513:
456:
305:
259:
1208:
981:
1812:
1672:
1621:
1599:
1503:
1380:
1259:
900:
719:
646:
Observations sur les causes et accidents de plusieurs accouchements laborieux
629:
480:
452:
657:
of the maternal pelvis, this "pelvic curve" allowing a grip on a fetal head
1788:
1443:
1328:
1310:
1277:
1226:
1130:"Lectures on the Mechanism and Management of Natural and Difficult Labours"
999:
908:
827:
640:
288:
1055:
biology-online.org > Dictionary » O » Outlet forceps delivery
653:), in which he described his modification of the instrument to follow the
1687:
1508:
1438:
599:
473:
240:, aneurysm, or other conditions that make pushing difficult or dangerous.
651:
Observations on the Causes and Accidents of Several difficult Deliveries
516:
or lower. There is no restriction on rotation for this type of delivery.
168:
1667:
1631:
1386:
806:
469:
460:
373:
368:
309:
186:
138:
747:
661:
in the pelvic excavation, which could assist in more difficult cases.
594:
be used once everyone was out of the room and the mother blindfolded.
1518:
1382:
951:
written by Scott Moses, MD. This page was last revised before 5/10/08
707:
Tarnier forceps with tractor handle (1877) and USA Dewey model (1900)
542:
1129:
24:
1169:
741:
415:
295:
237:
203:
190:
877:
364:
James Young Simpson's Caesarian forceps, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow
340:
132:
1604:
1158:
Aveling, J.H. 1882. The Chamberlens and the Midwifery Forceps 224
1109:
Watts, Geof. 2001. Special Delivery. New Scientist. 21 April 4848
624:
In 1813, Peter Chamberlen's midwifery tools were discovered at
881:
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
1240:
Sheikh, Sukhera; Ganesaratnam, Inithan; Jan, Haider (2013).
1118:
1886. The Last Lyons Forceps. The Medical News. 2 January 14
802:
620:
Dussee French forceps (circa 1725) with two different locks
522:, when the baby's head is above +2 station. There must be
1073:
1170:"Forceps Delivery: Science Wears its Art on its Sleeve"
942:
Family Practice Notebook > Forceps Assisted Delivery
848:
236:
Maternal illness such as heart disease, hypertension,
1239:
672:
This improvement was published in 1751 in England by
331:
Increased difficulty evacuating during recovery time.
1346:
GLOWM video demonstrating forceps delivery technique
221:
rupture, skull fractures, and cervical cord injury.
748:
Historical role in the medicalisation of childbirth
493:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
678:A Treatise on the theory and practice of midwifery
668:First illustration of Levret's pelvic curve – 1747
16:Medical instrument used for the delivery of a baby
842:
210:– although caveats such as operator skill apply.
1810:
963:
356:Wooden forceps c.1800, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow
1193:"Forceps delivery in modern obstetric practice"
740:relatively safely, and the introduction of the
189:. Their use can serve as an alternative to the
959:
957:
849:Loughnan, Michael S.; Adrian S. Bruce (2002).
325:Increased risk of injury to vagina and cervix.
1366:
1167:
923:
1293:"The start of life: A history of obstetrics"
1284:
1233:
1184:
644:
1191:Patel, Roshni R; Murphy, Deirdre J (2004).
1190:
954:
796:
768:
486:
328:Increased postnatal recovery time and pain.
1534:Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
1373:
1359:
698:the axis of the maternal pelvic excavation
131:
1318:
1267:
1216:
1094:
1057:Page last modified 21:16, 3 October 2005.
989:
851:Anterior Eye Disease and Therapeutics A-Z
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
966:"ABC of labour care: Operative delivery"
726:
718:
702:
700:, which had never been possible before.
682:
663:
615:
604:
568:
359:
351:
339:
386:
1811:
1127:
1025:
483:) traction in the axis of the pelvis.
1354:
1290:
1066:
609:Palfijn "hands" in different versions
550:, who became obstetrician-surgeon of
723:Hodge "Eclectic" forceps – US (1833)
225:Maternal factors for use of forceps:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
784:Instruments used in general surgery
256:Non-reassuring fetal heart tracing.
13:
562:. He was succeeded by his nephew,
14:
1845:
1381:Tests and procedures relating to
1339:
964:Chamberlain, G; Steer, P (1999).
451:head must be at the level of the
251:Fetal factors for use of forceps:
233:Prolonged second stage of labour.
893:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00508.x
273:
23:
1663:Artificial rupture of membranes
1161:
1152:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1060:
196:
34:needs additional citations for
1048:
1019:
1006:
935:
871:
1:
1146:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)86183-9
820:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06341-3
789:
639:In 1747, French obstetrician
526:before it can be carried out.
512:, when the baby's head is at
1819:Equipment used in childbirth
1552:Lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio
1529:Fetal scalp stimulation test
1298:Postgraduate Medical Journal
445:
335:
304:Increased risk of damage to
193:(vacuum extraction) method.
7:
1087:10.1136/bmj.39157.514815.47
1028:Dennen's Forceps Deliveries
777:
573:Chamberlen forceps (Maldon)
558:of England and daughter of
291:injury (usually temporary).
10:
1850:
1026:Dennen, Edward H. (1989).
548:Peter Chamberlen the elder
536:
1779:
1771:Resuscitative hysterotomy
1746:
1724:
1696:
1658:Assisted vaginal delivery
1648:
1639:
1630:
1615:External cephalic version
1592:
1572:
1524:Fetal scalp blood testing
1499:Chorionic villus sampling
1491:
1471:Vibroacoustic stimulation
1434:Obstetric ultrasonography
1426:
1419:
1393:
1209:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1302
1016:value with 1 lbf ≈ 4.45 N
982:10.1136/bmj.318.7193.1260
579:Hugh Chamberlen the elder
316:
165:
149:
130:
125:
1260:10.1177/2042533313478412
1128:Murphy, Edwardw (1845).
769:Historical complications
585:, responsible for Paris
560:Henry IV, King of France
487:Outlet, low, mid or high
344:Obstetrical forceps, by
1734:Manual placenta removal
1461:Contraction stress test
1456:Fetal movement counting
500:Outlet forceps delivery
278:
141:with use of forceps by
1824:Obstetrical procedures
1562:Fetal fibronectin test
1311:10.1136/pmj.78.919.311
1242:"The birth of forceps"
1168:Robson, Steve (2009).
947:4 October 2009 at the
732:
724:
708:
688:
669:
645:
621:
610:
574:
365:
357:
349:
1711:Wood's screw maneuver
1067:Moore, Wendy (2007).
855:Butterworth-Heinemann
730:
722:
706:
686:
667:
619:
608:
572:
530:High forceps delivery
426:Arthur Joseph Wrigley
363:
355:
343:
265:After-coming head in
215:cephalic presentation
126:Forceps in childbirth
58:"Obstetrical forceps"
1834:Surgical instruments
1726:Third stage of labor
1544:Kleihauer–Betke test
1481:Amniotic fluid index
932:, spinningbabies.com
930:Asyncletism in labor
564:Dr. Peter Chamberlen
510:Low forceps delivery
387:Anglo-American types
230:Maternal exhaustion.
43:improve this article
1781:Postpartum bleeding
1761:On maternal request
1698:Dystocia management
1678:Obstetrical forceps
1557:Lamellar body count
1476:Biophysical profile
1406:Leopold's maneuvers
1081:(7595): 698.2–698.
1012:Derived from the lb
520:Midforceps delivery
219:Descemet's membrane
179:Obstetrical forceps
1716:Zavanelli maneuver
1706:McRoberts maneuver
1247:JRSM Short Reports
733:
725:
709:
689:
670:
622:
611:
583:François Mauriceau
575:
366:
358:
350:
294:Increased risk of
287:Increased risk of
183:medical instrument
1829:Medical equipment
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1748:Caesarean section
1742:
1741:
1683:Vacuum extraction
1588:
1587:
1449:Crown-rump length
1291:Drife, J (2002).
495:and consists of:
465:occipito-anterior
434:outlet deliveries
422:Wrigley's forceps
412:asynclitic births
284:Cuts and bruises.
208:caesarean section
176:
175:
119:
118:
111:
93:
1841:
1646:
1645:
1641:Vaginal delivery
1637:
1636:
1580:Cardiotocography
1424:
1423:
1411:Prenatal testing
1375:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1203:(7451): 1302–5.
1188:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1030:(3rd ed.).
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
976:(7193): 1260–4.
961:
952:
939:
933:
927:
921:
920:
875:
869:
868:
846:
840:
839:
814:(9289): 1203–7.
800:
738:cesarean section
714:cesarean section
648:
626:Woodham Mortimer
408:Kielland forceps
306:cranial nerve VI
298:fracture (rare).
169:edit on Wikidata
135:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1849:
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1809:
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1610:Podalic version
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1140:(1140): 57–61.
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949:Wayback Machine
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801:
797:
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693:traction system
674:William Smellie
552:Queen Henriette
539:
524:head engagement
504:vertex position
489:
477:
448:
440:Piper's forceps
396:Simpson forceps
389:
346:William Smellie
338:
319:
308:, resulting in
281:
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267:breech delivery
199:
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5:
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1794:B-Lynch suture
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1768:
1766:EXIT procedure
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1548:Lung maturity
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1466:Nonstress test
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1417:
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1401:Pregnancy test
1397:
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1394:Maternal tests
1391:
1390:
1378:
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1340:External links
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1305:(919): 311–5.
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887:(5): 619–626.
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556:King Charles I
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488:
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457:pudendal block
453:ischial spines
447:
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428:, are used in
424:, named after
402:Elliot forceps
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1673:Symphysiotomy
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1600:Fetal surgery
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1069:"Keeping mum"
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1041:0-8036-2511-1
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274:Complications
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243:Hemorrhaging.
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1789:Hysterectomy
1677:
1444:Anomaly scan
1302:
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690:
677:
676:in the book
671:
658:
654:
650:
643:, published
641:Andre Levret
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289:facial nerve
212:
200:
197:Medical uses
178:
177:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1688:Odon device
1509:Triple test
1439:Nuchal scan
1420:Fetal tests
1180:(4): 19–20.
600:Jan Palfijn
461:fontanelles
206:birth or a
137:Drawing of
1813:Categories
1668:Episiotomy
1387:childbirth
1254:(7): 1–4.
1134:The Lancet
1032:F.A. Davis
853:. Oxford:
807:The Lancet
790:References
659:still high
628:Hall near
587:Hotel-Dieu
554:, wife of
514:+2 station
470:episiotomy
374:fetal head
310:strabismus
187:childbirth
139:childbirth
69:newspapers
1650:Induction
1519:Fetoscopy
1514:Quad test
1383:pregnancy
901:1470-0328
836:205937677
655:curvature
543:Huguenots
446:Technique
369:Obstetric
336:Structure
99:June 2018
1756:Elective
1632:Delivery
1539:Apt test
1492:Sampling
1329:12151591
1278:23885296
1227:15166069
1000:10231260
945:Archived
917:11180868
909:15842287
828:11675055
778:See also
742:ventouse
416:perineum
296:clavicle
238:glaucoma
204:ventouse
191:ventouse
185:used in
151:ICD-9-CM
1605:Fetendo
1427:Imaging
1320:1742346
1269:3704058
1174:O&G
1096:1839178
991:1115650
537:History
479:or 130
143:Smellie
83:scholar
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630:Maldon
481:Newton
348:(1792)
317:Mother
181:are a
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1573:Other
913:S2CID
832:S2CID
167:[
90:JSTOR
76:books
1385:and
1325:PMID
1274:PMID
1223:PMID
1036:ISBN
996:PMID
905:PMID
897:ISSN
859:ISBN
824:PMID
279:Baby
160:72.4
156:72.0
62:news
1315:PMC
1307:doi
1264:PMC
1256:doi
1213:PMC
1205:doi
1201:328
1197:BMJ
1142:doi
1091:PMC
1083:doi
1079:334
1074:BMJ
986:PMC
978:doi
974:318
970:BMJ
889:doi
885:112
816:doi
812:358
432:or
430:low
45:by
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956:^
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649:(
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158:-
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106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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