2389:
3876:
207:
2418:
2280:
1199:
2173:
1409:
64:
1555:
4517:
2095:
1685:, drawn from local and Roman elites: Cicero notes that once the new cult had been founded, its earliest priestesses "generally were either from Naples or Velia", cities allied or federated to Rome. Elsewhere, he describes Ceres' Sicilian priestesses as "older women respected for their noble birth and character". Celibacy may have been a condition of their office; sexual abstinence was, according to Ovid, required of those attending Ceres' major, nine-day festival. Her
1384:: during the same conflict, a lightning strike at her temple was expiated. A fast in her honour is recorded for 191 BC, to be repeated at 5-year intervals. After 206, she was offered at least 11 further official expiations. Many of these were connected to famine and manifestations of plebeian unrest, rather than war. From the Middle Republic onwards, expiation was increasingly addressed to her as mother to Proserpina. The last known followed
804:), the yoking of oxen and ploughing, the sowing, protection and nourishing of the young seed, and the gift of agriculture to humankind; before this, it was said, man had subsisted on acorns, and wandered without settlement or laws. She had the power to fertilize, multiply and fructify plant and animal seed, and her laws and rites protected all activities of the agricultural cycle. In January, Ceres (alongside the earth-goddess
1035:
1522:". He recommends that temples to Ceres be sited in rural areas: "in a solitary spot out of the city, to which the public are not necessarily led but for the purpose of sacrificing to her. This spot is to be reverenced with religious awe and solemnity of demeanour, by those whose affairs lead them to visit it." During the early Imperial era, soothsayers advised
1491:(Enna), her tracks were obscured by their trampling. If not for them, Ceres might have been spared the toils and grief of her lengthy search and separation, and humankind would have been spared the consequent famine. The myth is also a reminder that the gift of agriculture is a contract, and comes at a price. It brings well-being but also mortality. Enna, in
3710:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 56. For debate and challenge to Roman descriptions of the motives for this expedition, see Spaeth, 1990, pp. 182–195. Spaeth finds the expedition an attempt to justify the killing of T. Gracchus as official, right and lawful, based on senatorial speeches given soon after the killing;
1143:
Ceres' signs and iconography, like
Demeter's from early Mycenae onwards, include poppies - symbolic of fertility, sleep, death and rebirth. Poppies readily grow on soil disturbed by ploughing, as in wheatfields, and bear innumerable tiny seeds. They were raised as a crop by Greek and Roman farmers,
1959:
and an exceptionally good harvest. Roman victory and recovery could therefore be credited to Magna Mater and patrician piety: so the patricians dined her and each other at her festival banquets. In similar fashion, the plebeian nobility underlined their claims to Ceres. Up to a point, the two cults
1689:
was reserved to respectable matrons, be they married, divorced or widowed. The process of their selection and their relationship to Ceres' older, entirely male priesthood is unknown; but they far outnumbered her few male priests, and would have been highly respected and influential figures in their
1586:
No images of Ceres survive from her pre-Aventine cults; the earliest date to the middle
Republic, and show the Hellenising influence of Demeter's iconography. Some late Republican images recall Ceres' search for Proserpina. Ceres bears a torch, sometimes two, and rides in a chariot drawn by snakes;
1129:
As Ceres' first plough-furrow opened the earth (Tellus' realm) to the world of men and created the first field and its boundary, her laws determined the course of settled, lawful, civilised life. Crimes against fields and harvest were crimes against the people and their protective deity. Landowners
2782:
Spaeth, 1996, pp. 36–37. Ovid offers a myth by way of explanation: long ago, at ancient
Carleoli, a farm-boy caught a fox stealing chickens and tried to burn it alive. The fox escaped and fired the fields and their crops, which were sacred to Ceres. Ever since (says Ovid) foxes are punished at her
1799:
and early Empire describe Ceres' Aventine temple and rites as conspicuously Greek. In modern scholarship, this is taken as further evidence of long-standing connections between the plebeians, Ceres and Magna
Graecia. It also raises unanswered questions on the nature, history and character of these
1486:
likens Ceres' devotion to her own offspring to that of a cow to its calf; but she is also the originator of bloody animal sacrifice, a necessity in the renewal of life. She has a particular enmity towards her own sacrificial animal, the pig. Pigs offend her by their destructive rooting-up of field
1379:
at human impiety. In Roman histories, prodigies cluster around perceived or actual threats to the Roman state, in particular, famine, war and social disorder, and are expiated as matters of urgency. The establishment of Ceres' Aventine cult has itself been interpreted as an extraordinary expiation
1423:
The complex and multi-layered origins of the
Aventine Triad and Ceres herself allowed multiple interpretations of their relationships, beyond the humanised pattern of relations within the Triad; while Cicero asserts Ceres as mother to both Liber and Libera, consistent with her role as a mothering
3545:
More epigraphic evidence survives for priestesses of Ceres than for any other priesthood; it shows Cerean cults as less exclusively female than contemporary Roman authors would have it; while most Cerean priestesses were assisted by females, two in the
Italian province are known to have had male
1599:(Roman goddess of Peace). Augustan reliefs show her emergence, plant-like from the earth, her arms entwined by snakes, her outstretched hands bearing poppies and wheat, or her head crowned with fruits and vines. In free-standing statuary, she commonly wears a wheat-crown, or holds a wheat spray.
1256:
is open") and offerings were made there to agricultural or underworld deities, including Ceres as goddess of the fruitful earth and guardian of its underworld portals. Its opening offered the spirits of the dead temporary leave from the underworld to roam lawfully among the living, in what Warde
1134:
forbade the magical charming of field crops from a neighbour's field into one's own, and invoked the death penalty for the illicit removal of field boundaries. An adult who damaged or stole field-crops should be hanged "for Ceres". Any youth guilty of the same offense was to be whipped or fined
1046:
From at least the mid-republican era, an official, joint cult to Ceres and
Proserpina reinforced Ceres' connection with Roman ideals of female virtue. The promotion of this cult coincides with the rise of a plebeian nobility, an increased birthrate among plebeian commoners, and a fall in the
1112:) were placed in Ceres' Temple, under the guardianship of the goddess and her aediles. Livy puts the reason bluntly: the consuls could no longer seek advantage for themselves by arbitrarily tampering with the laws of Rome. The Temple might also have offered asylum for those threatened with
1191:). They could be exorcised, but only when their death was reasonably due. For her service at burials or cremations, well-off families offered Ceres sacrifice of a pig. The poor could offer wheat, flowers, and a libation. The expected afterlife for the exclusively female initiates in the
1898:
but otherwise, their relationship is unclear. The older form of cult included both men and women, and probably remained a focus for plebeian political identity and discontent. The new form identified its exclusively females initiates and priestesses as upholders of Rome's traditional,
1474:
When Ceres sought through all the earth with lit torches for
Proserpina, who had been seized by Dis Pater, she called her with shouts where three or four roads meet; from this it has endured in her rites that on certain days a lamentation is raised at the crossroads everywhere by the
1858:
so that they could pray to the gods "with a foreign and external knowledge, but with a domestic and civil intention"; the recruitment of respectable matrons seems to acknowledge the civic value of the cult. It was based on ancient, ethnically Greek cults to
Demeter, most notably the
2910:, 4.58, "implies that Ceres established the laws for weddings as well as for other aspects of civilized life." For more on Roman attitudes to marriage and sexuality, Ceres' role at marriages and the ideal of a "chaste married life" for Roman matrons, see Staples, 1998, pp. 84–93.
881:, a god of grain-storage. After the race, foxes were released into the Circus, their tails ablaze with lighted torches, perhaps to cleanse the growing crops and protect them from disease and vermin, or to add warmth and vitality to their growth. From c.175 BC, Cerealia included
2006:, the goddess' supposed place of origin and earthly home. Some kind of religious consultation or propitiation was given, either to expiate Gracchus' murder – as later Roman sources would claim – or to justify it as the lawful killing of a would-be king or
2317:
which at its simplest translates as "without food and drink, love freezes" or "love needs food and wine to thrive" - probably proverbial and widespread in his own day. It was adopted variously as a brewer's motto, celebration, warning, and a subject of art in
1894:. The new, women-only cult to "mother and maiden" took its place alongside the old; it made no reference to Liber. Thereafter, Ceres was offered two separate and distinctive forms of official cult at the Aventine. Both might have been supervised by the male
1603:
use Ceres' image, wheat ears and garlands to advertise their connections with prosperity, the annona and the popular interest. Some
Imperial coin images depict important female members of the Imperial family as Ceres, or with some of her attributes.
2729:
Spaeth, 1996, p. 35: "The pregnant victim is a common offering to female fertility divinities and was apparently intended, on the principle of sympathetic magic, to fertilise and multiply the seeds committed to the earth." See also Cato the Elder,
2247:
In Britain, a soldier's inscription of the 2nd century AD attests to Ceres' role in the popular syncretism of the times. She is "the bearer of ears of corn", the "Syrian Goddess", identical with the universal heavenly Mother, the Magna Mater and
3658:, who mistakes this as the first Roman cult to Ceres. His belief may reflect the high profile and ubiquity of the "reformed" cult during the later Imperial period, and possibly the fading of older, distinctively Aventine forms of her cult.
2326:
through the brewing process. Imagery that represented the profitable business of commercial brewing showed the grain-goddess as a respectable matron and Liber-Bacchus as a gentleman; a wholesome picture of moral sobriety and restraint.
1178:
Ceres maintained the boundaries between the realms of the living and the dead, and was an essential presence at funerals. Given acceptable rites and sacrifice, she helped the deceased into the afterlife as an underworld shade, or deity
2072:; and plebeian nobles and aediles used them to point out their ancestral connections with plebeians as commoners. In the decades of Civil War that ushered in the Empire, such images and dedications proliferate on Rome's coinage:
1358:
suggest rites to Ceres as the guardian deity of seed-corn in the establishment of cities, and as a door-warden of the afterlife, which was co-ruled during the winter months by her daughter Proserpina, queen-companion to
3559:
Whether or not Numa existed, the antiquity of Ceres' Italic cult is attested by the threefold inscription of her name c.600 BC on a Faliscan jar; the Faliscans were close neighbours of Rome. See Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 5,
2064:("he who stores the grain") claim his rule (a military dictatorship) as regenerative and divinely justified. Popularists used her name and attributes to appeal their guardianship of plebeian interests, particularly the
1202:
During her long, torch-lit search for her daughter, Proserpina, Ceres drinks water given her by Hecuba, and is mocked by the boy, Askalabos, for spilling some of it. She will transform him into a lowly "star-lizard' or
1800:
associations: the Triad itself may have been a self-consciously Roman cult formulation based on Greco-Italic precedents. When a new form of Cerean cult was officially imported from Magna Graecia, it was known as the
1304:
as part of Rome's foundation; Plutarch compares it to pits dug by Etruscan colonists, containing soil brought from their parent city, used to dedicate the first fruits of the harvest. Warde Fowler speculates the
3841:
Benko, pp. 112–114: see also pp. 31, 51, citing Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 11.2, in which Isis reveals to Lucius that she, Ceres and Proserpina, Artemis and Venus are all aspects of the one "Heavenly Queen"; cf
903:, invoked Ceres (and probably Tellus) along with twelve specialised, minor assistant-gods to secure divine help and protection at each stage of the grain cycle, beginning shortly before the Feriae Sementivae.
3290:
1257:
Fowler describes as 'holidays, so to speak, for the ghosts'. The days when the mundus was open were among the very few occasions that Romans made official contact with the collective spirits of the dead, the
1424:
deity, Varro's more complex theology groups her functionally with Tellus, Terra, Venus (and thus Victoria) and with Libera as a female aspect of Liber. No native Roman myths of Ceres are known. According to
2157:, a junior partner to Ceres and the Imperial family. The traditional, Cerean virtues of provision and nourishment were symbolically extended to Imperial family members; some coinage shows Claudius' mother
1097:, which established the office and person of plebeian aediles and tribunes as inviolate representatives of the Roman people. Tribunes were legally immune to arrest or threat, and the lives and property of
1066:, Ceres' own mother in Imperial guise and a bountiful genetrix in her own right. Several of Ceres' ancient Italic precursors are connected to human fertility and motherhood; the Pelignan goddess
1817:, a male celebrant wore Greek-style vestments, and remained bareheaded before the deity, or else wore a wreath. While Ceres' original Aventine cult was led by male priests, her "Greek rites" (
1396:, and Ceres-with-Proserpina, who were all given expiatory cult. Champlin (2003) perceives the expiations to Vulcan and Ceres in particular as attempted populist appeals by the ruling emperor,
1116:
by patrician magistrates. Ceres' temple, games and cult were at least part-funded by fines imposed on those who offended the laws placed under her protection; the poet Vergil later calls her
1495:, had strong mythological connections with Ceres and Proserpina, and was the site of Ceres most ancient sanctuary. Flowers were said to bloom throughout the year on its "miraculous plain".
1648:
had minor or occasional priestly functions at Ceres' Aventine Temple and were responsible for its management and financial affairs including collection of fines, the organisation of
1380:
after the failure of crops and consequent famine. In Livy's history, Ceres is among the deities placated after a remarkable series of prodigies that accompanied the disasters of the
3062:, 8.74.195 in Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa, eds. (1994). The World of Roman Costume: Wisconsin Studies in Classics. The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299138509.
1766:. The famine ended and Rome's plebeian citizen-soldiery co-operated in the conquest of the Latins. Postumius' vow was fulfilled in 493 BC: Ceres became the central deity of the new
3528:
Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4–5, 9, 20 (historical overview and Aventine priesthoods), 84–89 (functions of plebeian aediles), 104–106 (women as priestesses): citing among others Cicero,
1332:(when no official meetings could be held). Some modern scholars seek to explain this as the later introduction and accommodation of Greek elements, grafted onto the original
3490:
Most modern scholarship assumes Cerean priestesses celibate during their term of office but the evidence is inconclusive. See Schultz, 2006, pp. 75–78, for full discussion.
2850:
2684:
Spaeth, 1990, pp. 1, 33, 182. See also Spaeth, 1996, pp. 1–4, 33–34, 37. Spaeth disputes the identification of Ceres with warlike, protective Umbrian deities named on the
1960:
reflected a social and political divide, but when certain prodigies were interpreted as evidence of Ceres' displeasure, the senate appeased her with a new festival, the
1093:. Her Aventine Temple served the plebeians as cult centre, legal archive, treasury and possibly law-court; its foundation was contemporaneous with the passage of the
3832:, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, Walter de Gruyter, 1981, pp. 905–5, footnote 372 1, 1.
2255:
During the Late Imperial era, Ceres gradually "slips into obscurity"; the last known official association of the Imperial family with her symbols is a coin issue of
2751:
to Ceres is thought to have been an ancient Italic practice. In Festus, "Praemetium that which was measured out beforehand for the sake of tasting it beforehand".
2567:
2455:
2271:, no coinage shows Ceres' image. Even so, an initiate of her mysteries is attested in the 5th century AD, after the official abolition of all non-Christian cults.
2146:. Another has been variously identified in modern scholarship as Tellus, Venus, Pax or Ceres, or in Spaeth's analysis, a deliberately broad composite of them all.
463:
2212:, showing that the goddess, the emperor and his spouse are conjointly responsible for agricultural prosperity and the all-important provision of grain. A coin of
3778:
Spaeth argues for the identification of the central figure in the Ara Pacis relief as Ceres. It is more usually interpreted as Tellus. See Spaeth, 1996, 127–134.
3886:
Santos, R. de Mambro, "The Beer of Bacchus. Visual Strategies and Moral Values in Hendrick Goltzius’ Representations of Sine Cerere et Libero Friget Venus", in
1657:
4917:
1007:, which bore many fruits and hence symbolised fertility". The adult males of the wedding party waited at the groom's house. A wedding sacrifice was offered to
3718:, Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1958. Le Bonniec interprets the consultation as an attempt to compensate the plebs and their patron goddess for the murder.
2076:, his opponents, his assassins and his heirs alike claimed the favour and support of Ceres and her plebeian proteges, with coin issues that celebrate Ceres,
3698:
Both interpretations are possible. On the whole, Roman sources infer the expedition as expiatory; for background, see Valerius Maximus, 1.1.1., and Cicero,
3269:, Harvard University Press, 2003, pp. 191–4: this expiation is usually said to be at the Aventine Temple. Champlin prefers the mundus (at or very near the
1160:, or "Ceres' poppy", which eases pain and brings sleep - the deepest sleep of all being death. Poppies are often woven into Ceres' wheat-stalk crown, the
2236:
command. Even then, "her care for mankind continues and the world can rejoice in the warmth of her daughter Proserpina: in Imperial flesh, Proserpina is
3792:
1886:, was acknowledged as Ceres' oldest, most authoritative cult centre, and Libera was recognised as Proserpina, Roman equivalent to Demeter's daughter
2582:
1130:
who allowed their flocks to graze on public land were fined by the plebeian aediles, on behalf of Ceres and the people of Rome. Ancient laws of the
2177:
1727:
describes these goddesses as "partners in labour"; Ceres provides the "cause" for the growth of crops, while Tellus provides them a place to grow.
1216:
3629:, Routledge, 1995, p. 264, for Greek models as a likely basis in the development of plebeian political and religious identity from an early date.
3751:
The plebeian L. Assius Caeicianus, identifies his plebeian ancestry and duties to Ceres on a denarius issue, c.102 BC. Spaeth, 1996, pp. 97–100.
206:
4922:
3027:, Vol. 2, Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 1998, p. 83: citing Pliny, Natural History, 28.17–18; Seneca, Natural Questions, 4.7.2
1740:
In 496 BC, against a background of economic recession and famine in Rome, imminent war against the Latins and a threatened secession by Rome's
1990:. Civil unrest spilled into violence; Gracchus and many of his supporters were murdered by their conservative opponents. At the behest of the
1094:
1015:. Varro describes the sacrifice of a pig as "a worthy mark of weddings" because "our women, and especially nurses" call the female genitalia
1183:). Those whose death was premature, unexpected or untimely were thought to remain in the upper world, and haunt the living as a wandering,
456:
2792:
A plebeian aedile, C. Memmius, claims credit for Ceres' first ludi scaeneci. He celebrated the event with the dole of a new commemorative
1144:
partly for their fibrous stems and for the food value of their seeds Where the poppy capsule alone is shown, this probably belongs to the
1240:("the world of Ceres") was a hemispherical pit or underground vault in Rome, now lost. It was usually sealed by a stone lid known as the
3515:
A Roman matron was any mature woman, married or unmarried, usually but not exclusively of the upper class. While females could serve as
846:
2397:
4666:
1810:
1802:
381:
216:
4078:
2115:
996:
783:, agricultural and human fertility. Throughout the Roman era, Ceres' name was synonymous with grain and, by extension, with bread.
3460:
Responsibility for the provision of grain and popular games lent the aedileship a high and politically useful public profile. See
1931:, facing the Aventine Hill. Like Ceres, Cybele was a form of Graeco-Roman earth goddess. Unlike her, she had mythological ties to
1376:
1328:
1023:(1996) believes Ceres may have been included in the sacrificial dedication, because she is closely identified with Tellus and, as
1372:
449:
3171:: M. Humm, "Le mundus et le Comitium : représentations symboliques de l'espace de la cité," Histoire urbaine, 2, 10, 2004.
3907:. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xi.
3613:
were written in Greek; according to later historians, they had recommended the inauguration of Roman cult to the Greek deities
1780:, whose enterprise as tenant farmers, estate managers, agricultural factors and importers was a mainstay of Roman agriculture.
1715:
whose establishment and rites were supposedly also innovations of Numa. Her affinity and joint cult with Tellus, also known as
1012:
3183:
M. Humm, "Le mundus et le Comitium : représentations symboliques de l'espace de la cité," Histoire urbaine, 2, 10, 2004.
3321:
Rituals in Ink: A Conference on Religion and Literary Production in Ancient Rome Held at Stanford University in February 2002
2451:
reflects on Ceres' heartbroken search for her lost daughter, and her encounter with the worst and most degraded of humanity.
2344:, composed in 1361–62 and notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.
1098:
1809:
The older forms of Aventine rites to Ceres remain uncertain. Most Roman cults were led by men, and the officiant's head was
820:
437:
285:
3791:, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, pp. 894–5.
2252:, virgin mother of the gods. She is peace and virtue, and inventor of justice: she weighs "Life and Right" in her scale.
1531:
768:
17:
3274:
3093:, 2.36. As initiates of mystery religions were sworn to secrecy, very little is known of their central rites or beliefs.
4934:
2866:
2313:
1388:. The cause or causes of the fire remained uncertain, but its disastrous extent was taken as a sign of offense against
588:
403:
376:
3740:, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, p. 795.
3106:, 2, 1912, pp. 25–26: Warde Fowler notes the possibility that pigs were offered: also (pp. 35–36) seed-corn, probably
4024:
3979:
3961:
3912:
3741:
2615:
1748:
1430:, by which Roman deities were identified with their Greek counterparts, she was an equivalent to Demeter, one of the
1417:
817:. This was almost certainly held before the annual sowing of grain. The divine portion of sacrifice was the entrails
510:
386:
3589:
4970:
4728:
2471:
2422:
3265:
For the circumstances of this expiation, and debate over the site of the Cerean expiation, see Edward Champlin,
2958:
For discussion of the duties, legal status and immunities of plebeian tribunes and aediles, see Andrew Lintott,
1890:. Their joint cult recalls Demeter's search for Persephone, after the latter's abduction into the underworld by
3807:
3448:
2672:
2409:
1995:
1278:
1113:
3285:
C.M.C. Green, "Varro's Three Theologies and their influence on the Fasti", in Geraldine Herbert-Brown, (ed).,
1173:
3585:
2060:
shows Ceres on one side, and on the other a ploughman with yoked oxen: the images, accompanied by the legend
1569:, and Ceres enthroned on the reverse, a commemoration by a moneyer in 56 BC of a Cerialia, perhaps her first
1031:, the bride and groom shared a cake made of far, the ancient wheat-type particularly associated with Ceres.
4975:
4071:
3354:
3342:
3236:
2980:
661:
77:
1519:
1506:(c.80 – 15 BC) describes the "Temple of Ceres near the Circus Maximus" (her Aventine Temple) as typically
1195:
may have been somewhat different; they were offered "a method of living" and of "dying with better hope".
3504:
2963:
2590:
1796:
1426:
2284:
1542:
of September was attended by pilgrims from all over the region; this feast was also the same day as the
4965:
4599:
4573:
3943:
Benko, Stephen, The virgin goddess: studies in the pagan and Christian roots of mariology, BRILL, 2004.
2249:
1108:
of 287 BC extended plebeian laws to the city and all its citizens. The official decrees of the Senate (
4051:
2417:
4985:
4980:
4733:
4568:
3224:
3168:
2401:
581:
2688:, and Gantz' identification of Ceres as one of six figures shown on a terracotta plaque at Etruscan
1059:(nourishing); in the early Imperial era she becomes an Imperial deity, and receives joint cult with
4995:
4990:
4848:
4827:
4817:
4224:
4087:
2903:
2854:
2826:
2806:
2796:; his claim to have given "the first Cerealia" represents this innovation. See Spaeth, 1996, p. 88.
1900:
1675:
Otherwise, in Rome and throughout Italy, as at her ancient sanctuaries of Henna and Catena, Ceres'
1530:. It contained an ancient wooden cult statue of the goddess, which he replaced. Though this was an
904:
841:(a pig, offered before harvesting). Before the harvest, she was offered a propitiary grain sample (
668:
577:
477:
265:
194:
46:
Goddess of agriculture, fertility, grains, the harvest, motherhood, the earth, and cultivated crops
3184:
3172:
3045:
Spaeth, 1996, p. 70, citing Pliny the elder, Historia naturalis, 18.3.13 on the Twelve Tables and
2200:
The relationship between the reigning emperor, empress and Ceres was formalised in titles such as
1767:
5005:
4832:
4064:
2846:
539:, fertility and motherly relationships. She was originally the central deity in Rome's so-called
2322:
Europe, especially the north and the Dutch Republic. Ceres represented the grains that produced
1289:
shared functional and conceptual similarities with certain types of underground "pit altar" or
1285:
as a reflection or inversion of the dome of the upper heavens. Di Luzio observes that the Roman
5010:
4660:
3219:, the penates, and agricultural and underworld deities, see W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in
2463:
2446:
413:
2279:
1628:("The Brothers of the Fields"); rural versions of these rites were led as private cult by the
1616:, also served Tellus and was usually plebeian by ancestry or adoption. Her public cult at the
4879:
4776:
4432:
4351:
4099:
3519:, few were chosen, and those were selected as young maidens from families of the upper class.
2288:
748:
736:
632:
335:
275:
4000:
Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome)
3843:
3627:
The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)
3004:
The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)
2993:
The evidence for the temple as asylum is inconclusive; discussion is in Spaeth, 1996, p. 84.
1947:. The establishment of official Roman cult to Magna Mater coincided with the start of a new
1514:
of wood, rather than stone. This species of temple is "clumsy, heavy roofed, low and wide,
1198:
4874:
4758:
4712:
4502:
4346:
4119:
2663:
2373:
2332:
2299:
derives from Ceres' association with edible grains. Whereas Ceres represents food, her son
2237:
2162:
2122:
Imperial theology conscripted Rome's traditional cults as the divine upholders of Imperial
2083:
2025:
1872:
1038:
Funerary statue of an unknown woman, depicted as Ceres holding wheat. Mid 3rd century AD. (
608:
430:
423:
995:
In Roman bridal processions, a young boy carried Ceres' torch to light the way; "the most
89:
sickle, torches, wheat-sheaf, crown of wheatstalks, cornucopia with fruits, cereals, poppy
8:
4912:
4718:
4604:
4578:
4437:
4286:
4276:
4239:
2467:
2352:
2233:
2201:
1463:
1447:
1063:
295:
270:
138:
2562:
4791:
4417:
4381:
4341:
4316:
4219:
4199:
4139:
4056:
3900:
2459:
2341:
2229:
2172:
1759:
1612:
Ceres was served by several public priesthoods. Some were male; her senior priest, the
1487:
crops under her protection; and in the myth of Proserpina's abduction on the plains of
1439:
1408:
1393:
1385:
1246:. On August 24, October 5 and November 8, it was opened with the official announcement
116:
4929:
4889:
4543:
4497:
4371:
4361:
4311:
4184:
4159:
4144:
4020:
3975:
3957:
3908:
3204:
2862:
2668:
2611:
2268:
2256:
2048:, who founded an Eleusinian cult centre in Rome itself. In Late Republican politics,
1979:
1855:
1523:
1459:
1027:(law-bearer), she "bears the laws" of marriage. In the most solemn form of marriage,
639:
532:
418:
146:
142:
3890:, ed. E. Canone and L. Spruit, 2012, Olschki Editore, Florence, pp. 21 ff, 26-27, 29
3319:
Dennis Feeney, "Sacrificial Ritual in Roman Poetry", in Barchiesi, Rüpke, Stephens,
2388:
1554:
1539:
1526:
to restore an ancient, "old and narrow" temple to Ceres, at his rural property near
5000:
4822:
4553:
4472:
4412:
4271:
4249:
4234:
2154:
2107:
1956:
1940:
1835:
1686:
1455:
1431:
1413:
1389:
1381:
1346:
1086:
828:
616:
596:
487:
352:
134:
2094:
1546:. Pliny considered this rebuilding a fulfillment of his civic and religious duty.
845:). Ovid tells that Ceres "is content with little, provided that her offerings are
73:
4944:
4939:
4858:
4853:
4706:
4674:
4558:
4091:
4005:
3951:
3947:
3610:
3247:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 296; if expiatory, it may have been a once-only event.
2882:
2709:
2693:
2685:
2658:
2631:
2241:
2123:
1991:
1020:
874:
732:
604:
552:
408:
253:
212:
69:
63:
2764:, Volume 16, Part 3, de Gruyter, 1986, p. 1947, citing Ovid, Fasti, 4.411 - 416.
1895:
236:
4796:
4685:
4548:
4266:
3992:, 97, Greece in Rome: Influence, Integration, Resistance, 1995, pp. 15–31.
3686:
3516:
3461:
3432:
3049:; cf the terms of punishment for violation of the sancrosancticity of Tribunes.
2434:
2221:
2153:' reformed the grain supply and created its embodiment as an Imperial goddess,
2028:
became increasingly popular during the late Republic. Early Roman initiates at
1843:
1838:, around 205 BC, an officially recognised joint cult to Ceres and her daughter
1771:
1745:
1708:
1629:
1625:
1212:
1184:
870:
834:
646:
599:
of Greek mythology. The Romans saw her as the counterpart of the Greek goddess
544:
523:
357:
325:
2474:, all of which have historical links with agriculture and agricultural trade.
1591:(chest) that conceals the objects of her mystery rites. Sometimes she holds a
1336:
rites. The rites of August 24 were held between the agricultural festivals of
4959:
4723:
4647:
4563:
4492:
4462:
4442:
4291:
4214:
4204:
4105:
3995:
3208:
2814:
2539:
2522:
2158:
2073:
2056:
used coinage to propagate their competing claims to Ceres' favour. A coin of
2041:
1847:
1784:
1763:
1677:
1596:
1242:
1131:
1105:
909:
883:
592:
364:
346:
305:
54:
3215:, see Spaeth, 1996, pp. 5, 18, 31, 63-5. For further connection between the
2114:(horns of Plenty); enthroned Ceres holds grain-ears and torch; between is a
551:
in what Romans described as "the Greek rites of Ceres". Her seven-day April
4786:
4781:
4743:
4640:
4189:
4129:
3571:
2365:
2216:(reigned AD 96–98) acknowledges Rome's dependence on the princeps' gift of
1987:
1983:
1860:
1850:) along with Greek priestesses to serve it. In Rome, this was known as the
1792:
1543:
1435:
1351:
1122:
248:
4194:
3025:
Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Ancient Greece and Rome
2347:
Ceres appears briefly to bless the wedding of Ferdinand and Miranda, in a
2336:, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the
2118:(grain measure) on a garlanded altar; in the background is a ship's stern.
873:, whose starting point lay below and opposite to her Aventine Temple; the
4538:
3985:
2978:
were placed at the Aventine Temple more or less at its foundation (Livy,
2898:
Spaeth, 1996, pp. 5, 6, 44–47. ; the relevant passage from Varro is
2705:
2483:
2357:
2319:
2260:
2098:
Emperors claimed a partnership with Ceres in grain provision, as in this
1924:
1904:
1716:
1576:
1341:
1145:
1008:
805:
780:
731:
Archaic cults to Ceres are well-evidenced among Rome's neighbours in the
4516:
2188:(right), god of wine, freedom and male fertility, identified with Greek
1672:
in general, and the maintenance of Rome's streets and public buildings.
1317:
of the Roman state. In the oldest known Roman calendar, the days of the
4748:
4655:
4422:
4407:
4397:
4326:
4306:
4032:
From Good Goddess to vestal virgins: sex and category in Roman religion
3622:
2225:
2111:
2099:
2012:
1887:
1868:
1839:
1720:
1719:(Mother Earth) may have developed at this time. Much later, during the
1617:
1511:
1507:
1451:
1262:
813:
744:
573:
548:
168:
164:
101:
1434:
of Greek religion and mythology; this made Ceres one of Rome's twelve
4894:
4482:
4376:
3760:
Spaeth, 1996, pp. 97–100, with further coin images between pp. 32–44.
3499:
See Schultz, pp. 75–78: also Schultz, Celia E., Harvey, Paul, (Eds),
2135:
2053:
2049:
1503:
1467:
1360:
1337:
1266:
1004:
779:, "to bear, bring forth, produce", because the goddess was linked to
612:
568:
371:
3435:
was thought to have instituted the flamines, so Ceres' service by a
1806:(Greek rite) of Ceres, and was distinct from her older Roman rites.
4801:
4738:
4679:
4583:
4402:
4356:
4331:
4261:
4169:
4154:
4149:
4124:
3655:
3618:
2793:
2526:
2518:
2493:
2405:
2369:
2337:
2189:
2150:
2131:
2127:
2078:
2007:
1986:
and appealed directly to the popular assembly to pass his proposed
1952:
1928:
1774:. She was also – or became – the patron goddess of the
1704:
1592:
1562:
1558:
1515:
1180:
1074:
857:
853:
752:
556:
320:
97:
2813:, 1.21. Cited in Spaeth, 1996, p. 36. Servius cites the historian
2220:(corn dole) to the masses. Under Nerva's later dynastic successor
4457:
4447:
4366:
4336:
4321:
4281:
4179:
3614:
3270:
2308:
2304:
2185:
2181:
2045:
2029:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1944:
1864:
1681:
and her joint cult with Proserpina were invariably led by female
1621:
1600:
1566:
1322:
1301:
1290:
1188:
1090:
1068:
756:
702:
600:
528:
183:
160:
3716:
Le culte de Cérès à Rome. Des origines à la fin de la République
4884:
4626:
4620:
4533:
4467:
4452:
4427:
4209:
4134:
3953:
Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages
3306:
3301:
2845:
2831:
Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie
2517:
Various candidates for its location include the site of Rome's
2498:
2488:
2454:
In the US, Ceres is one of the three "goddess offices" held in
2441:
2377:
2348:
2296:
2130:
began the restoration of Ceres' Aventine Temple; his successor
2037:
2003:
1936:
1920:
1883:
1788:
1712:
1645:
1580:
1492:
1219:. From an original in the collection of Alfred and Isabel Bader
1120:(Law-bearing Ceres), a translation of Demeter's Greek epithet,
1039:
1034:
900:
878:
860:
740:
536:
315:
310:
3859:
Spaeth, 1996, pp. 30, 62, citing EE 4.866 for the 5th century
3727:
Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, citing Cicero, Balbus, 55.5., and p. 60.
3369:, 9.39: cited by Oliver de Cazanove, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor),
1470:. Ceres' known mythology is indistinguishable from Demeter's:
681:- ('belonging to Ceres') can also be reconstructed from Oscan
499:
496:
4753:
4477:
4301:
4256:
4244:
4229:
4174:
4052:
The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Ceres)
3988:, "Graeco Ritu: A Typically Roman Way of Honoring the Gods,"
3931:
Oxford University Press. pp. 120–125. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.
3847:
3200:
2760:
Linderski, J., in Wolfgang Haase, Hildegard Temporini (eds),
2689:
2300:
2213:
2193:
2139:
2057:
2033:
1891:
1776:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1633:
1274:
810:
808:) was offered spelt wheat and a pregnant sow, at the movable
797:
764:
566:(Ceres' games). She was also honoured in the May lustration (
540:
300:
242:
156:
31:
3794:: Ceres Augusta can be considered, along with Pax, Libertas
3128:
Festus p. 261 L2, citing's Cato's commentaries on civil law.
2642:
2640:
2404:. On this $ 10 note she reclines on a cotton bale holding a
2330:
Ceres is featured both as a goddess and Queen of Sicilly in
2126:(peace) and prosperity, for the benefit of all. The emperor
1211:'s, Metamorphoses V, lines 449-450. Oil-paint on copper, by
990:
4634:
4487:
2984:, 3.55.13) is implausible. See Spaeth, 1996, pp. 86–87, 90.
2323:
2103:
1999:
1932:
1879:
1724:
1669:
1571:
1527:
1488:
1483:
1397:
1208:
1204:
865:
856:, was held from mid to late April. It was organised by her
561:
259:
130:
4008:, "The Goddess Ceres and the Death of Tiberius Gracchus",
3439:
suggested her oldest Roman cult as one of great antiquity.
3243:; but see also Viet Rosenberger, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor),
3141:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 113-114
1656:(care and jurisdiction) included, or came to include, the
4296:
3706:, cited by Olivier de Cazanove, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor),
3163:
See Spaeth, pp. 63–5: W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in
2637:
2429:
An aria in praise of Ceres is sung in Act 4 of the opera
1443:
1060:
120:
4086:
3637:
3635:
2833:(Leipzig: Teubner, 1890–94), vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 187–233.
2568:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2456:
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
2307:) represents wine and "good living". The Roman comedian
1919:, patrician senators imported cult to the Greek goddess
1878:
From the end of the 3rd century BC, Demeter's temple at
1152:, the "sleep-bearing poppy"). The Roman poet Vergil, in
1047:
birthrate among patrician families. The late Republican
3929:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements.
3645:
and its relation to Ceres' cult, see Scheid, pp. 15–31.
2941:
1. Heidelberg, for connections between Ceres, Pelignan
3058:
Stone, S., p. 39, and note 9, citing Pliny the Elder,
2208:. On coinage, various emperors and empresses wear her
1871:, whose cults and myths also provided a basis for the
1783:
Much of Rome's grain was imported from territories of
1518:
ornamented with statues of clay or brass, gilt in the
887:(theatrical religious events) through April 12 to 18.
3632:
3287:
Ovid's Fasti: historical readings at its bimillennium
3211:, her earthly precedence over the underworld and the
2861:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
2204:
mater agrorum ("The august mother of the fields) and
2134:
completed it. Of the several figures on the Augustan
511:
502:
493:
3787:
Spaeth, 1996, pp. 26, 30. See also Fears, J. Rufus,
3685:
Spaeth, 1996, pp. 14, 94–97. See also the legend of
3139:
A Place at the Altar. Priestesses in Republican Rome
1703:
Roman tradition credited Ceres' eponymous festival,
3239:, 36.37.4-5. Livy describes the fast as a cyclical
1620:, or "perambulation of fields" identified her with
1269:). This possibly secondary or late function of the
490:
2937:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 42–43, citing Vetter, E., 1953,
2421:The 3-storey faceless depiction of Ceres atop the
2196:. Ceres (left) is usually identified as his mother
1795:describe as Ceres' "earthly home". Writers of the
1207:(Latin; stellio) as punishment. The episode is in
913:, names used to invoke specific divine functions.
1273:is first attested in the Late Republican Era, by
4957:
3888:Emblemi in Olanda e Italia tra XVI e XVII secolo
2376:. Two years later, the newly discovered element
1510:, having widely spaced supporting columns, with
1412:Ceres with cereals, a late 18th century work by
1350:, and those of November 8 took place during the
1011:on the bride's behalf; a sow is the most likely
3830:The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology
3789:The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology
3738:The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology
3550:). See Schultz, p. 72 and footnote 90 (p. 177).
1735:
3532:, 2.4.108; Valerius Maximus, 1.1.1; Plutarch,
3384:Foreign Cults in Rome: Creating a Roman Empire
2667:. Oxford University Press, 1995. pp. 127-128.
2016:who had offended Ceres' laws against tyranny.
1313:) for seed-grain, later becoming the symbolic
4072:
3641:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 6–13. For discussion of
2542:used by the pontifices to alleviate droughts.
2224:, Imperial theology represents the death and
1668:), the organisation and management of public
759:inscription of c. 600 BC asks her to provide
584:. She is usually depicted as a mature woman.
457:
3203:, broadly equivalent to Dis Pater and Greek
3089:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 60–61, 66; citing Cicero,
3036:Cereri necari, literally "killed for Ceres".
2841:
2839:
1707:, to Rome's second king, the semi-legendary
1640:, a priest dedicated to Ceres' rites of the
728:, which would match the other Italic forms.
667:('nourishment, grain'), a derivative of the
4002:, University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
3846:, "Queen of Heaven", the Romanised form of
3503:, Yale Classical Studies, 2006, pp. 52–53:
3289:, Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 78–80.
2716:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 264; and Varro,
2138:, one doubles as a portrait of the Empress
1247:
1215:and workshop, copy circa 1605, held by the
1073:has been identified with the Roman goddess
877:at the far end of the Circus was sacred to
428:
362:
4079:
4065:
3199:is an entrance to the underworld realm of
3006:, Routledge, 1995, p. 264, citing Vergil,
2805:Ceres' 12 assistant deities are listed in
2762:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
1321:are marked as C(omitiales) (days when the
1174:Roman funerary practices § Sacrifices
771:. Ancient Roman etymologists thought that
767:wheat), which was a dietary staple of the
464:
450:
62:
4010:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
3899:
3323:, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, pp. 14, 15.
3225:available online at Bill Thayer's website
3169:available online at Bill Thayer's website
2836:
1698:
1164:, worn by her priestesses and devotees.
991:Marriage, human fertility and nourishment
796:Ceres was credited with the discovery of
791:
3893:
3481:, 2.4.99. The translations are Spaeth's.
3386:(Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 144.
2416:
2278:
2171:
2093:
1910:
1652:and probably the Cerealia itself. Their
1553:
1407:
1375:were abnormal phenomena that manifested
1197:
1033:
786:
701:- ('with grain, Cerrus') is attested in
622:
3946:
3600:Wiseman, 1995, p. 133 and notes 20, 22.
2646:
2412:, National Museum of American History.
2311:(c. 195/185 – c. 159 BC) uses the line
1829:
1711:. Ceres' senior, male priesthood was a
14:
4958:
3990:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
3974:, p. 89-90. NTC Publishing 1990.
2859:Religions of Rome: Volume 1: A History
2747:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 35–39: the offer of
2602:
2600:
2184:, 1st century. Nude Greco-Roman deity
1664:) and later the plebeian grain doles (
1354:. As a whole, the various days of the
1223:
869:). It opened with a horse-race in the
576:festival: at harvest-time: and during
4060:
3798:, as one of several Imperial Virtues.
3413:Spaeth, p. 37, illustrated at fig. 7.
2525:, within the city's ritual boundary (
1951:(cycle of years). It was followed by
1403:
944:, "He who traces the first ploughing"
932:, "He who ploughs with a wide furrow"
587:Ceres is the only one of Rome's many
522:
3676:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, 15, 60, 94–97.
2817:(late 3rd century BC) as his source.
2628:Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia
2400:In the US, Ceres appears on several
1813:by a fold of his toga. In the Roman
1532:unofficial and privately funded cult
547:, then was paired with her daughter
221:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter
4019:, University of Texas Press, 1996.
3102:W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in
2939:Handbuch der italienischen Dialekte
2597:
2380:was named after the dwarf planet.
2259:(AD 193–211), showing his empress,
2240:", empress-wife of Pius' successor
1693:
1293:, used in Demeter's Thesmophoria.
24:
4515:
4041:, Cambridge University Press, 1995
3654:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 6–13, citing
3353:Vitruvius, On Architecture, 1.7.2
3341:Vitruvius, On Architecture, 3.1.5
2621:
2314:sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus
1824:
1549:
1344:; those of October 5 followed the
1085:Ceres was patron and protector of
999:for wedding torches came from the
837:describes the offer to Ceres of a
833:In a rural, agricultural context,
724:'good Cerus'), might also reflect
404:Glossary of ancient Roman religion
25:
5022:
4045:
3256:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 14–15, 65–7(?).
2610:, p. 89-90. NTC Publishing 1990.
1998:to Ceres' ancient cult centre at
1927:(The Great Mother) within Rome's
1730:
1418:Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory
1325:met). Later authors mark them as
3972:Who's Who in Classical Mythology
2962:, Oxford University Press, 1999,
2608:Who's Who in Classical Mythology
2387:
2019:
1935:, and thus to the Trojan prince
1903:-dominated social hierarchy and
1575:, presented by an earlier Gaius
986:, "He who distributes the grain"
825:presented in an earthenware pot
486:
205:
3937:
3921:
3880:
3866:
3853:
3835:
3822:
3813:
3801:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3730:
3721:
3692:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3648:
3603:
3594:
3578:
3563:
3553:
3539:
3522:
3509:
3493:
3484:
3467:
3454:
3442:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3376:
3373:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p. 56.
3359:
3347:
3335:
3326:
3313:
3294:
3279:
3259:
3250:
3229:
3189:
3177:
3157:
3144:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3096:
3083:
3074:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3030:
3013:
2996:
2987:
2968:
2952:
2931:
2922:
2913:
2892:
2875:
2820:
2799:
2786:
2776:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2532:
2511:
2472:Chicago Board of Trade Building
2440:A misanthropic poem recited by
2423:Chicago Board of Trade Building
2232:as Ceres' return to Olympus by
2089:
1915:A year after the import of the
1854:; its priestesses were granted
1051:(Mother Ceres) is described as
3473:Spaeth, 104-5, citing Cicero,
3431:Rome's legendary second King,
3310:, 4.609. Cited in Spaeth, 107.
3185:French language, full preview.
3173:French language, full preview.
2723:
2699:
2678:
2652:
2575:
2555:
2410:National Numismatic Collection
2303:(later indistinguishable from
1607:
1601:Moneyers of the Republican era
1296:Roman tradition held that the
1077:(associated with childbirth).
907:lists these deities among the
890:
13:
1:
3708:A Companion to Roman Religion
3371:A Companion to Roman Religion
3245:A Companion to Roman Religion
2714:A Companion to Roman Religion
2549:
2449:, (part 1, Book 3, chapter 3)
1366:
926:, "He who prepares the earth"
3769:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 6–8, 86ff.
3501:Religion in Republican Italy
3119:Cited in Macrobius, 1.16.18.
2433:(first performance 1863) by
2364:In 1801, a newly discovered
2050:aristocratic traditionalists
1736:Ceres and the Aventine Triad
1309:as Rome's first storehouse (
1281:understood the shape of the
1135:double the value of damage.
974:, "He who carries the grain"
775:derived from the Latin verb
677:The Proto-Italic adjective *
78:National Museum of Roman Art
27:Roman goddess of agriculture
7:
2960:Violence in Republican Rome
2477:
2444:in Dostoevsky's 1880 novel
1939:, mythological ancestor of
1821:) were exclusively female.
1538:), its annual feast on the
1300:had been dug and sealed by
1167:
1156:, 1.212, describes this as
1099:those who violated this law
980:, "He who stores the grain"
863:and included circus games (
747:, less certainly among the
595:, Rome's equivalent to the
10:
5027:
4574:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
4513:
4015:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley,
3355:available at penelope. edu
3343:available at penelope. edu
2287:on a French coin of 1873 (
2044:were initiated, including
1955:'s defeat, the end of the
1638:sacerdos Cerialis mundalis
1587:or she sits on the sacred
1498:
1386:Rome's Great Fire of 64 AD
1171:
1138:
716:denoting the creator (cf.
638:('with grain, Ceres'; cf.
29:
4905:
4867:
4841:
4810:
4769:
4697:
4613:
4592:
4569:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
4526:
4390:
4115:
4098:
3207:. For more on Ceres as a
3019:Ogden, in Valerie Flint,
2974:Livy's proposal that the
2462:. Statues of her top the
2458:. She is depicted on the
2274:
1842:was brought to Rome from
1772:new-built Aventine temple
1744:(citizen commoners), the
1454:by Jupiter and sister of
179:
174:
152:
126:
112:
107:
93:
85:
61:
51:
44:
39:
4828:Rape of the Sabine Women
4006:Spaeth, Barbette Stanley
3625:. See also Cornell, T.,
3223:, 2, (1912), pp. 25–33:
3221:Journal of Roman Studies
3167:, 2, (1912), pp. 25–33:
3165:Journal of Roman Studies
3104:Journal of Roman Studies
3080:Spaeth, 1996, pp. 55–63.
3071:Spaeth, 1996, pp.128-129
2928:Spaeth, 1996, 103 - 106.
2827:Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher
2634:, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.
2538:Apparently not the same
2504:
1217:Museo Nacional del Prado
1101:were forfeit to Ceres.
735:, including the ancient
708:. The spelling of Latin
30:Not to be confused with
4833:Battle of Lacus Curtius
4017:The Roman goddess Ceres
4012:, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1990.
1923:and established her as
1834:Towards the end of the
1080:
938:, "He who plants seeds"
899:a priest, probably the
591:to be listed among the
572:) of the fields at the
4971:Agricultural goddesses
4520:
4088:Ancient Roman religion
3534:De Mulierum Virtutibus
2773:Wiseman, 1995, p. 137.
2464:Missouri State Capitol
2447:The Brothers Karamazov
2426:
2292:
2197:
2119:
1994:, the senate sent the
1941:Rome's founding father
1699:Archaic and Regal eras
1583:
1481:
1420:
1248:
1220:
1043:
852:Ceres' main festival,
792:Agricultural fertility
712:, a masculine form of
478:ancient Roman religion
429:
414:Ancient Greek religion
363:
4519:
3927:Emsley, John (2011).
3819:Spaeth, 1996, p. 101.
3332:Spaeth, 1996, p. 129.
2881:Spaeth, 1996, citing
2420:
2408:. Cropped image from
2282:
2267:. After the reign of
2175:
2097:
1911:Ceres and Magna Mater
1852:ritus graecus Cereris
1819:ritus graecus Cereris
1624:, and was led by the
1557:
1472:
1411:
1201:
1037:
787:Cults and cult themes
697:). A masculine form *
674:, meaning 'to feed'.
623:Etymology and origins
559:included the popular
228:Practices and beliefs
4713:Interpretatio graeca
3275:Google-books preview
2811:On Vergil's Georgics
2664:How to Kill a Dragon
2593:on November 3, 2014.
2333:De Mulieribus Claris
2238:Faustina the Younger
2106:, garlanded. Right:
2026:Eleusinian mysteries
1943:and first patrician
1873:Eleusinian mysteries
1830:Ceres and Proserpina
1791:, which later Roman
1787:, particularly from
1632:. An inscription at
1427:interpretatio romana
589:agricultural deities
431:Interpretatio Graeca
424:Gallo-Roman religion
4976:Fertility goddesses
4913:Classical mythology
4734:Theology of victory
4579:Kings of Alba Longa
4039:Remus: a Roman myth
3901:Boccaccio, Giovanni
3505:googlebooks preview
3422:Spaeth, pp. 97–102.
3404:Spaeth, pp. 28, 68.
3395:Spaeth, pp. 11, 61.
3365:Pliny the Younger,
3110:, from the harvest.
2649:, pp. 110–111.
2587:Oxford Dictionaries
2468:Vermont State House
2353:William Shakespeare
2285:Eugène-André Oudiné
2142:, who wears Ceres'
2032:in Greece included
1797:late Roman Republic
1754:a temple to Ceres,
1630:heads of households
1371:In Roman theology,
1055:(progenitress) and
769:Mediterranean world
662:Proto-Indo-European
660:), ultimately from
18:Occator (mythology)
4521:
4034:, Routledge, 1998.
4030:Staples, Ariadne,
3714:Henri Le Bonniec,
3477:, 55, and Cicero,
2908:On Vergil's Aeneid
2887:Historia Naturalis
2460:Seal of New Jersey
2427:
2342:Giovanni Boccaccio
2293:
2230:Faustina the Elder
2198:
2192:and Rome's native
2120:
2040:; thereafter many
1721:early Imperial era
1584:
1421:
1404:Myths and theology
1261:(the others being
1221:
1150:papaver somniferum
1044:
950:, "He who harrows"
920:, "He who ploughs"
266:funerary practices
68:Seated Ceres from
4966:Ceres (mythology)
4953:
4952:
4930:Etruscan religion
4544:Romulus and Remus
4527:Legendary figures
4511:
4510:
4160:Castor and Pollux
3996:Schultz, Celia E.
3828:Fears, J. Rufus,
3736:Fears, J. Rufus,
3584:Spaeth, 1996, pp.
2736:porca praecidanea
2351:at the ending of
2269:Claudius Gothicus
2257:Septimius Severus
1980:Tiberius Gracchus
1856:Roman citizenship
1690:own communities.
1687:public priesthood
1524:Pliny the Younger
839:porca praecidanea
720:'creator bonus',
524:[ˈkɛreːs]
474:
473:
419:Etruscan religion
377:agricultural gods
276:mystery religions
222:
189:
188:
80:, 1st century AD)
16:(Redirected from
5018:
4986:Nature goddesses
4981:Mother goddesses
4823:Founding of Rome
4593:Legendary beings
4554:Tullus Hostilius
4391:Abstract deities
4250:Lares Familiares
4113:
4112:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4058:
4057:
3967:
3948:de Vaan, Michiel
3932:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3878:
3873:Oxford Languages
3870:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3582:
3576:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:Magistri Cereris
3543:
3537:
3526:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3471:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3317:
3311:
3298:
3292:
3283:
3277:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3248:
3241:ieiunium Cereris
3233:
3227:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3137:DiLuzio, M. J.,
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2976:senatus consulta
2972:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2943:Angitia Cerealis
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2900:Rerum Rusticarum
2896:
2890:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2843:
2834:
2824:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2727:
2721:
2703:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2659:Watkins, Calvert
2656:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2589:. Archived from
2579:
2573:
2572:
2559:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2515:
2391:
2102:of 66 AD. Left:
1992:Sibylline oracle
1962:ieiunium Cereris
1957:Second Punic War
1836:Second Punic War
1694:Cult development
1646:plebeian aediles
1432:Twelve Olympians
1414:Dominik Auliczek
1382:Second Punic War
1347:Ieiunium Cereris
1251:
1114:arbitrary arrest
1110:senatus consulta
968:, "He who reaps"
962:, "He who weeds"
597:Twelve Olympians
526:
521:
514:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
466:
459:
452:
434:
368:
353:Capitoline Triad
211:
209:
199:
191:
190:
180:Greek equivalent
66:
37:
36:
21:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5015:
4996:Roman goddesses
4991:Earth goddesses
4956:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4945:Myth and ritual
4940:Greek mythology
4901:
4863:
4859:Pignora imperii
4854:Parabiago Plate
4837:
4806:
4765:
4699:
4693:
4675:Sibylline Books
4609:
4588:
4559:Servius Tullius
4522:
4507:
4386:
4102:
4094:
4085:
4048:
4037:Wiseman, T.P.,
3964:
3940:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3649:
3640:
3633:
3611:Sibylline Books
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3583:
3579:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3540:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3510:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3437:flamen cerialis
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3284:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3237:Ab Urbe Condita
3234:
3230:
3195:In Festus, the
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3060:Natural History
3057:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2981:Ab Urbe Condita
2973:
2969:
2957:
2953:
2949:and childbirth.
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2897:
2893:
2883:Pliny the Elder
2880:
2876:
2869:
2844:
2837:
2825:
2821:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2734:, 134, for the
2728:
2724:
2704:
2700:
2694:Poggio Civitate
2686:Iguvine Tablets
2683:
2679:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2638:
2632:The Book People
2626:
2622:
2605:
2598:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2480:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2374:named after her
2277:
2242:Marcus Aurelius
2228:of the Empress
2092:
2022:
1971:In 133 BC, the
1929:sacred boundary
1913:
1896:flamen Cerialis
1832:
1827:
1825:Middle Republic
1762:on or near the
1738:
1733:
1713:minor flaminate
1701:
1696:
1614:flamen cerialis
1610:
1552:
1550:Images of Ceres
1501:
1406:
1369:
1238:Caereris mundus
1234:mundus cerialis
1230:
1176:
1170:
1158:Cereale papaver
1141:
1083:
1021:Barbette Spaeth
997:auspicious wood
993:
956:, "He who digs"
901:Flamen Cerialis
895:In the ancient
893:
794:
789:
689:), and Umbrian
652:'Cererī' < *
625:
578:Roman marriages
519:
512:
489:
485:
470:
409:Roman mythology
391:
387:divine emperors
372:underworld gods
330:
326:Fratres Arvales
280:
223:
220:
213:Marcus Aurelius
197:
195:
81:
70:Emerita Augusta
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5024:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5006:Food goddesses
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4797:Pythagoreanism
4794:
4792:Peripateticism
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:The Golden Ass
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4605:Barnacle goose
4602:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:Numa Pompilius
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4096:
4095:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4046:External links
4044:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3970:Room, Adrian,
3968:
3962:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3920:
3913:
3892:
3879:
3865:
3861:mystes Cereris
3852:
3844:Juno Caelestis
3834:
3821:
3812:
3800:
3780:
3771:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3729:
3720:
3691:
3687:Claudia Quinta
3678:
3669:
3667:Scheid, p. 23.
3660:
3647:
3631:
3602:
3593:
3577:
3562:
3552:
3538:
3521:
3517:Vestal Virgins
3508:
3492:
3483:
3466:
3462:Cursus honorum
3453:
3441:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3375:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3325:
3312:
3293:
3278:
3258:
3249:
3228:
3188:
3176:
3156:
3143:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3095:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3029:
3012:
2995:
2986:
2967:
2951:
2930:
2921:
2919:Benko, p. 177.
2912:
2891:
2874:
2868:978-0521316828
2867:
2835:
2819:
2798:
2785:
2775:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2732:On Agriculture
2722:
2698:
2677:
2651:
2636:
2620:
2606:Room, Adrian,
2596:
2574:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2531:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2435:Hector Berlioz
2396:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2276:
2273:
2222:Antoninus Pius
2178:Villa Carmiano
2165:, wearing the
2091:
2088:
2082:(liberty) and
2021:
2018:
1973:plebeian noble
1912:
1909:
1844:Southern Italy
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1770:, housed in a
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:Republican era
1729:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1666:frumentationes
1626:Arval Brethren
1609:
1606:
1595:, a symbol of
1551:
1548:
1520:Tuscan fashion
1500:
1497:
1438:, daughter of
1405:
1402:
1368:
1365:
1352:Plebeian Games
1229:
1222:
1213:Adam Elsheimer
1185:vengeful ghost
1172:Main article:
1169:
1166:
1140:
1137:
1118:legifera Ceres
1082:
1079:
1025:Ceres legifera
992:
989:
988:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
897:sacrum cereale
892:
889:
871:Circus Maximus
866:ludi circenses
835:Cato the Elder
793:
790:
788:
785:
624:
621:
545:Aventine Triad
472:
471:
469:
468:
461:
454:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
398:
397:
396:Related topics
393:
392:
390:
389:
384:
382:childhood gods
379:
374:
369:
360:
358:Aventine Triad
355:
350:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
289:
288:
282:
281:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
256:
251:
246:
239:
233:
230:
229:
225:
224:
210:
202:
201:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
172:
171:
154:
150:
149:
128:
124:
123:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
72:, present-day
67:
59:
58:
52:Member of the
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5023:
5012:
5011:Dii Consentes
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:Imperial cult
4717:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:and practices
4696:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4648:Metamorphoses
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:Ancus Marcius
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Tranquillitas
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:Dii Consentes
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:0-292-77693-4
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:0-8442-5469-X
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3963:9789004167971
3959:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3930:
3924:
3916:
3914:0-674-01130-9
3910:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3825:
3816:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3644:
3643:ritus graecus
3638:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3487:
3480:
3479:Contra Verres
3476:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3385:
3379:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:liminal deity
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3047:cereri necari
3042:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3005:
3002:Cornell, T.,
2999:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2815:Fabius Pictor
2812:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2789:
2779:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2718:Lingua Latina
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2616:0-8442-5469-X
2613:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2541:
2540:Lapis manalis
2535:
2528:
2524:
2523:Palatine Hill
2520:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2402:CSA banknotes
2398:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:corona spicea
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:corona spicea
2207:
2206:Ceres Augusta
2203:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:corona spicea
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2144:corona spicea
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:Julius Caesar
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:Late Republic
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:quindecimviri
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:bypassed the
1981:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:ritus cereris
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:Magna Graecia
1845:
1841:
1837:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:ritus graecus
1812:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:ritus graecus
1798:
1794:
1793:mythographers
1790:
1786:
1785:Magna Graecia
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:Aventine Hill
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:ritus graecus
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:ludi Cerealia
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:names a male
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:sacra privata
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:. The jurist
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1243:lapis manalis
1239:
1235:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:sacra Cereris
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1162:corona spicea
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1132:Twelve Tables
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:Lex Hortensia
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:, rights and
1088:
1087:plebeian laws
1078:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:Subruncinator
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
915:
914:
912:
911:
910:indigitamenta
906:
902:
898:
888:
886:
885:
884:ludi scaenici
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
830:
824:
822:
816:
815:
812:
807:
803:
800:wheat (Latin
799:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:. An archaic
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
620:
618:
614:
611:for Ceres in
610:
609:reinterpreted
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Dii Consentes
590:
585:
583:
582:funeral rites
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
517:
516:
507:
483:
479:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:
445:
444:
439:
436:
433:
432:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
399:
395:
394:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
367:
366:
365:Indigitamenta
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:
347:Dii Consentes
344:
343:
341:
340:
337:
334:
333:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
290:
287:
284:
283:
277:
274:
272:
271:imperial cult
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:
240:
238:
235:
234:
232:
231:
227:
226:
218:
214:
208:
204:
203:
200:
193:
192:
185:
182:
178:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
75:
74:Mérida, Spain
71:
65:
60:
57:
56:
55:Dii Consentes
50:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4849:Gubernaculum
4818:Golden Bough
4787:Neoplatonism
4782:Epicureanism
4711:
4684:
4665:
4646:
4639:
4625:
4164:
4130:Anna Perenna
4104:
4038:
4031:
4016:
4009:
3999:
3989:
3986:Scheid, John
3971:
3952:
3938:Bibliography
3928:
3923:
3905:Famous Women
3904:
3895:
3887:
3882:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3815:
3803:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3774:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3650:
3642:
3626:
3605:
3596:
3580:
3575:, 1.673–684.
3570:
3565:
3555:
3547:
3546:assistants (
3541:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3511:
3500:
3495:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3456:
3444:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3383:
3382:Eric Orlin,
3378:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3296:
3286:
3281:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3196:
3191:
3179:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2989:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2877:
2858:
2830:
2822:
2810:
2801:
2788:
2778:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2701:
2680:
2662:
2654:
2647:de Vaan 2008
2627:
2623:
2607:
2591:the original
2586:
2577:
2566:
2557:
2534:
2513:
2453:
2445:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2366:dwarf planet
2363:
2356:
2346:
2331:
2329:
2312:
2294:
2289:3rd Republic
2264:
2254:
2246:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2176:Fresco from
2166:
2149:The emperor
2148:
2143:
2121:
2110:stands with
2090:Imperial era
2077:
2070:frumentarium
2069:
2065:
2061:
2023:
2011:
1988:land-reforms
1970:
1968:of Ceres").
1961:
1948:
1916:
1914:
1877:
1861:Thesmophoria
1851:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1782:
1775:
1749:A. Postumius
1739:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1658:grain supply
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1613:
1611:
1588:
1585:
1570:
1544:Epulum Jovis
1535:
1502:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1450:, mother of
1446:, sister of
1436:Di Consentes
1425:
1422:
1377:divine anger
1370:
1355:
1345:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1253:
1249:mundus patet
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1192:
1177:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1128:
1123:thesmophoros
1121:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1084:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1029:confarreatio
1028:
1024:
1016:
1000:
994:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
908:
905:W.H. Roscher
896:
894:
882:
875:turning post
864:
851:
842:
838:
826:
818:
809:
801:
795:
776:
772:
760:
733:Regal period
730:
725:
722:duonus Cerus
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
676:
671:
664:
657:
653:
649:
642:
635:
633:Proto-Italic
628:
626:
586:
567:
560:
481:
475:
345:
258:
241:
217:head covered
198:ancient Rome
53:
4923:Persecution
4875:Gallo-Roman
4667:Res divinae
4539:Rhea Silvia
3300:Servius on
2855:Simon Price
2710:Rüpke, Jörg
2706:John Scheid
2484:Corn mother
2431:The Trojans
2358:The Tempest
2320:Renaissance
2261:Julia Domna
2112:cornucopiae
2086:(victory).
2054:popularists
1925:Magna Mater
1717:Terra Mater
1608:Priesthoods
1512:architraves
1342:Opiconsivia
1146:opium poppy
1095:Lex Sacrata
1049:Ceres Mater
891:Helper gods
718:Cerus manus
631:stems from
537:grain crops
533:agriculture
286:Priesthoods
196:Religion in
175:Equivalents
4960:Categories
4868:Variations
4770:Philosophy
4749:Capitolium
4656:Propertius
4423:Averruncus
4408:Aeternitas
4398:Abundantia
4327:Proserpina
3702:, 2.4.108
3623:Persephone
3475:Pro Balbus
3150:Plutarch,
3091:de Legibus
2964:pp. 92–101
2902:, 2.4.10.
2851:John North
2847:Mary Beard
2749:praemetium
2712:(Editor),
2673:0195085957
2550:References
2470:, and the
2338:Florentine
2226:apotheosis
2100:sestertius
2062:"conditor"
2013:homo sacer
1888:Persephone
1869:Persephone
1840:Proserpina
1683:sacerdotes
1618:Ambarvalia
1561:picturing
1508:Araeostyle
1452:Proserpina
1367:Expiations
1329:religiosus
1263:Parentalia
1001:spina alba
930:Imporcĭtor
849:" (pure).
843:praemetium
814:Sementivae
745:Sabellians
658:ker-es-ēi-
617:literature
574:Ambarvalia
549:Proserpina
296:Pontifices
169:Proserpina
102:Ambarvalia
4895:Mithraism
4880:Mysteries
4729:Palladium
4707:Festivals
4483:Securitas
4433:Concordia
4377:Vertumnus
4195:Dīs Pater
4092:mythology
3956:. Brill.
3810:Xl, 3196.
3704:et passim
3700:In Verres
3530:In Verres
2783:festival.
2295:The word
2283:Ceres by
2263:, in the
2234:Jupiter's
2218:frumentio
2136:Ara Pacis
2008:demagogue
1901:patrician
1846:(part of
1516:pediments
1504:Vitruvius
1373:prodigies
1338:Consualia
1267:Lemuralia
972:Convector
924:Reparātor
918:Vervactor
749:Etruscans
665:*ḱerh₃-os
654:ker-s-ēi-
627:The name
613:Roman art
605:mythology
569:lustratio
254:festivals
108:Genealogy
94:Festivals
4935:Glossary
4906:See also
4802:Stoicism
4777:Cynicism
4739:Pomerium
4698:Concepts
4680:Apuleius
4600:She-wolf
4584:Hersilia
4503:Victoria
4403:Aequitas
4357:Summanus
4347:Silvanus
4332:Quirinus
4262:Libertas
4225:Hercules
4170:Cloacina
4155:Carmenta
4150:Bona Dea
4125:Angerona
4120:Agenoria
3950:(2008).
3903:(2003).
3656:Arnobius
3619:Dionysus
3367:Epistles
2947:Angerona
2889:, 30.75.
2857:(1998).
2794:denarius
2527:pomerium
2521:and the
2519:Comitium
2494:Dewi Sri
2478:See also
2406:caduceus
2370:asteroid
2361:(1611).
2355:'s play
2190:Dionysus
2151:Claudius
2132:Tiberius
2128:Augustus
2084:Victoria
2079:Libertas
2042:Emperors
1953:Hannibal
1949:saeculum
1905:morality
1746:dictator
1705:Cerealia
1593:caduceus
1563:Quirinus
1559:Denarius
1477:matronae
1259:Di Manes
1228:of Ceres
1181:Di Manes
1168:Funerals
1154:Georgics
1091:Tribunes
1075:Angerona
1071:Cerealis
1053:genetrix
1005:May-tree
984:Promitor
978:Conditor
954:Serritor
942:Obarātor
858:plebeian
854:Cerealia
781:pastoral
757:Faliscan
753:Umbrians
687:kerríiai
683:kerríiúí
640:Faliscan
603:, whose
564:Ceriales
557:Cerealia
553:festival
541:plebeian
527:) was a
321:Epulones
316:Fetiales
311:Flamines
306:Vestales
237:libation
153:Children
127:Siblings
98:Cerealia
5001:Demeter
4918:Decline
4842:Objects
4744:Temples
4724:Charity
4458:Laverna
4448:Fortuna
4438:Feronia
4367:Veritas
4337:Salacia
4322:Priapus
4307:Penates
4287:Neptune
4282:Minerva
4277:Mercury
4240:Jupiter
4180:Dea Dia
4145:Bellona
4100:Deities
3875:online
3615:Demeter
3451:X 3926.
3271:Comitia
3152:Romulus
3010:, 4.58.
2904:Servius
2807:Servius
2720:, 5.98.
2583:"Ceres"
2571:. 2014.
2563:"Ceres"
2340:author
2309:Terence
2305:Bacchus
2202:Augusta
2186:Bacchus
2182:Stabiae
2163:Augusta
2159:Antonia
2046:Hadrian
2030:Eleusis
1977:tribune
1945:Romulus
1865:Demeter
1811:covered
1622:Dea Dia
1577:Memmius
1567:obverse
1565:on the
1499:Temples
1464:Neptune
1448:Jupiter
1416:of the
1323:Comitia
1302:Romulus
1291:megaron
1139:Poppies
1069:Angitia
1064:Augusta
1019:(pig).
948:Occātor
936:Insitor
861:aediles
703:Umbrian
699:keres-o
679:keresjo
672:*ḱerh₃-
601:Demeter
529:goddess
438:Decline
336:Deities
301:Augures
249:temples
184:Demeter
161:Bacchus
139:Neptune
131:Jupiter
113:Parents
4885:Cybele
4811:Events
4759:Celtic
4627:Aeneid
4621:Virgil
4534:Aeneas
4468:Pietas
4453:Fontus
4428:Caelus
4418:Annona
4413:Africa
4382:Vulcan
4342:Saturn
4317:Pomona
4220:Genius
4210:Faunus
4200:Egeria
4140:Aurora
4135:Apollo
4023:
3978:
3960:
3911:
3796:et al.
3712:contra
3569:Ovid,
3560:33–34.
3307:Aeneid
3302:Vergil
3235:Livy,
3217:mundus
3213:mundus
3197:mundus
3021:et al.
3008:Aeneid
2865:
2671:
2614:
2499:Po Sop
2489:Consus
2442:Dmitri
2378:Cerium
2349:masque
2297:cereal
2275:Legacy
2161:as an
2155:Annona
2116:modius
2108:Annona
2066:annona
2038:Cicero
2004:Sicily
1984:Senate
1937:Aeneas
1921:Cybele
1884:Sicily
1789:Sicily
1760:Libera
1662:annona
1644:. The
1642:mundus
1581:aedile
1493:Sicily
1440:Saturn
1394:Vulcan
1356:mundus
1334:mundus
1319:mundus
1307:mundus
1298:mundus
1287:mundus
1283:mundus
1271:mundus
1254:mundus
1252:("the
1226:mundus
1040:Louvre
1017:porcus
1013:victim
1009:Tellus
1003:, the
966:Mĕssor
879:Consus
811:Feriae
806:Tellus
777:gerere
741:Oscans
737:Latins
726:Cerrus
695:śerfie
693:(fem.
685:(fem.
656:< *
636:*kerēs
520:Latin:
165:Libera
117:Saturn
86:Symbol
4754:Cella
4661:Varro
4641:Fasti
4614:Texts
4498:Terra
4478:Salus
4443:Fides
4372:Vesta
4362:Venus
4312:Pluto
4302:Orcus
4257:Liber
4245:Lares
4230:Janus
4215:Flora
4205:Fauna
4185:Diana
4175:Cupid
4165:Ceres
3848:Tanit
3572:Fasti
3536:, 26.
3205:Pluto
3201:Orcus
3154:, 11.
2708:, in
2690:Murlo
2505:Notes
2301:Liber
2250:Virgo
2214:Nerva
2194:Liber
2140:Livia
2058:Sulla
2034:Sulla
2000:Henna
1892:Hades
1882:, in
1777:plebs
1768:Triad
1756:Liber
1752:vowed
1742:plebs
1670:games
1634:Capua
1589:kiste
1489:Henna
1460:Vesta
1327:dies
1315:penus
1311:penus
1275:Varro
1189:Lemur
847:casta
798:spelt
773:ceres
765:spelt
714:Ceres
710:Cerus
706:śerfe
691:śerfi
650:kerrí
647:Oscan
643:ceres
629:Cerēs
482:Ceres
243:votum
157:Liber
147:Pluto
143:Vesta
40:Ceres
32:Keres
4890:Isis
4635:Ovid
4488:Spes
4473:Roma
4272:Mars
4267:Luna
4235:Juno
4190:Dies
4090:and
4021:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3958:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3621:and
3609:The
3433:Numa
3267:Nero
2863:ISBN
2669:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2372:was
2324:beer
2104:Nero
2068:and
2052:and
2036:and
2024:The
2010:, a
1975:and
1966:fast
1933:Troy
1880:Enna
1867:and
1758:and
1725:Ovid
1709:Numa
1654:cure
1572:ludi
1540:Ides
1528:Como
1484:Ovid
1466:and
1456:Juno
1442:and
1398:Nero
1390:Juno
1340:and
1279:Cato
1265:and
1232:The
1224:The
1209:Ovid
1205:newt
1104:The
1081:Laws
1057:alma
829:olla
821:exta
751:and
743:and
669:root
615:and
607:was
580:and
562:Ludi
515:-eez
513:SEER
260:ludi
135:Juno
119:and
4463:Pax
4352:Sol
4297:Ops
4292:Nox
3808:CIL
3590:44.
3449:CIL
3273:).
3108:far
2466:,
2368:or
2124:Pax
2002:in
1863:to
1597:Pax
1579:as
1468:Dis
1444:Ops
1361:Dis
1236:or
1061:Ops
802:far
761:far
555:of
543:or
531:of
497:ɪər
476:In
121:Ops
4962::
3998:,
3634:^
3617:,
3588:,
3304:,
3023:,
2945:,
2906:,
2885:,
2853:;
2849:;
2838:^
2829:,
2809:,
2661:.
2639:^
2630:,
2599:^
2585:.
2565:.
2437:.
2291:).
2244:.
2180:,
2169:.
1964:("
1907:.
1875:.
1723:,
1462:,
1458:,
1400:.
1392:,
1363:.
1126:.
831:).
739:,
645:,
619:.
535:,
518:,
500:iː
480:,
163:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
100:,
4109:)
4103:(
4080:e
4073:t
4066:v
4027:.
3982:.
3966:.
3917:.
3863:.
3850:.
3689:.
3586:8
3464:.
2871:.
2738:.
2696:)
2692:(
2675:.
2618:.
2529:)
2425:.
1660:(
1534:(
1479:.
1187:(
1179:(
1148:(
1042:)
827:(
823:)
819:(
763:(
506:/
503:z
494:s
491:ˈ
488:/
484:(
465:e
458:t
451:v
219:)
215:(
167:/
159:/
76:(
34:.
20:)
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