577:
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439:
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55:
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329:
1099:, even requiring permission to physically travel outside the land-holding. How institutions play out in individual workers' lives can be complex too; in most societies where wage-labor predominates, workers possess equal rights by law and mobility in theory. Without social support or other resources, however, the necessity of earning a livelihood may force a worker to cede some rights and freedoms in fact.
1113:
1453:, the workplace is one of the most important social spaces other than the home, constituting "a central concept for several entities: the worker and family, the employing organization, the customers of the organization, and the society as a whole". The development of new communication technologies has led to the development of the
1408:
suggests any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world.
1369:
One more issue, which may not directly interfere with the functioning of an economy but can have significant indirect effects, is when governments fail to account for work occurring out-of-view from the public sphere. This may be important, uncompensated work occurring everyday in private life; or it
1244:
said out that, because of the fall, "many of the tasks we perform in a fallen world are inherently distasteful and wearisome." Christian theologians interpret that through the fall, work has become toil, but John Paul II says that work is a good thing for man in spite of this toil, and that "perhaps,
340:
Work can take many different forms, as varied as the environments, tools, skills, goals, and institutions around a worker. This term refers to the general activity of performing tasks, whether they are paid or unpaid, formal or informal. Work encompasses all types of productive activities, including
626:
Societies also commonly rank different work roles by perceived status, but this is more subjective and goes beyond clear progressions within a single industry. Some industries may be seen as more prestigious than others overall, even if they include roles with similar functions. At the same time, a
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entity, the same workers can claim a larger share of the value created by their labor. While a union does require workers to sacrifice some autonomy in relation to their coworkers, it can grant workers more control over the work process itself in addition to material benefits.
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to succeed. At the level of a small team working on a single task, only cooperation and good communication may be necessary. As the complexity of a work process increases though, requiring more planning or more workers focused on specific tasks, a reliable
232:
goods. Cultures and individuals across history have expressed a wide range of attitudes towards work. Outside of any specific process or industry, humanity has developed a variety of institutions for situating work in society. As humans are
820:
and is also an essential feature of work. Even in technologically advanced societies, many workers' toolsets still include a number of smaller hand-tools, designed to be held and operated by a single person, often without supplementary
1396:
Globally rate of child labour have decreased from 25% to 10% between 60s to the early years of the 21st century. Nevertheless, giving the population of the world also increased the total number of child labourers remains high, with
1319:. Though ideas about universal rights and the economic benefits of free labor have significantly diminished the prevalence of outright slavery, it continues in lawless areas, or in attenuated forms on the margins of many economies.
1274:
is critical of the hope that technological progress might eliminate or diminish the need for work: "the goal should not be that technological progress increasingly replace human work, for this would be detrimental to humanity", and
693:
In the diverse world of work, there exist some truly bizarre and unusual occupations that often defy conventional expectations. These unique jobs showcase the creativity and adaptability of humans in their pursuit of livelihood.
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has brought many changes, overturning some previously widespread labor issues. At the same time, some longstanding issues remain relevant, and other new ones have emerged. One issue that continues despite many improvements is
348:
Because sustained effort is a necessary part of many human activities, what qualifies as work is often a matter of context. Specialization is one common feature that distinguishes work from other activities. For example, a
1374:
activity that involves clear but furtive economic exchanges. By ignoring or failing to understand these activities, economic policies can have counter-intuitive effects and cause strains on the community and society.
726:, rest, and other physical needs in order to reliably exert themselves. This is particularly true of physical labor that places direct demands on the body, but even largely mental work can cause
1389:, the poor economic situation of the deprived classes, the weakness of laws and legal supervision, the migration existence of child labour is very much observed in different parts of the world.
1413:
believe that child labour is the symptom of poverty. If laws ban most lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive.
887:. Just as mechanization can substitute for the physical labor of many human beings, computers allow for the partial automation of mental work previously carried out by human workers, such as
1173:
is strongly associated with leisure and opposed to tedium, then work itself can become indicative of low social rank and be devalued. In the opposite case, a society may hold strongly to a
1922:
825:. This is especially true when tasks can be handled by one or a few workers, do not require significant physical power, and are somewhat self-paced, like in many services or
1245:
in a sense, because of it", because work is something that corresponds to man's dignity and through it, he achieves fulfilment as a human being. The fall also means that a
642:
Other social dynamics, like how labor is compensated, can even exclude meaningful tasks from a society's conception of work. For example, in modern market-economies where
2438:
1123:
345:, household chores, volunteering, and creative pursuits. It is a broad term that encompasses any effort or activity directed towards achieving a particular goal.
2283:
2092:
1041:
The need for planning and coordination extends beyond individual organizations to society as a whole too. Every successful work project requires effective
2414:"The policy analysis of child labor : a comparative study / edited by Christiaan Grootaert and Harry... - Catalogue | National Library of Australia"
1869:
Holtermann A; Hansen JV; Burr H; Søgaard K; Sjøgaard G (1 April 2011). "The health paradox of occupational and leisure-time physical activity".
1134:
1249:
is needed. As a result of the fall, work has become subject to the abuses of idleness on the one hand, and overwork on the other. Drawing on
1298:, simple manual labor may be held in high regard as a way to maintain the body, cultivate self-discipline and humility, and focus the mind.
2400:
Christiaan
Grootaert; Harry Anthony Patrinos (1999). The Policy Analysis of Child Labour: A Comparative Study. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8–54
17:
914:
Beyond tools and machines used to actively perform tasks, workers benefit when other passive elements of their work and environment are
1083:
Other institutions can affect workers even more directly by delimiting practical day-to-day life or basic legal rights. For example, a
1217:
has argued that "work is the natural exercise and function of man – the creature who is made in the image of his
Creator." Likewise,
592:
that produce a focused subset of products or services. Some economists also propose additional sectors such as a "knowledge-based"
872:
for harnessing supplementary power sources, to today's complex, regulated systems that automate many steps within a work process.
119:
248:
to work roles differently from another. Throughout history, work has been intimately connected with other aspects of society and
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1401:
and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5–17 worldwide were involved in some sort of child labour in 2013.
91:
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72:
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and working under adult guidance. For work that is more specialized and technically complex, however, a more formal system of
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or other support. Governments have tried a range of strategies to mitigate the problem, such as improving the efficiency of
1982:
98:
977:
Even if workers are personally ready to perform their jobs, coordination is required for any effort outside of individual
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can carry out much of the effort. The workers present will focus on more complex tasks, operating controls, or performing
661:
where workers have qualitatively different power or rights. In the extreme, the least powerful members of society may be
497:
174:
activity people perform to support the needs and wants of themselves, others, or a wider community. In the context of
2530:
1240::17, God said to Adam, "cursed is the ground because of you; in pain you shall eat of it all the days of your life".
1152:
1049:(such as equipment and facilities). In smaller, traditional societies, these aspects can be mostly regulated through
1028:
has little power to demand better wages or conditions. By banding together and interacting with business owners as a
138:
105:
599:
Another common way of contrasting work roles is ranking them according to a criterion, such as the amount of skill,
538:
There are several ways to categorize and compare different kinds of work. In economics, one popular approach is the
492:
led to more sustained work practices, but work still changed with the seasons, with intense sustained effort during
2142:
416:
within a community. However, an alternative view is that labeling any activity as work is somewhat subjective, as
1279:
consultants suggest that work will change, but not end, as a result of automation and the increasing adoption of
1268:
said that although work is a gift of creation, it is "ennobled into mutual service in the fellowship of Christ."
1366:, unemployment can have severe psychological and social consequences beyond the financial insecurity it causes.
87:
1564:
636:
76:
1923:"How today's unions help working people: Giving workers the power to improve their jobs and unrig the economy"
1805:
1065:
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has more rights than a slave but is attached to a specific piece of land and largely under the power of the
450:
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253:
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throughout the workday may also suffer from long-term health problems due to a lack of physical activity.
43:
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Economic organizations often reflect social thought common to their time and place, such as ideas about
484:
societies vary their "work" intensity according to the seasonal availability of plants and the periodic
1599:
1198:
888:
2233:
780:. In traditional societies, know-how for different tasks can be passed to each new generation through
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1809:
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ensures that a worker in training has some exposure to all major aspects of their specialty, in both
1883:
997:. These unique organizations can also be historically significant, even forming major pillars of an
2259:
2017:
1967:
1779:
1438:
1254:
900:
2479:"Traces of Exploitation in Childhood: A Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labor"
1127:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1851:
1286:
For some, work may hold a spiritual value in addition to any secular notions. Especially in some
1280:
892:
845:
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the necessary skills for work is often a complex process in its own right, requiring intentional
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112:
65:
35:
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necessary for their job. However, this activity does not necessarily improve a worker's overall
1878:
1355:
1130:
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are another significant organization. In isolation, a worker that is easily replaceable in the
2439:"Traces of childhood exploitation: A comprehensive study on the forms of child labour in Iran"
496:(for example) alternating with less focused periods such as winters. In the early modern era,
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1261:
1182:
1006:
515:
198:
179:
31:
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may value work in general, or specific kinds of it, very differently. When social status or
588:
In complex economies with high specialization, these categories are further subdivided into
542:
or variations of it. In this view, an economy can be separated into three broad categories:
530:
retains traces of expectations of sustained, concentrated work, even in affluent societies.
1636:
1087:
system may restrict families to a narrow range of jobs, inherited from parent to child. In
1056:
These complex institutions, however, still have roots in common human activities. Even the
589:
354:
293:
39:
8:
2520:
2075:
1641:
1616:
1265:
1042:
758:
518:
intensified demands on workers to keep up with the pace of machines. Restrictions on the
412:. In some cases, the distinction between work and other activities is simply a matter of
187:
654:
may be omitted from economic analysis or even cultural ideas of what qualifies as work.
2284:"More than 1 in 5 children are engaged in child labor in the world's poorest countries"
1904:
1755:
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Work is fundamental to all societies but can vary widely within and between them, from
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284:
201:
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808:
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1358:, or even directly overriding the labor market through work-relief programs or a
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1069:
998:
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481:
269:
1993:
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is a location where someone works, for their employer or themselves, a place of
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or a small set of repetitive motions. In these physical jobs, maintaining good
666:
546:
396:
may retroactively affirm an activity as productive, this can exclude work like
277:
2078:, "Christian Moral Reasoning," in David J. Atkinson and David H. Field (eds),
883:
insights led to the creation and widespread adoption of fast, general-purpose
369:
provides medical care while on duty and fully equipped rather than performing
216:
effort by many human beings. All but the simplest tasks also require specific
178:, work can be viewed as the human activity that contributes (along with other
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2509:
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1892:
1569:
1487:
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wide swathe of roles across all industries may be afforded more status (e.g.
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1900:
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1379:
1347:
1335:
1334:. While the shift from a subsistence economy usually increases the overall
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1323:
1271:
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1218:
1202:
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990:
983:
939:
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833:
632:
550:
523:
413:
409:
397:
257:
2333:"Introducing uncertainty into Baland and Robinson's model of child labour"
836:
industry, or involving a highly-repetitive set of simple actions, like in
730:
from problems like long hours, excessive demands, or a hostile workplace.
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1589:
1502:
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1312:
1233:
1186:
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1021:
978:
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Particularly intense forms of manual labor often lead workers to develop
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may have exclusive access to the most prestigious work, largely symbolic
658:
651:
527:
489:
280:
as both an abstract concept and a characteristic of individual cultures.
2455:
1342:, it removes a baseline of material security from those who cannot find
812:
A potter shapes pottery with his hands while operating a potter's wheel.
753:
or movements with proper technique is also a crucial skill for avoiding
438:
2413:
1621:
1574:
1539:
1517:
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1482:
1434:
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1343:
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Another difficulty, which has emerged in most societies as a result of
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1177:
where work itself is seen as virtuous. For example, German sociologist
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1166:
1096:
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826:
789:
647:
643:
628:
612:
608:
600:
512:
473:
417:
342:
333:
316:
234:
213:
205:
2168:
Read "International
Conflict Resolution After the Cold War" at NAP.edu
596:, but this division is neither standardized nor universally accepted.
469:
361:
for someone playing for fun in their community. An element of advance
1430:
1423:
1250:
1178:
1053:, though as societies grow, more extensive methods become necessary.
1029:
1009:
goes hand-in-hand with other changes, like the growth of centralized
994:
927:
849:
785:
762:
723:
604:
564:
405:
374:
370:
366:
310:
261:
175:
171:
2119:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of St. Benedict's Rule for Monasteries"
1868:
151:
54:
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1287:
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919:
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884:
777:
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678:
673:) into performing the least desirable work. Complementary to this,
362:
249:
225:
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followed, with worker demands for time off increasing, but modern
1544:
1446:
1351:
1339:
1092:
1088:
853:
841:
682:
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is one example with a long history and analogs in many cultures.
504:
493:
476:
with traditional tools and protective clothing spalling ore, 1858
393:
241:
191:
2220:"The reason for the prevalence of child labour around the world"
2095:, paragraph 128, published 24 May 2015, accessed 19 January 2024
1477:
1442:
1409:
On the other hand, some scholars like
Christiaan Grootaert and
1398:
1257:
between the two extremes of being lazy and being a workaholic.
1170:
966:
869:
832:
For other tasks needing large amounts of power, such as in the
793:
754:
703:
560:
401:
328:
265:
2307:
2106:
AI, Automation and the Future of Work: Ten Things to Solve For
657:
At a political level, different roles can fall under separate
480:
Humans have varied their work habits and attitudes over time.
1731:"Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood"
1084:
1061:
1002:
865:
674:
389:
358:
350:
217:
183:
918:
properly. This includes everything from personal items like
722:
As living beings, humans require a baseline of good health,
1206:
1124:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
935:
635:) based on characteristics such as a job being low-paid or
500:
emphasized the moral and personal advantages of hard work.
385:
221:
2355:"The Economics of Child Labour: An Annotated Bibliography"
1229:
that by his work, man shares in the image of his creator.
572:, which provides services and helps administer the economy
2143:"Unemployment and mental health - The Health Foundation"
2080:
New
Dictionary of Christian Ethics and Pastoral Theology
1260:
Some
Christian theologians also draw on the doctrine of
860:
principles have allowed humans to proceed from creating
1729:
Blume, C; Garbazza, C; Spitschan, M (September 2019).
1728:
1181:
hypothesized that
European capitalism originated in a
1060:
of modern capitalist societies rely fundamentally on
1001:. In European history, for instance, the decline of
2443:
Journal of
Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research
2108:, Briefing Note June 2018, accessed 19 January 2024
79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2234:"Child Labour | International Labour Organization"
1362:. Since a job forms a major part of many workers'
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
2199:
2507:
2200:Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (2024-03-18).
507:encouraged more consistent work activity in the
1786:. Auburn University, Dept. of Political Science
420:expressed in the "whitewashed fence" scene of
365:or expectation is also common, such as when a
1862:
1253:, Ryken suggests that the moral ideal is the
607:associated with a role. The progression from
1831:"work | Definition, History, & Examples"
155:A World War II aircraft worker, Texas, 1942.
1947:"Protestant ethic | Definition & Facts"
1852:"Unusual and Bizarre jobs around the world"
1222:
1189:. Many Christian theologians appeal to the
803:
1072:during the 20th century, rely on a highly
553:, and other resources from the environment
357:who earns their livelihood from it, but a
27:Activities performed as a means of support
2454:
2033:Work and Leisure in Christian Perspective
1882:
1771:
1754:
1404:Some scholars like Jean-Marie Baland and
1153:Learn how and when to remove this message
926:to features of the workspace itself like
706:and resources to succeed in their tasks.
373:off-duty as a bystander in an emergency.
287:and expressed a wish to abolish it, e.g.
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
949:
875:In the 20th century, the development of
807:
713:
575:
559:, which manufactures physical products,
468:
381:are also not typically considered work.
327:
150:
2330:
1777:
1236:as profoundly affecting human work. In
1045:to provide necessities, materials, and
14:
2508:
2436:
816:Tool use has been a central aspect of
702:Individual workers require sufficient
1784:A Glossary of Political Economy Terms
1106:
433:
77:adding citations to reliable sources
48:
2257:
1696:
1670:
1385:Due to various reasons such as the
1201:, human beings were created in the
240:Besides objective differences, one
237:, they work mainly during the day.
24:
1978:
1871:British Journal of Sports Medicine
498:Protestantism and proto-capitalism
25:
2542:
2497:e-Business and Workplace Redesign
2376:"Child labour in Asia and Africa"
2035:(Portland: Multnomah, 1987), 120.
1798:
1338:of society and lifts many out of
1301:
1197:in regards to work. According to
911:continues into the 21st century.
788:is usually necessary. A complete
283:Some people have also engaged in
2337:Journal of Development Economics
2260:"World Day Against Child Labour"
1437:. Such a place can range from a
1422:This section is an excerpt from
1264:to discuss the concept of work.
1111:
972:
864:that merely redirect or amplify
669:) or even violently forced (via
533:
437:
276:is a prominent topic across the
53:
2489:
2483:Journal of Social Work Research
2471:
2430:
2406:
2392:
2368:
2347:
2324:
2300:
2276:
2251:
2226:
2212:
2193:
2159:
2135:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2069:
2056:
2038:
2022:
2011:
1972:
1960:
1939:
1710:. Merriam-Webster. 12 July 2020
1684:. Merriam-Webster. 12 July 2020
1378:
1036:
224:, and other resources, such as
64:needs additional citations for
1915:
1844:
1823:
1722:
1708:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1682:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1565:Occupational safety and health
1232:Christian theologians see the
1205:, and according to Genesis 2,
637:dirty, dangerous and demeaning
584:working at NASA Langley, 1980.
323:
13:
1:
1663:
1020:In industrialized economies,
945:
903:of related technologies like
709:
503:The periodic re-invention of
204:by hand to operating complex
2362:Journal of Political Economy
2082:(Leicester: IVP, 1995), 123.
1416:
718:A carpenter at work in 1942.
423:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
7:
2495:Paul Jackson, Reima Suomi,
2104:McKinsey Global Institute,
1472:In modern market-economies:
1465:
768:
170:in British English) is the
44:Occupation (disambiguation)
18:Occupation (human activity)
10:
2547:
1747:10.1007/s11818-019-00215-x
1600:Workplace safety standards
1421:
1350:, conditionally providing
1213:to "work it and keep it".
938:, and even the underlying
848:. Over several millennia,
697:
429:
336:making shoes, Capri, Italy
88:"Work" human activity
29:
2331:Pouliot, William (2006).
1927:Economic Policy Institute
1810:Oxford English Dictionary
1185:, which emerged with the
1102:
1076:and hierarchical form of
486:migration of prey animals
2531:Sociological terminology
2018:English Standard Version
1968:English Standard Version
1893:10.1136/bjsm.2010.079582
1778:Johnson, Paul M (2005).
1451:industrialized societies
901:Research and development
804:Equipment and technology
563:materials, and provides
2437:Ahmady, Kameel (2023).
1281:artificial intelligence
986:becomes more critical.
745:, due to problems like
549:, which extracts food,
400:or activities within a
308:; related concepts are
244:may organize or attach
210:substitute for physical
36:Labour (disambiguation)
2308:"World Bank Open Data"
1356:unemployment insurance
1223:
1133:by rewriting it in an
969:
893:document transcription
813:
719:
585:
477:
377:and basic habits like
337:
300:Related terms include
156:
2091:Pope Francis (2015),
1183:Protestant work ethic
1007:joint-stock companies
959:in the United States
953:
811:
717:
681:, or even a "life of
631:roles) or less (like
579:
488:. The development of
472:
331:
180:factors of production
154:
32:Work (disambiguation)
2312:World Bank Open Data
1858:. 20 September 2023.
1637:Occupational burnout
854:scientific discovery
759:white-collar workers
355:professional athlete
294:The Right to Be Lazy
73:improve this article
40:Job (disambiguation)
2456:10.51847/blnsUHGGhq
1780:"Division of labor"
1642:Occupational stress
1617:Effects of overtime
1294:strands of several
1043:resource allocation
689:Unusual Occupations
272:. Accordingly, the
2380:unesdoc.unesco.org
1980:Sayers, Dorothy L.
1209:was placed in the
1135:encyclopedic style
1122:is written like a
1068:, such as in many
970:
838:mass manufacturing
814:
720:
586:
540:three-sector model
478:
449:. You can help by
338:
274:division of labour
157:
42:, and
2449:(4–2023): 57–64.
2258:Nations, United.
2206:Our World in Data
2186:978-0-309-07027-0
2147:www.health.org.uk
1990:faith-at-work.net
1806:"Work Definition"
1647:Post-work society
1627:Flow (psychology)
1606:Related concepts:
1455:virtual workplace
1406:James A. Robinson
1392:According to the
1328:industrialization
1317:human trafficking
1306:The contemporary
1215:Dorothy L. Sayers
1163:
1162:
1155:
1066:command economies
735:physical strength
594:quaternary sector
516:industrialization
467:
466:
379:personal grooming
202:natural resources
149:
148:
141:
123:
16:(Redirected from
2538:
2526:Labour economics
2500:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2410:
2404:
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2396:
2390:
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2366:
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2328:
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2304:
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2280:
2274:
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2255:
2249:
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2224:
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2216:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2076:Oliver O'Donovan
2073:
2067:
2064:Work and Leisure
2060:
2054:
2050:Laborem exercens
2042:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1992:. Archived from
1987:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1886:
1866:
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1848:
1842:
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1827:
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1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1674:
1632:Helping behavior
1612:Critique of work
1555:Leave of absence
1535:Informal economy
1493:Labour economics
1266:Oliver O'Donovan
1228:
1225:Laborem exercens
1158:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1070:communist states
957:worked per week
905:machine learning
897:customer service
739:physical fitness
617:master craftsman
557:Secondary sector
462:
459:
441:
434:
285:critique of work
144:
137:
133:
130:
124:
122:
81:
57:
49:
21:
2546:
2545:
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2506:
2505:
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2503:
2494:
2490:
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2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2397:
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2357:
2353:
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2348:
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2325:
2316:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2256:
2252:
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2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2043:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1999:on Jan 18, 2012
1996:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1884:10.1.1.911.2739
1867:
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1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1829:
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1824:
1814:
1812:
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1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1657:Refusal of work
1652:Problem solving
1468:
1463:
1462:
1427:
1419:
1383:
1304:
1195:Book of Genesis
1159:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1131:help improve it
1128:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1039:
999:economic system
975:
960:
958:
948:
862:simple machines
829:manufacturing.
818:human evolution
806:
771:
712:
700:
570:Tertiary sector
536:
524:ages of workers
482:Hunter-gatherer
463:
457:
454:
447:needs expansion
432:
353:is a job for a
326:
278:social sciences
220:, equipment or
145:
134:
128:
125:
82:
80:
70:
58:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2502:
2501:
2499:(2004), p. 37.
2488:
2470:
2429:
2405:
2391:
2367:
2346:
2323:
2299:
2275:
2264:United Nations
2250:
2225:
2211:
2192:
2185:
2158:
2134:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2068:
2055:
2037:
2021:
2010:
1971:
1959:
1938:
1914:
1877:(4): 291–295.
1861:
1843:
1822:
1797:
1770:
1741:(3): 147–156.
1721:
1695:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
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1495:
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1485:
1480:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1382:
1377:
1303:
1302:Current issues
1300:
1211:Garden of Eden
1165:Societies and
1161:
1160:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1078:redistribution
1038:
1035:
974:
971:
947:
944:
805:
802:
782:oral tradition
770:
767:
757:. Ironically,
711:
708:
699:
696:
667:untouchability
650:predominates,
621:skilled trades
574:
573:
567:
554:
547:Primary sector
535:
532:
465:
464:
444:
442:
431:
428:
404:setting, like
384:While a later
325:
322:
182:) towards the
147:
146:
61:
59:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2543:
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2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2498:
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2484:
2480:
2474:
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2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2343:(1): 264–272.
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2289:
2288:www.aa.com.tr
2285:
2279:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2202:"Child Labor"
2196:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2177:10.17226/9897
2174:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2124:
2123:gutenberg.org
2120:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2014:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1673:
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1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Paid time off
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:Labor issues:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Job guarantee
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1414:
1412:
1411:Kameel Ahmady
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1364:self-identity
1361:
1360:job guarantee
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1308:world economy
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Old Testament
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1146:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1120:This section
1118:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
985:
980:
973:Organizations
968:
964:
956:
952:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
819:
810:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
716:
707:
705:
695:
691:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
583:
578:
571:
568:
566:
562:
558:
555:
552:
551:raw materials
548:
545:
544:
543:
541:
534:Kinds of work
531:
529:
525:
521:
520:hours of work
517:
514:
510:
509:working class
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
475:
471:
461:
452:
448:
445:This section
443:
440:
436:
435:
427:
425:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
346:
344:
335:
330:
321:
319:
318:
313:
312:
307:
303:
298:
296:
295:
290:
289:Paul Lafargue
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:social status
243:
238:
236:
231:
230:manufacturing
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
143:
140:
132:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90: –
89:
85:
84:Find sources:
78:
74:
68:
67:
62:This article
60:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2496:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:
2408:
2399:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
2361:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2315:. Retrieved
2311:
2302:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2240:. 2024-01-28
2237:
2228:
2214:
2205:
2195:
2167:
2161:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2045:John Paul II
2040:
2032:
2029:Leland Ryken
2024:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1989:
1974:
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1949:. Britannica
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1833:. Britannica
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1707:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1681:
1672:
1605:
1604:
1595:Working poor
1585:Unfree labor
1580:Unemployment
1560:Minimum wage
1550:Labor rights
1530:Annual leave
1523:
1522:
1513:Wage slavery
1508:Volunteering
1471:
1470:
1445:building or
1403:
1391:
1387:cheap labour
1384:
1380:Child labour
1368:
1354:benefits or
1348:job matching
1336:productivity
1332:unemployment
1324:urbanization
1321:
1305:
1285:
1272:Pope Francis
1270:
1259:
1242:Leland Ryken
1231:
1219:John Paul II
1203:image of God
1164:
1149:
1140:
1121:
1082:
1074:bureaucratic
1058:free markets
1055:
1040:
1037:Institutions
1026:labor market
1022:labor unions
1019:
1005:and rise of
991:human nature
988:
984:organization
976:
940:architecture
913:
895:, and basic
889:calculations
881:mathematical
874:
834:construction
831:
815:
772:
732:
721:
701:
692:
688:
687:
659:institutions
656:
641:
633:manual labor
625:
598:
587:
582:Mary Jackson
537:
502:
479:
455:
451:adding to it
446:
421:
414:common sense
410:housekeeping
398:volunteering
383:
347:
339:
315:
309:
305:
301:
299:
292:
291:in his book
282:
239:
206:technologies
196:
167:
163:
159:
158:
135:
126:
116:
109:
102:
95:
83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
2238:www.ilo.org
2093:Laudato si'
1983:"Why Work?"
1815:23 November
1590:Unpaid work
1503:Trade union
1459:remote work
1441:to a large
1439:home office
1313:slave labor
1255:golden mean
1234:fall of man
1187:Reformation
1167:subcultures
979:subsistence
965:, money is
955:Human-hours
936:air quality
924:safety gear
877:electronics
858:engineering
846:maintenance
663:stigmatized
652:unpaid work
528:office work
490:agriculture
474:Bal maidens
324:Description
214:even mental
172:intentional
129:August 2022
2521:Employment
2510:Categories
2423:2024-06-12
2418:nla.gov.au
2385:2024-06-12
2317:2024-06-12
2293:2024-06-12
2269:2024-06-12
2244:2024-06-12
2152:2022-07-06
2128:2021-04-19
1953:2022-07-06
1932:2022-07-06
1856:Blogristan
1837:2022-07-06
1735:Somnologie
1664:References
1622:Ergonomics
1575:Sick leave
1540:Job strain
1518:Workaholic
1498:Profession
1483:Employment
1435:employment
1394:World Bank
1344:employment
1262:redemption
1247:work ethic
1175:work ethic
1143:March 2023
1097:landholder
1047:investment
1015:capitalism
946:In society
899:requests.
868:, through
840:, complex
827:handicraft
790:curriculum
710:Physiology
648:piece work
644:wage labor
629:managerial
613:journeyman
609:apprentice
601:experience
590:industries
513:capitalist
418:Mark Twain
343:employment
334:cordwainer
317:profession
302:occupation
270:privileges
252:, such as
190:within an
99:newspapers
2465:2249-3379
1879:CiteSeerX
1431:workplace
1424:Workplace
1417:Workplace
1296:religions
1251:Aristotle
1238:Genesis 3
1199:Genesis 1
1179:Max Weber
1030:corporate
995:hierarchy
961:Labor is
928:furniture
885:computers
850:invention
786:education
763:sedentary
724:nutrition
679:sinecures
605:seniority
580:Engineer
565:utilities
406:parenting
375:Self-care
371:first aid
367:paramedic
311:job title
262:tradition
199:gathering
176:economics
2171:. 2000.
1909:46227429
1901:21459873
1765:31534436
1466:See also
1372:criminal
1292:mystical
1288:monastic
1277:McKinsey
1221:said in
1064:, while
932:lighting
920:workwear
916:designed
909:robotics
879:and new
842:machines
798:practice
778:training
774:Learning
769:Training
761:who are
747:overwork
743:exercise
611:through
522:and the
494:harvests
458:May 2021
363:planning
250:politics
226:material
188:services
2062:Ryken,
2003:29 July
1790:19 July
1756:6751071
1714:19 July
1704:"Labor"
1688:19 July
1545:Karoshi
1447:factory
1370:may be
1352:welfare
1340:poverty
1129:Please
1093:peasant
1089:serfdom
870:engines
751:posture
698:Workers
683:leisure
671:slavery
665:(as in
619:in the
561:refines
505:slavery
430:History
394:payment
242:culture
235:diurnal
192:economy
113:scholar
2463:
2183:
2066:, 176.
2053:, § 9.
1966:2:15,
1907:
1899:
1881:
1763:
1753:
1678:"Work"
1478:Career
1449:. For
1443:office
1399:UNICEF
1171:virtue
1103:Values
1051:custom
1011:states
1003:guilds
967:demand
963:supply
856:, and
794:theory
755:injury
728:stress
704:health
675:elites
511:, and
402:family
268:, and
266:rights
218:skills
168:labour
115:
108:
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