2835:
new language. Indigenous writing in Ottawa was also based upon
English or French, but only occurred sporadically through the 19th and 20th centuries. Modern focus on literacy and use of written forms of the language has increased in the context of second-language learning, where mastery of written language is viewed as a component of the language-learning process. Although there has never been a generally accepted standard written form of Ottawa, interest in standardization has increased with the publication of a widely used dictionary in 1985 and reference grammar in 2001, which provide models for spelling conventions. A conference held in 1996 brought together speakers of all dialects of Ojibwe to review existing writing systems and make proposals for standardization.
3459:
1779:
2823:
6632:
238:
5978:
3950:
226:
5981:
3953:
3247:, Michigan but spent most of his life at Walpole Island. The texts that Medler dictated were originally published in a linguistically oriented transcription using phonetic symbols, and have been republished in a revised edition that uses the modern orthography and includes detailed linguistic analyses of each text.
3139:
in the late 1960s and early 1970s, resulting in a series of reports on Ottawa linguistics. Piggott also prepared a comprehensive description of Ottawa phonology. Rhodes produced a study of Ottawa syntax, a dictionary, and a series of articles on Ottawa grammar. Valentine has published a comprehensive
2907:
approaches to writing Ottawa based on less systematic adaptations of written
English or French are more variable and idiosyncratic, and do not always make consistent use of alphabetic letters. While the modern orthography is used in a number of prominent publications, its acceptance is not universal.
1994:
The most significant of the morphological innovations that characterize Ottawa is the restructuring of the three person prefixes that occur on both nouns and verbs. The prefixes carry grammatical information about grammatical person (first, second, or third). Syncope modifies the pronunciation of the
815:
Two subdialects of Ottawa arise from these population movements and the subsequent language shift. The subdialects are associated with the ancestry of significant increments of the populations in particular communities and differences in the way the language is named in those locations. On
Manitoulin
644:
result in low levels of mutual intelligibility. These three dialects "show many distinct features, which suggest periods of relative isolation from other varieties of Ojibwe." Because the dialects of Ojibwe are at least partly mutually intelligible, Ojibwe is conventionally considered to be a single
628:
Languages spoken in a series of dialects occupying adjacent territory form a dialect continuum or language complex, with some of the dialects being mutually intelligible while others are not. Adjacent dialects typically have relatively high degrees of mutual intelligibility, but the degree of mutual
616:
is the linguistic criterion used to distinguish languages from dialects. In straightforward cases, varieties of language that are mutually intelligible are classified as dialects, while varieties of speech that are not mutually intelligible are classified as separate languages. Linguistic and social
3083:
In the general model of linguistic change, "a single ancestor language (a proto-language) develops dialects which in time through the accumulation of changes become distinct languages." Continued changes in the descendant languages result in the development of dialects which again over time develop
2872:
and
Anglican converts used English-based orthographies. Documents written in Ottawa by Ottawa speakers on Manitoulin Island between 1823 and 1910 include official letters and petitions, personal documents, official Indian band regulations, an official proclamation, and census statements prepared by
2834:
Written representation of Ojibwe dialects, including Ottawa, was introduced by
European explorers, missionaries and traders who were speakers of English and French. They wrote Ottawa words and sentences using their own languages' letters and orthographic conventions, adapting them to the unfamiliar
1986:
Innovations in Ottawa morphology contribute to differentiating Ottawa from other dialects of Ojibwe. These differences include: the reanalysis of person prefixes and word stems; the loss of final /-n/ in certain inflectional suffixes; a distinctive form for the verbal suffix indicating doubt; and a
2912:
has explicitly rejected it, preferring to use a form of folk spelling in which the correspondences between sounds and letters are less systematic. Similarly, a lexicon representing Ottawa as spoken in
Michigan and another based on Ottawa in Oklahoma, use English-based folk spellings distinct from
2218:
Few vocabulary items are considered unique to Ottawa. The influx of speakers of other Ojibwe dialects into the Ottawa area has resulted in mixing of historically distinct dialects. Given that vocabulary spreads readily from one dialect to another, the presence of a particular vocabulary item in a
763:
does not identify the Ottawa as a separate group. One report suggests a total of approximately 8,000 speakers of Ottawa in the northern United States and southern
Ontario out of an estimated total population of 60,000. A field study conducted during the 1990s in Ottawa communities indicates that
2902:
Although there is no standard or official writing system for Ottawa, a widely accepted system is used in a recent dictionary of Ottawa and
Eastern Ojibwe, a collection of texts, and a descriptive grammar. The same system is taught in programs for Ojibwe language teachers. One of its goals is to
2867:
A tradition of indigenous literacy in Ottawa arose in the 19th century, as speakers of Ottawa on
Manitoulin Island became literate in their own language. Manitoulin Island Ottawas who were Catholic learned to write from French Catholic missionaries using a French-influenced orthography, while
2236:
pronouns that contains terms unique to Ottawa, while other words in the set are shared with other Ojibwe dialects. Taken as a group the Ottawa set is distinctive. The following chart shows the demonstrative pronouns for: (a) Wikwemikong, an Ottawa community; (b) Curve Lake, an
Eastern Ojibwe
3088:, the reconstructed ancestor language of the Algonquian languages. Ojibwe has subsequently developed a series of dialects including Ottawa, which is one of the three dialects of Ojibwe that has innovated the most through its historical development, along with Severn Ojibwe and Algonquin.
1271:. Ottawa fortis consonants are voiceless and phonetically long, and are aspirated in most positions: , , , . When following another consonant they are unaspirated or weakly articulated. The lenis consonants are typically voiced between vowels and word-initially before a vowel, but are
2855:
Frederick O'Meara (illustration, this section). Ottawa speaker Andrew Blackbird wrote a history of his people in English; an appended grammatical description of Ottawa and the Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialect also contains vocabulary lists, short phrases, and translations of the
2209:
indicates a less prominent noun phrase. Selection and use of proximate or obviative forms is a distinctive aspect of Ottawa syntax that indicates the relative discourse prominence of noun phrases containing third persons; it does not have a direct analogue in English grammar.
2223:
are characteristically Ottawa: the sets of demonstrative pronouns and interrogative adverbs are both distinctive relative to other dialects of Ojibwe. Although some of the vocabulary items in each set are found in other dialects, taken as a group each is uniquely Ottawa.
1597:; the latter sound is converted to or deleted. A study of the Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialect spoken in Minnesota describes the status of the analogous vowels as unclear, noting that while the distribution of the long nasal vowels is restricted, there is a
2924:
because it uses doubled vowel symbols to represent Ottawa long vowels that are paired with corresponding short vowels, it is an adaptation attributed to Charles Fiero of the linguistically oriented system found in publications such as Leonard Bloomfield's
645:
language with a series of adjacent dialects. Taking account of the low mutual intelligibility of the most strongly differentiated dialects, an alternative view is that Ojibwe "could be said to consist of several languages", forming a language complex.
5738:
Ewh oowahweendahmahgawin owh tabanemenung Jesus Christ: keahnekuhnootuhbeegahdag anwamand egewh ahneshenahbag Ojibway anindjig: keenahkoonegawaud kuhya ketebahahmahgawaud egewh mahyahmahwejegajig Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge ewede London
2090:
meaning either 'canoe' or 'his/her canoe' (with no prefix, because of syncope). Apart from the simple deletion of vowels in the prefixes, Ottawa has created new variants for each prefix. Restructuring of the person prefixes is discussed in detail in
770:
as their first language, and in some communities where the language was traditionally spoken, the number of speakers is very small." Formal second-language classes attempt to reduce the impact of declining first-language acquisition of Ottawa.
926:
The table of consonants uses symbols from the modern orthography with the corresponding symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) following where the two vary, or to draw attention to a particular property of the sound in question.
2122:. Verbal and nominal inflectional morphology are central to Ottawa syntax, as they mark grammatical information on verbs and nouns to a greater extent than in English (which has few inflections, and relies mainly on word order). Preferred
787:
Since the arrival of Europeans, the population movements of Ottawa speakers have been complex, with extensive migrations and contact with other Ojibwe groups. Many Ottawa speakers in southern Ontario are descended from speakers of the
2937:, in conjunction with orthographic conventions unique to Ottawa. The system embodies two basic principles: (1) alphabetic letters from the English alphabet are used to write Ottawa, but with Ottawa sound values; (2) the system is
2068:, which occurs with both nouns and verbs, is completely eliminated in Ottawa. As a result, there is no grammatical marker to indicate third-person on inflected forms of nouns or verbs. For example, where other dialects have
2941:
in nature, in that each letter or letter combination indicates its basic sound value, and does not reflect all the phonetic detail that occurs. Accurate pronunciation cannot be learned without consulting a fluent speaker.
4308:
Piggott, Glyne, 1980, pp. 110-111; Piggott's transcription of words containing long nasal vowels differs from those of Rhodes, Bloomfield, and Valentine by allowing for an optional after the long nasal vowel in phonetic
682:, for which less information is available. The dialect affiliation of several communities east of Lake Huron remains uncertain. Although "the dialect spoken along the eastern shore of Georgian Bay" has been described as
779:
At the time of first contact with Europeans in the early 17th century, Ottawa speakers resided on Manitoulin Island, the Bruce Peninsula, and probably the north and east shores of Georgian Bay. The northern area of the
2138:. While verb-final orders are avoided, all logically possible orders are attested. Ottawa word order displays considerably more freedom than is found in languages such as English, and word order frequently reflects
653:
The Ottawa communities for which the most detailed linguistic information has been collected are in Ontario. Extensive research has been conducted with speakers from Walpole Island in southwestern Ontario near
3163:
people related to their land, to their people, and various other means of communicating their values, outlooks and histories in and around Northern Michigan. These stories have been translated into a book,
6198:
Rhodes, Richard. 2002. "Multiple Assertions, Grammatical Constructions, Lexical Pragmatics, and the Eastern Ojibwe-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary." William Frawley, Kenneth C. Hill, & Pamela Munro, eds.,
1289:, occur in the speech of some speakers. Labialization is not normally indicated in writing, but a subscript dot is utilized in a widely used dictionary of Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe to mark labialization:
3398:
were the first recordings of the Odawa dialect in Northern Michigan and have not been previously translated prior to the books published by Howard Wabkamigad. The original recordings are archived at the
1871:
morphology. Inflectional morphology has a central role in Ottawa grammar. Noun inflection and verb inflection indicate grammatical information through prefixes and suffixes that are added to word stems.
5104:
See Hanzeli, Victor, 1969, pp. 122-124 for the text and a facsimile reproduction from two pages of a circa 1688 manuscript of Ottawa grammatical notes and vocabulary attributed to Louis André, a Jesuit.
820:, and has features that set it off from other communities that have significant populations of Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) and Potawatomi descent. In the latter communities, the language is called
2994:, which is represented in the broader Ojibwe version with the apostrophe. In Ottawa the apostrophe is reserved for a separate function noted below. In a few primarily expressive words, orthographic
5979:
Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data
3951:
Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data
3033: is used to distinguish primary (underlying) consonant clusters from secondary clusters that arise when the rule of syncope deletes a vowel between two consonants. For example, orthographic
3096:
Explorer Samuel de Champlain was the first European to record an encounter with Ottawa speakers when he met a party of three hundred Ottawas in 1615 on the north shore of Georgian Bay. French
7665:
3140:
descriptive grammar, a volume of texts including detailed analysis, as well as a survey of Ojibwe dialects that includes extensive description and analysis of Ottawa dialect features.
2675:
A small number of vocabulary items are characteristically Ottawa. Although these items are robustly attested in Ottawa, they have also been reported in some other communities.
7670:
3222:
category include traditional stories that do not necessarily involve mythical characters, although the term is also used more generally to refer to any story not in the
3108:
order, documented several dialects of Ojibwe in the 17th and 18th centuries, including unpublished manuscript Ottawa grammatical notes, word lists, and a dictionary.
7685:
3686:
Significant publications include Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958; Piggott, Glyne, 1980; Rhodes, Richard, 1985; Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994; Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001
5317:
A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English. A New edition, by a missionary of the Oblates. Part I, English-Otchipwe; Part II, Otchipwe-English.
1928:
Prefixes mark grammatical person on verbs, including first person, second person, and third person. Nouns use combinations of prefixes and suffixes to indicate
7553:
629:
intelligibility between nonadjacent dialects varies considerably. In some cases, speakers of nonadjacent dialects may not understand each other's speech.
2826:
Page from a 19th-century Ottawa language publication by Frederick O'Meara, based on his work among Ottawa speakers on Manitoulin Island. Retrieved from
5534:
Early descriptions by French missionaries of Algonquian and Iroquoian languages: A study of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century practice in linguistics.
7490:
3370:
3144:
5912:
3800:
756:. The descendants of migrant Ottawas live in Kansas and Oklahoma; available information indicates only three elderly speakers in Oklahoma as of 2006.
917:
Variability in the pronunciation of words that contain vowels subject to syncope, as speakers frequently have more than one way of pronouncing them.
7690:
726:
6357:
824:
but is still clearly Ottawa. Dialect features found in "Ottawa Ottawa" that distinguish it from "Chippewa Ottawa" include deletion of the sounds
5930:
5918:
5639:
3864:
3852:
3768:
1786:, which includes a grammatical description of the Ottawa and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa) dialects of Ojibwe. Retrieved April 12, 2009 from
792:
dialect (also known as "Chippewa") who moved into Ottawa-speaking areas during the mid-19th century. Ottawa today is sometimes referred to as
7330:
6670:
4081:
See e.g. Nichols, John, and Earl Nyholm, 1995, for the segmental inventories of Southwestern Ojibwe, and Todd, Evelyn, 1970 for Severn Ojibwe
3022:
By convention the three long vowels that correspond to a short vowel are written double, while the single long vowel written as orthographic
2864:. Accurate transcriptions of Ottawa date from linguist Leonard Bloomfield's research with Ottawa speakers in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
3115:
wrote a history of the Ottawa people that included a description of Ottawa grammatical features. The first linguistically accurate work was
7614:
5562:
812:
to speaking Ottawa, as did the Potawatomi migrants. As a result of the migrations, Ottawa came to include Potawatomi and Ojibwe loanwords.
545:'nominalizer', with regular deletion of short vowels) 'speaking Ottawa' is also reported in some sources. The name of the Canadian capital
248:
1247:. Fortis (or "strong") consonants are typically distinguished from lenis (or "weak") consonants by features such as greater duration or
7675:
5625:
McGregor, Gregor with C. F. Voegelin. 1988. "Birch Island Texts." Edited by Leonard Bloomfield and John D. Nichols. John Nichols, ed.,
1365:. The phonological distinction between long and short vowels plays a significant role in Ottawa phonology, as only short vowels can be
800:
by speakers in these areas. As part of a series of population displacements during the same period, an estimated two thousand American
7680:
7604:
3240:
2903:
promote standardization of Ottawa writing so that language learners are able to read and write in a consistent way. By comparison,
675:
6213:
Rhodes, Richard A. 2004. "Alexander Francis Chamberlain and the language of the Mississaga Indians of Skugog." H.C. Wolfart, ed.,
5733:. Retrieved April 10, 2009. Cobourgh : Printed at the Diocesan Press for the Church Society of the Diocese of Toronto, 1844.
5324:
History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan: A grammar of their language, and personal and family history of the author
1788:
History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan: A grammar of their language, and personal and family history of the author
6277:
5952:
Weshki-bimaadzijig ji-noondmowaad. 'That the young might hear': The stories of Andrew Medler as recorded by Leonard Bloomfield.
5790:
Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Readers and Study Guides. Winnipeg: Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba.
5776:
Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Readers and Study Guides. Winnipeg: Department of Native Studies, University of Manitoba.
2920:
in Ontario and the United States, and widely employed in reference materials and text collections. Sometimes referred to as the
908:
Creation of new consonant clusters that do not occur in other dialects, through deletion of short vowels between two consonants.
905:
Differences in pronunciation between Ottawa and other dialects of Ojibwe, resulting in a lower degree of mutual intelligibility.
454:, indicating a less prominent noun phrase. Ottawa has a relatively flexible word order compared with languages such as English.
5541:
Missionary linguistics in New France: A study of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century descriptions of American Indian languages.
1979:
to create words to which inflectional prefixes and suffixes are added. Word stems are combined with other word stems to create
7297:
6250:
6208:
5593:
5377:
5363:
5349:
3378:
3189:
1426:
5629:
pp. 107–194. London: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario.
5435:
pp. 457–473. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., Publication Number 5.
1585:
is an orthographic convention and does not correspond to an independent sound. One analysis treats the long nasal vowels as
364:. The first recorded meeting of Ottawa speakers and Europeans occurred in 1615 when a party of Ottawas encountered explorer
7515:
6311:
5449:
pp. 33–68. London: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario.
7485:
6350:
6305:
2127:
1200:
1183:
270:
3235:
Ottawa speaker Andrew Medler dictated the following text while working with linguist Leonard Bloomfield in a linguistic
3498:"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions"
1469:
5744:
Pentland, David. 1996. "An Ottawa letter to the Algonquin chiefs at Oka." Brown, Jennifer and Elizabeth Vibert, eds.,
5622:
1980. Indian and Inuit Affairs Program. Research Branch: Corporate Policy. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.
3377:
between 1946–1949. It contains over 25 stories of various sorts including many stories of the two general categories,
7594:
7323:
7293:
6663:
6264:
6137:
6123:
6109:
6095:
6081:
6067:
6020:
6000:
5973:
5959:
5907:
5893:
5879:
5865:
5851:
5823:
5767:
5753:
5724:
5696:
5682:
5654:
5634:
5614:
5571:
5555:
5524:
5510:
5468:
5454:
5440:
5426:
5391:
5210:
Valentine, J. Randolph, 1988, pp. 197–215, 113–115; Piggott, Glyne, 1985, pp. 11–16; Piggott, Glyne, 1985a, pp. 13–16
3934:
1782:
Printed text with columns of English words and corresponding Ottawa terms. Page from Andrew Blackbird's 19th-century
1374:
1366:
717:, Sucker Creek, and Sheguiandah. Other Ottawa communities in southwestern Ontario in addition to Walpole Island are:
5717:
Naasaab izhi-anishinaabebii'igeng: Conference report. A conference to find a common Anishinaabemowin writing system.
395:, although it shares many features with other dialects. The most distinctive change is a pervasive pattern of vowel
7619:
3232:, including historical narratives, stories of conflict with other indigenous groups, humorous stories, and others.
3183:
2921:
2894:, a syllabic writing system derived from a European-based alphabetic orthography, but supporting evidence is weak.
2891:
2979:'in the refrigerator'. Loan words that have recently been borrowed from English are typically written in standard
7495:
6748:
5515:
Goddard, Ives. 1996b. "The description of the native languages of North America before Boas." Ives Goddard, ed.,
2934:
1459:
1141:
879:
260:
3867:. Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
3855:. Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
3807:. Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
1276:
808:
moved into Ottawa communities in southwestern Ontario. The non-Ottawa-speaking Ojibwes who moved to these areas
7660:
7228:
6636:
6343:
6282:
4090:
See Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 29–32 for a discussion of the relationship between sounds and orthography
3400:
2176:, which use a verb form in the Independent order, from content questions formed with the Ottawa equivalents of
6796:
5954:
London, ON: The Centre for Teaching and Research of Canadian Native Languages, University of Western Ontario.
5933:
Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
5921:
Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
5915:
Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
5642:
Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
3771:
Aboriginal Canada Portal: Aboriginal Communities: First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
3151:
devoted approximately two years of study in the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians community.
1949:
230:
Ottawa population areas in Ontario, Michigan and Oklahoma. Reserves/Reservations and communities shown in red.
216:
6471:
2904:
1841:, creating a set of four verb subclasses. The distinction between the two genders also affects verbs through
1120:
1029:
415:
17:
1573:) 'first person (Conjunct) Animate Intransitive'. Orthographically the long vowel is followed by word-final
7316:
7152:
7132:
6656:
6579:
3797:
3626:
Hockett, Charles F., 1958, pp. 323–326 develops a model of language complexes; he uses the term "L-complex"
2727:
1485:
789:
198:
6227:
Rhodes, Richard. 2005. "Directional pre-verbs in Ojibwe and the registration of path." H.C. Wolfart, ed.,
3472:
3050:
3046:
2206:
2202:
2065:
1884:
1880:
1594:
1590:
1358:
1330:
1326:
1155:
1147:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
451:
443:
7274:
7038:
6586:
5731:
Kaezhetabwayandungebun kuhya kaezhewaberepun owh anuhmeaud keahneshnahbabeèegahdag keahnekenootahtahbeung
2157:. Each order corresponds generally to one of three main sentence types: the Independent order is used in
2135:
2131:
1436:
710:
706:
5835:
Rhodes, Richard. 1976a. "A preliminary report on the dialects of Eastern Ojibwa–Odawa." W. Cowan, ed.,
3042:
1190:
714:
5396:
Corbiere, Alan. 2003. "Exploring historical literacy in Manitoulin Island Ojibwe." H.C. Wolfart, ed.,
2153:
Verbs are marked for grammatical information in three distinct sets of inflectional paradigms, called
7609:
7430:
6698:
6048:
5663:
Faculty of Education, Lakehead University. Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
5319:
Montréal: Beauchemin & Valois. Reprint (in one volume), Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1966, 1973.
5162:
4951:
Faculty of Education, Lakehead University. Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
3395:
3374:
3152:
3148:
3085:
2852:
1528:
1518:
1113:
890:
694:
690:
3458:
875:
7599:
5445:
Fox, Francis and Nora Soney with Richard Rhodes. 1988. "Chippewa-Ottawa texts." John Nichols, ed.,
3497:
3132:
2884:
1929:
1868:
1491:
745:
722:
718:
466:
404:
210:
1613:'so the story goes'. Other discussions of Ottawa phonology and phonetics are silent on the issue.
7629:
7358:
7112:
7048:
6072:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1980. "On the semantics of the instrumental finals in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed.,
2916:
The Ottawa writing system is a minor adaptation of a very similar one used for other dialects of
1842:
1370:
1022:
1015:
886:
737:
683:
512:
462:
6806:
6236:
6222:
6193:
6179:
6165:
6151:
5795:
5781:
5710:
5496:
5482:
5405:
7280:
7259:
6995:
6574:
6504:
5107:
3422:
2817:
2158:
2119:
1980:
1948:, and other categories. Significant agreement patterns between nouns and verbs involve gender,
1921:
1268:
1263:. In Ottawa, each fortis consonant is matched to a corresponding lenis consonant with the same
1260:
953:
702:
613:
6382:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
5473:
Goddard, Ives. 1994. "The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology." William Cowan, ed.,
5326:. Retrieved April 10, 2009. Ypsilanti, MI: The Ypsilantian Job Printing House. (Reprinted as:
1380:
The table below gives the orthographic symbol and the primary phonetic values for each vowel.
6366:
6320:
5660:
4948:
3128:
2946:
2844:
2237:
community; and (c) Cape Croker, an Ottawa community that uses a mixed pronoun set. The terms
1264:
1177:
988:
981:
801:
784:
of Michigan has also been a central area for Ottawa speakers since the arrival of Europeans.
632:
A survey conducted during the 1980s and 1990s found that the differences between Ottawa, the
31:
6861:
6086:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1981. "On the Semantics of the Ojibwa Verbs of Breaking." W. Cowan, ed.,
1875:
Notable grammatical characteristics marked with inflectional prefixes and suffixes include:
1826:
7523:
7475:
7264:
7076:
6965:
6788:
6753:
6715:
6510:
3427:
3264:
Ngoding kiwenziinh ngii-noondwaaba a-dbaajmod wshkiniigkwen gii-ndodmaagod iw wiikwebjigan.
3074:
1829:
classifies nouns as either animate or inanimate. Transitive verbs encode the gender of the
1807:
1039:
679:
573:
126:
6821:
8:
7543:
7269:
7233:
6909:
6778:
6679:
6617:
6516:
6184:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1998. "The Syntax and Pragmatics of Ojibwe Mii." D. H. Pentland, ed.,
5870:
Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd. 1981. "Subarctic Algonquian languages." June Helm, ed.,
2980:
2177:
2173:
2147:
2143:
1909:
1240:
1236:
709:. In addition to Wikwemikong, Ottawa communities on Manitoulin Island are, west to east:
633:
396:
365:
135:
6128:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1984. "Baseball, Hotdogs, Apple Pie, and Chevrolets." W. Cowan, ed.,
5762:
New York: Garland. (Published version of PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, 1974)
2518:
fused with them to form a single word. In this table the emphatic pronoun is written as
7500:
7243:
7178:
7020:
6957:
6942:
6811:
6733:
6728:
6425:
5459:
Goddard, Ives. 1979. "Comparative Algonquian." Lyle Campbell and Marianne Mithun, eds,
3970:
3116:
2198:
2139:
1960:
1933:
1897:
1891:
948:
938:
898:
816:
Island, where the population is predominantly of Ottawa origin, the language is called
760:
759:
Reliable data on the total number of Ottawa speakers is not available, in part because
749:
698:
637:
439:
419:
5737:
2827:
190:
7223:
7173:
7028:
7010:
7005:
6985:
6980:
6932:
6866:
6481:
6454:
6442:
6420:
6415:
6287:
6260:
6246:
6232:
6218:
6204:
6189:
6175:
6161:
6147:
6133:
6119:
6105:
6091:
6077:
6063:
6041:
6016:
5996:
5969:
5955:
5903:
5889:
5875:
5861:
5847:
5819:
5791:
5777:
5763:
5749:
5720:
5706:
5692:
5678:
5650:
5630:
5610:
5589:
5551:
5520:
5506:
5492:
5478:
5464:
5450:
5436:
5422:
5401:
5387:
5373:
5359:
5345:
5328:
Complete both early and late history of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan .
5323:
3244:
3136:
2909:
2154:
2092:
1988:
1903:
1858:
1838:
1834:
1787:
1512:
1475:
1272:
1256:
1252:
968:
958:
892:
663:
577:
1778:
266:
7561:
7218:
7208:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7107:
7102:
7092:
7058:
7000:
6947:
6894:
6856:
6801:
6763:
6723:
6693:
6612:
6602:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6532:
6466:
6437:
6431:
6400:
6394:
6315:
3112:
3101:
2930:
2861:
2857:
2162:
1830:
1244:
1058:
1008:
943:
853:
609:
399:
that deletes short vowels in many words, resulting in significant changes in their
6330:
6156:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1988. "Ojibwa Politeness and Social Structure." W. Cowan, ed.,
5705:
University of Manitoba: Readers and Studies Guides, Department of Native Studies.
5703:
Nishnaabebii'gedaa: Exercises in writing for speakers of Central Ojibwa and Odawa.
3366:
Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong e zhinikaadek
3171:
Anishinaabe dibaadjimowinan wodi gaa binjibaamigak wodi mookodjiwong e zhinikaadek
889:, in which short vowels are deleted, or in certain circumstances reduced to schwa
7533:
7213:
7203:
7198:
7157:
7066:
7033:
6990:
6937:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6876:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6816:
6768:
6758:
6607:
6527:
6522:
6497:
6491:
6410:
5985:
5811:
Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 13. Washington: Government Printing Office.
3957:
3938:
3804:
3417:
3412:
3291:
Mii dash niw kiwenziinyan gii-ndodmawaad iw wiikwebjigan, gye go wgii-dbahmawaan.
3078:
2917:
2848:
2166:
1795:
975:
963:
781:
730:
686:, studies do not clearly delimit the boundary between Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe.
671:
554:
478:
392:
341:
140:
131:
121:
113:
6826:
6325:
3298:'So then she asked that old man for the love medicine, and she paid him for it.'
3270:'Once I heard an old man tell of how a young woman asked him for love medicine.'
1589:, while another treats them as derived from sequences of long vowel followed by
736:
Communities in Michigan where Ottawa linguistic data has been collected include
203:
7445:
7440:
7410:
7147:
7097:
7071:
6970:
6831:
6558:
6486:
6460:
6448:
6405:
6114:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1983. "Some Comments on Ojibwa Ethnobotany." W. Cowan, ed.,
5677:
Winnipeg: Publications of the Algonquian Text Society, University of Manitoba.
5529:
3120:
2890:
It has been suggested that Ottawa speakers were among the groups that used the
2512:
Ottawa interrogative pronouns and adverbs frequently have the emphatic pronoun
1794:
Ottawa shares the general grammatical characteristics of the other dialects of
1773:
1581:
is a common indicator of nasality in many languages such as French, the use of
1002:
833:
809:
508:
458:
435:
2219:
given dialect is not a guarantee of the item's original source. Two groups of
7654:
7137:
6743:
6738:
5730:
3843:. Sheshegwaning First Nation Community web site. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
3560:
See Bright, William, 2004, p. 360 for other uses of "Ottawa" as a place name.
3446:
2233:
2220:
1937:
1915:
1846:
1282:
753:
580:, a series of adjacent dialects spoken primarily in the area surrounding the
6142:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. "Metaphor and Extension in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed.,
6058:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1979. "Some aspects of Ojibwa discourse." W. Cowan, ed.,
5116:
2873:
individuals. Ottawa speakers from Manitoulin Island contributed articles to
461:
as the use of English increases and the number of fluent speakers declines.
434:
that are connected with particular verb subclasses, and complex patterns of
7528:
7425:
7420:
7395:
7238:
7142:
6899:
6476:
6013:
Wiigwaaskingaa / Land of birch trees: Ojibwe stories by Arthur J. McGregor.
5581:
Ottawa: Education and Cultural Support Branch, Indian and Northern Affairs.
5487:
Goddard, Ives. 1996. "Writing and reading Mesquakie (Fox)." W. Cowan, ed.,
3674:
3084:
into distinct languages. The Ojibwe language is a historical descendant of
2991:
1598:
1318:
1314:
1046:
741:
701:, Mississauga (Mississagi River 8 Reserve, Serpent River, Whitefish River,
597:
593:
563:, the self-designation of the Ottawa people. The earliest recorded form is
511:', with regular deletion of short vowels); the same term is applied to the
373:
369:
345:
7043:
3931:
3648:
3646:
3105:
2945:
The Ottawa variant of this system uses the following consonant letters or
1565:
suffixes or words with a diminutive connotation, as well as in the suffix
174:
7571:
7450:
7405:
7339:
6884:
5884:
Ritzenthaler, Robert. 1978. "Southwestern Chippewa." Bruce Trigger, ed.,
5842:
Rhodes, Richard. 1982. "Algonquian trade languages." William Cowan, ed.,
5431:
Fox, William A. 1990. "The Odawa." Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, eds.,
5417:
Feest, Johanna, and Christian Feest. 1978. "Ottawa." Bruce Trigger, ed.,
4059:
4057:
3160:
3156:
3041:. The former has the phonetic value (arising from place of articulation
1391:
1286:
1169:
867:
659:
581:
447:
403:. This and other innovations in pronunciation, in addition to changes in
6335:
4563:
4561:
3941:
Intertribal Wordpath Society. Norman, Oklahoma. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
3333:
Gye go mii gii-wiidgemaad, gye go mii wiiba gii-yaawaawaad binoojiinyan.
1361:
does not have a corresponding short vowel, and is written with a single
7400:
7390:
6975:
4398:
4396:
3643:
3451:
3236:
3097:
3026:
that does not have a corresponding short vowel is not written doubled.
2880:
2123:
1945:
1941:
1864:
1562:
1417:
1396:
1248:
764:
Ottawa is in decline, noting that "Today too few children are learning
667:
7308:
6648:
6100:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1982. "Algonquian Trade Languages." W. Cowan, ed.,
5218:
5216:
4134:
4132:
4054:
3305:
Mii dash gii-aabjitood maaba wshkiniigkwe iw mshkiki gaa-giishpnadood.
2822:
1321:. There are four long nasal vowels whose status as either phonemes or
636:
dialect spoken in northwestern Ontario and northern Manitoba, and the
7586:
7566:
7480:
7470:
7455:
7415:
6889:
6203:
pp. 108–124. Berkeley: University of California Press. 108-124.
6201:
Making Dictionaries: Preserving Indigenous Languages of the Americas,
6040:
Cappel, Constance. 2007, The Smallpox Genocide of the Odawa Tribe at
4711:
Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, pp. 430–434; other items listed, p. 431
4558:
4272:
4270:
3213:
3209:
2869:
1956:
1499:
1448:
1322:
1285:
stop consonants and , consisting of a consonant with noticeable lip
1100:
871:
859:
572:
Ottawa is a dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is a member of the
400:
356:
in the United States. Descendants of migrant Ottawa speakers live in
183:
167:
6170:
Rhodes, Richard A. 1991. "On the Passive in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed.,
6044:, 1763: The History of a Native American People, Edwin Mellen Press.
6015:
Ojibwe editor Mary E. Wemigwans. Hobbema, AB: Blue Moon Publishing.
5991:
Walker, Willard. 1996. "Native writing systems." Ives Goddard, ed.,
5370:
Odawa Language and Legends: Andrew J. Blackbird and Raymond Kiogima.
4959:
4957:
4393:
878:
described below, with phonetic transcriptions in brackets using the
874:
status is unclear. In this article, Ottawa words are written in the
237:
7368:
6370:
5213:
4129:
3326:'Then this young man accordingly very much loved that young woman.'
689:
Other Canadian communities in the Ottawa-speaking area extend from
589:
550:
431:
361:
353:
278:
79:
75:
6301:
5574:
Intertribal Wordpath Society. Norman, OK. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
4768:
For general discussion see Walker, Willard, 1996, pp. 158, 173–176
4267:
3985:
3896:
3894:
3613:
3611:
1890:
Extensive marking on verbs of inflectional information concerning
1275:
in word-final position. The lenis consonants are subject to other
7505:
7460:
7435:
7380:
7342:
5995:
pp. 158–184. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
5902:
pp. 760–771. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
5898:
Rogers, Edward. 1978. "Southeastern Ojibwa." Bruce Trigger, ed.,
5888:
pp. 743–759. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
5421:
pp. 772–786. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
5386:
pp. 725–742. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
4954:
3143:
There has been one major anthropological/linguistic study of the
3059:'at the island'), while the latter has the phonetic value as in
2938:
2194:
and others, which require verbs inflected in the Conjunct order.
1819:
1815:
1811:
1586:
1561:(). They most commonly occur in the final syllable of nouns with
1232:
805:
655:
605:
601:
408:
391:
Ottawa is one of the Ojibwe dialects that has undergone the most
349:
337:
274:
71:
6005:
5924:
5675:
The dog's children. Anishinaabe texts told by Angeline Williams.
4934:
4932:
4510:
See Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, Ch. 5 for an extensive survey.
4302:
3840:
3819:
Whitefish River Community Web Site. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
3816:
3473:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English"
3319:
Mii dash maaba wshkinwe gaa-zhi-gchi-zaaghaad niw wshkiniigkwen.
1345:
that correspond to the single symbols used for the short vowels
7637:
7576:
7465:
7385:
7350:
5874:
pp. 52–66. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
5598:
Kaye, Jonathan, Glyne Piggott and Kensuke Tokaichi, eds. 1971.
5519:
pp. 17–42. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
3891:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3608:
3369:
by Howard Webkamigad. This book translates recordings from the
3312:'Then this young woman used that medicine that she had bought.'
2115:
2111:
2103:
1987:
distinctive form for the verbal suffix indicating plurality on
914:
New forms of the person prefixes that occur on nouns and verbs.
641:
585:
546:
427:
357:
245:
225:
5605:
Kegg, Maude. 1991. Edited and transcribed by John D. Nichols.
5505:
pp. 1–16. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
5113:
Kaye, Jonathan, Glyne Piggott and Kensuke Tokaichi, eds., 1971
4840:
4838:
6231:
pp. 371–382. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. 371-382.
5993:
The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages,
5900:
The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast,
5886:
The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast,
5517:
The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages,
5503:
The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17. Languages,
5419:
The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast,
5384:
The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast,
5149:
See Further Reading for articles by Rhodes on Ottawa grammar.
4929:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
3229:
3188:
Traditional Ottawa stories fall into two general categories,
2954:
b, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, t, w, y, z, zh
1968:
1310:
863:
293:
90:
7666:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
5940:
PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
5872:
The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic,
5620:
Linguistic and cultural affiliations of Canada Indian bands.
3689:
3629:
2843:
19th-century missionary authors who wrote in Ottawa include
2660:
2632:
2604:
2567:
2490:
2464:
2438:
2406:
2380:
2354:
2328:
2296:
7372:
4835:
3829:
Linguistic and cultural affiliations of Canada Indian bands
3786:
Linguistic and cultural affiliations of Canada Indian bands
3757:
Linguistic and cultural affiliations of Canada Indian bands
3742:
Linguistic and cultural affiliations of Canada Indian bands
3721:
Linguistic and cultural affiliations of Canada Indian bands
3590:
3394:
This book is historically significant as the recordings by
3135:
and Piggott, conducted field work in Ottawa communities on
2828:"Ewh oowahweendahmahgawin owh tabanemenung Jesus Christ..."
2107:
1803:
1799:
423:
4847:
2201:
in sentences, marked on both verbs and animate nouns. The
1224:
The sounds /f, r, l/ occur only in loanwords from English.
277:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5788:
Stories of Sam Osawamick from the Odawa language project.
5661:
Native Language Instructors' Program, Lakehead University
5501:
Goddard, Ives. 1996a. "Introduction." Ives Goddard, ed.,
4949:
Native Language Instructors' Program, Lakehead University
4801:
4799:
4797:
3999:
3997:
6312:
The revitalization of the Nishnaabemwin Language project
5382:
Clifton, James. 1978. "Potawatomi." Bruce Trigger, ed.,
5335:
Eastern Ojibwa: Grammatical sketch, texts and word list.
5073:
5071:
4186:
3909:
Feest, Johanna and Christian Feest, 1978, p. 779, Fig. 6
911:
Adjustments in the pronunciation of consonant sequences.
840:
before consonants, changes in vowel quality adjacent to
6025:
Wolfart, H. Christoph. 1989. "Lahontan's best-seller."
5988:. 2006. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on March 31, 2009.
5249:
McGregor, Gregor with C. F. Voegelin, 1988, pp. 114–118
4998:
4996:
3917:
3915:
3875:
3873:
2879:('the Praying Indian'), an Ojibwe newspaper started by
617:
factors may result in inconsistencies in how the terms
4794:
3994:
3496:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17).
1849:
pronouns agree in gender with the noun they refer to.
1784:
History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan
411:, differentiate Ottawa from other dialects of Ojibwe.
5938:
A grammar of the Ojibwa language: The Severn dialect.
5748:
pp. 261–279. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.
5602:
Toronto: University of Toronto Anthropology Series 9.
5258:
Fox, Francis and Nora Soney with Richard Rhodes, 1988
5222:
Nichols, John and Leonard Bloomfield, 1991, pp. 18–23
5125:
5068:
4411:
Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, Chapters 5–8; pp. 62–72
4286:
4284:
4282:
3053:, which is then deleted in word-final position as in
2507:
1995:
prefixes by deleting the short vowel in each prefix.
1243:
consonants are divided into two sets, referred to as
515:
dialect. The corresponding term in other dialects is
457:
Ottawa speakers are concerned that their language is
7671:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
6217:
pp. 363–372. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
6188:
pp. 286–294. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
5804:
Toronto: University of Toronto Linguistics Series 1.
5673:
Nichols, John D. and Leonard Bloomfield, eds. 1991.
5463:
pp. 70–132. Austin: University of Texas Press.
4993:
3912:
3879:
Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd, 1981, p. 54, Fig. 2
3870:
3495:
3386:
3379:
3364:
3345:
3331:
3317:
3303:
3289:
3275:
3262:
3228:
category. Published Ottawa texts include a range of
3223:
3217:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3169:
3060:
3054:
2999:
2974:
2968:
2874:
2798:
2783:
2768:
2753:
2738:
2719:
2704:
2653:
2644:
2625:
2616:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2560:
2551:
2513:
2497:
2483:
2471:
2457:
2445:
2431:
2425:
2413:
2399:
2387:
2373:
2361:
2347:
2335:
2321:
2315:
2303:
2289:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2085:
2075:
2069:
1608:
1602:
1296:
1290:
765:
558:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
502:
496:
490:
484:
414:
Like other Ojibwe dialects, Ottawa grammar includes
383:
377:
51:
45:
5489:
Papers of the twenty-seventh Algonquian conference,
4787:
4785:
4783:
3969:Gordon, Raymond, 2005. See online version of same:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3752:
3750:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3359:Additionally, there has been a book release titled
3340:'Then he married her; very soon they had children.'
1325:(predictable variants) is unclear. The long vowels
244:Ottawa is classified as Severely Endangered by the
5746:Reading beyond words: Contexts for Native history,
5536:PhD dissertation. Indiana University. Bloomington.
5400:pp. 57–80. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
5398:Papers of the thirty-fourth Algonquian conference,
5294:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1998, pp. 57, 167, 239–240
4741:Hanzeli, Victor, 1961; see especially Chs. 5 and 6
4363:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 114–121, 130–135
4279:
3347:Aapji go gii-zaaghidwag gye go gii-maajiishkaawag.
1999:Personal prefixes added to consonant-initial stem
885:The most prominent feature of Ottawa phonology is
372:. Ottawa is written in an alphabetic system using
6243:Kidwenan: An Ojibwe language book. Third Edition.
6229:Papers of the Thirty-sixth Algonquian Conference,
6174:, pp. 307–319. Ottawa: Carleton University.
5741:. Retrieved April 10, 2009. Toronto: H. Rowsell.
5433:The archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650,
5342:Native American Place Names of the United States.
5059:
3354:'They loved each other and they fared very well.'
1601:distinguished only by the nasality of the vowel:
7652:
6008:Community Web Site. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
5927:Community web site. Retrieved on March 27, 2009.
4780:
4777:Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd, 1981, pp. 62–65
4003:Feest, Johanna and Christian Feest, 1978, p. 772
3774:
3747:
3726:
3569:Feest, Johanna and Christian Feest, 1978, p. 785
2830:(a version of the New Testament in Ojibwe) 1854.
901:weak syllables. Notable effects of syncope are:
426:that are dependent upon gender, combinations of
7686:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
6326:OLAC resources in and about the Ottawa language
6321:Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Ottawa
6160:pp. 165–174. Ottawa: Carleton University.
6146:pp. 161–169. Ottawa: Carleton University.
6132:pp. 373–388. Ottawa: Carleton University.
6118:pp. 307–320. Ottawa: Carleton University.
6076:pp. 183–197. Ottawa: Carleton University.
6062:pp. 102–117. Ottawa: Carleton University.
5844:Papers of the thirteenth Algonquian conference,
5588:East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
5491:pp. 117–134. Ottawa: Carleton University.
5477:pp. 187–211. Ottawa: Carleton University.
4192:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. xlix–l, l–li, xlvii,
4038:
4036:
4012:Rogers, Edward, 1978, pp. 760, 764, 764, Fig. 3
3660:
3658:
2838:
2205:form indicates a more salient noun phrase, and
693:, Ontario along the north shore of Lake Huron:
5947:PhD dissertation, University of Texas, Austin.
5839:pp. 129–156. Ottawa: Carleton University.
5774:Three stories from the Odawa language project.
5607:Portage Lake: Memories of an Ojibwe Childhood.
5358:Second edition. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
4594:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 64–67, 82–83
4537:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 335, 515–522
4108:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 52–54, 57–59
3241:Linguistic Society of America Summer Institute
2197:Ottawa distinguishes two types of grammatical
7324:
6664:
6351:
6090:pp. 47–56. Ottawa: Carleton University.
5800:Piggott, Glyne and Jonathan Kaye, eds. 1973.
5020:Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm, 1995, p. xxiii
4174:Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm, 1995, p. xxxvi
3208:category involve mythical beings such as the
1887:third person, marked on both verbs and nouns.
7615:Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School
6104:pp. 1–10. Ottawa: Carleton University.
5846:pp. 1–10. Ottawa: Carleton University.
5837:Papers of the seventh Algonquian conference,
5830:The morphosyntax of the Central Ojibwa verb.
4877:
4875:
4719:
4717:
4033:
3664:Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd, 1981, p. 52
3655:
1751:
1736:
1729:
1714:
1707:
1692:
1677:
1670:
1655:
1640:
1633:
1566:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1220:
1218:
1216:
564:
6278:"Native American Audio Collections: Ottawa"
5550:Second edition. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
5122:Piggott, Glyne and Jonathan Kaye, eds, 1973
4893:
4165:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. xlv, xlvii, liii
4147:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 66–67, 71
3572:
1955:Ottawa derivational morphology forms basic
1845:patterns for number and gender. Similarly,
1577:to indicate that the vowel is nasal; while
7331:
7317:
6671:
6657:
6358:
6344:
4990:Cappell, Constance, 2006, pp. 157-196, 232
4869:Nichols, John and Leonard Bloomfield, 1991
4791:Nichols, John and Lena White, 1987, p. iii
4675:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, pp. 424, 428
3529:Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm, 1995, p. 10
3371:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa
2255:'these (inanimate)' are unique to Ottawa.
648:
236:
224:
6365:
6215:Papers of the 35th Algonquian Conference,
6186:Papers of the 29th Algonquian Conference,
6158:Papers of the 19th Algonquian Conference,
6144:Papers of the 16th Algonquian Conference,
6130:Papers of the 15th Algonquian Conference,
6102:Papers of the 13th Algonquian Conference,
6088:Papers of the 12th Algonquian Conference,
6074:Papers of the 11th Algonquian Conference,
6060:Papers of the 10th Algonquian Conference,
5858:Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary
5832:PhD dissertation, University of Michigan.
5809:Bibliography of the Algonquian languages.
5691:St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press.
5689:A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe.
5475:Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference,
5412:Dictionary English-Ottawa Ottawa-English.
5330:Harbor Springs, MI. Babcock and Darling.)
4872:
4714:
4666:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, pp. 430–431
4657:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 975–991
4648:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 991–996
4639:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 951–955
4630:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 934–935
4603:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, pp. 143–147
4555:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, pp. 427–428
4528:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 318–335
4501:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 190–193
4492:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 185–190
4483:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 743–748
4474:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 177–178
4456:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 837–856
4447:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 830–837
4429:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 759–782
4402:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 623–643
4390:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 104–105
4372:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 114–121
4264:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 185–188
3091:
2227:
1213:
450:that is emphasized in the discourse, and
6172:Papers of the 22nd Algonquian Conference
6116:Actes du 14e Congrès des Algonquinistes,
5640:Mississauga (Mississagi River 8 Reserve)
5356:Historical linguistics: An introduction.
5337:Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
4908:Corbiere, Alan, 2003, pp. 58, 65, 68, 70
3930:Status of Indian languages in Oklahoma.
3769:Mississauga (Mississagi River 8 Reserve)
2821:
1777:
584:as well as in the Canadian provinces of
249:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
104:US: 965 (2009-2013 language survey)
7691:Native American language revitalization
7338:
6678:
5609:Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
5579:Ojibway language lexicon for beginners.
5572:Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma.
4844:Blackbird, Andrew J., 1887, pp. 107-128
4576:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 63–64
4546:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 18–19
4465:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 62–72
4228:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 34–41
4219:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. xvlvi, xlvii
4210:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 74–81
4183:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 48–49
4138:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 59–67
4126:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 73–74
4117:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 76–83
4099:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 51–67
3932:Status of Indian Languages in Oklahoma.
3652:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, pp. 43–44
1991:with grammatically inanimate subjects.
774:
323:Daawaaying, Daawaaw’kii, Nishnaabew’kii
271:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7653:
5968:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
5818:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
5802:Odawa language project. Second report.
5719:Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario.
5659:Native Language Instructors' Program.
5344:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
5197:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5157:
5155:
4947:Native Language Instructors' Program.
4519:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, Chs. 4–8
4063:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. xxxix–xliii
1333:, and are written with double symbols
804:speakers from Wisconsin, Michigan and
30:For the English language dialect, see
7312:
6652:
6339:
5687:Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm. 1995.
5670:PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
5647:The Languages of Native North America
5600:Odawa language project. First Report.
5548:Principles of historical linguistics.
5029:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. xxxi, xxxv
4255:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. xxxix-xlii
3538:Baraga, Frederic, 1878, p. 336 gives
2897:
2522:immediately following the main word.
2074:'a canoe' with no person prefix, and
1255:where lenis consonants are typically
880:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
489:'speaking the native language' (from
5701:Nichols, John and Lena White. 1987.
4693:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, p. 424
4621:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 918
4612:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 916
4567:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, p. 430
4438:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 759
4420:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 178
4381:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 116
4354:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 113
3111:In the 19th century, Ottawa speaker
1279:when adjacent to fortis consonants.
670:. South of Manitoulin Island on the
438:. Ottawa distinguishes two types of
7486:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
6477:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
6306:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
6257:Gdi-nweninaa: Our sound, our voice.
5192:
5180:
5152:
5056:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 34
5038:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 90
5002:Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm, 1995
4972:Johnston, Basil, 2007, pp. vii-viii
4702:Rhodes, Richard, 1976a, pp. 150-151
4684:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 18
4585:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 64
4345:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, Ch. 3
4290:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 40
4276:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 19
4246:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 54
4156:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 50
3520:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994, p. 17
3284:'She was in love with a young man.'
3202:'narrative, story'. Stories in the
3119:description of Ottawa as spoken at
2670:
2130:sentence are verb-initial, such as
1863:Ottawa has complex systems of both
483:Ottawa is known to its speakers as
24:
6331:An online Nishnaabemwin Dictionary
6245:Southampton, ON: Ningwakwe Press.
6034:
5807:Pilling, James Constantine. 1891.
5285:Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958, p. viii
5095:Hanzeli, Victor, 1961, pp. 237-238
4917:Walker, Willard, 1996, pp. 168-169
4759:Pentland, David, 1996, pp. 261–262
4336:Blackbird, Andrew J., 1887, p. 120
3991:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 1
3982:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1998, p. 2
3888:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 2
3440:
3007:Vowels are represented as follows:
2887:, Michigan between 1896 and 1902.
2508:Interrogative pronouns and adverbs
596:, with smaller outlying groups in
469:in primary and secondary schools.
382:'speaking the native language' or
376:, and is known to its speakers as
25:
7702:
7676:First Nations languages in Canada
7595:Anishinabek Educational Institute
6270:
5760:Aspects of Odawa morphophonemics.
5276:Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958, p. vii
5163:"Ottawa Stories from the Springs"
5077:Campbell, Lyle, 2004, pp. 211–212
3617:Mithun, Marian, 1999, pp. 298–299
3049:to the following velar consonant
2967:are found in loan words, such as
2811:
2106:refers to patterns for combining
1527:
1517:
1511:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1435:
1425:
1329:are paired with the short vowels
1199:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1140:
1119:
1112:
1045:
1038:
1028:
1021:
1014:
987:
980:
727:Caradoc (Chippewas of the Thames)
576:. The varieties of Ojibwe form a
472:
7681:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
6631:
6630:
5966:Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar.
5461:The languages of Native America,
5288:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5204:
5143:
5134:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4984:
4975:
4966:
4963:Ningewance, Patricia, 1999, p. 2
4941:
4926:Goddard, Ives, 1996, pp. 126–127
4920:
4911:
4902:
4884:
4863:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4771:
4762:
4753:
4750:Goddard, Ives, 1996b, pp. 17, 20
4744:
4735:
4726:
4705:
4696:
4687:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4549:
4540:
4531:
4522:
4513:
3457:
3184:Ottawa oral literature and texts
3147:of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians.
2892:Great Lakes Algonquian syllabary
569:, in a French source from 1641.
6259:Peterborough, ON: Neganigwane.
5649:. Cambridge: University Press.
5231:Piggott, Glyne, 1985a, pp. 1–12
4504:
4495:
4486:
4477:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4299:Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958, p. 7
4293:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4201:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. xlvii
4195:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4066:
4045:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3976:
3963:
3944:
3924:
3903:
3900:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. x–xi
3882:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3791:
3762:
3714:
3705:
3680:
3667:
3620:
3599:
3581:
3361:Ottawa Stories from the Springs
3174:, by Howard Webkamigad.
3166:Ottawa Stories from the Springs
2677:
2524:
2257:
1997:
1615:
766:
6283:American Philosophical Society
5964:Valentine, J. Randolph. 2001.
5950:Valentine, J. Randolph. 1998.
5943:Valentine, J. Randolph. 1994.
5786:Piggott, Glyne L., ed. 1985a.
5570:Intertribal Wordpath Society.
5563:A course in modern linguistics
5240:Piggott, Glyne, 1985, pp. 1–10
5065:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. xlix
4327:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. xxiv
4237:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. xlii
4072:Rhodes, Richard, 1976a, p. 135
3973:. Retrieved September 14, 2009
3563:
3554:
3545:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3489:
3465:
3401:American Philosophical Society
3277:Wgii-msawenmaan niw wshkinwen.
3177:
3100:, particularly members of the
2883:missionaries and published in
2679:Distinctive Ottawa vocabulary
2165:, and the Imperative order in
1952:number, as well as obviation.
844:, and distinctive intonation.
495:'native person' + verb suffix
13:
1:
7446:Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")
6049:Canada's Aboriginal languages
5945:Ojibwe dialect relationships.
5860:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
5772:Piggott, Glyne L., ed. 1985.
5368:Cappel, Constance, ed. 2006.
5301:
5201:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. 103
4890:Pentland, David, 1996, p. 267
2213:
1852:
921:
7605:Canadian residential schools
7153:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
6580:Black American Sign Language
6006:Whitefish River First Nation
5715:Ningewance, Patricia. 1999.
5189:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. 14
4938:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1998
4732:Pilling, James, 1891, p. 381
4051:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. li
4021:Clifton, James, 1978, p. 739
3960:Retrieved on March 31, 2009.
3817:Whitefish River First Nation
3702:Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001
3640:Valentine, J. Randolph, 1994
3605:Campbell, Lyle, 2004, p. 217
3596:Mithun, Marian, 1999, p. 298
3387:
3380:
3365:
3346:
3332:
3318:
3304:
3290:
3276:
3263:
3224:
3218:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3170:
3061:
3055:
3000:
2975:
2969:
2839:Early orthographic practices
2799:
2784:
2769:
2754:
2739:
2730:, Eastern Ojibwe, Saulteaux
2720:
2705:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2605:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2514:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2142:-based distinctions such as
2086:
2080:'his/her canoe' with prefix
1609:
1603:
1377:and never undergo deletion.
1297:
1291:
847:
559:
539:'speak a language' + suffix
503:
501:'speak a language' + suffix
497:
491:
485:
384:
378:
52:
46:
7:
7275:Plains Indian Sign Language
6472:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
6255:Williams, Shirley I. 2002.
6027:Historiographia Linguistica
5546:Hock, Hans Heinrich. 1991.
5333:Bloomfield, Leonard. 1958.
5322:Blackbird, Andrew J. 1887.
5312:Detroit: George L. Whitney.
5047:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, xlvi
4899:Corbiere, Alan, 2003, p. 58
4042:Rhodes, Richard, 1982, p. 4
4030:Rhodes, Richard, 1985 p. xi
3971:Ethnologue entry for Ottawa
3711:Rhodes, Richard, 1985, p. x
3551:Rayburn, Alan, 1997, p. 259
3406:
3385:'legend, sacred story' and
3196:'legend, sacred story' and
3037:must be distinguished from
2933:substitute for specialized
2875:
2076:
2070:
931:Ottawa consonant inventory
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
10:
7707:
7126:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
6308:, Anishinaabemowin Program
5925:Sheshegwaning First Nation
5913:Serpent River First Nation
5736:O'Meara, Frederick. 1854.
5729:O'Meara, Frederick. 1844.
5560:Hockett, Charles F. 1958.
5086:Fox, William, 1990, p. 457
4814:Ningewance, Patricia, 1999
3841:Sheshegwaning First Nation
3798:Serpent River First Nation
3677:, H. Christoph, 1989, p. 1
3578:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 95
3540:⟨Otawamowin⟩
3396:Jane Willetts Ettawageshik
3375:Jane Willetts Ettawageshik
3181:
3153:Jane Willetts Ettawageshik
3149:Jane Willetts Ettawageshik
3072:
3068:
2913:that employed by Johnson.
2815:
1959:with combinations of word
1856:
1771:
1767:
1537:The long nasal vowels are
851:
640:dialect spoken in western
574:Algonquian language family
476:
29:
7628:
7610:Hannahville Indian School
7585:
7552:
7514:
7367:
7349:
7290:
7252:
7166:
7125:
7085:
7057:
7019:
6956:
6908:
6875:
6787:
6714:
6707:
6686:
6626:
6595:
6567:
6387:
6377:
6241:Toulouse, Isadore. 2008.
6047:Norris, Mary Jane. 1998.
6011:Wilder, Julie, ed. 1999.
5931:Sucker Creek First Nation
5856:Rhodes, Richard A. 1985.
5627:An Ojibwe text anthology,
5447:An Ojibwe text anthology,
5167:Michigan State University
4860:Bloomfield, Leonard, 1958
4318:Nichols, John, 1980, p. 6
3853:Sucker Creek First Nation
3159:stories speak of how the
2998:has the phonetic value :
2693:
2688:
2683:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2098:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1932:. Suffixes on nouns mark
1837:encode the gender of the
1728:
1669:
1632:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1373:. Long vowels are always
1304:
1168:
1099:
1001:
974:
935:
319:
308:
300:
289:
257:
235:
223:
217:(Odawa) 62-ADA-dd (Odawa)
209:
197:
181:
165:
160:
110:
106:Canada: 220 (2021 census)
96:
85:
67:
59:
44:
39:
7620:U.S. residential schools
7600:Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School
7133:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
5919:Sheguiandah First Nation
5758:Piggott, Glyne L. 1980.
5645:Mithun, Marianne. 1999.
5410:Dawes, Charles E. 1982.
5315:Baraga, Frederic. 1878.
5310:Otawa anamie-misinaigan.
5308:Baraga, Frederic. 1832.
5267:Wilder, Julie, ed., 1999
4832:O'Meara, Frederick, 1844
4723:O'Meara, Frederick, 1854
3865:Sheguiandah First Nation
3587:Hock, Hans, 1991, p. 381
3433:
2908:Prominent Ottawa author
2161:, the Conjunct order in
2064:The third-person prefix
2010:Non-Syncopating Dialects
467:second language learning
352:in Canada, and northern
6432:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
5828:Rhodes, Richard. 1976.
5816:Place names of Ontario.
5584:Johnston, Basil. 2007.
5577:Johnston, Basil. 1979.
5539:Hanzeli, Victor. 1969.
5372:Philadelphia: Xlibris.
5340:Bright, William, 2004.
2795:be small (animate verb)
2526:Interrogative pronouns
2259:Demonstrative pronouns
2249:'these (animate)', and
1798:. Word classes include
1752:
1737:
1730:
1715:
1708:
1693:
1678:
1671:
1656:
1641:
1634:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
723:Stoney and Kettle Point
649:Geographic distribution
533:'Ottawa' + verb suffix
463:Language revitalization
27:Native American dialect
7416:Grand Medicine Society
7298:Canadian dictionaries
7281:Maritime Sign Language
7260:American Sign Language
6749:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
6575:American Sign Language
6053:Canadian Social Trends
5586:Anishinaube Thesaurus.
5354:Campbell, Lyle. 2004.
4823:Baraga, Frederic, 1832
3423:Ojibwe writing systems
3373:that were recorded by
3357:
3243:. Medler grew up near
3125:Odawa Language Project
3092:History of scholarship
3020:
2957:
2905:folk phonetic spelling
2831:
2818:Ojibwe writing systems
2228:Demonstrative pronouns
1900:(singular and plural).
1879:A distinction between
1791:
1309:Ottawa has seven oral
1277:phonological processes
1269:manner of articulation
897:, when they appear in
866:; there are also long
614:Mutual intelligibility
565:
368:on the north shore of
259:This article contains
7661:Anishinaabe languages
7294:Canadian style guides
5814:Rayburn, Alan. 1997.
5666:Nichols, John. 1980.
5140:Rhodes, Richard, 1976
4981:Johnston, Basil, 1979
4805:Rhodes, Richard, 1985
3259:
3129:University of Toronto
3009:
2973:'give me a call' and
2951:
2825:
2232:Ottawa uses a set of
2172:Ottawa distinguishes
1808:grammatical particles
1781:
1265:place of articulation
858:Ottawa has seventeen
416:animate and inanimate
63:Canada, United States
32:Ottawa Valley English
7476:Seven fires prophecy
7265:Quebec Sign Language
6708:Indigenous languages
5936:Todd, Evelyn. 1970.
5567:New York: MacMillan.
5131:Piggott, Glyne, 1980
4881:Corbiere, Alan, 2003
3921:Dawes, Charles, 1982
3502:www150.statcan.gc.ca
3428:Algonquian languages
3391:'narrative, story'.
3075:Algonquian languages
2790:Also Eastern Ojibwe
2037:second person prefix
1761:'polliwog, tadpole'
775:Population movements
761:Canadian census data
7496:Traditional beliefs
7234:Pennsylvania German
6680:Languages of Canada
5414:No publisher given.
3145:Grand Traverse Band
2981:English orthography
2922:Double Vowel system
2728:Border Lakes Ojibwe
2680:
2527:
2260:
2163:subordinate clauses
2132:verb–object–subject
2023:first-person prefix
2000:
1950:singular and plural
1839:grammatical subject
1618:
1607:'he goes home' and
1385:
1295:'he is afraid' and
932:
790:Southwestern Ojibwe
553:that comes through
388:'speaking Ottawa'.
366:Samuel de Champlain
7529:Birch bark scrolls
7501:Underwater panther
7270:Inuk Sign Language
7229:Newfoundland Irish
7194:Tagalog (Filipino)
7167:Minority languages
7039:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
6797:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
6687:Official languages
6304:, produced by the
5984:2018-12-25 at the
5668:Ojibwe morphology.
5543:The Hague: Mouton.
3956:2018-12-25 at the
3937:2010-09-17 at the
3803:2008-05-10 at the
3239:class at the 1939
3065:'black squirrel'.
2898:Modern orthography
2876:Anishinabe Enamiad
2832:
2678:
2525:
2258:
2243:'this (animate)',
1998:
1989:intransitive verbs
1835:intransitive verbs
1831:grammatical object
1827:grammatical gender
1792:
1617:Long nasal vowels
1616:
1575:⟨nh⟩
1525:⟨aa⟩
1482:⟨oo⟩
1433:⟨ii⟩
1383:
1343:⟨aa⟩
1339:⟨oo⟩
1335:⟨ii⟩
1159:⟨sh⟩
1125:⟨zh⟩
1084:⟨ch⟩
930:
899:metrically defined
876:modern orthography
740:, Harbor Springs,
7646:
7645:
7306:
7305:
7224:Doukhobor Russian
7121:
7120:
6646:
6645:
6455:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
6251:978-1-896832-96-8
6209:978-0-520-22996-9
5594:978-0-87013-753-2
5378:978-1-59926-920-7
5364:978-0-262-53267-9
5350:978-0-8061-3598-4
5011:Kegg, Maude, 1991
3455:(25th ed., 2022)
3216:. Stories in the
3137:Manitoulin Island
2809:
2808:
2668:
2667:
2505:
2504:
2370:those (inanimate)
2344:these (inanimate)
2093:Ottawa morphology
2062:
2061:
1859:Ottawa morphology
1765:
1764:
1665:'(small) animal'
1583:⟨h⟩
1535:
1534:
1509:⟨a⟩
1466:⟨o⟩
1456:⟨e⟩
1423:⟨i⟩
1375:metrically strong
1357:. The long vowel
1355:⟨a⟩
1351:⟨o⟩
1347:⟨i⟩
1209:
1208:
1195:⟨y⟩
1151:⟨s⟩
1137:
1107:
1092:⟨k⟩
1076:⟨t⟩
1068:⟨p⟩
1061:
1051:⟨h⟩
1034:⟨j⟩
1011:
713:, Sheshegwaning,
664:Manitoulin Island
578:dialect continuum
327:
326:
304:Daawaak, Odaawaag
285:
284:
267:rendering support
263:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
7698:
7562:Birchbark biting
7373:myth and stories
7333:
7326:
7319:
7310:
7309:
7219:Hutterite German
6712:
6711:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6650:
6649:
6634:
6633:
6587:Plains Sign Talk
6360:
6353:
6346:
6337:
6336:
6316:Trent University
6298:
6296:
6295:
6286:. Archived from
5295:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5211:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5190:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:. 13 August 2019
5159:
5150:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5123:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5066:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4952:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4927:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4845:
4842:
4833:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4792:
4789:
4778:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4712:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4622:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4277:
4274:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3948:
3942:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3910:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3745:
3739:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3653:
3650:
3641:
3638:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3444:
3390:
3383:
3368:
3349:
3335:
3321:
3307:
3293:
3279:
3266:
3227:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3173:
3113:Andrew Blackbird
3102:Society of Jesus
3086:Proto-Algonquian
3064:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3003:
2990:is used for the
2978:
2972:
2970:telephonewayshin
2935:phonetic symbols
2931:English alphabet
2878:
2858:Ten Commandments
2802:
2787:
2772:
2757:
2742:
2723:
2708:
2681:
2671:Other vocabulary
2664:
2657:
2651:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2528:
2517:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2319:
2312:that (inanimate)
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:this (inanimate)
2261:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2174:yes–no questions
2089:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2001:
1758:
1743:
1733:
1721:
1711:
1699:
1684:
1674:
1662:
1647:
1637:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1386:
1382:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1300:
1294:
1245:fortis and lenis
1225:
1222:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1105:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1007:
991:
984:
933:
929:
896:
854:Ottawa phonology
832:between vowels,
769:
768:
610:British Columbia
568:
562:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
518:Anishinaabemowin
506:
500:
494:
488:
465:efforts include
422:, subclasses of
387:
381:
287:
286:
251:
240:
228:
219:
193:
177:
170:
116:
55:
49:
37:
36:
21:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7642:
7624:
7581:
7548:
7510:
7363:
7345:
7337:
7307:
7302:
7286:
7248:
7214:Canadian Gaelic
7162:
7117:
7113:Coast Tsimshian
7081:
7053:
7015:
6952:
6904:
6871:
6783:
6703:
6682:
6677:
6647:
6642:
6622:
6591:
6563:
6383:
6373:
6364:
6293:
6291:
6276:
6273:
6037:
6035:Further reading
6032:
5986:Wayback Machine
5739:anduhzhetahwaud
5530:Hanzeli, Victor
5304:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5193:
5188:
5181:
5172:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4955:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4795:
4790:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4280:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3958:Wayback Machine
3949:
3945:
3939:Wayback Machine
3929:
3925:
3920:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3805:Wayback Machine
3796:
3792:
3784:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3494:
3490:
3481:
3479:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3418:Ojibwe dialects
3413:Ojibwe language
3409:
3350:
3336:
3322:
3308:
3294:
3280:
3257:
3253:
3186:
3180:
3123:, Ontario. The
3094:
3081:
3079:Ojibwe dialects
3071:
3029:The apostrophe
2976:refrigeratoring
2929:Letters of the
2927:Eastern Ojibwa.
2900:
2849:Frederic Baraga
2841:
2820:
2814:
2760:Also Algonquin
2673:
2510:
2480:those (animate)
2454:these (animate)
2230:
2216:
2101:
1971:referred to as
1861:
1855:
1776:
1770:
1593:and underlying
1582:
1574:
1524:
1508:
1481:
1465:
1455:
1432:
1422:
1367:metrically weak
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1307:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1194:
1158:
1150:
1124:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1050:
1033:
957:
947:
924:
856:
850:
782:Lower Peninsula
777:
711:Cockburn Island
691:Sault Ste Marie
672:Bruce Peninsula
651:
481:
479:Ojibwe dialects
475:
446:, indicating a
393:language change
342:Ojibwe language
315:, Nishnaabemwin
265:Without proper
253:
252:
243:
231:
215:
189:
173:
166:
156:
117:
114:Language family
112:
105:
103:
99:
98:Native speakers
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7704:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7591:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7539:Ottawa dialect
7536:
7531:
7526:
7520:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7441:Medicine wheel
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7411:Gitche Manitou
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7336:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7313:
7304:
7303:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7254:
7253:Sign languages
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7148:Chinook Jargon
7145:
7140:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7049:Nuu-chah-nulth
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7025:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6962:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6881:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
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6761:
6756:
6751:
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6709:
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6641:
6640:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6599:
6597:
6596:Non-Indigenous
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6571:
6569:
6568:Sign languages
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6513:
6508:
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6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6389:
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6375:
6374:
6363:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6309:
6302:Anishnaabemdaa
6299:
6272:
6271:External links
6269:
6268:
6267:
6253:
6239:
6225:
6211:
6196:
6182:
6168:
6154:
6140:
6126:
6112:
6098:
6084:
6070:
6056:
6055:(Winter): 8–16
6045:
6042:L'Arbre Croche
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6009:
6003:
5989:
5976:
5962:
5948:
5941:
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5471:
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5408:
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5331:
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4311:
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4292:
4278:
4266:
4257:
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4239:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
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4128:
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4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4053:
4044:
4032:
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4014:
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3993:
3984:
3975:
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3923:
3911:
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3598:
3589:
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3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3488:
3477:www.census.gov
3464:
3447:Ottawa dialect
3438:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3356:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3314:
3313:
3300:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3272:
3271:
3182:Main article:
3179:
3176:
3121:Walpole Island
3093:
3090:
3070:
3067:
3013:ii, oo, aa, e;
2910:Basil Johnston
2899:
2896:
2885:Harbor Springs
2840:
2837:
2813:
2812:Writing system
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2777:
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2766:
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2724:
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2669:
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2665:
2658:
2642:
2638:
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2630:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:Eastern Ojibwe
2539:
2534:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2423:
2422:that (animate)
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2396:this (animate)
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2229:
2226:
2221:function words
2215:
2212:
2100:
2097:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1857:Main article:
1854:
1851:
1774:Ojibwe grammar
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1638:
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1629:
1626:
1623:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1506:
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1502:
1496:
1495:
1479:
1463:
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1444:
1442:
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1430:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1306:
1303:
1301:'he is sick'.
1227:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
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1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1097:
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1094:
1086:
1078:
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1062:
1054:
1053:
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1036:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
992:
985:
978:
972:
971:
966:
961:
951:
941:
936:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
834:glottalization
776:
773:
746:Mount Pleasant
707:Whitefish Lake
684:Eastern Ojibwe
650:
647:
513:Eastern Ojibwe
474:
473:Classification
471:
442:in sentences:
436:word formation
405:word structure
344:spoken by the
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
291:
283:
282:
269:, you may see
255:
254:
242:
241:
233:
232:
229:
221:
220:
213:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
187:
179:
178:
171:
163:
162:
161:Language codes
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
120:
118:
111:
108:
107:
100:
97:
94:
93:
87:
83:
82:
69:
65:
64:
61:
60:Native to
57:
56:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7703:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7649:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
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7521:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7491:Turtle Island
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7431:Little people
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
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7379:
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7366:
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7334:
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7327:
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7295:
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7268:
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7258:
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7232:
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7227:
7225:
7222:
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7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
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7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7138:Broken Slavey
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
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7056:
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7027:
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7012:
7009:
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6999:
6997:
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6992:
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6907:
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6898:
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6888:
6886:
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6882:
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6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
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6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
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6745:
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6737:
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6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
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6721:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6674:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6639:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6560:
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6554:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6541:
6540:
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6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6505:Plains Apache
6502:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
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6462:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6347:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6290:on 2013-08-14
6289:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6275:
6274:
6266:
6265:0-9731442-1-1
6262:
6258:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:0-7709-0165-4
6135:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:0-7709-0126-3
6121:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6110:0-7709-0123-9
6107:
6103:
6099:
6097:
6096:0-7709-0116-6
6093:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:0-7709-0076-3
6079:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:0-7709-0059-3
6065:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6021:0-9685103-0-2
6018:
6014:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6002:
6001:0-16-048774-9
5998:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:0-8020-4870-6
5971:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5960:0-7714-2091-9
5957:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5908:0-16-004575-4
5905:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5894:0-16-004575-4
5891:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5880:0-16-004578-9
5877:
5873:
5869:
5867:
5866:3-11-013749-6
5863:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:0-7709-0123-9
5849:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5824:0-8020-0602-7
5821:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5769:
5768:0-8240-4557-2
5765:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5754:1-55111-070-9
5751:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5725:0-7778-8695-2
5722:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5697:0-8166-2427-5
5694:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5683:0-88755-148-3
5680:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5656:
5655:0-521-23228-7
5652:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:0-7714-1046-8
5632:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:0-8166-2415-1
5612:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5557:
5556:3-11-012962-0
5553:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5525:0-16-048774-9
5522:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5511:0-16-048774-9
5508:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:0-292-74624-5
5466:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5455:0-7714-1046-8
5452:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5441:0-919350-13-5
5438:
5434:
5430:
5428:
5427:0-16-004575-4
5424:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5393:
5392:0-16-004575-4
5389:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5219:
5217:
5207:
5198:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5146:
5137:
5128:
5119:
5110:
5101:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5072:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4997:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4935:
4933:
4923:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4876:
4866:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4708:
4699:
4690:
4681:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4471:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4408:
4399:
4397:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4123:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3988:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3885:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3831:, 1980, p. 19
3830:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3788:, 1980, p. 23
3787:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3759:, 1980, p. 21
3758:
3753:
3751:
3744:, 1980, p. 24
3743:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3723:, 1980, p. 20
3722:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3623:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3255:Andrew Medler
3252:
3251:Love Medicine
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:field methods
3233:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2862:Lord's Prayer
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2234:demonstrative
2225:
2222:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2084:, Ottawa has
2083:
2078:
2072:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:(also called
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:Evidentiality
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1847:demonstrative
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1588:
1580:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:, and may be
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
977:
973:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
955:
952:
950:
945:
942:
940:
937:
934:
928:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
902:
900:
894:
888:
887:vowel syncope
883:
881:
877:
873:
870:vowels whose
869:
865:
861:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
783:
772:
767:Nishnaabemwin
762:
757:
755:
754:Cross Village
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:Peshawbestown
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
646:
643:
639:
635:
634:Severn Ojibwe
630:
626:
624:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
561:
556:
552:
548:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
514:
510:
505:
499:
493:
487:
486:Nishnaabemwin
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
401:pronunciation
398:
394:
389:
386:
380:
379:Nishnaabemwin
375:
374:Latin letters
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
262:
256:
250:
247:
239:
234:
227:
222:
218:
214:
212:
208:
205:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
185:
180:
176:
172:
169:
164:
159:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
119:
115:
109:
101:
95:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
47:Nishnaabemwin
43:
38:
33:
19:
18:Odawa dialect
7648:
7538:
7426:Jingle dress
7421:Jiibayaabooz
7396:Dreamcatcher
7292:
7279:
7239:Plautdietsch
6900:Inuvialuktun
6773:
6635:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6515:
6503:
6496:
6459:
6447:
6430:
6379:
6292:. Retrieved
6288:the original
6281:
6256:
6242:
6228:
6214:
6200:
6185:
6171:
6157:
6143:
6129:
6115:
6101:
6087:
6073:
6059:
6052:
6026:
6012:
5992:
5965:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5899:
5885:
5871:
5857:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5787:
5773:
5759:
5745:
5716:
5702:
5688:
5674:
5667:
5646:
5626:
5619:
5606:
5599:
5585:
5578:
5561:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5516:
5502:
5488:
5474:
5460:
5446:
5432:
5418:
5411:
5397:
5383:
5369:
5355:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5316:
5309:
5290:
5281:
5272:
5263:
5254:
5245:
5236:
5227:
5206:
5171:. Retrieved
5166:
5145:
5136:
5127:
5118:
5109:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5061:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4986:
4977:
4968:
4943:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4865:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4707:
4698:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4635:
4626:
4617:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4515:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4479:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4386:
4377:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4304:
4295:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4122:
4113:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4047:
4026:
4017:
4008:
3987:
3978:
3965:
3946:
3926:
3905:
3884:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3812:
3793:
3785:
3764:
3756:
3741:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3682:
3669:
3622:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3505:. Retrieved
3501:
3491:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:
3467:
3450:
3442:
3393:
3360:
3358:
3343:
3329:
3315:
3301:
3287:
3273:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3234:
3187:
3165:
3142:
3124:
3117:Bloomfield's
3110:
3098:missionaries
3095:
3082:
3043:assimilation
3038:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2995:
2992:glottal stop
2987:
2985:
2964:
2960:
2959:The letters
2958:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2926:
2915:
2901:
2889:
2866:
2842:
2833:
2694:
2690:Ottawa Terms
2689:
2684:
2674:
2647:
2619:
2597:
2582:
2554:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2519:
2511:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2231:
2217:
2199:third person
2196:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2159:main clauses
2152:
2126:in a simple
2102:
2081:
2063:
2058:— (no form)
2051:third-person
2050:
2036:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1954:
1927:
1874:
1869:derivational
1865:inflectional
1862:
1824:
1793:
1783:
1754:
1739:
1717:
1695:
1687:'old woman'
1680:
1658:
1643:
1622:Nasal Vowel
1599:minimal pair
1578:
1536:
1384:Oral vowels
1379:
1369:and undergo
1362:
1308:
1281:
1230:
954:Postalveolar
925:
884:
872:phonological
857:
841:
837:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
797:
793:
786:
778:
758:
742:Grand Rapids
735:
695:Garden River
688:
652:
631:
627:
622:
618:
598:North Dakota
594:Saskatchewan
571:
482:
456:
440:third person
413:
390:
370:Georgian Bay
348:in southern
346:Odawa people
333:
329:
328:
312:
258:
211:Linguasphere
182:
145:
102:Total: 1,135
7572:Ribbon work
7451:Mudjekeewis
7406:Elbow witch
7359:Clan system
7340:Anishinaabe
7077:Assiniboine
6966:Bella Coola
6885:Inuinnaqtun
3673:As in e.g.
3178:Sample text
3161:Anishinaabe
3157:Anishinaabe
2986:The letter
2847:missionary
2780:necessarily
2280:Cape Croker
2270:Wikwemikong
2155:Verb orders
2124:word orders
1724:'nestling'
1702:'my uncle'
1170:Approximant
882:as needed.
864:oral vowels
733:, Ontario.
676:Cape Croker
660:Wikwemikong
582:Great Lakes
509:nominalizer
492:Anishinaabe
448:noun phrase
273:instead of
7655:Categories
7544:Potawatomi
7524:Algonquian
7401:Drumkeeper
7391:Deer Woman
6976:Halkomelem
6789:Athabaskan
6779:Potawatomi
6716:Algonquian
6618:Vietnamese
6517:Potawatomi
6388:Indigenous
6294:2013-05-20
5302:References
5173:2022-04-10
3507:2022-12-24
3482:2017-11-17
3452:Ethnologue
3388:dbaajmowin
3381:aadsookaan
3219:dbaajmowin
3212:character
3199:dbaajmowin
3192:aadsookaan
3073:See also:
2881:Franciscan
2816:See also:
2800:gaachiinyi
2735:mother, my
2716:father, my
2701:come here!
2275:Curve Lake
2214:Vocabulary
2134:(VOS) and
2128:transitive
1957:word stems
1946:pejorative
1942:diminutive
1930:possession
1853:Morphology
1772:See also:
1746:'muskrat'
1650:'old man'
1563:diminutive
1327:/iː,oː,aː/
1323:allophones
1317:and three
1283:Labialized
922:Consonants
862:and seven
860:consonants
802:Potawatomi
668:Lake Huron
625:are used.
524:Daawaamwin
477:See also:
459:endangered
409:vocabulary
385:Daawaamwin
313:Daawaamwin
136:Potawatomi
127:Algonquian
53:Daawaamwin
7587:Education
7567:Quillwork
7516:Languages
7481:Shingebis
7471:Pukwudgie
7456:Nanabozho
7244:Ukrainian
7179:Cantonese
7044:Kwakʼwala
6943:Tuscarora
6910:Iroquoian
6890:Inuktitut
6862:Tsuutʼina
6812:Chipewyan
6807:Chilcotin
6734:Blackfoot
6729:Algonquin
6426:Chickasaw
6367:Languages
6237:0831-5671
6223:0831-5671
6194:0831-5671
6180:0831-5671
6166:0831-5671
6152:0831-5671
6029:16: 1–24.
5796:0711-382X
5782:0711-382X
5711:0711-382X
5497:0831-5671
5483:0831-5671
5406:0831-5671
3225:aasookaan
3210:trickster
3205:aasookaan
3155:recorded
3131:, led by
3106:Récollets
2870:Methodist
2207:obviative
2203:proximate
2140:discourse
2120:sentences
1885:proximate
1881:obviative
1843:agreement
1261:aspirated
1253:voiceless
1241:affricate
1237:fricative
1101:Fricative
848:Phonology
703:Mattagami
699:Thessalon
638:Algonquin
452:obviative
444:proximate
296:, Odaawaa
184:Glottolog
168:ISO 639-3
86:Ethnicity
7369:Religion
7174:Mandarin
7029:Ditidaht
7021:Wakashan
7011:Thompson
7006:Squamish
6996:shíshálh
6986:Okanagan
6981:Lillooet
6958:Salishan
6933:Onondaga
6867:Tutchone
6822:Gwichʼin
6637:Category
6482:Muscogee
6449:Delaware
6443:Comanche
6421:Cheyenne
6416:Cherokee
6371:Oklahoma
5982:Archived
5532:. 1961.
3954:Archived
3935:Archived
3801:Archived
3407:See also
3104:and the
2947:digraphs
2939:phonemic
2860:and the
2853:Anglican
2845:Catholic
2765:long ago
2167:commands
2114:to make
1981:compound
1965:initials
1938:location
1922:Negation
1910:Modality
1820:prenouns
1816:preverbs
1812:pronouns
1628:English
1625:Example
1587:phonemic
1555:(), and
1287:rounding
1273:devoiced
949:Alveolar
939:Bilabial
822:Chippewa
794:Chippewa
750:Bay City
715:West Bay
619:language
590:Manitoba
566:Outaouan
551:loanword
432:suffixes
428:prefixes
362:Oklahoma
354:Michigan
309:Language
279:Help:IPA
191:otta1242
80:Oklahoma
76:Michigan
7630:Housing
7506:Wendigo
7461:Nokomis
7436:Manitou
7381:Aayaase
7343:culture
7209:Italian
7189:Spanish
7184:Punjabi
7108:Tlingit
7103:Kutenai
7093:Beothuk
7001:Shuswap
6991:Saanich
6948:Wyandot
6895:Inupiaq
6857:Tahltan
6802:Carrier
6764:Naskapi
6754:Miꞌkmaq
6724:Abenaki
6694:English
6613:Spanish
6603:English
6553:Wyandot
6546:Wichita
6539:Tonkawa
6533:Shawnee
6467:Koasati
6438:Choctaw
6401:Arapaho
6395:Alabama
6380:Italics
3675:Wolfart
3245:Saginaw
3214:Nenbozh
3127:at the
3069:History
3062:san'goo
3056:mnising
3017:i, o, a
3001:aa haaw
2770:zhaazhi
2755:miiknod
2706:maajaan
2685:English
2532:English
2265:English
2116:clauses
2112:phrases
2087:jiimaan
2077:ojimaan
2071:jiimaan
2005:English
1983:words.
1973:medials
1969:affixes
1967:), and
1825:Ottawa
1768:Grammar
1679:mdimooy
1610:giiwenh
1568:(y)aanh
1371:syncope
1331:/i,o,a/
1313:, four
1292:ɡ̣taaji
1233:plosive
969:Glottal
959:Palatal
810:shifted
806:Indiana
729:, near
680:Saugeen
656:Detroit
623:dialect
606:Alberta
602:Montana
560:odaawaa
530:Odaawaa
397:syncope
350:Ontario
340:of the
338:dialect
320:Country
275:Unicode
89:60,000
72:Ontario
7638:Wigwam
7577:Wampum
7534:Ojibwe
7466:Powwow
7386:Baykok
7351:Family
7204:German
7199:Arabic
7158:Michif
7143:Bungee
7067:Stoney
7059:Siouan
7034:Haisla
6938:Seneca
6928:Oneida
6923:Mohawk
6918:Cayuga
6852:Tagish
6847:Slavey
6842:Sekani
6837:Nicola
6817:Dogrib
6774:Ottawa
6769:Ojibwe
6759:Munsee
6699:French
6608:German
6528:Seneca
6523:Quapaw
6498:Pawnee
6492:Ottawa
6411:Cayuga
6263:
6249:
6235:
6221:
6207:
6192:
6178:
6164:
6150:
6136:
6122:
6108:
6094:
6080:
6066:
6019:
5999:
5972:
5958:
5906:
5892:
5878:
5864:
5850:
5822:
5794:
5780:
5766:
5752:
5723:
5709:
5695:
5681:
5653:
5633:
5613:
5592:
5554:
5523:
5509:
5495:
5481:
5467:
5453:
5439:
5425:
5404:
5390:
5376:
5362:
5348:
4309:forms.
3230:genres
3015:Short
3004:'OK'.
2918:Ojibwe
2785:aabdig
2740:ngashi
2662:aaniin
2596:aapii-
2581:aanpii
2569:aaniin
2537:Ottawa
2305:maanda
2291:maanda
2104:Syntax
2099:Syntax
2015:Ottawa
1977:finals
1934:gender
1898:Number
1892:person
1833:, and
1818:, and
1796:Ojibwe
1738:zhashk
1694:nzhish
1642:kiwenz
1311:vowels
1305:Vowels
1257:voiced
1251:, are
1249:length
1239:, and
1136:Fortis
1059:Fortis
944:Dental
818:Ottawa
798:Ojibwe
752:, and
731:London
725:, and
719:Sarnia
705:, and
658:, and
642:Quebec
608:, and
592:, and
586:Quebec
555:French
547:Ottawa
527:(from
420:gender
358:Kansas
330:Ottawa
301:People
294:Daawaa
290:Person
246:UNESCO
204:Ottawa
146:Ottawa
141:Ojibwe
132:Ojibwe
68:Region
40:Ottawa
7098:Haida
7086:other
7072:Sioux
6971:Comox
6877:Inuit
6832:Kaska
6559:Yuchi
6511:Ponca
6487:Osage
6461:Kansa
6406:Caddo
3434:Notes
3011:Long
2961:f, l,
2750:pants
2726:Also
2695:Notes
2655:aanii
2646:aanii
2634:wenen
2627:wenen
2606:aandi
2590:aapii
2576:where
2562:aanii
2553:aanii
2548:which
2459:gonda
2415:maaba
2401:maaba
2349:nonda
2252:nonda
2246:gonda
2240:maaba
2183:where
2148:focus
2144:topic
2108:words
1961:roots
1904:Tense
1804:verbs
1800:nouns
1716:bnaaj
1604:giiwe
1412:Long
1409:Short
1403:Short
1392:Front
1319:short
1298:aaḳzi
1106:Lenis
1009:Lenis
976:Nasal
964:Velar
895:]
891:[
868:nasal
557:from
549:is a
424:verbs
418:noun
336:is a
334:Odawa
122:Algic
91:Odawa
6744:Innu
6739:Cree
6261:ISBN
6247:ISBN
6233:ISSN
6219:ISSN
6205:ISBN
6190:ISSN
6176:ISSN
6162:ISSN
6148:ISSN
6134:ISBN
6120:ISBN
6106:ISBN
6092:ISBN
6078:ISBN
6064:ISBN
6017:ISBN
5997:ISBN
5970:ISBN
5956:ISBN
5904:ISBN
5890:ISBN
5876:ISBN
5862:ISBN
5848:ISBN
5820:ISBN
5792:ISSN
5778:ISSN
5764:ISBN
5750:ISBN
5721:ISBN
5707:ISSN
5693:ISBN
5679:ISBN
5651:ISBN
5631:ISBN
5611:ISBN
5590:ISBN
5552:ISBN
5521:ISBN
5507:ISBN
5493:ISSN
5479:ISSN
5465:ISBN
5451:ISBN
5437:ISBN
5423:ISBN
5402:ISSN
5388:ISBN
5374:ISBN
5360:ISBN
5346:ISBN
3344:(7)
3330:(6)
3316:(5)
3302:(4)
3288:(3)
3274:(2)
3261:(1)
3133:Kaye
3077:and
2963:and
2851:and
2721:noos
2618:wene
2515:dash
2187:when
2179:what
2146:and
2118:and
2110:and
2066:/o-/
2049:(c)
2035:(b)
2021:(a)
1975:and
1883:and
1867:and
1755:oonh
1753:bood
1740:oonh
1731:oonh
1718:aanh
1709:aanh
1659:iinh
1644:iinh
1635:iinh
1558:oonh
1552:aanh
1549:(),
1543:(),
1540:iinh
1418:High
1406:Long
1397:Back
1359:/eː/
1315:long
1267:and
1231:The
1081:tʃːʰ
1003:Stop
828:and
678:and
674:are
621:and
542:-win
504:-win
430:and
407:and
360:and
7554:Art
6827:Hän
6369:of
6314:at
3449:at
3403:.
3051:/ɡ/
3047:/n/
3045:of
3039:n'g
2648:-sh
2641:how
2620:-sh
2613:who
2583:-sh
2555:-sh
2520:-sh
2499:giw
2492:giw
2485:giw
2473:gow
2466:gow
2389:niw
2382:niw
2375:niw
2363:now
2356:now
2191:who
2136:VSO
2044:g-
2041:gi-
2030:n-
2027:ni-
1696:enh
1681:enh
1672:enh
1657:wes
1595:/h/
1591:/n/
1546:enh
1500:Low
1449:Mid
1089:kːʰ
1073:tːʰ
1065:pːʰ
836:of
796:or
666:in
662:on
604:,
536:-mo
498:-mo
332:or
261:IPA
199:ELP
175:otw
7657::
7371:,
7296:-
6280:.
6051:.
5215:^
5194:^
5182:^
5165:.
5154:^
5070:^
4995:^
4956:^
4931:^
4874:^
4849:^
4837:^
4796:^
4782:^
4716:^
4560:^
4395:^
4281:^
4269:^
4131:^
4056:^
4035:^
3996:^
3914:^
3893:^
3872:^
3776:^
3749:^
3728:^
3691:^
3657:^
3645:^
3631:^
3610:^
3500:.
3475:.
3363:,
3168:,
3035:ng
2983:.
2949::
2805:—
2775:—
2745:—
2711:—
2652:,
2624:,
2598:sh
2593:,
2587:,
2559:,
2447:aw
2440:aw
2433:wa
2430:,
2427:aw
2408:aw
2337:iw
2330:iw
2323:wi
2320:,
2317:iw
2298:ow
2189:,
2185:,
2181:,
2169:.
2150:.
2095:.
2082:o-
2055:o-
1944:,
1940:,
1936:,
1822:.
1814:,
1810:,
1806:,
1802:,
1529:ɑː
1492:uː
1486:oː
1460:eː
1437:iː
1353:,
1349:,
1341:,
1337:,
1235:,
1215:^
1181:,
1156:ʃː
1148:sː
1030:dʒ
748:,
744:,
721:,
697:,
612:.
600:,
588:,
521:.
78:,
74:,
50:,
7332:e
7325:t
7318:v
7300:
6672:e
6665:t
6658:v
6397:*
6359:e
6352:t
6345:v
6297:.
5565:.
5176:.
3542:.
3510:.
3485:.
3031:’
3024:e
2996:h
2988:h
2965:r
1924:.
1918:.
1912:.
1906:.
1894:.
1790:.
1579:n
1571:(
1519:ɑ
1516:~
1513:ə
1489:~
1476:ə
1473:~
1470:ʊ
1427:ɪ
1363:e
1201:w
1191:j
1184:l
1178:r
1142:f
1121:ʒ
1114:z
1047:ʔ
1040:g
1023:d
1016:b
989:n
982:m
956:/
946:/
893:ə
842:w
838:w
830:y
826:w
507:'
281:.
134:-
34:.
20:)
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