403:
96:
89:
73:
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where pottery has been found dating from the late 7th century. The name in Greek means "happy" or "rich". It is possible that it had been the site of an earlier native settlement and may even have been a peninsula rather than an island in antiquity. It is now thought that the town of
Berezan survived
4022:
410:
The site of the Greek colony covers the area of fifty hectares and its fortifications form an isosceles triangle about a mile long and half a mile wide. The region was also the site of several villages (modern
Victorovka and Dneprovskoe) which may have been settled by Greeks.
4015:
622:
Notable finds from the town include an archaic Greek house in a good state of preservation from the area of the later acropolis and a private letter (written on a lead tablet) dating to around 500 BCE, complaining about an attempt to claim a slave.
4215:
4008:
602:
from 1901 to 1915 and from 1924 to 1926. As the site was never reoccupied, archaeological finds (particularly inscriptions and sculpture) proved rich. Today archaeologists are under pressure to explore the site, which is being eroded by the
414:
As for the town itself, the lower town (now largely submerged by the Bug river) was occupied chiefly by the dockyards and the houses of artisans. The upper town was a main residential quarter, composed of square blocks and centered on the
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4147:
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4182:
88:
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4296:
1009:
Osborne, Robin (2008). "Reciprocal
Strategies: Imperialism, Barbarism and Trade in Archaic and Classical Olbia". In Bilde, Pia Guldager; Petersen, Jane Hjarl (eds.).
4157:
598:. Before 1902, the site was owned by the Counts Musin-Pushkins, who did not allow any excavations on their estate. Professional excavations were conducted under
900:
Karjaka, Alexander V. (2008). "The
Defense Wall in the Northern Part of the Lower City of Olbia Pontike". In Bilde, Pia Guldager; Petersen, Jane Hjarl (eds.).
1050:
921:
Karjaka, Alexander V. (2008). "The
Demarcation System of the Agricultural Environment of Olbia Pontike". In Bilde, Pia Guldager; Petersen, Jane Hjarl (eds.).
551:
Having lost two-thirds of its settled area, Olbia was restored by the Romans, albeit on a small scale and probably with a largely barbarian population.
1113:
4266:
451:
The Greek colony was highly important commercially and endured for a millennium. The first evidence of Greek settlement at the site comes from
4056:
4000:
419:. The town was ringed by a defensive stone wall with towers. The upper town was also the site of the first settlement on the site in the
4291:
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2713:
500:
practices. A significant amount of Orphic graffiti unearthed in Olbia seems to testify that the colony was one major point of contact.
4256:
4205:
140:
4032:
423:. There is evidence that the town itself was laid out over a grid plan from the 6th century – one of the first after the town of
360:
4306:
4162:
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in the 4th century BCE. By the end of the 3rd century, the town declined economically and accepted the overlordship of King
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773:
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2002:
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17:
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It produced distinctive cast bronze money during the 5th century BCE in both the form of circular tokens with
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until the 5th century BCE when it was possibly absorbed into the growing Olbian settlement on the mainland.
371:
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2444:
1898:
632:
1052:
Coins of Olbia: Essay of
Monetary Circulation of the North-western Black Sea Region in Antique Epoch. Киев
406:
Olbia and other Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea (Euxine Sea), 8th to 3rd century BCE
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2116:
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570:, was eventually abandoned in the 4th century CE, when it was burnt at least twice in the course of the
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1853:
1748:
1222:
1156:
608:
321:
2500:
2480:
1678:
1336:
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2649:
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2136:
379:
859:
Serhii Plokhy (2015) "The Gates of Europe : A History of
Ukraine" New York : Basic Books
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2613:
2513:
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2065:
2050:
2020:
1981:
1858:
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1212:
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Two coins from Olbia (3rd-1st century BC) depicting the bearded head of the river-god
Borysthenes
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2558:
2010:
1994:
1690:
1631:
1480:
1475:
489:
485:
304:
47:
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headed by Alfred
Twardecki. Many of the more notable finds from the period are visible in the
478:. This form of money is said to have originated from sacrificial tokens used in the Temple of
3979:
3208:
3198:
3188:
3173:
2863:
2603:
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2523:
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2121:
1923:
1828:
1814:
1470:
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The site of Olbia, designated an archaeological reservation, is situated near the village of
520:
were regulated by a treaty, which allowed both states to coordinate their operations against
765:
712:
582:
516:
After the town adopted a democratic constitution in the 4th century BCE, its relations with
434:
and, from the 6th century BCE, a religious sanctuary. In the early 5th century, a temple to
3451:
3445:
3431:
2915:
2873:
2845:
2730:
2543:
1773:
1569:
882:
607:. At 2016 started in Olbia excavations of the Polish Archaeological Mission "Olbia" of the
875:
Classical Olbia and the
Scythian World: From the Sixth Century BC to the Second Century AD
8:
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1582:
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537:
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1893:
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312:
61:
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877:. Proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. 142. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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1505:
1500:
1151:
1076:
1056:
1016:
1015:. Black Sea Studies. Vol. 8. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp. 333–346.
928:
927:. Black Sea Studies. Vol. 8. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp. 181–192.
907:
906:. Black Sea Studies. Vol. 8. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. pp. 163–180.
886:
844:
823:
769:
716:
675:
599:
479:
284:
651:
A board of food commissioners was set up to distribute cereals among the population.
463:, who provides our best description of the city and its inhabitants from antiquity.
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2015:
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1197:
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595:
475:
452:
420:
340:
243:
233:
223:
1071:
Coinage and Monetary Circulation in Olbia (6th century B.C. – 4th century A.D
1012:
Meetings of Cultures in the Black Sea Region: Between Conflict and Coexistence
924:
Meetings of Cultures in the Black Sea Region: Between Conflict and Coexistence
903:
Meetings of Cultures in the Black Sea Region: Between Conflict and Coexistence
4250:
3937:
3854:
3829:
3519:
3441:
3123:
3066:
2965:
2955:
2925:
2907:
2781:
1933:
1715:
1607:
1563:
1525:
1364:
1285:
1001:
955:
155:
142:
548:, a catastrophe which brought Olbia's economic prominence to an abrupt end.
355:, near the village of Parutyne. The archaeological site is protected as the
3754:
3706:
3572:
3426:
3296:
2935:
2771:
2277:
2239:
1938:
552:
344:
261:
247:
3774:
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3646:
3474:
2982:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2868:
2825:
2372:
2282:
2272:
2159:
2149:
1913:
1290:
1265:
988:
Krapivina, Valentyna V. (2010). "Ceramics from Sinope in Olbia Pontica".
571:
560:
3479:
3711:
3681:
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3183:
3153:
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2548:
2382:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2194:
2179:
2169:
2144:
1520:
1275:
1230:
474:. These are unusual considering the struck, round coins common in the
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3612:
3597:
3567:
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3494:
3418:
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3388:
3331:
3231:
2883:
2815:
2387:
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2332:
2327:
2292:
2287:
2257:
2204:
2164:
1943:
1809:
1763:
1743:
1374:
1245:
788:
604:
545:
497:
493:
460:
431:
383:
508:
3736:
3726:
3716:
3691:
3469:
3436:
3398:
3341:
3256:
3241:
3098:
3088:
3005:
3000:
2397:
2392:
2352:
2347:
2322:
2302:
2229:
2184:
2174:
2030:
1928:
1863:
1791:
1399:
591:
529:
525:
471:
123:
72:
3489:
3879:
3869:
3814:
3809:
3794:
3784:
3769:
3764:
3651:
3539:
3529:
3408:
3383:
3378:
3351:
3346:
3326:
3316:
3306:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3203:
3193:
3168:
3133:
3128:
3103:
2756:
2538:
2199:
2189:
1948:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1883:
1878:
1758:
1705:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1091:
737:
Olbia Pontique et son territoire : l'aménagement de l'espace
533:
517:
391:
375:
352:
213:
3824:
3138:
965:"An Inscription of Mithradates VI Eupator's Governor from Olbia"
3849:
3779:
3759:
3721:
3587:
3393:
3286:
3223:
3213:
3158:
2776:
2761:
2357:
2342:
2317:
2312:
2297:
1958:
1953:
1720:
1700:
1444:
1434:
1429:
1300:
1260:
1250:
1235:
843:. Volume I: Europe (pp. 168, coin # 1685). Seaby Ltd., London.
567:
467:
435:
424:
387:
257:
566:
The settlement, incorporated into the Roman province of Lower
3859:
3834:
3731:
3671:
3656:
3524:
3484:
3236:
3148:
3143:
3113:
3108:
3083:
2766:
2307:
2262:
2214:
1786:
1738:
1439:
1409:
1356:
1331:
1270:
1240:
541:
430:
By the later period of settlement, the city also included an
416:
39:
3864:
3839:
3789:
3276:
3266:
586:
Distinctive Olbian "Dolphin" coin, circa 5th–4th century BC
359:. The preserve is a research and science institute of the
370:
The Hellenic city was founded in the 7th century BC by
326:
942:
Kozlovskaya, Valeriya (2008). "The Harbour of Olbia".
459:
During the 5th century BCE, the colony was visited by
962:
760:
The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade
707:
The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade
4302:Populated places disestablished in the 4th century
4297:Populated places established in the 7th century BC
757:
704:
4031:Social Sciences and Humanities Institutes of the
1087:Site of the Polish Archaeological Mission "Olbia"
872:
674:(ed. by Nigel Guy Wilson). Routledge (UK), 2005.
4248:
963:Krapivina, Valentina; Diatroptov, Pavel (2005).
873:Braund, David; Kryzhitskiy, S. D., eds. (2007).
503:
446:
27:Archaeological site of Miletian Black Sea colony
1327:
470:heads and unique coins in the shape of leaping
386:for the export of cereals, fish, and slaves to
53:
4016:
1107:
990:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
969:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
944:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
751:
749:
747:
745:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
357:National Historic and Archaeological Preserve
4216:Art Studies, Folklore Studies, and Ethnology
941:
4023:
4009:
1993:
1114:
1100:
764:. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp.
742:
711:. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. pp.
685:
496:, was heavily influenced by Central Asian
71:
987:
739:Paris: Belles-lettres, 1975. OCLC 3035787
555:visited the town and described it in his
755:
702:
581:
507:
401:
4033:National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
1008:
920:
899:
822:, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1983.
390:, and for the import of Attic goods to
361:National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
14:
4249:
4108:Political and Ethnic National Research
3047:
4267:Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast
4132:Crimean department (status uncertain)
4004:
3904:
3046:
2475:
1979:
1326:
1146:
1095:
3515:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1147:
883:10.5871/bacad/9780197264041.001.0001
95:
4236:Linguistic and Information Research
24:
2476:
1121:
1037:Ancient Coinage of Sarmatia, Olbia
866:
378:. Its harbour was one of the main
363:. In 1938–1993 it was part of the
25:
4318:
4292:Archaeological museums in Ukraine
4272:Roman towns and cities in Ukraine
4082:Crimean branch (status uncertain)
1030:
4138:Archaeography and Source Studies
3984:
3974:
3965:
3964:
94:
87:
4257:Archaeological sites in Ukraine
4152:Department of Religious Studies
3985:
645:
4047:Demography and Social Research
853:
833:
812:
798:
782:
729:
672:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
665:
13:
1:
1586:
1573:
1554:
1537:
841:Greek Coins and Their Values
658:
577:
504:Hellenistic and Roman periods
447:Archaic and Classical periods
365:NASU Institute of Archaeology
4307:Historic reserves in Ukraine
2714:Funeral and burial practices
1899:Military of Mycenaean Greece
633:List of ancient Greek cities
438:was also built on the site.
103:Shown within Mykolaiv Oblast
7:
1042:Greek inscriptions of Olbia
808:. Odessa Numismatic Museum.
626:
559:(the town was often called
327:
10:
4323:
4282:History of Mykolaiv Oblast
4188:Odesa Archeological Museum
4122:Higher School of Socialogy
2638:Greek Revival architecture
1980:
981:10.1163/157005705775009435
441:
308:
191:0.5 mi (0.80 km)
40:
4196:
4065:
4057:Economics and Forecasting
4039:
3960:
3911:
3905:
3900:
3745:
3622:
3611:
3538:
3460:
3417:
3364:
3222:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3042:
2991:
2906:
2844:
2806:
2799:
2749:
2709:
2700:
2622:
2499:
2495:
2471:
2437:
2406:
2248:
2135:
2079:
2046:Attalid kings of Pergamon
2001:
1992:
1988:
1975:
1854:Antigonid Macedonian army
1827:
1800:
1772:
1729:
1686:
1677:
1519:
1458:
1355:
1351:
1322:
1221:
1170:
1166:
1142:
1129:
609:National Museum in Warsaw
397:
343:city on the shore of the
316:
290:
280:
272:
267:
253:
239:
229:
219:
208:
203:
195:
187:
179:
171:
134:
119:
111:
82:
70:
54:
37:
4287:Former cities in Ukraine
4262:Milesian Pontic colonies
4168:National Science Library
1002:10.1163/157005711X560453
956:10.1163/092907708X339562
638:
839:Sear, David R. (1978).
756:Boardman, John (1980).
703:Boardman, John (1980).
183:1 mi (1.6 km)
4206:Encyclopaedic Research
4178:Humanitarian Education
2080:Artists & scholars
1995:List of ancient Greeks
1632:Second Athenian League
1481:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1306:Ancient Greek colonies
1044:in English translation
735:Wasowicz, Aleksandra.
587:
540:but was sacked by the
536:. It flourished under
513:
488:speculated that early
407:
199:50 ha (120 acres)
4197:Literature, Language,
3199:Sybaris on the Traeis
1924:Sacred Band of Thebes
1664:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
1178:Cycladic civilization
585:
557:Borysthenic Discourse
511:
405:
273:Excavation dates
156:46.69250°N 31.90361°E
112:Alternative name
4066:History, Philosophy,
2724:mythological figures
2445:Ancient Greek tribes
1570:Peloponnesian League
563:, after the river).
276:1901–1915, 1924–1926
4277:Dnieper–Bug estuary
2836:Tunnel of Eupalinos
2831:Theatre of Dionysus
2455:Ancient Macedonians
2071:Tyrants of Syracuse
1583:Amphictyonic League
1183:Minoan civilization
538:Mithridates Eupator
522:Alexander the Great
337:archaeological site
152: /
34:
4231:Ukrainian Language
4103:Political Sciences
4093:History of Ukraine
4052:Industry Economics
3510:Menestheus's Limin
3164:Pandosia (Lucania)
3052:Greek colonisation
2414:Athenian statesmen
2175:Diogenes of Sinope
2036:Kings of Macedonia
2026:Kings of Commagene
1894:Macedonian phalanx
1874:Hellenistic armies
1622:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
1486:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1208:Hellenistic Greece
1067:Pyotr Karyshkovsky
1048:Pyotr Karyshkovsky
588:
514:
408:
161:46.69250; 31.90361
77:The ruins of Olbia
32:
4244:
4243:
4113:Ukrainian Studies
4098:European Research
3998:
3997:
3956:
3955:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3462:Iberian Peninsula
3394:Lipara/Meligounis
3360:
3359:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3011:Cypriot syllabary
2902:
2901:
2811:Athenian Treasury
2795:
2794:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2056:Ptolemaic dynasty
2016:Archons of Athens
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1842:Athenian military
1823:
1822:
1656:League of Corinth
1638:Thessalian League
1614:Chalcidian League
1596:Acarnanian League
1506:Ptolemaic Kingdom
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1022:978-87-7934-419-8
934:978-87-7934-419-8
913:978-87-7934-419-8
892:978-0-19-726404-1
600:Boris Farmakovsky
492:, especially the
480:Apollo Delphinios
436:Apollo Delphinios
367:as a department.
325:
298:
297:
285:Boris Farmakovsky
16:(Redirected from
4314:
4183:Landmark Studies
4163:National Library
4128:Oriental Studies
4025:
4018:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3988:
3987:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3902:
3901:
3620:
3619:
3119:Heraclea Lucania
3072:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3044:
3043:
2804:
2803:
2736:Twelve Olympians
2707:
2706:
2497:
2496:
2473:
2472:
2061:Seleucid dynasty
2041:Kings of Paionia
1990:
1989:
1977:
1976:
1847:Scythian archers
1754:Graphe paranomon
1684:
1683:
1591:
1588:
1578:
1575:
1559:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1353:
1352:
1324:
1323:
1203:Classical Greece
1188:Mycenaean Greece
1168:
1167:
1144:
1143:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1073:.) Odessa (2003)
1026:
1005:
996:(1–2): 467–477.
984:
975:(3–4): 167–180.
959:
938:
917:
896:
860:
857:
851:
837:
831:
820:The Orphic Poems
816:
810:
809:
802:
796:
786:
780:
779:
763:
753:
740:
733:
727:
726:
710:
700:
683:
669:
652:
649:
617:Saint Petersburg
613:Hermitage Museum
494:Orphic Mysteries
330:
320:
318:
310:
167:
166:
164:
163:
162:
157:
153:
150:
149:
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145:
98:
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91:
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65:
57:
56:
51:
43:
42:
35:
31:
21:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4199:and Art Studies
4198:
4192:
4142:Lviv department
4067:
4061:
4035:
4029:
3999:
3994:
3952:
3907:
3884:
3747:
3741:
3624:
3615:
3607:
3578:Melaina Korkyra
3534:
3456:
3413:
3366:Aeolian Islands
3356:
3218:
3076:
3057:
3056:
3030:
2987:
2898:
2840:
2791:
2745:
2696:
2618:
2609:Wedding customs
2491:
2490:
2459:
2450:Thracian Greeks
2433:
2424:Olympic victors
2402:
2244:
2131:
2075:
2066:Kings of Sparta
2051:Kings of Pontus
2021:Kings of Athens
1997:
1984:
1963:
1859:Army of Macedon
1819:
1796:
1768:
1725:
1673:
1646:(370–c. 230 BC)
1644:Arcadian League
1628:(c. 400–188 BC)
1626:Aetolian League
1620:Boeotian League
1602:Hellenic League
1589:
1576:
1566:(c. 650–404 BC)
1557:
1551:Italiote League
1544:
1540:
1534:Doric Hexapolis
1524:
1515:
1511:Seleucid Empire
1454:
1347:
1346:
1310:
1217:
1193:Greek Dark Ages
1162:
1161:
1138:
1125:
1120:
1033:
1023:
935:
914:
893:
869:
867:Further reading
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351:or Ὕπανις,) in
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139:
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128:Mykolaiv Oblast
107:
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78:
66:
59:
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28:
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4226:Ethnic Studies
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3329:
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3312:Megara Hyblaea
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Hybla Gereatis
3289:
3284:
3282:Heraclea Minoa
3279:
3274:
3269:
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3259:
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3026:Attic numerals
3023:
3021:Greek numerals
3018:
3016:Greek alphabet
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
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2670:Musical system
2662:
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2641:
2640:
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2305:
2300:
2295:
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2177:
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2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Mathematicians
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:Kings of Argos
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
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1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
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1896:
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1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Cretan archers
1866:
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1672:
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1668:Achaean League
1665:
1662:Euboean League
1659:
1653:
1650:Epirote League
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1598:(c. 500–31 BC)
1593:
1580:
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1526:Confederations
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1450:Lissus (Crete)
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1198:Archaic Greece
1195:
1190:
1185:
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1163:
1160:
1159:
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1140:
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1127:
1126:
1123:Ancient Greece
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1064:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1031:External links
1029:
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1021:
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985:
960:
950:(1–2): 25–65.
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596:Mykolaiv Raion
579:
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490:Greek religion
453:Berezan Island
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421:archaic period
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281:Archaeologists
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4088:State and Law
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3490:Hemeroscopion
3488:
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3067:Magna Graecia
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2894:Zeus, Olympia
2892:
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2880:
2879:Hera, Olympia
2877:
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2782:Mount Olympus
2780:
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2750:Sacred places
2748:
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2574:Olympic Games
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2564:Homosexuality
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1608:Delian League
1606:
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1597:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:Ionian League
1562:
1552:
1549:
1545: 560 BC
1535:
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1286:Magna Graecia
1284:
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1081:966-96181-0-X
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849:0 900652 46 2
846:
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836:
829:
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821:
818:West, M. L.,
815:
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794:
790:
785:
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775:9780500250693
771:
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680:0-415-97334-1
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354:
350:
346:
342:
341:ancient Greek
338:
334:
329:
323:
314:
309:Ὀλβία Ποντική
306:
305:Ancient Greek
302:
293:
289:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
244:Archaic Greek
242:
238:
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228:
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137:
133:
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125:
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118:
114:
110:
90:
81:
74:
69:
63:
49:
48:Ancient Greek
41:Ὀλβία Ποντική
36:
30:
19:
4079:Odesa branch
3785:Dionysopolis
3755:Abonoteichos
3707:Pantikapaion
3297:Hybla Heraea
2633:Architecture
2589:Prostitution
2278:Aristophanes
2137:Philosophers
2107:Philosophers
1939:Spartan army
1670:(280–146 BC)
1658:(338–322 BC)
1652:(370–168 BC)
1640:(374–196 BC)
1634:(378–355 BC)
1616:(430–348 BC)
1610:(478–404 BC)
1604:(499–449 BC)
1291:Peloponnesus
1213:Roman Greece
1070:
1051:
1011:
993:
989:
972:
968:
947:
943:
923:
902:
874:
855:
840:
835:
819:
814:
800:
792:
784:
759:
736:
731:
706:
671:
667:
647:
621:
589:
565:
556:
553:Dio of Prusa
550:
515:
484:
465:
458:
450:
429:
413:
409:
369:
356:
348:
345:Southern Bug
332:
331:) or simply
301:Pontic Olbia
300:
299:
33:Pontic Olbia
29:
4221:Linguistics
4075:Archaeology
3933:Place names
3845:Salmydessus
3667:Kalos Limen
3647:Chersonesus
3637:Borysthenes
3342:Tauromenion
3154:Metapontion
2916:Proto-Greek
2869:Erechtheion
2864:Athena Nike
2826:Philippeion
2655:Mathematics
2626:and science
2509:Agriculture
2373:Stesichorus
2283:Bacchylides
2273:Archilochus
2160:Antisthenes
2150:Anaximander
2122:Seven Sages
2112:Playwrights
2092:Geographers
2087:Astronomers
1914:Pezhetairos
1541: 1100
1521:Federations
1420:Megalopolis
1357:City states
1332:City states
830:. Cf. p.146
682:. Page 510.
572:Gothic Wars
561:Borysthenes
524:'s general
498:shamanistic
476:Greek world
159: /
135:Coordinates
4251:Categories
4211:Literature
4148:Philosophy
3835:Polemonion
3712:Phanagoria
3682:Kimmerikon
3677:Kerkinitis
3662:Hermonassa
3652:Dioscurias
3548:Aspalathos
3495:Kalathousa
3470:Akra Leuke
3399:Phoenicusa
3184:Scylletium
3169:Poseidonia
3089:Brentesion
2976:Pamphylian
2971:Macedonian
2889:Samothrace
2874:Hephaestus
2821:Long Walls
2800:Structures
2741:Underworld
2687:Technology
2650:Literature
2584:Philosophy
2549:Euergetism
2438:By culture
2383:Thucydides
2225:Pythagoras
2220:Protagoras
2210:Parmenides
2195:Heraclitus
2180:Empedocles
2170:Democritus
2155:Anaximenes
2145:Anaxagoras
2097:Historians
1590: 595
1577: 550
1558: 800
1543: – c.
1471:Cappadocia
1276:Ionian Sea
1266:Hellespont
1231:Aegean Sea
828:0198148542
659:References
619:, Russia.
578:Excavation
486:M. L. West
268:Site notes
175:Settlement
147:31°54′13″E
144:46°41′33″N
4118:Sociology
4040:Economics
3921:in Epirus
3870:Trapezous
3815:Mesambria
3800:Eupatoria
3770:Apollonia
3765:Anchialos
3727:Theodosia
3697:Nymphaion
3687:Myrmekion
3657:Gorgippia
3613:Black Sea
3598:Tragurion
3583:Nymphaion
3568:Epidauros
3563:Epidamnos
3553:Apollonia
3530:Zacynthos
3452:Ptolemais
3446:Apollonia
3419:Cyrenaica
3409:Therassía
3404:Strongyle
3384:Ereikousa
3307:Leontinoi
3247:Apollonia
3124:Hipponion
2921:Mycenaean
2884:Parthenon
2816:Lion Gate
2719:Mythology
2682:Sculpture
2645:Astronomy
2579:Pederasty
2554:Festivals
2539:Education
2419:Lawgivers
2388:Timocreon
2368:Sophocles
2363:Simonides
2338:Philocles
2333:Panyassis
2328:Mimnermus
2293:Herodotus
2288:Euripides
2258:Aeschylus
2205:Leucippus
2165:Aristotle
1944:Strategos
1810:Synedrion
1764:Ostracism
1744:Areopagus
1696:Free city
1491:Macedonia
1375:Byzantion
1281:Macedonia
1246:Cyrenaica
1223:Geography
1157:Geography
793:Histories
789:Herodotus
605:Black Sea
546:Burebista
461:Herodotus
432:acropolis
384:Black Sea
372:colonists
347:estuary (
322:romanized
313:Ukrainian
291:Condition
230:Abandoned
130:, Ukraine
62:Ukrainian
3970:Category
3948:Theatres
3875:Tripolis
3810:Kerasous
3805:Heraclea
3737:Tyritake
3692:Nikonion
3603:Thronion
3525:Salauris
3480:Emporion
3437:Berenice
3427:Balagrae
3379:Euonymos
3352:Tyndaris
3337:Syracuse
3332:Selinous
3302:Kamarina
3257:Casmenae
3242:Akrillai
3159:Neápolis
3094:Caulonia
3075:Mainland
3006:Linear B
3001:Linear A
2931:Dialects
2908:Language
2702:Religion
2660:Medicine
2594:Religion
2559:Folklore
2544:Emporium
2519:Clothing
2514:Calendar
2398:Xenophon
2393:Tyrtaeus
2378:Theognis
2353:Polybius
2348:Plutarch
2323:Menander
2303:Hipponax
2230:Socrates
2185:Epicurus
2031:Diadochi
1929:Sciritae
1889:Hetairoi
1864:Ballista
1829:Military
1792:Gerousia
1782:Ekklesia
1749:Ecclesia
1731:Athenian
1679:Politics
1592:–279 BC)
1579:–366 BC)
1560:–389 BC)
1496:Pergamon
1466:Bithynia
1459:Kingdoms
1400:Pergamon
1342:Military
1337:Politics
1134:Timeline
627:See also
592:Parutyne
530:Skilurus
526:Zopyrion
472:dolphins
254:Cultures
124:Parutyne
120:Location
4068:and Law
3990:Outline
3943:Temples
3880:Zaliche
3860:Thèrmae
3850:Sesamus
3820:Odessos
3795:Cytorus
3790:Cotyora
3540:Illyria
3505:Mainake
3500:Kypsela
3389:Hycesia
3347:Thermae
3327:Segesta
3317:Messana
3272:Helorus
3252:Calacte
3232:Akragas
3194:Sybaris
3179:Rhegion
3134:Krimisa
3084:Alision
2993:Writing
2966:Locrian
2956:Epirote
2926:Homeric
2859:Artemis
2846:Temples
2787:Olympia
2757:Eleusis
2692:Theatre
2677:Pottery
2604:Warfare
2599:Slavery
2534:Economy
2529:Cuisine
2524:Coinage
2501:Society
2486:Culture
2481:Society
2429:Tyrants
2268:Alcaeus
2250:Authors
2200:Hypatia
2190:Gorgias
2127:Writers
1949:Toxotai
1919:Sarissa
1909:Peltast
1904:Phalanx
1884:Hoplite
1879:Hippeis
1802:Macedon
1774:Spartan
1759:Heliaia
1706:Proxeny
1415:Larissa
1410:Kerkyra
1405:Eretria
1395:Miletus
1390:Ephesus
1385:Corinth
1380:Chalcis
1301:Taurica
1171:Periods
1152:History
1054:, 1988.
806:"Olbia"
534:Scythia
518:Miletus
442:History
392:Scythia
382:on the
380:emporia
376:Miletus
353:Ukraine
349:Hypanis
324::
240:Periods
220:Founded
214:Miletus
209:Builder
204:History
3980:Portal
3928:People
3916:Cities
3855:Sinope
3840:Rhizos
3830:Phasis
3780:Bathus
3775:Athina
3760:Amisos
3722:Tanais
3717:Pityus
3642:Charax
3593:Pharos
3588:Orikon
3485:Helike
3475:Alonis
3442:Cyrene
3374:Didyme
3287:Himera
3262:Catana
3224:Sicily
3214:Thurii
3209:Terina
3174:Pixous
3129:Hydrus
3104:Croton
2936:Aeolic
2854:Aphaea
2777:Dodona
2762:Delphi
2731:Temple
2407:Others
2358:Sappho
2343:Pindar
2318:Lucian
2313:Ibycus
2298:Hesiod
2235:Thales
2003:Rulers
1982:People
1959:Xyston
1954:Xiphos
1815:Koinon
1721:Tyrant
1711:Stasis
1701:Koinon
1501:Pontus
1476:Epirus
1445:Sparta
1435:Rhodes
1430:Megara
1425:Thebes
1370:Athens
1296:Pontus
1261:Epirus
1251:Cyprus
1236:Aeolis
1079:
1059:
1019:
931:
910:
889:
847:
826:
795:, 4.19
772:
719:
678:
568:Moesia
544:under
468:Gorgon
425:Smyrna
398:Layout
388:Greece
339:of an
335:is an
328:Olviia
317:Ольвія
294:Ruined
180:Length
58:
55:Ольвія
44:
4173:Olbia
3938:Stoae
3906:Lists
3825:Oinòe
3748:coast
3746:South
3732:Tyras
3702:Olbia
3672:Kepoi
3625:coast
3623:North
3616:basin
3558:Aulon
3520:Rhode
3432:Barca
3322:Naxos
3277:Henna
3237:Akrai
3204:Taras
3189:Siris
3149:Medma
3144:Locri
3109:Cumae
3099:Chone
3077:Italy
2983:Koine
2961:Ionic
2951:Doric
2946:Attic
2767:Delos
2665:Music
2308:Homer
2263:Aesop
2215:Plato
2117:Poets
1787:Ephor
1739:Agora
1716:Tagus
1691:Boule
1440:Samos
1365:Argos
1271:Ionia
1256:Doris
1241:Crete
639:Notes
542:Getae
417:agora
374:from
333:Olbia
262:Roman
258:Greek
188:Width
115:Olbia
3865:Tium
3632:Akra
3573:Issa
3267:Gela
3139:Laüs
3114:Elea
2772:Dion
2624:Arts
2614:Wine
2240:Zeno
1837:Wars
1077:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1017:ISBN
929:ISBN
908:ISBN
887:ISBN
845:ISBN
824:ISBN
770:ISBN
717:ISBN
676:ISBN
196:Area
172:Type
4158:Law
2569:Law
998:doi
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952:doi
879:doi
766:250
713:251
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