Old Believers - Knowledge

2786: 69: 2210: 1963: 2042: 2805:, the Old Believer schism did not occur simply as a result of a few individuals with power and influence. The schism had complex causes, revealing historical processes and circumstances in 17th-century Russian society. Those who broke from the hierarchy of the official State Church had quite divergent views on church, faith, society, state power and social issues. Thus the collective term "Old Believers" groups together various movements within Russian society which actually had existed long before 1666–67. They shared a distrust of state power and of the episcopate, insisting upon the right of the people to arrange their own spiritual life, and expressing the ambition to aim for such control. 3197: 1677: 3177: 2341: 588: 3048: 3166: 3403: 2902:(1841–1911) referred to poetry. He argued, that if one converts a poem into prose, the contents of the poem may remain intact, but the poem will lose its charm and emotional impact; moreover, the poem will essentially no longer exist. In the case of religious rituals, form and contents do not just form two separable, autonomous entities, but connect with each other through complex relationships, including theological, psychological, phenomenal, aesthetic and historic dimensions. 1784:, and many bishops to Moscow. Some scholars allege that the visiting patriarchs each received both 20,000 rubles in gold and furs for their participation. This council officially established the reforms and anathematized not only all those opposing the innovations but the old Russian books and rites themselves as well. As a side-effect of condemning the past of the Russian Orthodox Church and her traditions, the innovations appeared to weaken the messianic theory depicting 1997: 3463: 1442: 1796:

rituals as erroneous, and even in some cases heretical, in comparison with their contemporary Greek equivalents. This went beyond the recommendation of Patriarch Paisios of Jerusalem, who suggested that differences in ritual did not of themselves indicate error, accepting the possibility that differences have developed over time. He urged Nikon to use discretion in attempting to enforce complete uniformity with Greek practice.

2838: 4832: 2923: 1660:, arrived in Moscow and tried to convince the tsar and Nikon that current Greek liturgical practices were authentically Orthodox and that Russian usages that differed from them were local innovations. This led to a heated debate between the visiting Greeks and many Russian clerics who believed that, by accepting the decrees of the 1664:, the Greek patriarchate had compromised its authority and forfeited any right to dictate to Russia on liturgical matters. Tsar Aleksei, Nikon and some of the Zealots of Piety decided that the best way to revitalise the Russian church was to conform with the usages of the Greek church and accept the authority of the 1761:

the service books contained internal inconsistencies, and had to be reprinted several times in quick succession. Rather than being revised according to ancient Slavonic and Greek manuscripts, the new liturgical editions had actually been translated from modern Greek editions printed in Catholic Venice.

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Petrov (1620 or 1621 to 1682), publicly denounced and rejected all ecclesiastical reforms. The State church anathematized both the old rites and books and those who wished to stay loyal to them at the synod of 1666. From that moment, the Old Believers officially lacked all civil rights. The State had

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Eastern Orthodoxy of the Greek Church, introducing various Greek reforms to the liturgy. Old Believers believe these reforms to be heretical, believing the pre-reform rites to be the authentic practices of the early church. Old Believer theology is characterized by this strict adherence to pre-reform

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Modern-day Old Believers live all over the world, having fled Russia under tsarist persecution and after the Russian Revolution of 1917. Some Old Believers are still transient throughout various parts of the world today. Significant established Old Believer communities exist in the United States and

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In the course of the polemics against Old Believers, the official Russian Orthodox Church often claimed the discrepancies, which emerged in the texts between the Russian and the Greek churches, as Russian innovations, errors, or arbitrary translations. This charge of "Russian innovation" re-appeared

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The Popovtsy represented the more moderate conservative opposition, those who strove to continue religious and church life as it had existed before the reforms of Nikon. They recognized ordained priests from the new-style Russian Orthodox church who joined the Old Believers and who had denounced the

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The incorrectly realized book revision by Nikon, owing to its speed, its range, its foreignness of sources and its offending character was bound to provoke protest, given the seriously assimilated, not only national but also the genuine orthodox identity of the Russian people. The protest was indeed

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It was not disputed by the reformers that the Russian texts should be corrected by reference to the most ancient Greek, but also Slavonic, manuscripts, although they also considered that many traditional Russian ceremonial practices were acceptable. In addition, the hastily published new editions of

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Changes were also often made arbitrarily in the texts. For example, wherever the books read 'Христосъ' , Nikon's assistants substituted 'Сынъ' , and wherever they read 'Сынъ' they substituted 'Христосъ'. Another example is that wherever the books read 'Церковь' , Nikon substituted 'Храмъ' and vice

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People often refer to the period from 1905 until 1917 as "the Golden Age of the Old Faith". One can regard the Act of 1905 as emancipating the Old Believers, who had until then occupied an almost illegal position in Russian society. Some restrictions for Old Believers continued: for example, they

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In the past the Old Believers' movement was often perceived as an obscure faith in rituals that led to the deaths of tens of thousands of ignorant people. Old Believers were accused of not being able to distinguish the important from the unimportant. To many people of that time, however, rituals

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was one of the very few alterations that could be seen as a genuine correction, rather than aligning the texts of Russian liturgical books and practices, customs and even vestments with the Greek versions that Nikon considered were universally applicable norms. Nikon also attacked Russian Church

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These aspects, play a role in the perception of these rituals by the faithful and in their spiritual lives. Considering the fact that Church rituals from their very beginning were intertwined with doctrinal truth, changing these rituals may have a tremendous effect on religious conscience and a

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Although all Old Believers groups emerged as a result of opposition to the Nikonite reform, they do not constitute a single monolithic body. Despite the emphasis on invariable adherence to the pre-Nikonite traditions, the Old Believers feature a great diversity of groups that profess different

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and other liturgical books with their Greek counterparts. Monasteries from all over Russia received requests to send examples to Moscow to have them subjected to a comparative analysis. Such a task would have taken many years of conscientious research and could hardly have given an unambiguous

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Centuries of persecution and the nature of their origin have made some Old Believers culturally conservative. Some Old Believers consider any pre-Nikonite Orthodox Russian practice or artifact as exclusively theirs, denying that the Russian Orthodox Church has any claims upon a history before

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Today's readers might perceive these alterations as trivial, but the faithful of that time saw rituals and dogmas as strongly interconnected: church rituals had from the beginning represented and symbolized doctrinal truth. The authorities imposed the reforms in an autocratic fashion, with no

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By the middle of the 17th century, Greek and Russian Church officials, including Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, had noticed discrepancies between contemporary Russian and Greek usages. They reached the conclusion that the Russian Orthodox Church had, as a result of errors of incompetent copyists,

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Both the popovtsy and bespopovtsy, although theologically and psychologically two different teachings, manifested spiritual, eschatological and mystical tendencies throughout Russian religious thought and church life. One can also emphasize the schism's position in the political and cultural

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Nikon, who joined in 1649. Their original aim was to revitalise the parishes through effective preaching, the orderly celebration of the liturgy, and enforcement of the church's moral teachings. To ensure that the liturgy was celebrated correctly, its original and authentic form had to be

3292:, Australia, for many years until many families left the area in the early 2000s. Communities also have been established in many parts of South America, including Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia and Argentina, where they moved after having found refuge in China between the 1920s and the 1950s. 1704:

than that which was used in the current Greek books, which had been revised over the centuries, and contained innovations. Nikon wanted to have the same rite in the Russian tsardom as those ethnically Slavic lands, then the territories of Ukraine and Belarus, that were then part of the

1653:. During his time in Novgorod, Nikon began to develop his view that the responsibility for the spiritual health of Russia lay with senior church leaders, not the tsar. When he became patriarch, he started to reorganise the church's administration so it was wholly under his own control. 2613:, i.e. "people of the same faith"; collective, единоверчество; often referred to as Orthodox Old Ritualists, православные старообрядцы): Agreed to become a part of the official Russian Orthodox Church while saving the old rites. First appearing in 1800, the Edinovertsy come under the 548:'s Edict of Tolerance in 1905. The total number of Old Believers at the beginning of the 20th century is difficult to estimate, as many still feared persecution for admitting their faith, but contemporary sources put the total between 10 to 20 million. Persecution was renewed in the 2817:, and attempts to subordinate the Church to the state. Nevertheless, the Old Believers sought above all to defend and preserve the purity of the Orthodox faith, embodied in the old rituals, which inspired many to strive against Patriarch Nikon's church reforms even unto death. 2147:

signed an act of religious freedom that ended the persecution of all religious minorities in Russia. The Old Believers gained the right to build churches, to ring church bells, to hold processions and to organize themselves. It became prohibited to refer to Old Believers as

2363:, adherence to the old rituals and the old faith. More radical movements which already existed prior to the reforms of Nikon and where eschatological and anti-clerical sentiments were predominant, would join the bezpopovtsy Old Believers. The Bezpopovtsy claimed that any 1799:

Nevertheless, both patriarch and tsar wished to carry out their reforms, although their endeavors may have had as much or more political motivation as religious; several authors on this subject point out that Tsar Aleksei, encouraged by his military success in the

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revoking the anathemas, asking forgiveness from the Old Believers. Under their auspices, the first efforts to make the prayer and service books of the Old Believers available in English were made. Nevertheless, most Old Believer communities have not returned to

3829: 1808:. They also mention the role of the Near-East patriarchs, who actively supported the idea of the Russian Tsar becoming the liberator of all Orthodox Christians and who suggested that Patriarch Nikon might become the new Patriarch of Constantinople. 2950:

with the Sign of the Cross, while New Ritualists use the Sign of the Cross as a Trinitarian symbol. This makes for a significant difference between the two branches of Russian Orthodoxy, and one of the most noticeable (see the picture of Boyarynya

2946:(the pointer finger straight, middle finger slightly bent) while new-style Orthodoxy uses two fingers and the thumb for the sign of cross (the thumb and two fingers are held together at point, two fingers folded). Old Ritualists generally say the 1594:, a Russian church council in 1551, whose decrees formed the basis of Orthodox ritual and liturgy in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. This synod condemned many popular religious practices; among other things, it forbade the practice of 4100:"Nikon's correctors made such a lot mistakes in the new editions, which were so absurd and awkward, that it gave ground to maintain that Nikon had said to the head corrector: 'Revise, Arseny, just anyway, if only it doesn't look as before. 2913:

However, Russian economic history of the late 19th and early 20th centuries reveals the Old-Believer merchant families as more flexible and more open to innovations while creating factories and starting the first Russian industries.

2777:) but nevertheless took up serious study of the causes and background of the reforms and of the resulting schism. Their research revealed that the official explanation regarding the old Russian books and rites was unsustainable. 2249:

obtained their own hierarchy in the 1920s. The priestist Old Believers thus manifest as two churches which share the same beliefs, but which treat each other's hierarchy as illegitimate. Popovtsy have priests, bishops and all

2785: 2761:, a specialist on Russian ecclesiastical culture. Golubinsky, Dmitriyevsky, Kartashov and Kapterev, amongst others, demonstrated that the rites, rejected and condemned by the church reforms, were genuine traditions of 4710:.: Consists of the liturgy of the Old Believers (a.k.a. Old Ritualists), as also now authorized for use in parishes of the canonical Russian Orthodox Church; texts in Russian and English on facing pages. Without ISBN 1749:, and a pamphlet justifying his liturgical changes. The new psalter and missal altered the most frequently used words and visible gestures in the liturgy, including the pronunciation of Christ's name and making the 560:

reforms of the Soviet Union. In the early 21st century, the number of Old Believers is estimated to be between 2 to 3 million, mostly in Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, and the United States.

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Remarkably, the scholars who opened the new avenues for re-evaluation of the reform by the Russian Church themselves held membership in the official church (A. V. Kapterev, for instance, was a professor at the

2238:, to become an Old Believer and to consecrate three Russian Old Believer priests as bishops. In 1859, the number of Old Believer bishops in Russia reached ten and they established their own episcopate, the 2929:, the first Russian saints (early 14th century icon of the Moscow school). The Old Believers only recognize saints who were canonized before the Schism, although they do have their own saints, such as 2021:). However, after the deposition of Patriarch Nikon (1658), who presented too strong a challenge to the tsar's authority, a series of church councils officially endorsed Nikon's liturgical reforms. 3141:. Perhaps the highest concentration of older established Old Believer communities, with foundations dating back hundreds of years, can be found concentrated in Eastern Siberia, specifically the 1506:

In doing so, according to the Old Believers, Nikon acted without adequate consultation with the clergy and without gathering a council. After the implementation of these revisions, the Church

463:, producing a division in Eastern Europe between the Old Believers and those who followed the state church in its condemnation of the Old Rite. Russian speakers refer to the schism itself as 4521:"After prolonged and serious training, the Council of the Metropolitanate decided to take protopresbyter Joachim Kiimbu into the bosom of the Church as the second rank in the existing rank" 1598:. In addition, while stressing the need for accurate copying of sacred documents, it also approved of traditional Russian liturgical practices that differed from contemporary Greek ones. 2621:, abbreviated as ROCOR – have come into communion under different circumstances and retain being old believers in the traditional context and retain the use of the pre-Nikonite rituals. 2821:

expressed the very essence of their faith. Old Believers hold that the preservation of a certain "microclimate" that enables the salvation of one's soul requires not only living by the

1709:, to attract local Orthodox rebels. Their rite was closer to the Greek than that in the Muscovite realm. Nikon did not accept the existence of two different rites in the same church. 4298: 4886: 1521:

Those who maintained fidelity to the existing rite endured severe persecutions from the end of the 17th century until the beginning of the 20th century as "Schismatics" (Russian:

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continued throughout the 15th century and, because of its slow implementation, met with little resistance—unlike Nikon's reforms, conducted with abruptness and violence.

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Without waiting for the completion of any comparative analysis, Nikon overrode the decrees of the Stoglavy Synod and ordered the printing of new editions of the Russian

1753:. In addition, the overbearing manner in which he forced the changes through turned Avvakum and others of the Zealots of Piety against him. Their protests led to their 3695: 755: 541:(the priestless ones); the Popovtsy accept priests ordained by the reformed Russian Church, while the Bespopovtsy reject any priest ordained after Nikonite reforms. 4821:

All these works come from scholars and scientists, none of them Old Believers, except for Melnikov (an Old-Believer apologist) and Urushev (a religious historian).

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The critical evaluation of the sources and of the essence of the church reforms began only in the 1850s, with the groundbreaking work of several church historians,

2136:(reigned 1825–1855). The Russian synodal state church and the state authorities often saw Old Believers as dangerous elements and as a threat to the Russian state. 2714:(Rus. "eye of the church"). This pre-Nikonite version, based on the Moscow printed editions of 1610, 1633 and 1641, continues to be used by modern Old Believers. 2007:

depicting Christ giving a blessing. Two digits appear straightened, three folded. The Old Believers regard this as the proper way of making the sign of the Cross.

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rite performed otherwise (for example through pouring or sprinkling, as the Russian Orthodox Church has occasionally accepted since the 18th century). (See

2435:: "Society of Christian Old Believers of the Old Pomortsy Unmarried Confession" (1690s until present); deny marriage and practice cloister-style asceticism. 4690:

Stefanie Scherr, 2013 : "'As soon as we got here we lost everything': the migration memories and religious lives of the old believers in Australia |

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The Old Believers fiercely rejected all innovations, and the most radical among them maintained that the official Church had fallen into the hands of the

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Living Traditions of Russian Faith: Books & Manuscripts of the Old Believers : an Exhibition at the Library of Congress, May 31 – June 29, 1990.

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to conquer West Russian provinces and Ukraine, developed ambitions of becoming the liberator of the Orthodox areas which at that time formed part of the

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from then until 1658, introduced a number of ritual and textual revisions with the aim of achieving uniformity between the practices of the Russian and

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belief, as well as the church and state's mass persecution of the Old Believers, many fled to establish colonies and monasteries in the wilderness. No

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Old Believer churches in Russia currently have started restoration of their property, although Old Believers face many difficulties in claiming their

4706:. Trans. and ed. by Pimen Simon, Theodore Jurewics, German Ciuba. Erie, Penn.: Russian Orthodox Church of the Nativity of Christ (Old Rite), 1986. 3332:

in the end of the 17th century. Currently, there are 2,605 Old Believers in Estonia according to the 2011 census. They live mostly in villages from

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After 1685, a period of persecutions began, including both torture and executions. Many Old Believers fled Russia altogether, particularly for the

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Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia and Ukraine in the age of the Counter-Reformation in The Cambridge History of Christianity Vol.5, Eastern Christianity

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The numerous changes in both texts and rites occupied approximately 400 pages. Old Believers present the following as the most crucial changes:

4881: 4777: 4086: 2375:. Therefore, the true church of Christ had ceased to exist on Earth, and the Bezpopovtsy therefore renounced priests and all sacraments except 483: 2769:, were demonstrated to have preserved earlier Byzantine practices, being closer to the earlier Byzantine texts than some later Greek customs. 2585:"Netovtsy" or Saviour's Confession: denied the possibility of celebrating sacraments and praying in churches; the name comes from the Russian 4367: 2455:

i.e. chapel), a Siberian branch. The Chasovennye initially had priests, but later decided to change to a priest-less practice. Also known as

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as of 2006. Old Believers arrived in Alaska, US, in the second half of the 20th century, helping to revive a shrinking Orthodox population.

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The thumb, ring and little fingers held together, and the extended index and middle fingers touching, with the middle finger slightly bent

4302: 2456: 1463: 4744:/ Dmitrievskij A.A.: The correction of books under Patriarch Nikon and Patriarchs after him. Moscow, "Jazyki slavjanskoj kul'tury", 2004 4425: 2472:

Apart from these major groups, many smaller groups have emerged and became extinct at various times since the end of the 17th century:

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Apology of the Old Belief. An outsider's view: the Old Belief through the eyes of non-Old Believers, p. 108. Moscow, 2006 (in Russian)

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new priests, meaning the anti-reform priesthood would quickly vanish. This dilemma led to the split among the Old Believers into the

4782:/ Kapterev N.F.: "Character of the relationships between Russia and the orthodox East in the 16th and 17th centuries", Moscow, 1914 4857: 3646: 4901: 4125: 3787: 3069: 2618: 1560: 1456: 829: 728: 3671: 2698:

In the course of the 15th—17th centuries, Russian scribes continued to insert some Studite material into the general shape of

2691:—originally, an adaptation of the Studite liturgy to the customs of Palestinian monasteries. The process of gradual change of 2441:: Named after their founder, Filipp. They were repressed by the Russian Government and so, the Fillipovtsy started practicing 2033:

the most active Old Believers arrested, and executed several of them (including Archpriest Avvakum) some years later in 1682.

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Opponents of the ecclesiastical reforms of Nikon emerged among all strata of the people and in relatively large numbers (see

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The thumb, index finger and middle finger are held together while the ring finger and little finger are tucked into the palm

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Nikon. Upon Nikon's elevation to the patriarchal throne, he and the tsar hoped to revitalize the Russian Church through the

3012:, instead of five as in new-rite Russian Orthodoxy or a single large prosphoron, as sometimes done by the Greeks and Arabs. 1595: 1556: 733: 4692:'As soon as we got here we lost everything': the migration memories and religious lives of the old believers in Australia 4202: 2057:, where the community exists to this day. Old Believers became the dominant denomination in many regions, including the 2209: 1706: 1409: 4691: 4113: 2881: 2790: 1754: 4758:, Москва, 1913 / Kapterv N.F.: "Patriarch Nikon and his opponents in the correction of church rituals", Moscow, 1913 3620: 2863: 3443: 3384: 2270: 1801: 1351: 1128: 666: 175: 165: 4408: 4341: 3872: 2165:

interpretations of the church tradition and often are not in communion with each other. Some groups even practice

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of its own that had significantly deviated from the Greek originals. Thus, the Russian Orthodox Church had become

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Russian piety and Orthodox culture 1380–1589 in The Cambridge History of Christianity Vol.5, Eastern Christianity

1962: 1781: 1421: 816: 2041: 4891: 4836: 2848: 2481:(beginning of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries; extinct): from the name of the merchant Aristov; 1657: 2974:

Old Believers reject any changes and emendations of liturgical texts and rituals introduced by the reforms of

2680: 577: 17: 3495: 3415: 2408: 2012: 1788:. Instead of the guardian of Orthodox faith, Moscow seemed an accumulation of serious liturgical mistakes. 1777: 1140: 198: 4803:. Барнаул, 1999 / Melnikov F.I.: "Short history of the Old orthodox (Old ritualist) Church", Barnaul, 1999 4623:

Pokrovsii. N.N. “Western Siberian Scriptoria and Binderies: Ancient Traditions Among the Old Believers.”

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liturgical practices. At the end of the 11th century, the efforts of St. Theodosius of the Caves in Kiev (

2152:(schismatics), as they were under Catherine the Great—reigned 1762–1796, a name they consider insulting. 3484: 3433: 2754: 2289: 1769: 1712:

Supported by Tsar Aleksei, Nikon carried out some preliminary liturgical reforms. In 1652, he convened a

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The Old Believers in Imperial Russia: Oppression, Opportunism and Religious Identity in Tsarist Moscow

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R. O. Crummey (2008). "Eastern Orthodoxy in Russia and Ukraine in the age of the Counter-Reformation".

3929: 3527: 3476: 3314:, are descendants of the Old Believers who left Russia in around 1740 to avoid religious persecutions. 2774: 2227: 2143:

passed an act that allowed Old Believers to practise their faith openly without interference. In 1905,

2002: 1535:, who reigned from 1762 to 1796. Those who adopted new liturgical practices started to call themselves 4494: 4160:

The Old Believers in Imperial Russia: Oppression, Opportunism and Religious Identity in Tsarist Moscow

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traditions, as well as the belief that the reformed church's heresy is coeval with the arrival of the

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Boyaryna Morozova showing two fingers, painting by Surikov – detail, sketch 04 from Tretyakov gallery

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through three full immersions, in agreement with the Greek practice, but reject the validity of any

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and All Rus', the Studite liturgical practices were gradually replaced in Russia with the so-called

2545:"Grandmother's confession" or the Self-baptized: practiced self-baptism or the baptism by midwives ( 2187:

priests of the old rite would have soon become extinct. Two responses appeared to this dilemma: the

4751:, том I и II, Москва 2006 / Zenkovsky S.A.: "Russia's Old Believers", volumes I and II, Moscow 2006 3111: 2660:(essentially, a guide-book for liturgical and monastic life) reflected the traditions of the urban 2054: 1785: 1300: 1103: 723: 656: 2265:—The largest popovtsy denomination. One can refer to the Russian part of this denomination as the 4198: 3536: 3500: 3090:

rights for their churches. Moscow has churches for all the most important Old Believer branches:

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global: the episcopate, the clergy, both regular and monastic, the laity and the ordinary people.

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between 1652 and 1666. Resisting the accommodation of Russian piety to the contemporary forms of

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Small hidden communities have been found in the Russian Far North (specifically remote areas of

1614:, Stefan Vonifatiev, sponsored a group, mainly composed of non-monastic clergy and known as the 1503:

and texts, ordered an adjustment of the Russian rites to align with the Greek ones of his time.

4876: 3808: 3517: 3262: 1579:, observing church festivals and marking births, marriages, and deaths with Orthodox rituals. 1281: 1165: 897: 740: 713: 31: 2347:(Russian Old Believers) during a ceremony in front of their church in the Romanian village of 1630:

established, but the way that Nikon did this caused disputes between him and other reformers.

4659:———————— (1956), "The Old Believer Avvakum", 3196: 2661: 2231: 2144: 2102: 1694: 1638: 1568: 1496: 1428: 1305: 1271: 1251: 1187: 750: 718: 673: 136: 124: 35: 3019:

verse after the psalmody twice rather than the three times mandated by the Nikonite reforms.

1175: 4789:, Париж, 1959 / Kartašov A.V.: "Outlines of the history of the Russian church", Paris, 1959 3214: 2372: 2274: 2181: 2133: 1559:, but resident in Moscow, by a council of Russian bishops in 1448 without consent from the 1325: 1192: 1118: 1113: 1098: 1006: 947: 932: 912: 877: 745: 4562:

The Old Believers & The World Of Antichrist; The Vyg Community & The Russian State

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officially converted the Eastern Slavs to Christianity in 988, and the people had adopted

1676: 8: 4595: 4430: 3490: 3468: 3091: 3065: 2140: 1661: 1650: 1642: 1532: 1500: 1446: 1394: 1339: 1320: 1197: 1038: 1033: 996: 844: 760: 502: 494: 3621:"Tieslietu ministrijā iesniegtie reliģisko organizāciju pārskati par darbību 2011. gadā" 1975:

reforms would have objected as much to the manner of imposition as to the alterations.

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played a major role in the creation of the denomination and remains as the seat of the

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revoked the anathemas imposed on the Old Believers in the 17th century. In 1974, the

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Take up your Cross: most influential persons and events in the history of Old Belief

2348: 2340: 3887: 3544: 3480: 3218: 3185: 3170: 3150: 3133:) and various regions of Siberia, especially concentrated in the areas between the 3026:

singing as the new-style Russian practice, but only the monodic, unison singing of

3016: 2750: 2738: 2673: 2317: 2078: 1928: 1615: 1607: 1576: 1414: 1261: 1123: 1068: 1043: 798: 487: 129: 4796:, I–VIII, Москва, 1956–1959 / Ključevskij I.P.: "Works", I–VIII, Moscow, 1956–1959 4448: 4261: 4172: 2313:; in some places, they had no priests and so belonged to the Bezpopovtsy (extinct) 4861: 4412: 3329: 3325: 3134: 3052: 3031: 2986:, striving to preserve intact the "pre-Nikonite" practices of the Russian Church. 2979: 2975: 2746: 2706:, used by the Russian Orthodox Church, and the pre-Nikonite Russian recension of 2622: 2442: 2382:

The Bezpopovtsy movement has many sub-groups. Bezpopovtsy have no priests and no

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The unrevised Muscovite service-books derived from a different, and older, Greek

1690: 1484: 1315: 1290: 1214: 1088: 1022: 952: 526: 234: 4323: 2793:(beginning of the 20th century), the oldest centre of the priestly Old Believers 4680: 3532: 3266: 3258: 3080: 3027: 3005: 2926: 2898:

prevailing over form. To illustrate this issue, the renowned Russian historian

2814: 2665: 2645: 2626: 2500: 2118: 2106: 2070: 1805: 1735: 1681: 1591: 1583: 1404: 1399: 1389: 1266: 1001: 942: 917: 854: 849: 834: 708: 479: 452: 244: 4724:, Москва, 1900 / Golubinskij EE: "History of the Russian Church", Moscow, 1900 4207: 4045:

Russia, Ritual and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century

3999:

Russia, Ritual and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century

3891: 3047: 2629:, is a proponent of edinoverie, since it combines Apostolic succession of the 2245:

Not all popovtsy Old Believers recognized this hierarchy. Dissenters known as

1531:). They became known as "Old Ritualists", a name introduced under the empress 4870: 4616:

Russia—Ritual and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century

3899: 3522: 3506: 3341: 3250: 3234: 3181: 3138: 3130: 2822: 2810: 2566: 2303: 2218: 2128:(reigned 1682–1725) (Old Believers had to pay double taxation and a separate 2094: 1792: 1634: 1343: 1209: 974: 937: 907: 902: 3512: 3311: 3285: 3154: 2947: 2826: 2416: 2121:

said that they belonged to one of the Old Believer branches (census data).

2098: 2086: 1382: 824: 787: 698: 529:, who was banished to a monastery), so the Old Believers had no ability to 1996: 3624: 3409: 3349: 3142: 3119: 3087: 2488: 2460: 2448: 2432: 2195: 1724: 1518:

itself, as well as those who were reluctant to pass to the revised rite.

1276: 1246: 1224: 1083: 1028: 991: 966: 688: 614: 557: 545: 538: 518: 209: 190: 3788:"Kazakhstan: Russian Old Believers Cling to Faith amid Uncertain Future" 3592: 2589:"no", since they have "no" sacraments, "no" churches, "no" priests, etc. 1499:

churches. Nikon, having noticed discrepancies between Russian and Greek

4553:

Shevchenko I., "Ideological Repercussions of the Council of Florence",

4546:

Cherniavsky, M.: "The Reception of the Council of Florence in Moscow",

4405: 4142: 3696:"Population by religious community to which they attributed themselves" 3600: 3353: 3300: 3242: 3023: 2998: 2960: 2956: 2614: 2599: 2532: 2438: 2360: 2356: 2184: 2166: 2025: 1918: 1619: 1013: 812: 693: 634: 629: 511: 506: 180: 3030:. In this respect it represents a tradition that parallels the use of 4126:"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 3540: 3009: 2994: 2825:, but also carefully preserving Church tradition, which contains the 2514: 2383: 2255: 2251: 2129: 2109:

self-declared as Old Believers or other denominations split from the

1972: 1923: 1903: 1701: 1633:

In 1646, Nikon first met Tsar Aleksei, who immediately appointed him

1626: 1611: 1488: 1256: 1048: 703: 639: 553: 544:

The widespread persecution of Old Believers came to an end with Tsar

4756:Патриарх Никон и его противники в деле исправления церковныx обрядов 2866:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2124:

Government oppression could vary from relatively moderate, as under

2113:. By the 1910s, in the last Imperial Russian census just before the 1791:

It is argued that changing the wording of the eighth article of the

1590:

throughout the Muscovite realm. This resulted in the holding of the

1582:

The main objectives of reformers in the 16th century, many from the

4734:/ "Contribution to our polemic with the Old believers", ČOIDR, 1905 4262:"Vladimir Basenkov. Getting To Know the Old Believers: How We Pray" 3419: 3392: 3368: 3307: 3246: 3146: 3115: 3095: 2922: 2344: 2325: 2235: 2214: 2189: 2082: 1646: 1572: 1507: 624: 619: 534: 456: 157: 4669:———————— (1967) , 3718:"Table 8.11 Population (urban, rural) by Age and Religious Belief" 2829:

power and knowledge of past centuries, embodied in external forms.

2702:. This explains the differences between the modern version of the 2542:): second half of the 18th century, a spin-off of the Fillipovtsy. 1971:

consultation of the subject people. Those who reacted against the

4764:Характер отношений России к православному востоку в XVI и XVII вв 4762:———————— (1914), 4738:———————— (2004), 4728:———————— (1905), 3976:. Vol. 5: Eastern Christianity. Cambridge University Press. 3462: 3333: 3318: 2990: 2983: 2930: 2554: 2549:), since a valid priesthood—in their opinion—had ceased to exist; 2531:): refused to use money and passports (as containing the seal of 2376: 2177: 2090: 2074: 2029: 1742: 1718: 1622: 1587: 1441: 1078: 678: 436: 3924:

S. Rock (2008). "Russian piety and Orthodox culture 1380–1589".

4831: 4368:"Old Believers preserve rare Russian dialects in South America" 3483:

Church, founded for similar reasons when it split off from the

3372: 3345: 3289: 3281: 3230: 3189: 2574: 2412: 2364: 2058: 2018: 1746: 922: 530: 522: 465: 440: 272: 4808:Возьми крест свой: история старообрядчества в событиях и лицах 4740:Исправление книг при патриархе Никоне и последующих патриархах 4106:

Kratkaja istorija drevlepravoslavnoj (staroobradčeskoj) cerkvi

4651:

Zenkovsky, Serge A.: "The ideology of the Denisov brothers",

4392: 3356:

Island. Their proximity to Lake Peipus gives them their name

3337: 3074: 2355:

The Bezpopovtsy rejected "the World" where they believed the

2169:

before admitting a member of another group into their midst.

2066: 1846: 1833: 1765: 1713: 4801:Краткая история древлеправославной (старообрядческой) церкви 2617:

of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate –

2423:). Initially they rejected marriage and prayer for the Tsar. 3169:

Russian Old Believers, 1 of 14 congregations in and around

3157:, fled later into the wild to avoid Communist persecution. 2722:

treatises and catecheses, including, for example, those by

2559: 2510: 2172:

Since none of the bishops joined the Old Believers, except

491: 34:. For the album by Cory Chisel and The Wandering Sons, see 4848: 4342:"La "colonia de los barbudos", un clan aislado en Uruguay" 3743:"At least 15-year-old persons by religion, sex and place" 2509:

confession (troparschiki): a group that commemorated the

2234:

bishop whom Turkish pressure had removed from his see at

2105:, 2,204,596 people, about 1.75% of the population of the 1757:

and exile and, in some cases, imprisonment or execution.

4445:"24 'old believers' settle in Primorye: Voice of Russia" 4324:"Alaska Economic Trends November 2002: the Delta region" 2028:. The Old Believers, under the leadership of Archpriest 1982:

According to a source sympathetic to the Old Believers:

4887:

Christian denominations established in the 17th century

4246:, (4 Volumes), J.M. Dent/E.P. Dutton, London/NY, 1911. 2213:

Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church paschal procession in

1716:

and exhorted the clergy on the need to compare Russian

1571:. By then, apart from Muslim and Jewish minorities and 3083:

with the majority of Orthodox Christianity worldwide.

2633:, while preserving pre-Nikonite liturgical tradition. 2569:): practised a peculiar lay "quasi-Eucharistic" rite; 2359:

reigned; they preached the imminent end of Creation,

2117:, approximately ten percent of the population of the 1883:(And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life) 1730:

result, given the complex development of the Russian

3809:"Azerbaijan is a model of coexistence for the world" 3458: 2679:

At the end of the 14th century, through the work of

2386:. Priestless churches, however, may elect a mentor ( 2316:

There have also been Old Believer members, like Fr.

1734:

over the previous centuries and the lack of textual

4208:"Время может быть обращено вспять. Александр Дугин" 3672:"What does the 2011 census tell us about religion?" 3613: 3367:Two Old Believer missions have been established in 2636: 2371:who had ever used the Nikonite Rites had forfeited 4842: 2967:, as these parts of the body are used to make the 2963:is used to keep one's face and hands clean during 2562:and prayed to the East through a hole in the wall; 4462: 4038: 4036: 4034: 3990: 2487:(extinct in the twentieth century): emerged from 2429:Staropomortsy, or "Old Pomortsy": reject marriage 1641:in Moscow. In 1649, Nikon was consecrated as the 490:. This group of church reformers gathered around 475:), etymologically indicating a "cleaving-apart". 4868: 4136: 3590: 2676:and was accepted throughout the Russian lands. 2672:predominated throughout the western part of the 2625:, sociologist and a former strategic adviser to 2520:Daniel's confession of the "partially married" ( 2426:Novopomortsy, or "New Pomortsy": accept marriage 501:in the late 1630s, and also included the future 4855:Old Believers in North America — a bibliography 3399:Old-Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church of Fedoseevtsy 3317:There are approximately 3,000 Old Believers in 2942:Old Believers use two fingers while making the 2445:as a means for the "preservation of the faith". 2156:were forbidden from joining the civil service. 4634:, Cambridge University University Press, 2008 4031: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 2982:translation of the Greek texts, including the 2894:The Old Believers reject the idea of contents 2306:(extinct, now the Russian Old-Orthodox Church) 4618:, Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press 4276: 4042: 3996: 3971: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3288:of New Zealand. A large community existed in 2608: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2159: 1542: 1536: 1526: 1464: 470: 51: 4737: 4495:"Mission of the Old-Rite Church in Pakistan" 4426:Saving the souls of Russia's exiled Lipovans 4393:Slavo-Georgian (Iberian) Old-Orthodox Church 4282: 4253: 3873:"Traditional Culture and the Old Ritualists" 1563:initiated the effective independence of the 478:The leaders of the Old Believers, including 4727: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3946: 3919: 3917: 3764:"Population and the demographic structure1" 3295:Old Believer communities are also found in 2335: 1625:as a founder-member, as well as the future 4776:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4613: 4501:. The Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church 4406:Kazakhstan's Old Believers Keep the Faith. 4085:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3840: 2757:. Research was continued later mainly by 2741:, A. K. Borozdin, N. Gibbenet and, later, 2404:) to lead the community and its services. 2269:(the "Belokrinitsky Agreement") or as the 2226:Nikonite reforms. In 1846, they convinced 1881:; И в Духа Свѧтаго, Господа Животворѧщаго 1547:, 'those believing rightly', 'orthodox'). 1471: 1457: 144:and Novozybkovskaya hierarchies (Popovtsy) 4849:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church of Lithuania 4678: 4668: 4658: 4468: 3428:Union of Old Believer Parishes in Estonia 3425:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church of Lithuania 2978:. Thus they continue to use the previous 2882:Learn how and when to remove this message 1940:(alleluia alleluia, glory to Thee, o God) 1575:subject peoples, the Russian people were 4761: 4585:, I. B. Tauris, 2018 ISBN 978-1784538927 4487: 4259: 4162:, I. B. Tauris, 2018 ISBN 978-0755601325 4067: 4015: 3914: 3378: 3195: 3175: 3164: 3046: 2989:Old Believers only recognize performing 2921: 2784: 2491:, supported the use of the inscription " 2339: 2208: 2040: 1995: 1961: 1675: 1193:Postliberal • Narrative 4365: 4333: 3923: 2411:or Danilovtsy (not to be confused with 1656:In 1649, a Greek delegation, headed by 1610:(r. 1645–1676), the young tsar and his 30:For the political party in Latvia, see 14: 4897:History of the Russian Orthodox Church 4869: 4648:Washington: Library of Congress, 1990. 3102:official center), a cathedral for the 3070:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 2619:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 2279:Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia. 2202: 1561:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1062:From the Reformation to the World Wars 4882:17th-century establishments in Russia 4644:Smith, Abby, and Vladimir Budaragin. 4475:Smithsonian Journeys Travel Quarterly 4339: 4287:. Chemaninus Free Press. p. 267. 4149:(New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), 294. 3974:The Cambridge History of Christianity 3928:. Vol. 5: Eastern Christianity. 3926:The Cambridge History of Christianity 3584: 2718:repeatedly in the textbooks and anti- 2045:A map of Old Believer settlements in 1938:Аллилуїа, аллилуїа, слава Тебѣ, Боже 610:Diversity in early Christian theology 3910:– via Peeters Online Journals. 3880:Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 3870: 3042: 2831: 2753:. The last four were members of the 2652:, d. 1074) introduced the so-called 2273:. The Old Rite community founded at 1601: 308:Regions with significant populations 4742:, Москва: Языки славянской культуры 4571:, Cambridge University Press, 2008 4471:"Tracing Alaska's Russian Heritage" 4260:Basenkov, Vladimir (10 June 2017). 4001:. St Vladimir's Press. p. 42. 3535:— a denominational movement within 2917: 2809:background of its time: increasing 2036: 1811: 1671: 1557:Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia 1510:and suppressed—with the support of 459:, together with their ritual, in a 447:as they were before the reforms of 24: 4730:К нашей полемике со старообрядцами 4697: 4128:. November 5, 2010. Archived from 3324:Old Believers from Russia fled to 3200:A Russian Old Believers Church in 3180:Inside an Old Believers church in 2193:(поповцы, "with priests") and the 1697:with the other Orthodox churches. 152:Independent councils (Bezpopovtsy) 25: 4913: 4824: 4329:. AK, US: Labor State Department. 3160: 2180:, who was put to death for this, 2081:. The 40,000-strong community of 1550: 525:opposed Nikon's reforms (besides 486:, were originally members of the 4843:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 4830: 4810:. Барнаул, 2009. / Urushev D.A. 4787:Очерки по истории русской церкви 4073:Очерки по истории русской церкви 4070:Očerki po istorii russkoj cerkvi 3461: 3444:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 3385:Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church 2836: 2801:points out in his standard work 2637:Validity of the reformist theory 2271:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 1440: 1352:Indigenous church mission theory 667:Template:History of Christianity 586: 176:Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church 166:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church 67: 4685:, vol. XVI, pp. 37–58 4671:Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia 4513: 4437: 4418: 4398: 4385: 4359: 4340:Rojas, Daniel (27 March 2016). 4316: 4291: 4236: 4223: 4214: 4191: 4165: 4152: 4118: 4094: 4061: 3864: 3822: 3801: 3558: 3051:Old Believer church outside of 2906:severe impact on the faithful. 2565:Melchisedecs (in Moscow and in 2467: 2328:, who would also be classed as 2103:Imperial Russian census of 1897 1782:Patriarch Paisios of Alexandria 564: 455:worship, these Christians were 4902:17th-century Eastern Orthodoxy 4147:Catherine the Great: A Profile 3780: 3756: 3735: 3710: 3688: 3664: 3639: 2593: 2503:, which other groups rejected; 2415:) originated in North Russia ( 1906:in the Liturgy and Artoclasia 1707:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1684:of the Russian Orthodox Church 1658:Patriarch Paisios of Jerusalem 302:(including Lipovans, Molokans) 13: 1: 4714: 4540: 4469:Montaigne, Fen (2016-07-07). 3551: 2780: 2733:, and theologians, including 2681:Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev 2288:Novozybkovskaya hierarchy or 1869:(And in the Holy Spirit, the 4663:, vol. I, pp. 1–51 4177:Lac La Biche Regional Museum 4028:Kapterev, N. F., 1913, 1914. 3861:Zenkovskiy S.A., 1995, 2006. 3623:(in Latvian). Archived from 3547:since the early 20th century 3496:Continuing Anglican movement 3416:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church 3145:region in desolate areas of 3059: 2755:Imperial Academy of Sciences 2409:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church 2013:Schism of the Russian Church 1802:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 537:(the priested ones) and the 199:Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church 109:Independent Eastern Orthodox 27:Russian religious dissenters 7: 4372:Russia beyond the headlines 4366:Fedorov, Gleb (July 2016). 3591:Ol'ga Filina (2012-08-27). 3485:Assyrian Church of the East 3454: 3434:Russian Old-Orthodox Church 2862:the claims made and adding 2558:): relinquished the use of 2290:Russian Old-Orthodox Church 1863:; И в Духа Свѧтаго, Господа 1770:Patriarch Pitirim of Moscow 1666:Patriarch of Constantinople 1537: 1527: 1366:in the broader movement of 652:Proto-orthodox Christianity 433:Eastern Orthodox Christians 171:Russian Old-Orthodox Church 10: 4918: 4535: 4499:Russian Oldbeliever Church 3930:Cambridge University Press 3647:"Recensamantul populatiei" 3477:Ancient Church of the East 3004:Old Believers perform the 2789:The Uspensky cathedral in 2775:Slavic Greek Latin Academy 2749:, A. A. Dmitriyevsky, and 2597: 2228:Ambrose of Belaya Krinitsa 2160:Old Believer denominations 2010: 1776:, which brought Patriarch 1586:, were to standardise the 29: 4600:A History of Christianity 4231:Russkoe staroobrjadčestvo 3892:10.2143/JECS.50.3.2003049 3566:староверы or старообрядцы 3565: 3539:over differences such as 3448:Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy 3438:Novozybkovskaya Hierarchy 3389:Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy 3280:Two communities exist in 3104:Novozybkovskaya hierarchy 3100:Belokrinitskaya hierarchy 3022:Old Believers do not use 2609: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2263:Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy 2240:Belokrinitskaya Hierarchy 1991: 1778:Macarius III Ibn al-Za'im 1543: 1522: 1311:Conservative Christianity 756:Persecution and tolerance 497:and the tsar's confessor 471: 449:Patriarch Nikon of Moscow 411: 400: 389: 378: 367: 356: 345: 334: 323: 312: 307: 283: 271: 259: 251: 240: 229: 221: 189: 156: 148: 135: 123: 113: 105: 95: 87: 61: 52: 48: 43: 4749:Русское старообрядчество 4704:Old Orthodox Prayer Book 4627:20 (Spring 1971): 19–32. 4233:, 1970, 1990, pp. 19–20. 4072: 4068:Kartašov, A. V. (1959). 3652:(in Romanian). p. 9 3348:on the western coast of 3310:, who live in Romania's 3229:and in various parts of 3112:Preobrazhenskaya Zastava 3015:Old Believers chant the 2650:Феодосий Киево-Печерский 2336:Priestless (Bezpopovtsy) 2309:Luzhkane, also known as 2055:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2000:A 6th-century icon, the 1877:рожденна, не сотворенна 1786:Moscow as the Third Rome 1738:techniques at the time. 1649:and, in 1652, he became 1301:Progressive Christianity 1114:Fundamental/foundational 724:Theological hermeneutics 4590:The Council of Florence 4264:. Orthodox Christianity 4047:. St Vladimir's Press. 3871:Howe, Jovan E. (1998). 3537:Eastern Orthodox Church 3528:Traditionalist Catholic 3360:("Peipus Russians") in 3284:, Australia and in the 2522:danilovtsy polubrachnye 2322:Russian Catholic Church 2267:Belokrinitskoe Soglasie 2132:)—to intense, as under 2130:tax for wearing a beard 2111:Russian Orthodox Church 1873:Lord and Giver of Life) 1565:Eastern Orthodox Church 1493:Russian Orthodox Church 1447:Christianity portal 891:Post-Nicene development 662:History of Christianity 572:Part of a series on the 445:Russian Orthodox Church 278:Russian Orthodox Church 78:Two Old Believers from 4722:История русской церкви 4661:Indiana Slavic Studies 4653:Harvard Slavic Studies 4614:Meyendorff, P (1991), 4564:, Wisconsin U.P., 1970 4075:. Vol. II. Paris. 4043:P. Meyendorff (1991). 3997:P. Meyendorff (1991). 3518:Old Believers (Latvia) 3205: 3193: 3173: 3056: 2938: 2823:commandments of Christ 2803:Russia's Old Believers 2794: 2459:(in the lands east of 2352: 2283:Neokruzhniki (extinct) 2222: 2050: 2008: 1989: 1967: 1954:, glory to Thee, o God 1685: 1555:The installation of a 1514:state power—the prior 1198:Continental philosophy 741:Philosophical theology 255:Anti-reform dissenters 32:Old Believers (Latvia) 4892:Old Believer movement 4602:, 2009, Penguin 2010 4581:De Simone, Peter T.: 4557:XXIV (1955), 291–323. 4299:"Community Snapshots" 4283:Polly Elders (1995). 3379:Old Believer churches 3199: 3179: 3168: 3050: 2925: 2788: 2763:Orthodox Christianity 2689:Typicon of St. Sabbas 2662:Monastery of Stoudios 2392:) or church leaders ( 2343: 2212: 2044: 1999: 1984: 1965: 1679: 1639:Novospassky monastery 1618:. These included the 1569:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1306:Moderate Christianity 1296:extraterrestrial life 751:Christian apologetics 674:Ecclesiastical polity 82:in traditional dress. 36:Old Believers (album) 4839:at Wikimedia Commons 4596:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 4567:Crummey, Robert O.: 4560:Crummey, Robert O.: 4550:XXIV (1955), 147–57. 4285:All Things Will Pass 4210:– via YouTube. 4158:De Simone, Peter T. 4132:on November 5, 2010. 3501:Independent Catholic 3215:Hines Creek, Alberta 3153:. Others, like the 2552:"Hole-worshippers" ( 2538:Aaron's confession ( 2527:Adamant confession ( 2373:apostolic succession 2311:Luzhkovskoe soglasie 2275:Rogozhskoye Cemetery 1948:, слава Тебѣ, Боже ( 1944:Аллилуїа, аллилуїа, 1689:developed rites and 1608:Aleksei Mikhailovich 1606:During the reign of 1326:Evangelical theology 1159:Since the World Wars 1099:Restoration Movement 913:Byzantine Iconoclasm 746:Christian philosophy 517:As a result of this 4431:The Daily Telegraph 4244:A History of Russia 4104:" Mel'nikov, F. E. 3491:Confessing Movement 3469:Christianity portal 3184:, near Gervais and 3092:Rogozhskaya Zastava 3066:Moscow Patriarchate 2751:Nikolai F. Kapterev 2203:Priested (Popovtsy) 2141:Catherine the Great 1879:(begotten not made) 1662:Council of Florence 1651:Patriarch of Moscow 1533:Catherine the Great 1321:Confessing Movement 845:Cappadocian Fathers 761:Historical theology 503:Patriarch of Moscow 495:Alexei Mikhailovich 304: 4860:2012-03-02 at the 4747:Зеньковский С.А.: 4655:, 1957. III, 49–66 4625:The Book Collector 4415:" November 4, 2010 4411:2017-10-15 at the 4250:vol. 3 pp. 298–299 4229:Zenkovsky, S. A., 3227:Erskine, Minnesota 3223:Erie, Pennsylvania 3211:Plamondon, Alberta 3206: 3202:Nikolaevsk, Alaska 3194: 3174: 3127:Arkhangelsk Oblast 3057: 2939: 2935:Boyarynya Morozova 2931:Archpriest Avvakum 2900:Vasily Klyuchevsky 2847:possibly contains 2799:Serge A. Zenkovsky 2795: 2759:Serge A. Zenkovsky 2578:) or "Wanderers" ( 2421:Arkhangelsk Oblast 2353: 2223: 2115:October Revolution 2097:of Romania in the 2051: 2047:Moscow Governorate 2009: 2003:Christ Pantocrator 1968: 1950:alleluia alleluia 1774:Great Moscow Synod 1772:convened the 1666 1686: 1682:three-barred cross 1177:Nouvelle théologie 1171:Situational ethics 1129:Catholic Modernism 830:ante-Nicene period 647:Early Christianity 605:Christian theology 580:Christian theology 298: 247:(Russian modified) 225:15 or 20 countries 80:Nikolaevsk, Alaska 4835:Media related to 4792:Ключевский И.П.: 4640:978-0-52181-113-2 4608:978-0-14-102189-8 4592:, Cambridge, 1959 4577:978-0-52181-113-2 4054:978-0-88141-090-7 4008:978-0-88141-090-7 3983:978-0-52181-113-2 3939:978-0-52181-113-2 3241:area villages of 3043:Present situation 3036:neumatic notation 2969:sign of the cross 2953:Feodosia Morozova 2944:Sign of the Cross 2910:Patriarch Nikon. 2892: 2891: 2884: 2849:original research 2724:Dimitry of Rostov 2708:Jerusalem Typicon 2700:Jerusalem Typicon 2685:Jerusalem Typicon 2656:to Russia. This 2295:Nekrasov Cossacks 2093:) of Ukraine and 2063:Russian Far North 1960: 1959: 1890:Sign of the cross 1751:sign of the cross 1602:Origins of reform 1481: 1480: 1368:Feminist theology 1340:Contextualisation 1203:Radical orthodoxy 1109:Dogmatic theology 1094:Holiness movement 840:Apostolic Fathers 775:Ecumenical Creeds 684:Nontrinitarianism 499:Stefan Vonifatyev 443:practices of the 435:who maintain the 422: 421: 417:(2021 estimation) 406:(2015 estimation) 395:(2010 estimation) 318:(2012 estimation) 303: 293: 292: 266:Tsardom of Russia 118:Russian Orthodoxy 16:(Redirected from 4909: 4834: 4799:Мельников Ф.И.: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4743: 4733: 4720:Голубинский ЕЕ: 4686: 4674: 4664: 4619: 4529: 4528: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4447:. Archived from 4441: 4435: 4434:. April 9, 2013. 4422: 4416: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4301:. Archived from 4295: 4289: 4288: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4257: 4251: 4248:from Archive.org 4242:Klyuchevsky, V. 4240: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4122: 4116: 4108:, Barnaul 1999, 4103: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4084: 4076: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4040: 4029: 4026: 4013: 4012: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3969: 3944: 3943: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3886:(3–4): 211–228. 3877: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3651: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3593:"Верю — не верю" 3588: 3576: 3567: 3562: 3545:Calendar reforms 3471: 3466: 3465: 3407: 3275:Raspberry Island 3219:Woodburn, Oregon 3171:Woodburn, Oregon 3151:Zabaykalsky Krai 2918:Main differences 2887: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864:inline citations 2840: 2839: 2832: 2743:E. E. Golubinsky 2674:Byzantine Empire 2612: 2611: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2324:united with the 2318:Potapy Emelianov 2254:, including the 2199:("priestless"). 2145:Tsar Nicholas II 2079:Russian Far East 2037:After the schism 1929:Counterclockwise 1867:и Животворѧщаго 1819: 1818: 1812:Main alterations 1732:liturgical texts 1691:liturgical books 1672:Reforms of Nikon 1616:Zealots of Piety 1546: 1545: 1540: 1530: 1524: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1445: 1444: 1141:Critical realism 1089:Great Awakenings 933:East–West Schism 729:African American 590: 569: 568: 552:, ending during 488:Zealots of Piety 474: 473: 461:Synod of 1666–67 305: 301: 297: 100:Eastern Orthodox 71: 57: 55: 54: 41: 40: 21: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4867: 4866: 4862:Wayback Machine 4827: 4814:, Barnaul, 2009 4785:Карташов А.В.: 4769: 4768: 4754:Каптерев Н.Ф.: 4717: 4700: 4698:Further reading 4543: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4527:. May 19, 2013. 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4423: 4419: 4413:Wayback Machine 4403: 4399: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4258: 4254: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4203:Wayback Machine 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4179:. 23 March 2017 4173:"Old Believers" 4171: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4153: 4141: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4041: 4032: 4027: 4016: 4009: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3970: 3947: 3940: 3922: 3915: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3605: 3603: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3401: 3381: 3358:peipsivenelased 3326:Swedish Estonia 3233:including near 3163: 3135:Altai Mountains 3108:Zamoskvorech'ye 3062: 3053:Gervais, Oregon 3045: 3032:Byzantine chant 2980:Church Slavonic 2976:Patriarch Nikon 2920: 2888: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2853: 2845:This paragraph 2841: 2837: 2791:Belaya Krinitsa 2783: 2747:A. V. Kartashev 2735:S. A. Belokurov 2670:Studite typicon 2654:Studite Typicon 2639: 2623:Alexander Dugin 2602: 2596: 2470: 2443:self-immolation 2338: 2230:(1791–1863), a 2205: 2162: 2134:Tsar Nicholas I 2126:Peter the Great 2085:still lives in 2069:region, in the 2039: 2015: 1994: 1814: 1755:excommunication 1736:historiographic 1674: 1604: 1553: 1516:liturgical rite 1485:Nikon of Moscow 1477: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1347: 1346: 1331: 1330: 1316:Emerging church 1215:Paleo-orthodoxy 1161: 1160: 1151: 1150: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1053: 1023:Book of Concord 970: 969: 958: 957: 893: 892: 883: 882: 866: 820: 819: 804: 803: 792: 778: 777: 766: 765: 600: 599: 579: 567: 527:Paul of Kolomna 418: 407: 396: 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 319: 300: 296: 264: 263:1652/1658–1685 235:Church Slavonic 217: 185: 142:Belokrinitskaya 83: 76: 75: 74: 73: 72: 49: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4915: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4865: 4864: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4826: 4825:External links 4823: 4816: 4815: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4783: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4735: 4725: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4682:Russian Review 4676: 4666: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4628: 4621: 4611: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4565: 4558: 4555:Church History 4551: 4548:Church History 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4512: 4486: 4461: 4436: 4417: 4397: 4384: 4358: 4332: 4315: 4290: 4275: 4252: 4235: 4222: 4213: 4190: 4164: 4151: 4135: 4117: 4093: 4060: 4053: 4030: 4014: 4007: 3989: 3982: 3945: 3938: 3913: 3863: 3839: 3821: 3800: 3779: 3755: 3734: 3709: 3687: 3663: 3638: 3612: 3599:(in Russian). 3582: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3574:staroobryadtsy 3556: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3533:True Orthodoxy 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3473: 3472: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3441: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3413: 3396: 3380: 3377: 3267:Kodiak, Alaska 3263:Delta Junction 3162: 3161:Outside Russia 3159: 3081:full communion 3061: 3058: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3028:Znamenny chant 3020: 3013: 3002: 2987: 2972: 2927:Boris and Gleb 2919: 2916: 2890: 2889: 2844: 2842: 2835: 2815:secularization 2782: 2779: 2767:Oko Tserkovnoe 2739:A. P. Shchapov 2712:Oko Tserkovnoe 2666:Constantinople 2646:Greek Orthodox 2638: 2635: 2627:Vladimir Putin 2598:Main article: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2570: 2563: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2525: 2518: 2513:in the hymns ( 2504: 2501:Orthodox cross 2482: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2446: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2349:Slava Cercheză 2337: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2314: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2232:Greek Orthodox 2204: 2201: 2161: 2158: 2119:Russian Empire 2107:Russian Empire 2071:Ural Mountains 2038: 2035: 2011:Main article: 1993: 1990: 1958: 1957: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1875: 1855:не сотворенна 1849: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1813: 1810: 1806:Ottoman Empire 1673: 1670: 1603: 1600: 1592:Stoglavy Synod 1584:secular clergy 1552: 1551:Prior to Nikon 1549: 1497:Greek Orthodox 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1468: 1461: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1410:Latin American 1407: 1402: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1357:Sino-Christian 1348: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1269: 1267:Transmodernism 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1227: 1222: 1220:Reconciliation 1217: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1134:Anglo-Catholic 1131: 1126: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1104:Existentialism 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1002:Evangelicalism 999: 994: 989: 988: 987: 982: 971: 965: 964: 963: 960: 959: 956: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 894: 890: 889: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 875: 870: 864: 859: 858: 857: 855:Desert Mothers 852: 850:Desert Fathers 847: 842: 835:Church Fathers 832: 827: 821: 811: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 796: 790: 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106:Classification 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 77: 66: 65: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4914: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4877:Old Believers 4875: 4874: 4872: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4837:Old Believers 4833: 4829: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4451:on 2012-08-28 4450: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4305:on 2006-09-24 4304: 4300: 4294: 4286: 4279: 4263: 4256: 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2197: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2182:apostolically 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Tulcea County 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2043: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917:Direction of 1916: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827:New practice 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1794: 1793:Nicaean Creed 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:archimandrite 1631: 1628: 1624: 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