2040:
3880:
1122:
79:
1462:
120:
4098:
1099:
4095:
1794:(Смутное Время). Despite the Tsar's persecution of the boyars, the townspeople's dissatisfaction, and the gradual enserfment of the peasantry, efforts at restricting the power of the Tsar were only halfhearted. Finding no institutional alternative to the autocracy, discontented Russians rallied behind various pretenders to the throne. During that period, the goal of political activity was to gain influence over the sitting autocrat or to place one's own candidate on the throne. The boyars fought among themselves, the lower classes revolted blindly, and foreign armies occupied
1393:
63:
2575:
56:
3929:
2361:
3914:
3899:
3861:
1061:
1524:
1488:
1080:
2130:, a Cossack who was from the Don River region, led a revolt that drew together wealthy Cossacks who were well established in the region and escaped serfs seeking free land. The unexpected uprising swept up the Volga River valley and even threatened Moscow. Tsarist troops finally defeated the rebels after they had occupied major cities along the Volga in an operation whose panache captured the imaginations of later generations of Russians. Razin was publicly tortured and executed.
1647:
110:
2139:
1164:
1914:
4647:
3681:
2268:
577:
5185:
5136:
2472:
1806:
1348:
reforms. In the 1550s, he declared a new law code, revamped the military, and reorganized local government. These reforms undoubtedly were intended to strengthen the state in the face of continuous warfare. The key documents prepared by the so-called Select
Council of advisors and promulgated during this period are as follows:
1780:, gained support in Poland and marched to Moscow, gathering followers among the boyars and other elements as he went. Historians speculate that Godunov would have weathered this crisis had he not died in 1605. As a result, False Dmitriy I entered Moscow and was crowned tsar that year, following the murder of Tsar
1677:). For his private domain, Ivan chose some of the most prosperous and important districts of Russia. In these areas, Ivan's agents attacked boyars, merchants, and even common people, summarily executing some and confiscating land and possessions. Thus began a decade of terror in Russia that culminated in the
4695:
Advertissement au
Lecteur // Jacques Margeret. Estat de l'empire de Russie et grande duché de Moscovie, avec ce qui s'y est passé de plus mémorable et tragique... depuis l'an 1590 jusques en l'an 1606 en septembre, par le capitaine Margeret. M. Guillemot, 1607. Modern French-Russian edition: Маржерет
2306:, Russia gained links to Polish and Central European influences and to the wider Orthodox world. Although the Zaporozhian Cossack link induced creativity in many areas, it also weakened traditional Russian religious practices and culture. The Russian Orthodox Church discovered that its isolation from
2109:
and craftsmen were assessed taxes, and, like the serfs, they were forbidden to change residence. All segments of the population were subject to military levy and to special taxes. By chaining much of
Russian society to specific domiciles, the legal code of 1649 curtailed movement and subordinated the
4477:
William K. Medlin. Moscow and East Rome: A Political Study of the
Relations of Church and State in Muscovite Russia. Delachaux et Niestl, 1952. p. 117: Addressing Patriarch Jeremiah, Tsar Feodor Ivanovich declares, "We have received the sceptre of the Great Tsardom of Russia to support and to watch
2520:
against Sweden consumed much of Peter's attention for years; however, the Swedes were eventually defeated, and peace was agreed to in 1721. Russia annexed the Baltic coast from Sweden and parts of
Finland, which would become the site of the new Russian capital, Saint Petersburg. The Russian victory
1347:
competed for control of the regency until Ivan assumed the throne in 1547. Reflecting Moscow's new imperial claims, Ivan's coronation as Tsar was a ritual modeled after those of the
Byzantine emperors. With the continuing assistance of a group of boyars, Ivan began his reign with a series of useful
2345:
founded there in 1631. Other more direct channels to the West opened as international trade increased and more foreigners came to Russia. The Tsar's court was interested in the West's more advanced technology, particularly when military applications were involved. By the end of the 17th century,
2325:
texts and practices of the time. But Nikon encountered opposition among the many
Russians who viewed the corrections as improper foreign intrusions. When the Orthodox Church forced Nikon's reforms, a schism resulted in 1667. Those who did not accept the reforms came to be called the
2485:(1672–1725), who became ruler in his own right in 1696, brought the Tsardom of Russia, which had little prior contact with Western Europe, into the mainstream of European culture and politics. After suppressing numerous rebellions with considerable bloodshed, Peter embarked on
4421:
Press, 2004. p. 37. Note 34: "Since the first Rome fell through the
Appollinarian heresy and the second Rome, which is Constantinople, is held by the infidel Turks, so then thy great Russian Tsardom, pious Tsar, which is more pious than previous kingdoms, is the third
1018:, stated that foreigners make "a mistake when they call them Muscovites and not Russians. When they are asked what nation they are, they respond 'Russac', which means 'Russians', and when they are asked what place they are from, the answer is Moscow,
2113:
Under this code, increased state taxes and regulations altered the social discontent that had been simmering since the Time of
Troubles. In the 1650s and 1660s, the number of peasant escapes increased dramatically. A favourite refuge was the
3879:
1931:
The immediate task of the new dynasty was to restore order. However, Russia's major enemies, Poland and Sweden, were engaged in a conflict with each other, which provided Russia with the opportunity to make peace with Sweden in 1617. The
1829:
The Time of
Troubles included a civil war in which a struggle over the throne was complicated by the machinations of rival boyar factions, the intervention of regional powers Poland and Sweden, and intense popular discontent, led by
1692:
families, thereby destroying precisely those persons who had built up Russia and were the most capable of administering it. Trade diminished, and peasants, faced with mounting taxes and threats of violence, began to leave Russia.
4758:О великом и славном Российском Московском государстве. Гл. 50 // Арсеньев Ю. В. Описание Москвы и Московского государства: По неизданному списку Космографии конца XVII века. М, 1911. С. 6–17 (Зап. Моск. археол. ин-та. Т. 11)
2346:
Little Russian, Polish, and West European penetration had weakened the Russian cultural synthesis – at least among the elite – and had prepared the way for an even more radical transformation.
894:
appear to have co-existed as interchangeable during the late 16th century and throughout the 17th century with different Western maps and sources using different names, so that the country was called "Russia, or Moscovia"
4440:
Maija Jansson. England and the North: The Russian Embassy of 1613–1614. American Philosophical Society, 1994. p. 82: "...the towns of our great Russian Tsardom", "all the people of all the towns of all the great Russian
4407:
Lee Trepanier. Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice. Lexington Books, 2010. p. 61: "so your great Russian Tsardom, more pious than all previous kingdoms, is the Third
119:
1327:
specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: "Courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience". Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars.
2794:
2733:
2065:
introduced in 1649, illustrates the extent of state control over Russian society. By that time, the boyars had largely merged with the new elite, who were obligatory servitors of the state, to form a new
1704:
According to a popular theory, the oprichnina was started by Ivan in order to mobilize resources for the wars and to quell opposition. Regardless of the reason, Ivan's domestic and foreign policies had a
1006:. Muscovites ("Russians" in the German version) refute this, saying that their country was originally called Russia (Rosseia)". Pointing to the difference between Latin and Russian names, French captain
1582:. These victories transformed Russia into a multiethnic and multiconfessional state, which it continues to be today. The tsar now controlled the entire Volga River and gained access to Central Asia.
2718:
1768:, a national assembly of boyars, church officials, and commoners, which proclaimed him tsar, although various boyar factions refused to recognize the decision. Widespread crop failures caused the
4621:
3564:
3543:
3522:
3501:
3413:
3819:
Tsars instituted the two-headed eagle Imperial Flag of the Tsar, which origin dates back to 1472, as a Civil Flag, it remained the Civil Flag of Russia until replaced during the Empire in 1858.
3397:
2497:
among the nobility were banned, and the Orthodox Church was brought under state control. Military academies were established to create a modern Western European-style army and officer corps.
1877:
appeared in the Swedish-occupied territories, but was soon apprehended and executed. The Polish presence led to a patriotic revival among the Russians, and a volunteer army, financed by the
1669:. Historians have not determined whether policy differences, personal animosities, or mental imbalance caused his wrath. In 1565, he divided Russia into two parts: his private domain (or
3405:
4686:
Sigismund von Herberstein. Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii. Synoptische Edition der lateinischen und der deutschen Fassung letzter Hand. Basel 1556 und Wien 1557. München, 2007. p. 29
2249:) self-governing under the sovereignty of the tsar. However, the self-government did not last long and Cossack territory was eventually incorporated into the Russian Empire (after the
3807:: black double-headed eagle carrying St. Vladimir Red Coat of Arms, on a golden rectangular field, adopted in 1700 instead of the older white-blue-red Standard of the Tsar of Moscow.
5734:
3023:
2198:, which had helped them to throw off Polish rule. Once the Poles convinced the Tartars to switch sides, the Zaporozhian Cossacks needed military help to maintain their position.
2190:
remained fiercely independent and staged several rebellions against the Poles. In 1648, the peasants of what is now Eastern Ukraine joined the Cossacks in rebellion during the
4696:Ж. Состояние Российской империи (Тексты, комментарии, статьи). Ж. Маржерет в документах и исследованиях. Серия: Studia historica М. Языки славянской культуры. 2007. С. 46, 117
822:, and in numerous official texts. The formula in manuscripts "to all his state of Great Russia" later replaced those found in other manuscripts – "to all the Russian realm" (
3646:
2489:. He became impressed with what he saw and was awakened. Peter began requiring the nobility to wear Western European clothing and shave off their beards, an action that the
4431:
Richard S. Wortman. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II. Princeton University Press, 2013. p. 17
1562:
Despite the domestic turmoil of the 1530s and 1540s, Russia continued to wage wars and to expand. It grew from 2.8 to 5.4 million square kilometers from 1533 to 1584. Ivan
2074:. The state required service from both the old and the new nobility, primarily in the military because of permanent warfare on southern and western borders and attacks of
4617:
Milton, John. A brief history of Moscovia and of other less-known countries lying eastward of Russia as far as Cathay, gather'd from the writings of several eye-witnesses
4923:; p. 78: "But Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, Ivan groznyi, "Ivan the Magnificent" or "Ivan the Great" is precisely a man who has become a legend"
1747:, the only time of the year when serfs were free to move from one landowner to another). Perhaps the most important event of Feodor's reign was the proclamation of the
552:
538:
524:
510:
496:
482:
3860:
4797:
2237:) as a participating party of the agreement ended the war in 1667. Cossacks considered it as a Moscow betrayal. As a result, it split Cossack territory along the
2500:
These changes did not win Peter many friends, and in fact caused great political division in the country. These, along with his notorious cruelties (such as the
6640:
4571:
Felicity Stout. Exploring Russia in the Elizabethan commonwealth: The Muscovy Company and Giles Fletcher, the elder (1546–1611). Oxford University Press. 2015
6258:
1986:, had been elected by Russian boyars as tsar of Russia during the Time of Troubles, renounced all claims to the title as a condition of the peace treaty.
1121:
6635:
5951:
4615:
2105:, which were responsible for taxes and other obligations. Like serfs, however, state peasants were attached to the land they farmed. Middle-class urban
1098:
5568:
4383:"Чин венчания на царство Ивана IV Васильевича. Российский государственный архив древних актов. Ф. 135. Древлехранилище. Отд. IV. Рубр. I. № 1. Л. 1–46"
2337:
The tsar's court also felt the impact of Little Russia and the West. Kiev was a major transmitter of new ideas and insight through the famed scholarly
970:
was used instead of Russia in many parts of Europe where prior to the reign of Peter the Great there was a lack of direct knowledge of the country. In
2101:. Landlords had complete power over their peasants. Peasants living on state-owned land, however, were not considered serfs. They were organized into
1516:) in 1549. This provided a broad view of what had been a rarely visited and poorly reported state. In the 1630s, the Russian Tsardom was visited by
78:
4382:
4372:
Robert Auty, Dimitri Obolensky. Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History. Cambridge University Press, 1976. p. 99
1773:
1601:, Sweden, and Denmark. Despite first successes, Ivan's army was pushed back, and the nation failed to secure a coveted position on the Baltic Sea.
1372:
1299:
The development of the Tsar's autocratic powers reached a peak during the reign of Ivan IV, and he gained the sobriquet "Grozny". The English word
5128:
4117:
3393:
6567:
3480:
3377:
5009:
3385:
3367:
5356:
4743:
4079:
737:(based on the Greek name for Rus'). In the 1480s, Russian state scribes Ivan Cherny and Mikhail Medovartsev mention Russia under the name
5448:
3709:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
5408:
3913:
2989:
2338:
2330:; they were officially pronounced heretics and were persecuted by the church and the state. The chief opposition figure, the protopope
2303:
1444:
1967:, to run his government. Morozov abused his position by exploiting the populace, and in 1648 Aleksey dismissed him in the wake of the
6675:
5080:
3557:
1706:
642:
From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. The period includes the
6333:
3898:
1933:
1854:
1730:
4974:
3928:
2014:
faction controlling the throne. In the 17th century, the bureaucracy expanded dramatically. The number of government departments (
5870:
5775:
5690:
5217:
3339:
3150:
1392:
6670:
6574:
5991:
3963:
5054:
1315:
as in "inspiring fear or terror; dangerous; powerful; formidable". It does not convey the more modern connotations of English
218:
6086:
5749:
5428:
4526:
4499:
4238:
3166:
2508:
for plotting a rebellion) and the immense human suffering that accompanied many of his projects, such as the construction of
2505:
2024:) increased from twenty-two in 1613 to eighty by mid-century. Although the departments often had overlapping and conflicting
1461:
691:
6470:
4888:
4532:
2334:, was burned at the stake. The split afterwards became permanent, and many merchants and peasants joined the Old Believers.
6650:
6420:
6132:
5385:
3666:
3536:
3343:
3296:
2834:
2521:
in the Great Northern War marked a watershed in European politics, as it not only brought about the eclipse of Sweden as a
1838:, was proclaimed tsar in 1606. In his attempt to retain the throne, Shuysky allied himself with the Swedes, unleashing the
1365:
1038:), which was used along with the name "Russia", sometimes in one sentence, as in the name of the 17th century Russian work
962:, which competed with Moscow for the western regions of Rus'. Due to the propaganda of the Commonwealth, as well as of the
4677:Хорошкевич А. Л. Русское государство в системе международных отношений конца XV – начала XVI в. – М.: Наука, 1980. – С. 84
1739:, who was uninterested in ruling and possibly mentally deficient. Actual power went to Feodor's brother-in-law, the boyar
6645:
6363:
5307:
4712:
4459:
Readings for Introduction to Russian civilization, Volume 1. Syllabus Division, University of Chicago Press, 1963. p. 253
2453:. Peace with China strengthened the initial breakthrough to the Pacific that had been made in the middle of the century.
1431:
3844:: white field with a blue saltire, adopted in 1712. Before that, the naval ensign of Russia was white-blue-red tricolor.
2039:
5865:
5484:
5189:
4208:
4058:
3331:
3321:
2194:, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. Initially, Cossacks were allied with
2171:
1956:
1620:
put a stop to such northward incursions. But for decades to come, the southern borderland was annually pillaged by the
1598:
959:
655:
6298:
6187:
6122:
5423:
5282:
5171:
4953:
4920:
4321:
4138:
3953:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
2748:
2290:
Russia's southwestern expansion, particularly its incorporation of the Wild Fields (modern day Eastern Ukraine), had
2102:
1613:
300:
6046:
6029:
5695:
3578:
3124:
3112:
3013:
2486:
2226:
2151:
850:) to denote an imperial and absolutist state, subordinating both Russian and non-Russian territories. The old name
343:
2162:
The Tsardom of Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century. In the southwest, it claimed the
6660:
6655:
5840:
5378:
3702:
3317:
2530:
2526:
1769:
1358:
939:, published posthumously, starting it with the words: "The Empire of Moscovia, or as others call it, Russia...".
670:, to the reign of Peter the Great, who took power in 1689 and transformed the tsardom into an empire. During the
55:
4649:
6445:
6071:
5504:
4518:
Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II
3048:
2963:
1158:
6241:
5956:
5780:
5740:
5494:
5418:
5413:
5317:
3271:
3101:
2816:
2434:
2032:
governors, was able to control and regulate all social groups, as well as trade, manufacturing, and even the
1478:
819:
6527:
6507:
6410:
6061:
6011:
5875:
5720:
5685:
5368:
3515:
3494:
2985:
2262:
1060:
675:
6425:
6162:
6034:
5941:
5895:
5885:
5850:
5730:
5605:
5590:
5244:
5210:
5145:
4774:
4737:
3626:
3473:
3389:
3139:
2862:
2846:
2522:
2422:
opened the passage between America and Asia. By the middle of the 17th century, Russians had reached the
2355:
667:
4386:
6630:
6485:
6318:
6100:
6081:
5981:
5971:
5966:
5558:
5438:
3695:
3281:
3216:
2854:
2554:
2475:
2279:
1751:
in 1589. The creation of the patriarchate climaxed the evolution of a separate and totally independent
1548:
1520:, whose lively and well-informed writings were soon translated into all the major languages of Europe.
1509:
1215:
1203:
920:
911:). In England in the 16th century, it was known both as Russia and Muscovy. Such notable Englishmen as
879:
4114:
1846:, allied with the Poles, appeared under the walls of Moscow and set up a mock court in the village of
1079:
1002:
in his work on the Russian tsardom and noted: "The majority believes that Russia is a changed name of
810:), thereby proclaiming the Tsardom of Russia, or "the Great Russian Tsardom", as it was called in the
6700:
6695:
6537:
6517:
6490:
6246:
6006:
5765:
5644:
5573:
5453:
5151:
4808:
4345:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 55–56
4336:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 30–38
3802:
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1744:
1694:
1505:
1491:
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1070:
987:
6680:
6665:
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5890:
5860:
5725:
5639:
5548:
5511:
5006:
3948:
3058:
1945:
955:
874:
4605:
John T. Shawcross. John Milton: The Self and the World. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. p. 120
4363:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 57
4354:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 61
4284:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 13
1247:) rule. In 1547 the Grand Duke Ivan IV was crowned Tsar and thus was recognized – at least by the
6705:
6690:
6685:
6557:
6532:
6368:
6217:
6177:
5880:
5825:
5710:
5578:
4731:
4553:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 4
4275:Б. М. Клосс. О происхождении названия "Россия". М.: Рукописные памятники Древней Руси, 2012. С. 3
4149:Костомаров Н. И. Русская история в жизнеописаниях ее главнейших деятелей. Olma Media Group, 2004
4018:
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3373:
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3335:
3222:
3194:
2686:
2033:
1752:
1654:
1629:
1248:
184:
2588:
2082:. In the preceding century, the state had gradually curtailed peasants' rights to move from one
6495:
6353:
6323:
6278:
6229:
6224:
6157:
6041:
6001:
5961:
5795:
5705:
5700:
5521:
5433:
5300:
5203:
4562:Шмидт С. О. Памятники письменности в культуре познания истории России. М., 2007. Т. 1. Стр. 545
4076:
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2782:
2592:
2291:
2178:, warriors organized in military formations, lived in the frontier areas bordering Poland, the
2007:
1979:
1866:
1748:
1665:
During the late 1550s, Ivan developed a hostility toward his advisers, the government, and the
1350:
1332:
1227:
84:
4228:
4150:
1628:, who took local inhabitants with them as slaves. Tens of thousands of soldiers protected the
6522:
6263:
6236:
6197:
6137:
5936:
5905:
5815:
5563:
5499:
4468:
Hans Georg Peyerle, George Edward Orchard. Journey to Moscow. LIT Verlag Münster, 1997. p. 47
4133:Хорошкевич, А. Л. Символы русской государственности. -М. :Изд-во МГУ,1993. -96 с. :ил., фот.
3840:
3204:
2283:
1501:
1438:
1407:
951:
776:
764:
701:
487:
4728:
1776:, Ivan IV's son who had died in 1591. This pretender to the throne, who came to be known as
6552:
6460:
6455:
6207:
6142:
5900:
5835:
5830:
5820:
5790:
5785:
5745:
5252:
5118:
is a 16th-century set of rules regulating everyday behaviour in the Russian boyar families.
5112:(1665) is the indispensable source for those studying administration of the Russian tsardom
4418:
4302:
Lawrence N. Langer. Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia. Scarecrow Press, 2001. p. 186
3178:
2981:
2222:
2191:
2175:
2058:
1940:
in 1618, restoring temporarily Polish and Lithuanian rule over some territories, including
1678:
1417:
1284:
1280:
1112:
843:
4051:
The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia
2002:
and the rule of weak or corrupt tsars because of the strength of the government's central
8:
6547:
6303:
6253:
6172:
6076:
5910:
5855:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5755:
5715:
5680:
5622:
5536:
5467:
5329:
5105:
5076:
4224:
3795:
3146:
3091:
2959:
2744:
2574:
2445:, Russia ceded its claims to the Amur Valley, but it gained access to the region east of
2442:
2384:
2183:
1835:
1781:
1252:
1223:
1211:
4293:
E. Hellberg-Hirn. Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness. Ashgate, 1998. p. 54
6475:
6450:
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6273:
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6127:
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5996:
5986:
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5595:
5531:
5341:
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3351:
3259:
3212:
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2210:
2115:
1983:
1955:
were weak rulers. Under Mikhail, state affairs were in the hands of the tsar's father,
1870:
1736:
1536:
1288:
1264:
1207:
1174:
By the 16th century, the Russian ruler had emerged as a powerful, autocratic figure, a
1154:
1015:
991:
795:
722:), a new form of its name in Russian became common by the 15th century. The vernacular
697:
671:
356:
1555:, and several London merchants. Ivan IV used these merchants to exchange letters with
937:
A brief history of Moscovia and of other less-known countries lying eastward of Russia
6593:
6345:
6313:
6308:
6293:
6268:
6117:
6066:
6016:
5946:
5924:
5769:
5553:
5489:
5479:
5443:
5346:
5290:
5235:
5167:
4949:
4941:
4916:
4910:
4880:
4853:
4522:
4495:
4317:
4234:
4204:
4134:
4054:
3958:
3829:
3347:
3311:
3307:
3200:
3027:
3009:
2997:
2858:
2842:
2809:
2762:
2615:
2563:
2494:
2360:
2250:
2246:
2234:
1917:
1898:
1799:
1698:
1658:
1575:
1240:
1168:
1089:
975:
791:
780:
628:
515:
304:
237:
211:
62:
787:
written by Dosifei Toporkov (died 1543 or 1544) in 1516–1522, and in other sources.
6542:
6480:
6435:
6378:
6283:
6202:
6167:
5976:
5627:
5526:
5334:
5050:
4833:
4200:
4196:
4172:), Зимин А. А., Хорошкевич А. Л. Россия времени Ивана Грозного. Москва, Наука, 1982
4009:
3982:
3816:
3728:
3303:
3162:
3080:
3037:
2830:
2820:
2509:
2392:
2376:
2275:
2218:
2206:
2187:
1999:
1960:
1952:
1937:
1902:
1886:
1874:
1818:
1790:
1726:
1710:
1617:
1567:
1563:
1402:
1272:
1219:
1007:
679:
651:
643:
529:
501:
369:
330:
277:
173:
161:
2174:
rule and sought assistance from Russia to leave the rule of the Commonwealth. The
6602:
6562:
6465:
6405:
6395:
6383:
6328:
6147:
5541:
5516:
5295:
5013:
4967:"Peter I | Biography, Accomplishments, Reforms, Facts, Significance, & Death"
4868:
4812:
4747:
4716:
4653:
4580:
4516:
4489:
4450:
Walter G. Moss. A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917. Anthem Press, 2003. p. 207
4121:
4102:
4083:
3784:
There was no single flag during the Tsardom. Instead, there were multiple flags:
3443:
2977:
2915:
2893:
2772:
2665:
2482:
2462:
2419:
2318:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2271:
2167:
2155:
2051:
1882:
1843:
1831:
1777:
1625:
1609:
1552:
1544:
1450:
1307:
in Ivan's nickname, but this is a somewhat archaic translation. The Russian word
1108:
971:
943:
636:
250:
4837:
3828:: the white-blue-red tricolor, that was adopted on 20 January 1705 by decree of
2525:, but also Russia's decisive emergence as a permanent European great power. The
1263:
in 1453, the Russian tsar remained the only legitimate Orthodox ruler, and that
1239:
expressed only the literal meaning of an independent ruler, but in the reign of
6500:
6373:
5634:
5600:
5324:
5277:
3001:
2993:
2937:
2882:
2649:
2635:
2604:
2501:
2466:
2427:
2364:
2322:
2307:
2195:
2179:
2047:
1814:
1605:
1260:
1256:
1198:
912:
904:
896:
826:); the former is more typical of the 17th century, when the usage of the term "
815:
663:
659:
632:
570:
382:
188:
68:
4705:
6624:
6607:
6512:
6021:
5760:
5351:
5140:
4884:
4596:
Marshall Poe (editor). Early exploration of Russia. Volume 1. Routledge. 2003
3723:
3685:
3381:
3069:
3019:
2706:
2676:
2410:, merchants, traders, and explorers pushed eastward from the Ob River to the
2327:
2238:
1964:
1822:
1810:
1740:
1632:– a burden for a state whose social and economic development was stagnating.
1517:
1495:
647:
543:
453:
2302:
Polish also brought them Western intellectual currents. Through the Cossack
1523:
1487:
1291:
would resonate in the self-image of the Russian people in future centuries.
6388:
5373:
5363:
5164:
Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth Century Russia
3836:
3823:
3772:
3248:
3237:
3154:
2826:
2438:
2415:
2342:
2127:
2119:
2025:
1975:
1894:
1764:
1594:
1482:
1320:
1276:
1268:
827:
317:
271:
5157:
4824:
Jacobsen, C. G. (1993). "Myths, Politics and the Not-so-New World Order".
2321:, was determined to bring the Russian texts back into conformity with the
1865:. A group of Russian boyars signed in 1610 a treaty of peace, recognising
1646:
1543:
in 1553 and continued overland to Moscow. Upon his return to England, the
950:
was a result of traditional habit and the need to distinguish between the
767:
of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery in
5583:
5390:
5267:
3888:(1699–1700), a transitional variant between the 1697–1699 ensign and the
3325:
3226:
3208:
3186:
3174:
2596:
2446:
2163:
2143:
2071:
2006:. Government functionaries continued to serve, regardless of the ruler's
2003:
1890:
1839:
1795:
1621:
1579:
1556:
1131:
932:
838:
replaced Rus' to describe the extent of the tsar's imperial authority in
557:
4769:
4478:
over our pious and present Great Russian Tsardom and, with God's grace".
2375:
Russia's eastward expansion encountered little resistance. In 1581, the
2138:
1978:
from Poland in 1632, Russia made peace with Poland in 1634. Polish king
1834:. False Dmitriy I and his Polish garrison were overthrown, and a boyar,
623:, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of
109:
5612:
5272:
5262:
4666:Восток – Россия – Запад: исторические и культурологические исследования
3848:
2967:
2541:, although Russia surrendered those gains after Peter's death in 1725.
2513:
2396:
2062:
1923:
1878:
1674:
1670:
1641:
1604:
Hoping to make profit from Russia's concentration on Livonian affairs,
1586:
1244:
1235:
811:
4845:
265:
5257:
5115:
3798:
in the center. Replaced by the Imperial standard in 1700 (see below).
3438:
3158:
2973:
2407:
2106:
1995:
1968:
1772:, and during the ensuing discontent, a man emerged who claimed to be
1540:
1531:
Further information about Russia was circulated by English and Dutch
1422:
1163:
931:
and used it in their works. So did numerous other authors, including
772:
768:
4191:
Monahan, Erika (2016). "Russia: 3. Tsardom of Muscovy (1547–1721)".
1787:
Subsequently, Russia entered a period of continuous chaos, known as
1196:) represents the Slavic adaptation of the Roman Imperial title/name
747:), and Medovartsev also mentions the sceptre "of Russian lordship" (
3765:
3743:
3455:
3359:
3182:
3005:
2625:
2538:
2380:
2098:
2083:
2067:
2029:
1941:
1701:. In 1572, Ivan finally abandoned the practices of the oprichnina.
1532:
1022:, Ryasan and other cities". The closest analogue of the Latin term
1003:
201:
5195:
1913:
5735:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
5617:
5139:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3889:
3733:
3190:
2450:
2411:
2388:
2331:
2267:
2094:
2079:
2044:
1862:
1858:
1847:
1590:
1412:
1336:
1183:
1019:
963:
927:(1668), both of whom visited Russia, were familiar with the term
607:
599:
595:
196:
97:
2221:. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer, which was ratified in the
2086:
to another; the 1649 code officially attached peasants to their
1504:
remained a fairly unknown society in Western Europe until Baron
1380:
5226:
5184:
4804:. Available in many editions as well as online, for example at
3758:
2400:
2202:
2182:
lands. Although part of them was serving in the Polish army as
2020:
1959:, who in 1619 became Patriarch of Moscow. Later, Mikhail's son
1179:
603:
155:
3738:
3170:
2656:
2490:
2123:
2075:
2011:
1802:
as a necessary means to restoring order and unity in Russia.
1759:
1689:
1688:, Ivan broke the economic and political power of the leading
1666:
1571:
1344:
883:
4912:
Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature
4417:
Barbara Jelavich. Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 1806–1914.
4316:. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 17.
4105:. Academia.edu (28 December 2010). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
1881:
merchants and blessed by the Orthodox Church, was formed in
4086:. Tacitus.nu (30 August 2008). Retrieved on 20 August 2013.
2534:
2423:
2214:
2087:
1697:
by tying them to their land brought Russia closer to legal
1175:
1150:
958:
part of Rus', as well as of the political interests of the
834:) became widely established. By the 17th century, the form
759:). In the following century, the new forms co-existed with
624:
4805:
2471:
1805:
1709:
and led to a period of social struggle and civil war, the
1010:, who served in Russia and left a detailed description of
4798:
Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language
2456:
2478:, an example of the 17th-century Russian uzorochye style
1589:
proved to be much more difficult. In 1558, Ivan invaded
1026:
in Russia was "Tsardom of Moscow", or "Moscow Tsardom" (
1635:
946:
and Anna Khoroshkevich, the continuous use of the term
2379:
merchant family, interested in the fur trade, hired a
2154:. The drawing is based on the pieces preserved in the
4585:
Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia
4181:Перевезенцев, С. В. Смысл русской истории, Вече, 2004
4167:
4023:
3996:
2512:, led many pious Russians to believe that he was the
2418:
and the coast of the Pacific Ocean. In 1648, Cossack
1051:
O velikom i slavnom Rossiyskom Moskovskom gosudarstve
1049:
1045:О великом и славном Российском Московском государстве
1033:
1014:
of the early 17th century that was presented to King
978:, however, the country was known under its own name,
854:
was replaced in official documents, though the names
805:
754:
717:
4869:"Books Abroad: An International Literary Quarterly"
1494:, raised to the present height during the reign of
2537:brought about the acquisition of territory in the
4932:Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, p. 80
4866:
4729:"В некотором царстве, в некотором государстве..."
4644:Россия в первой половине XVI в: взгляд из Европы.
4124:. Warconflict.ru (2014). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
3853:: red field with a blue saltire, adopted in 1700.
3794:(1693–1700): white-blue-red tricolor with golden
2133:
1893:, drove the Poles out of the Kremlin. In 1613, a
1855:Poland intervened into Russian affairs officially
1758:In 1598, Feodor died without an heir, ending the
868:The Russian state partly remained referred to as
6622:
3576:
3269:
2298:were Orthodox, but their close contact with the
2170:and South-Western Russia), which had been under
1222:terms, rituals, titles, and emblems such as the
1182:tried to emphasize that he was a major ruler or
4823:
2441:, Russia made peace with China in 1689. By the
1695:Efforts to curtail the mobility of the peasants
5110:Russia during the reign of Alexey Mikhailovich
4230:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
2310:had caused variations to appear between their
2245:) with Poland and leaving the eastern sector (
1612:, accompanied by as many as 120,000 horsemen,
1472:
1303:is usually used to translate the Russian word
1040:On the Great and Glorious Russian Moscow State
763:and appeared in an inscription on the western
6641:States and territories disestablished in 1721
5211:
4735:, Doctor of history sciences, academician of
4161:
3703:
1901:as tsar, beginning the 300-year reign of the
1366:
1191:
1043:
1027:
886:term was never used in Russia. The two names
799:
748:
738:
711:
705:
35:
28:
4668:. Памятники исторической мысли, 2001 – С. 69
4233:. University of Toronto Press. p. 223.
4115:Population and Territory of Russia 1646–1917
2078:. In return, the nobility received land and
903:) or "Russia, popularly known as Moscovia" (
5129:Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)
4217:
4184:
1178:. By assuming that title, the sovereign of
6636:States and territories established in 1547
5218:
5204:
4521:. Princeton University Press. p. 17.
4487:
4108:
3710:
3696:
2227:a protracted war between Poland and Russia
1976:an unsuccessful attempt to regain Smolensk
1373:
1359:
1214:, the niece of the late Byzantine Emperor
878:) throughout Europe, predominantly in its
118:
4488:Skrynnikov, Ruslan G. (20 October 2015).
4425:
4311:
4072:
4070:
3920:Naval ensign of the Imperial Russian Navy
3886:Naval ensign of the Imperial Russian Navy
3867:Naval ensign of the Imperial Russian Navy
1294:
1267:, becoming the final lineal successor to
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4053:. Oxford University Press. p. 147.
4048:
2470:
2395:and claimed the territories west of the
2359:
2266:
2137:
2038:
1912:
1804:
1661:, one of the first Russian printed books
1645:
1522:
1486:
1243:(1533–1584) it came to imply unlimited (
1162:
865:were still common and synonymous to it.
846:using the term "Great Russian Tsardom" (
678:and proclaimed the Russian Empire after
5871:Collective Security Treaty Organization
4948:. Moscow: Nauka, 1983. Reprinted 2003.
4514:
4223:
4190:
3905:Naval jack of the Imperial Russian Navy
2233:, which did not involve the Hetmanate (
1762:Dynasty. Boris Godunov then convened a
1614:repeatedly devastated the Moscow region
942:According to prominent historians like
6623:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
4722:
4089:
4067:
2457:Peter the Great and the Russian Empire
2349:
2110:people to the interests of the state.
1585:Expanding to the northwest toward the
5429:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
5199:
5162:Jarmo Kotilaine, Marshall Poe (ed.),
5083:from the original on 24 February 2022
4989:
4891:from the original on 16 December 2023
4879:. University of Oklahoma Press: 343.
2387:, to lead an expedition into western
1989:
1354:
1144:
6568:Unified Sports Classification System
5122:
4977:from the original on 11 October 2019
4535:from the original on 1 December 2023
2097:, and runaway peasants became state
1798:in Moscow, prompting many to accept
1636:Late reign of Ivan IV and oprichnina
1593:, eventually involving himself in a
1311:reflects the older English usage of
1218:, in 1472, the Moscow court adopted
631:in 1547 until the foundation of the
5225:
5034:
4664:Тихвинский, С. Л., Мясников, В. С.
2487:an incognito tour of Western Europe
2241:, reuniting the western sector (or
2213:, offered to ally with the Russian
2122:. A major uprising occurred in the
1982:, whose father and predecessor was
1922:Tsar Michael at the Session of the
1720:
1684:As a result of the policies of the
1432:The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir
1251:– as Emperor. Notably, the hegumen
796:tsar and grand prince of all Russia
704:used in its documents were "Rus'" (
13:
5866:Commonwealth of Independent States
5099:
4767:
4624:from the original on 18 March 2017
4515:Wortman, Richard (26 March 2006).
3583:
2256:
2028:, the central government, through
1963:(r. 1645–1676) relied on a boyar,
692:Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia
14:
6717:
5177:
5057:from the original on 1 April 2019
4260:
3954:Coronation of the Russian monarch
3597:
2043:Portrait of Russian diplomat and
1743:(who is credited with abolishing
1735:Ivan IV was succeeded by his son
1335:in 1533 at the age of three. The
1319:, such as "defective" or "evil".
6676:1721 disestablishments in Russia
5183:
5134:
3927:
3912:
3897:
3878:
3859:
3679:
2573:
2317:The Russian Orthodox patriarch,
1731:Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618)
1510:Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii
1460:
1391:
1275:; these were the two centers of
1120:
1097:
1078:
1059:
575:
550:
536:
522:
508:
494:
480:
108:
77:
61:
54:
5069:
5021:
4959:
4935:
4926:
4903:
4860:
4817:
4790:
4761:
4752:
4741:, Journal "Rodina", Nr. 12/2004
4699:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4658:
4636:
4608:
4599:
4590:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4508:
4481:
4471:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4434:
4411:
4401:
4375:
4366:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4269:
4254:
4003:
3591:Not internationally recognized.
2544:
2527:Russian colonization of Siberia
807:Tsar i Velikiy knyaz vseya Rusi
4710:. in 2 v. Moscow: Agraph, 2001
4201:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe425
4175:
4154:
4143:
4127:
4042:
3976:
3935:Standard of the Tsar of Russia
3792:Standard of the Tsar of Russia
3779:
3585:
3049:General Secretariat of Ukraine
2134:Acquisition of the Wild Fields
1599:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1159:Succession of the Roman Empire
960:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
801:Царь и Великий князь всея Руси
656:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
6671:1547 establishments in Russia
5776:Political abuse of psychiatry
5031:. Chartwell Books, 1993, pg32
4035:
3964:Demographic history of Russia
3599:
2817:Great Stand on the Ugra River
2435:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2152:Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667
1233:At first, the Byzantine term
99:
6421:Traditions and superstitions
4909:McConnell, Frank D. (1979).
3851:of the Imperial Russian Navy
3788:Standards used by the Tsar:
2369:Yermak's Conquest of Siberia
2263:Schism of the Russian Church
1707:devastating effect on Russia
1578:, where the Volga meets the
7:
6651:Former monarchies of Europe
6087:Water supply and sanitation
5007:History of the Russian Flag
4915:. Oxford University Press.
4838:10.1177/0022343393030003001
4775:Online Etymology Dictionary
4642:Кудрявцев, Олег Фёдорович.
4312:Obolensky, Dimitri (1994).
4263:Russia under the old regime
4168:
4024:
3997:
3942:
3113:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
2356:Russian conquest of Siberia
2253:) during the 18th century.
2093:The state fully sanctioned
1908:
1770:Russian famine of 1601–1603
1673:) and the public realm (or
1473:Foreign policies of Ivan IV
1381:Inaugural documents of the
1255:claimed in 1510 that after
1050:
1034:
925:The Present State of Russia
806:
755:
718:
668:Russian conquest of Siberia
646:of the transition from the
36:
10:
6722:
6646:Former countries in Europe
5126:
4867:Noth, Ernst Erich (1941).
4193:The Encyclopedia of Empire
2476:Nativity Church at Putinki
2460:
2353:
2280:Cathedral of the Archangel
2260:
1724:
1639:
1527:Mounted archers of Muscovy
1514:Notes on Muscovite Affairs
1476:
1287:) of earlier periods. The
1279:and of the Roman empires (
1216:Constantine XI Palaiologos
1148:
1139:
917:Of the Russe Common Wealth
848:Velikorossisskoe tsarstvie
824:vo vse Rossisskoe tsarstvo
710:) and the "Russian land" (
689:
6587:
6344:
6108:
6099:
5932:
5923:
5676:
5667:
5475:
5466:
5401:
5243:
5234:
5152:Federal Research Division
4826:Journal of Peace Research
4587:. Routledge. 2014. p. 650
4162:
4013:
3986:
3555:
3534:
3516:Luhansk People's Republic
3513:
3495:Donetsk People's Republic
3492:
3471:
3454:
3437:
3258:
3247:
3111:
3090:
3079:
3068:
3047:
2936:
2925:
2914:
2903:
2892:
2697:Principality of Chernigov
2426:and the outskirts of the
2126:region in 1670 and 1671.
1506:Sigismund von Herberstein
1492:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
1479:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
1458:
1398:
1389:
1265:Moscow was the Third Rome
1192:
1044:
1028:
988:Sigismund von Herberstein
873:
800:
749:
739:
712:
706:
654:dynasties, wars with the
591:
459:
449:
445:
435:
425:
415:
405:
401:
396:
392:
379:
366:
353:
340:
327:
314:
297:
293:
285:
261:
257:
244:
231:
227:
217:
207:
195:
180:
169:
151:
117:
95:
50:
45:
29:
23:
5861:Prime Minister of Russia
4491:Reign of Terror: Ivan IV
3969:
3949:List of Russian monarchs
3122:
2792:
2716:
2634:
2624:
2614:
1946:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1226:, which survives in the
974:and at the court of the
142:
135:
128:
6299:Social entrepreneurship
6188:Forced public apologies
6123:Anti-American sentiment
5012:31 January 2010 at the
4746:29 October 2007 at the
4314:Byzantium and the Slavs
4049:W. Werth, Paul (2014).
3374:Eurasian Economic Union
3223:Parade of sovereignties
2687:Principality of Polotsk
2449:and the trade route to
2292:unintended consequences
2034:Eastern Orthodox Church
1753:Russian Orthodox Church
1547:was formed by himself,
1249:Russian Orthodox Church
779:(1514), in the work by
685:
16:1547–1721 Russian state
6661:17th century in Russia
6656:16th century in Russia
6047:Social security system
6030:Science and technology
5696:Classified information
5522:Central Russian Upland
4652:13 August 2002 at the
4494:. BRILL. p. 189.
4082:8 January 2018 at the
3871:civil ensign of Russia
2964:Provisional Government
2905:Grand Duchy of Finland
2783:Principality of Moscow
2479:
2391:. Yermak defeated the
2372:
2287:
2159:
2118:region, domain of the
2054:
1928:
1867:Ladislaus IV of Poland
1826:
1749:Patriarchate of Moscow
1662:
1574:in 1552 and later the
1528:
1498:
1333:Grand Prince of Moscow
1295:Early reign of Ivan IV
1228:coat of arms of Russia
1171:
908:
900:
269:(1547–1549; 1684–1711)
124:Territory of Russia in
98:Seal of Tsar Ivan IV (
6508:Russian tsars regalia
5841:Intelligence agencies
5564:Great Russian Regions
5308:Expansion (1500-1800)
4120:24 April 2021 at the
4101:25 April 2021 at the
3841:Imperial Russian Navy
3805:of the Tsar of Russia
3605:Not fully controlled.
3439:Republic of Tatarstan
3332:Constitutional crisis
2474:
2363:
2284:Alexander Litovchenko
2270:
2144:Russian noble cavalry
2141:
2042:
1916:
1897:proclaimed the boyar
1869:, son of Polish king
1821:in 1612. Painting by
1808:
1649:
1526:
1490:
1166:
1128:Russia vulgo Moscovia
994:in Russia, used both
915:, author of the book
909:Russia vulgo Moscovia
777:Theotokos of Vladimir
756:Rosiyskago gospodstva
750:Росийскаго господства
729:was transformed into
702:Grand Duchy of Moscow
690:Further information:
488:Grand Duchy of Moscow
170:Common languages
6575:World Heritage sites
5952:Droughts and famines
5505:Environmental issues
5253:Proto-Indo-Europeans
5192:at Wikimedia Commons
4811:10 July 2017 at the
4715:4 March 2016 at the
4419:Cambridge University
4169:Rossiyskoye tsarstvo
4077:Population of Russia
4025:Moskovskoye tsarstvo
3378:Annexation of Crimea
2986:Constituent Assembly
2863:Second Patriotic War
2529:also continued, and
2493:protested bitterly.
2223:Treaty of Pereyaslav
2192:Khmelnytsky Uprising
2188:Zaporozhian Cossacks
2176:Zaporozhian Cossacks
2059:Sobornoye Ulozheniye
1934:Polish–Muscovite War
1873:, as tsar. In 1611,
1679:Massacre of Novgorod
1595:twenty-five-year war
1564:defeated and annexed
1289:"Third Rome" concept
1202:) on a par with the
1113:Atlas Cosmographicae
1035:Moskovskoye tsarstvo
990:, ambassador of the
790:On 16 January 1547,
619:, also known as the
6426:Forms of addressing
6035:Academy of Sciences
5992:Financial districts
5856:President of Russia
5781:Political divisions
5741:Freedom of assembly
5623:West Siberian Plain
5369:Great Patriotic War
5330:February Revolution
5166:, Routledge, 2004,
5106:Grigory Kotoshikhin
5051:"vexillographia.ru"
4646:Русский мир, 1997.
3796:double-headed eagle
3750:Bureaucratic titles
3558:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
3390:Invasion of Ukraine
3179:Great Patriotic War
3151:Cultural revolution
3092:Transcaucasian SFSR
2960:February Revolution
2847:Emancipation reform
2745:Council of Uvetichi
2595: •
2591: •
2443:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2406:From such bases as
2385:Yermak Timofeyevich
2350:Conquest of Siberia
2343:Metropolitan Mohyla
2184:Registered Cossacks
1936:was ended with the
1885:and, led by Prince
1861:, and occupied the
1774:Tsarevich Demetrius
1451:Patriarch Chronicle
1253:Philotheus of Pskov
1224:double-headed eagle
1212:Sophia Palaiologina
1105:Russia seu Moscovia
901:Russia seu Moscovia
785:Russian Chronograph
680:victory over Sweden
676:substantial reforms
6476:Russian given name
6062:Telecommunications
6012:Petroleum industry
5876:State of emergency
5721:Far-right politics
5686:Capital punishment
5532:Meshchera Lowlands
5386:Russian Federation
5342:October Revolution
5077:"www.crwflags.com"
5029:Flags of the World
4971:www.britannica.com
4389:on 23 January 2019
4163:Российское царство
4160:later changed to:
4014:Московское царство
3474:Republic of Crimea
3425:Russian Federation
3368:Presidential terms
3260:Karelo-Finnish SSR
3213:Chernobyl disaster
2953:Russian Revolution
2851:Russo-Japanese War
2839:1812 Patriotic War
2753:Battle of Kulikovo
2741:Council of Liubech
2518:Great Northern War
2495:Arranged marriages
2480:
2433:After a period of
2373:
2288:
2243:Right-bank Ukraine
2231:Truce of Andrusovo
2211:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
2160:
2061:, a comprehensive
2055:
1990:Legal code of 1649
1984:Sigismund III Vasa
1929:
1871:Sigismund III Vasa
1827:
1663:
1537:Richard Chancellor
1529:
1499:
1172:
1155:Moscow, third Rome
1145:Byzantine heritage
1029:Московское царство
1012:L'Empire de Russie
992:Holy Roman Emperor
882:part, though this
672:Great Northern War
621:Tsardom of Muscovy
357:Great Northern War
6631:Tsardom of Russia
6616:
6615:
6583:
6582:
6163:Domestic violence
6095:
6094:
6017:Russian oligarchs
5942:Aircraft industry
5919:
5918:
5896:Mass surveillance
5886:Search and rescue
5851:Political parties
5731:Foreign relations
5663:
5662:
5462:
5461:
5454:Historical cities
5313:Tsardom of Russia
5190:Tsardom of Russia
5188:Media related to
5123:Secondary sources
4942:Ruslan Skrynnikov
4768:Harper, Douglas.
4528:978-0-691-12374-5
4501:978-90-04-30401-7
4240:978-1-4426-1021-7
4096:History of Russia
4022:
3998:Russkoye tsarstvo
3995:
3959:Tsarist autocracy
3803:Imperial Standard
3720:
3719:
3686:Russia portal
3614:
3613:
3308:Belavezha Accords
3290:
3289:
3201:Era of Stagnation
3167:Industrialization
3133:
3132:
3010:Soviet-Polish War
2946:
2945:
2927:Russian Manchuria
2873:Tsardom of Russia
2859:October Manifesto
2843:Decembrist Revolt
2835:Petrovian reforms
2803:
2802:
2763:Novgorod Republic
2727:
2726:
2643:
2642:
2414:, then on to the
2251:Battle of Poltava
2247:Left-bank Ukraine
2235:Cossack Hetmanate
2172:Polish–Lithuanian
2148:поместная конница
2142:A warrior of the
1980:Władysław IV Vasa
1918:Andrei Ryabushkin
1800:Tsarist autocracy
1784:, Godunov's son.
1659:Pyotr Mstislavets
1630:Great Abatis Belt
1576:Astrakhan Khanate
1469:
1468:
1383:Tsardom of Russia
1204:Byzantine emperor
1169:Ivan IV of Russia
976:Holy Roman Empire
781:Maximus the Greek
696:While the oldest
674:, he implemented
617:Tsardom of Russia
613:
612:
587:
586:
583:
582:
563:
562:
516:Astrakhan Khanate
383:Empire proclaimed
375:10 September 1721
246:• 1682–1721
233:• 1547–1584
212:Absolute monarchy
37:Russkoye tsarstvo
25:Tsardom of Russia
6713:
6701:Christian states
6696:Former countries
6596:
6543:Russian language
6486:National symbols
6106:
6105:
6025:
5982:Fishing industry
5972:Economic regions
5967:Defence industry
5930:
5929:
5674:
5673:
5628:Russian Far East
5527:Northwest Russia
5485:Cities and towns
5473:
5472:
5335:Russian Republic
5241:
5240:
5220:
5213:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5187:
5155:
5138:
5137:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5047:
5032:
5025:
5019:
5004:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4963:
4957:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4924:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4821:
4815:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4750:
4742:
4736:
4726:
4720:
4703:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4669:
4662:
4656:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4385:. Archived from
4379:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4261:Pipes, Richard.
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4225:Magocsi, Paul R.
4221:
4215:
4214:
4195:. pp. 1–6.
4188:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4131:
4125:
4112:
4106:
4093:
4087:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4046:
4029:
4027:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3931:
3916:
3901:
3882:
3869:(1697–1699) and
3863:
3729:Pososhniye lyudi
3712:
3705:
3698:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3670:
3608:
3607:
3594:
3593:
3570:
3549:
3528:
3507:
3486:
3466:
3456:Chechen Republic
3449:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3318:USSR dissolution
3234:
3233:
3163:Collectivization
3081:Byelorussian SSR
3038:Russian Republic
3034:
3033:
2869:
2868:
2831:Treaty of Nystad
2759:
2758:
2673:
2672:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2577:
2567:
2549:
2548:
2510:Saint Petersburg
2393:Khanate of Sibir
2312:liturgical books
2225:in 1654, led to
2207:Zaporozhian Host
2205:(leader) of the
2000:Time of Troubles
1938:Truce of Deulino
1887:Dmitry Pozharsky
1875:False Dmitry III
1819:Prince Pozharsky
1791:Time of Troubles
1727:Time of Troubles
1721:Time of Troubles
1711:Time of Troubles
1618:Battle of Molodi
1568:Khanate of Kazan
1539:, sailed to the
1464:
1395:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1343:factions of the
1206:. Indeed, after
1195:
1194:
1167:Ivory throne of
1124:
1101:
1082:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1008:Jacques Margeret
877:
859:
832:Velikaya Rossiya
809:
803:
802:
794:was crowned the
758:
752:
751:
742:
741:
727:
721:
715:
714:
709:
708:
579:
578:
567:
566:
554:
553:
540:
539:
530:Khanate of Sibir
526:
525:
512:
511:
502:Khanate of Kazan
498:
497:
484:
483:
477:
476:
461:
460:
370:Treaty of Nystad
344:Russo-Polish War
331:Time of Troubles
278:Governing Senate
185:Russian Orthodox
162:Saint Petersburg
145:
143:
138:
136:
131:
129:
122:
112:
101:
81:
65:
58:
39:
32:
31:
21:
20:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6681:1710s in Russia
6666:1700s in Russia
6621:
6620:
6617:
6612:
6599:
6592:
6579:
6538:Public holidays
6533:Political jokes
6518:Personification
6471:Names of Russia
6340:
6259:Life expectancy
6091:
6023:
5915:
5766:Law enforcement
5659:
5645:Protected areas
5542:Smolensk Upland
5537:Oka–Don Lowland
5517:European Russia
5458:
5397:
5283:Mongol invasion
5230:
5224:
5180:
5147:Country Studies
5144:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5102:
5100:Primary sources
5097:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5035:
5026:
5022:
5014:Wayback Machine
5005:
4990:
4980:
4978:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4865:
4861:
4822:
4818:
4813:Wayback Machine
4806:slovardalja.net
4796:Dal, Vladimir,
4795:
4791:
4780:
4778:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4748:Wayback Machine
4740:
4734:
4727:
4723:
4717:Wayback Machine
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4659:
4654:Wayback Machine
4641:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4620:. 3 July 1682.
4614:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4581:Jennifer Speake
4579:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4536:
4529:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4144:
4132:
4128:
4122:Wayback Machine
4113:
4109:
4103:Wayback Machine
4094:
4090:
4084:Wayback Machine
4075:
4068:
4061:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4008:
4004:
3987:Русское царство
3981:
3977:
3972:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3923:
3917:
3908:
3902:
3893:
3883:
3874:
3864:
3782:
3716:
3680:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3624:
3616:
3615:
3596:
3595:
3582:
3568:
3547:
3526:
3505:
3484:
3464:
3447:
3430:
3419:
3414:2022 annexation
3398:Mass emigration
3386:2020 amendments
3369:
3327:
3313:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3232:
3218:
3196:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3032:
3015:
2978:Kornilov affair
2956:
2955:
2947:
2916:Congress Poland
2894:Russian America
2867:
2855:1905 Revolution
2822:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2773:Vladimir-Suzdal
2757:
2749:Mongol conquest
2737:
2736:
2728:
2671:
2666:Russkaya Pravda
2661:Baptism of Rus'
2653:
2652:
2644:
2609:pre-9th century
2587:
2585:
2565:
2558:
2547:
2483:Peter the Great
2469:
2463:Peter the Great
2461:Main articles:
2459:
2420:Semyon Dezhnyov
2358:
2352:
2314:and practices.
2304:Academy in Kiev
2296:Little Russians
2272:Patriarch Nikon
2265:
2259:
2257:Raskol (Schism)
2168:Eastern Ukraine
2156:Kremlin Armoury
2136:
2052:Godfrey Kneller
1992:
1911:
1899:Mikhail Romanov
1883:Nizhny Novgorod
1844:False Dmitry II
1832:Ivan Bolotnikov
1778:False Dmitriy I
1733:
1725:Main articles:
1723:
1715:Smutnoye vremya
1644:
1638:
1626:Crimean Khanate
1553:Hugh Willoughby
1549:Sebastian Cabot
1545:Muscovy Company
1535:. One of them,
1485:
1477:Main articles:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1439:Book of Degrees
1425:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1331:Ivan IV became
1297:
1161:
1149:Main articles:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1125:
1116:
1102:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1064:
972:Northern Europe
944:Alexander Zimin
857:
771:(1515), on the
725:
719:Russkaya zemlya
694:
688:
637:Peter the Great
606:
602:
598:
576:
551:
537:
523:
509:
495:
481:
438:
428:
418:
408:
388:2 November 1721
385:
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359:
346:
333:
320:
310:16 January 1547
307:
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247:
234:
164:
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158:
147:
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134:
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127:
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113:
106:
91:
90:
89:
87:
82:
74:
73:
71:
66:
59:
41:
33:
30:Русское царство
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6719:
6709:
6708:
6706:Former empires
6703:
6698:
6693:
6691:1721 in Russia
6688:
6686:1720 in Russia
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6598:
6597:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6580:
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6577:
6572:
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6560:
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6540:
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6504:
6503:
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6493:
6483:
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6473:
6468:
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6418:
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6403:
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6393:
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6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6052:Space industry
6049:
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5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5891:Urban planning
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5743:
5738:
5728:
5726:Federal budget
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5635:North Caucasus
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5571:
5569:Highest points
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5514:
5512:Extreme points
5509:
5508:
5507:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5459:
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5436:
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5398:
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5383:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5325:Russian Empire
5322:
5321:
5320:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229: articles
5223:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5179:
5178:External links
5176:
5175:
5174:
5160:
5127:Main article:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5113:
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5098:
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4958:
4934:
4925:
4902:
4859:
4832:(3): 241–250.
4816:
4789:
4760:
4751:
4732:Sigurd Schmidt
4721:
4708:Moscow Tsardom
4698:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4657:
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4295:
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4277:
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4253:
4239:
4216:
4210:978-1118455074
4209:
4183:
4174:
4153:
4142:
4126:
4107:
4088:
4066:
4060:978-0199591770
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3537:Kherson Oblast
3531:
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3031:
3030:
2994:Bolshevik Coup
2950:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:Uryankhay Krai
2933:
2932:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:Russian Empire
2879:
2878:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2810:Tsarist Russia
2807:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2769:
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2765:
2756:
2755:
2731:
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2725:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:Rus' Khaganate
2611:
2610:
2607:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2502:torture murder
2467:Russian Empire
2458:
2455:
2428:Chinese Empire
2365:Vasily Surikov
2354:Main article:
2351:
2348:
2308:Constantinople
2300:Roman Catholic
2282:. Painting by
2261:Main article:
2258:
2255:
2201:In 1648, the
2196:Crimean Tatars
2135:
2132:
2048:Pyotr Potemkin
1991:
1988:
1944:, lost by the
1910:
1907:
1836:Vasily Shuysky
1815:Moscow Kremlin
1813:surrender the
1722:
1719:
1717:, 1598–1613).
1640:Main article:
1637:
1634:
1606:Devlet I Giray
1570:on the middle
1508:published his
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1418:Book of Saints
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1296:
1293:
1273:Constantinople
1261:Ottoman Empire
1257:Constantinople
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1065:
1058:
921:Samuel Collins
913:Giles Fletcher
816:Constantinople
687:
684:
664:Ottoman Empire
633:Russian Empire
611:
610:
593:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
573:
571:Russian Empire
564:
561:
560:
555:
547:
546:
541:
533:
532:
527:
519:
518:
513:
505:
504:
499:
491:
490:
485:
473:
472:
467:
457:
456:
451:
447:
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439:
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433:
432:
429:
426:
423:
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419:
416:
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394:
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389:
386:
380:
377:
376:
373:
367:
364:
363:
360:
354:
351:
350:
347:
341:
338:
337:
334:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
263:
259:
258:
255:
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242:
241:
235:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
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209:
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192:
182:
178:
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153:
149:
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123:
115:
114:
107:
93:
92:
83:
76:
75:
67:
60:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
42:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6718:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
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6649:
6647:
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6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6619:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6558:Seven Wonders
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6523:Playing cards
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
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6409:
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6307:
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6300:
6297:
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6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6218:Mental health
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6178:Ethnic groups
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6088:
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6083:
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6068:
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6063:
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6055:
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6045:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5881:Civil defense
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:Media freedom
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Criminal code
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Civil Service
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Russian state
5350:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5173:
5172:0-415-30751-1
5169:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5141:public domain
5133:
5132:
5130:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5030:
5027:Yenne, Bill.
5024:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4955:
4954:5-17-010892-3
4951:
4947:
4946:Boris Godunov
4943:
4938:
4929:
4922:
4921:0-19-502572-5
4918:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:Vernadsky V.
4702:
4692:
4683:
4674:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4568:
4559:
4550:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4437:
4428:
4420:
4414:
4404:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4369:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4325:
4323:9780881410082
4319:
4315:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4265:. p. 83.
4264:
4257:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4178:
4170:
4157:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4139:5-211-02521-0
4136:
4130:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4041:
4026:
4020:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Mestnichestvo
3722:
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3713:
3708:
3706:
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3699:
3694:
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3426:
3423:
3422:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:War in Donbas
3379:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3364:Five-Days War
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:Privatization
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:Modern Russia
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
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3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:Russian State
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:Ukrainian SSR
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:War Communism
3017:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2969:Dvoyevlastiye
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2924:
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2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:Rostov-Suzdal
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:Novgorod Land
2675:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2639:
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2613:
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2598:
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2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
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2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:Yenisey River
2409:
2404:
2402:
2401:Irtysh Rivers
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:Old Believers
2324:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:Dnieper River
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:Crimean Tatar
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2150:) during the
2149:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:jurisdictions
2023:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:survived the
1997:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:Boris Morozov
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:with Sweden.
1841:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1823:Ernst Lissner
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:Boris Godunov
1738:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1655:Ivan Fyodorov
1652:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:Adam Olearius
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1496:Boris Godunov
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Pedigree Book
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1041:
1036:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
871:
866:
864:
860:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:document, by
813:
808:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
746:
736:
732:
728:
720:
713:Русская земля
703:
699:
693:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
592:Today part of
590:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
559:
556:
549:
548:
545:
544:Qasim Khanate
542:
535:
534:
531:
528:
521:
520:
517:
514:
507:
506:
503:
500:
493:
492:
489:
486:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
458:
455:
454:Russian ruble
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
430:
424:
420:
414:
410:
404:
400:
395:
391:
387:
384:
378:
374:
371:
365:
361:
358:
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335:
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302:
296:
292:
288:
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168:
163:
157:
154:
150:
121:
116:
111:
105:
103:
94:
86:
80:
70:
64:
57:
49:
44:
40:
38:
22:
19:
6618:
6496:Coat of arms
6456:Martial arts
6364:Army culture
6354:Architecture
6324:Witch trials
6279:Prostitution
6225:Human rights
6158:Demographics
6072:Trade unions
6042:Shipbuilding
6002:Homelessness
5962:Central Bank
5957:Car industry
5796:Conservatism
5706:Constitution
5701:Conscription
5374:Eastern Bloc
5364:Soviet Union
5357:Russian SFSR
5312:
5287:Feudal Rus'
5163:
5146:
5109:
5085:. Retrieved
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5028:
5023:
5017:(in Russian)
5016:
4979:. Retrieved
4970:
4961:
4945:
4937:
4928:
4911:
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4876:
4873:Books Abroad
4872:
4862:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4801:
4792:
4779:. Retrieved
4773:
4763:
4754:
4724:
4707:
4701:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4643:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4616:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4537:. Retrieved
4517:
4510:
4490:
4483:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4436:
4427:
4413:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4387:the original
4377:
4368:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4313:
4307:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4229:
4219:
4192:
4186:
4177:
4156:
4145:
4129:
4110:
4091:
4050:
4044:
4005:
3978:
3934:
3919:
3904:
3892:Flag of 1712
3885:
3870:
3866:
3847:
3837:Naval ensign
3835:
3824:Civil ensign
3822:
3815:: The early
3812:
3801:
3791:
3783:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3579:full list...
3577:
3563:
3556:
3542:
3535:
3521:
3514:
3500:
3493:
3479:
3472:
3410:Mobilization
3402:Debt default
3344:Chechen wars
3295:since 1991:
3272:full list...
3270:
3249:Russian SFSR
3238:Soviet Union
3155:Korenization
3125:full list...
3123:
3059:Russian SFSR
2968:
2872:
2827:Zemsky Sobor
2795:full list...
2793:
2719:full list...
2717:
2664:
2650:Ancient Rus'
2545:Organization
2499:
2481:
2439:Qing dynasty
2432:
2405:
2403:for Russia.
2374:
2368:
2336:
2316:
2289:
2200:
2166:(modern day
2161:
2147:
2128:Stenka Razin
2120:Don Cossacks
2112:
2092:
2056:
2019:
2015:
1993:
1973:
1950:
1930:
1921:
1895:zemsky Sobor
1852:
1828:
1788:
1786:
1765:Zemsky Sobor
1763:
1757:
1734:
1714:
1703:
1685:
1683:
1664:
1650:
1616:, until the
1603:
1597:against the
1584:
1561:
1530:
1513:
1500:
1483:Livonian War
1449:
1437:
1430:
1382:
1330:
1324:
1321:Vladimir Dal
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1277:Christianity
1259:fell to the
1234:
1232:
1197:
1187:
1173:
1127:
1104:
1085:
1066:
1039:
1023:
1011:
999:
995:
983:
979:
967:
947:
941:
936:
935:, who wrote
928:
924:
923:, author of
919:(1591), and
916:
891:
887:
869:
867:
863:Russian land
862:
855:
851:
847:
839:
835:
831:
828:Great Russia
823:
789:
784:
760:
744:
734:
730:
723:
695:
641:
620:
616:
614:
470:Succeeded by
469:
464:
441:15.7 million
437:• 1719
427:• 1646
417:• 1600
407:• 1500
318:Livonian War
272:Zemsky Sobor
96:
85:Coat of arms
34:
18:
6548:tea culture
6401:Fairy tales
6264:Open access
6237:Immigration
6198:Gun control
5937:Agriculture
5906:Term limits
5816:Martial law
5811:Nationalism
5806:Irredentism
5801:Imperialism
5584:Caspian Sea
5500:Environment
5495:Earthquakes
5391:Union State
5379:Dissolution
5278:Kievan Rus'
5268:Early Slavs
5087:23 November
3937:(1693–1700)
3922:(from 1712)
3907:(from 1700)
3873:(from 1705)
3780:State flags
3304:August Coup
3227:War of Laws
3209:Perestroika
3187:Warsaw Pact
3175:Great Purge
3138:1923–1991:
3002:White Guard
2982:Directorate
2951:1917–1923:
2808:1480–1917:
2734:Feudal Rus'
2732:1240–1480:
2605:Rus' people
2597:Early Slavs
2564:History of
2523:great power
2506:his own son
2447:Lake Baikal
2164:Wild Fields
2072:dvoryanstvo
2004:bureaucracy
1971:in Moscow.
1891:Kuzma Minin
1857:, captured
1840:Ingrian War
1796:the Kremlin
1651:The Apostle
1622:Nogai Horde
1580:Caspian Sea
1557:Elizabeth I
1512:(literally
1445:Chronograph
1413:Church Code
1132:Atlas Maior
1071:Herberstein
966:, the term
933:John Milton
820:Jeremiah II
558:Nogai Horde
465:Preceded by
281:(1711–1721)
275:(1549–1684)
262:Legislature
165:(1712–1721)
159:(1547–1712)
88:(1667–1721)
72:(1693–1721)
6625:Categories
6553:Television
6528:Philosophy
6461:Mass media
6451:Literature
6446:Inventions
6208:Healthcare
6143:Corruption
6133:Censorship
6024:(currency)
5901:Separatism
5846:Opposition
5831:Neo-Nazism
5821:Monarchism
5791:Liberalism
5786:Propaganda
5746:Government
5613:North Asia
5414:Journalism
5273:East Slavs
5263:Sarmatians
4800:, article
4628:5 December
4583:(editor).
4539:30 October
4393:2 December
4036:References
3890:Andreevsky
3849:Naval jack
3813:Civil flag
3370:amendments
3282:Tannu Tuva
3205:Afghan War
3140:Soviet Era
2648:879–1240:
2589:Prehistory
2514:Antichrist
2424:Amur River
2416:Lena River
2063:legal code
2030:provincial
2008:legitimacy
1951:The early
1924:Boyar Duma
1745:Yuri's Day
1686:oprichnina
1675:zemshchina
1671:oprichnina
1653:(1564) by
1642:Oprichnina
1587:Baltic Sea
1245:autocratic
1236:autokrator
956:Lithuanian
872:(English:
844:Feodor III
818:Patriarch
812:coronation
666:, and the
662:, and the
431:14 million
421:12 million
397:Population
301:Coronation
266:Boyar Duma
208:Government
197:Demonym(s)
176:(official)
6411:Festivals
6304:Sociology
6254:Languages
6173:Education
6077:Transport
5911:Terrorism
5756:Judiciary
5750:Apparatus
5716:Elections
5681:Anarchism
5655:Far North
5606:Volcanoes
5591:Mountains
5468:Geography
5347:Civil war
5258:Scythians
5116:Domostroy
5061:2 October
4885:0006-7431
4854:146782336
4719:(Russian)
4441:Tsardom".
4246:19 August
4019:romanized
3992:romanized
3826:of Russia
3663:1982–1991
3659:1964–1982
3655:1953–1964
3651:1927–1953
3647:1917–1927
3643:1894–1917
3639:1855–1894
3635:1796–1855
3631:1721–1796
3406:Sanctions
3356:Oligarchy
3286:1921–1944
3264:1940–1956
3253:1922–1991
3242:1922–1991
3159:Stalinism
3117:1921–1923
3106:1918–1920
3096:1922–1922
3085:1920–1922
3074:1919–1922
3063:1917–1922
3053:1917–1918
3042:1917–1918
3028:Emigrants
3014:Priamurye
2998:Civil War
2974:July Days
2942:1914–1921
2931:1900–1905
2920:1867–1915
2909:1809–1917
2898:1799–1867
2887:1721–1917
2877:1547–1721
2787:1263–1547
2777:1157–1331
2767:1136–1478
2711:1093–1157
2636:Garðaríki
2593:Antiquity
2437:with the
2408:Mangazeya
2377:Stroganov
2274:and Tsar
2219:Aleksey I
2116:Don River
2107:tradesmen
2099:fugitives
2018:; sing.,
1996:autocracy
1969:Salt Riot
1948:in 1509.
1879:Stroganov
1853:In 1609,
1782:Feodor II
1541:White Sea
1533:merchants
1423:Domostroy
1220:Byzantine
1004:Roxolania
952:Muscovite
773:icon case
769:Yaroslavl
735:Ros(s)iya
731:Rus(s)iya
682:in 1721.
644:upheavals
639:in 1721.
411:6 million
362:1700–1721
349:1654–1667
336:1598–1613
323:1558–1583
181:Religion
139:1600 and
46:1547–1721
6603:Category
6481:Nobility
6441:Internet
6436:Heraldry
6431:Graffiti
6416:Folklore
6359:Armorial
6289:Religion
6274:Polygamy
6213:HIV/AIDS
6193:Funerals
6183:Feminism
6153:Deafness
6138:Citizens
6128:Cannabis
6113:Abortion
6057:Taxation
5997:Gambling
5987:Forestry
5836:Military
5669:Politics
5650:Wildlife
5596:Caucasus
5559:Glaciers
5439:Military
5424:Internet
5402:By topic
5296:Vladimir
5291:Novgorod
5245:Timeline
5081:Archived
5055:Archived
5010:Archived
4975:Archived
4889:Archived
4809:Archived
4744:Archived
4713:Archived
4650:Archived
4622:Archived
4533:Archived
4227:(2010).
4118:Archived
4099:Archived
4080:Archived
3943:See also
3766:Podyachy
3744:Votchina
3627:860–1721
3623:Timeline
3360:Putinism
3314:Protocol
3312:Alma-Ata
3217:Karabakh
3197:transfer
3183:Cold War
3006:Red Army
2990:election
2823:Troubles
2701:988–1402
2691:987–1397
2681:882–1136
2626:Arthania
2555:a series
2553:Part of
2539:Caucasus
2383:leader,
2103:communes
2084:landlord
2080:peasants
2068:nobility
1953:Romanovs
1942:Smolensk
1909:Romanovs
1905:family.
1681:(1570).
1624:and the
1403:Law Code
1323:defined
1317:terrible
1313:terrible
1301:terrible
1210:married
1208:Ivan III
1109:Mercator
1090:Mercator
1067:Moscovia
1024:Moscovia
1016:Henry IV
1000:Moscovia
968:Moscovia
954:and the
948:Moscovia
892:Moscovia
880:Catholic
870:Moscovia
698:endonyms
450:Currency
189:official
6594:Outline
6406:Fashion
6396:Fashion
6384:Cuisine
6346:Culture
6334:in army
6319:Wedding
6314:Suicide
6309:Smoking
6294:Slavery
6269:Orphans
6242:Illegal
6118:Alcohol
6101:Society
6067:Tourism
5947:Banking
5925:Economy
5770:Prisons
5618:Siberia
5574:Islands
5554:Geology
5490:Climate
5480:Borders
5444:Outline
5419:Judaism
5409:Economy
5236:History
4981:4 March
4895:27 July
4802:ГРОЗИТЬ
4781:13 June
4021::
4010:Russian
3994::
3983:Russian
3839:of the
3830:Peter I
3817:Romanov
3734:Sloboda
3669:present
3569:present
3548:present
3527:present
3506:present
3485:present
3465:present
3448:present
3431:present
3394:Prelude
3191:Comecon
2821:Time of
2584:Periods
2451:Beijing
2389:Siberia
2381:Cossack
2339:academy
2332:Avvakum
2294:. Most
2278:in the
2095:serfdom
2045:voivode
2016:prikazy
2010:or the
1961:Aleksey
1957:Filaret
1903:Romanov
1863:Kremlin
1859:Shuisky
1848:Tushino
1699:serfdom
1591:Livonia
1502:Muscovy
1337:Shuysky
1285:Eastern
1281:Western
1241:Ivan IV
1184:emperor
1140:History
1020:Vologda
964:Jesuits
875:Muscovy
842:, with
836:Rossiya
792:Ivan IV
775:of the
740:"Росиа"
700:of the
652:Romanov
650:to the
629:Ivan IV
608:Ukraine
600:Finland
596:Belarus
381:•
368:•
355:•
342:•
329:•
316:•
305:Ivan IV
299:•
286:History
251:Peter I
240:(first)
238:Ivan IV
202:Russian
174:Russian
152:Capital
6608:Portal
6563:Sports
6491:Anthem
6379:Cinema
6374:Ballet
6284:Racism
6247:Labour
6203:Health
6168:Doping
6022:Ruble
6007:Mining
5977:Energy
5640:Rivers
5549:Fjords
5449:Postal
5301:Moscow
5227:Russia
5170:
5158:Russia
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4952:
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4883:
4852:
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4844:
4770:"tsar"
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4498:
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4057:
3759:Prikaz
3328:abroad
3195:Crimea
2566:Russia
2557:on the
2535:Persia
2516:. The
2491:boyars
2371:(1895)
2276:Alexis
2229:. The
2203:Hetman
2186:, the
2076:nomads
2070:, the
2021:prikaz
1974:After
1927:(1893)
1737:Feodor
1667:boyars
1610:Crimea
1551:, Sir
1345:boyars
1341:Belsky
1325:grozny
1309:grozny
1305:grozny
1199:Caesar
1180:Moscow
1157:; and
1134:, 1645
1115:, 1596
1092:, 1595
1086:Russia
1073:, 1549
996:Russia
984:Rossia
980:Russia
929:Russia
888:Russia
783:, the
765:portal
660:Sweden
604:Russia
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253:(last)
223:
156:Moscow
144:
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132:1500
130:
6513:Opera
6466:Music
6329:Women
6230:LGBTQ
6148:Crime
6082:Waste
5601:Urals
5579:Lakes
4850:S2CID
4842:JSTOR
4422:Rome"
4408:Rome"
3970:Notes
3739:Ukase
3667:1991–
3603:
3589:
3429:1991–
3171:GULAG
3016:Govt.
2657:Rurik
2533:with
2341:that
2323:Greek
2319:Nikon
2124:Volga
2012:boyar
1811:Poles
1760:Rurik
1690:boyar
1572:Volga
905:Latin
897:Latin
884:Latin
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840:chiny
761:Rus'
745:Rosia
726:'
648:Rurik
102:1539)
6501:Flag
6389:Wine
6369:Arts
5434:LGBT
5318:Army
5168:ISBN
5089:2012
5063:2010
4983:2023
4950:ISBN
4917:ISBN
4897:2017
4881:ISSN
4783:2019
4630:2016
4541:2023
4523:ISBN
4496:ISBN
4395:2016
4318:ISBN
4248:2016
4235:ISBN
4205:ISBN
4135:ISBN
4055:ISBN
3773:Dyak
3565:2022
3544:2022
3523:2022
3502:2022
3481:2014
3461:2000
3444:1994
3354:) •
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3326:Near
3024:USSR
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2465:and
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2088:home
2057:The
1994:The
1889:and
1809:The
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1729:and
1657:and
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1481:and
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1271:and
1269:Rome
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1176:Tsar
1151:Tsar
998:and
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861:and
852:Rus'
707:Русь
686:Name
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615:The
219:Tsar
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5761:Law
5108:'s
4834:doi
4738:RAN
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3322:CIS
3219:War
3147:NEP
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