455:, are thinner than the more common suspended or ground-bearing slabs (usually 50 to 150 mm), and usually contain no reinforcement. This makes them economical and easy to install for temporary or low-usage purposes such as subfloors, crawlspaces, pathways, paving, and levelling surfaces. In general, they may be used for any application which requires a flat, clean surface. This includes use as a base or "sub-slab" for a larger structural slab. On uneven or steep surfaces, this preparatory measure is necessary to provide a flat surface on which to install rebar and waterproofing membranes. In this application, a mud slab also prevents the plastic bar chairs from sinking into soft topsoil which can cause
189:-value, since each component has a different conductivity when isolated, and the position and proportion of each components affects the overall conductivity. To simplify this, particles of aggregate may be considered to be suspended in the homogeneous cement. Campbell-Allen and Thorne (1963) derived a formula for the theoretical thermal conductivity of concrete. In practice this formula is rarely applied, but remains relevant for theoretical use. Subsequently, Valore (1980) developed another formula in terms of overall density. However, this study concerned hollow concrete blocks and its results are unverified for concrete slabs.
227:. The R-value does not consider thermal mass, since it is tested under constant temperature conditions. Thus, when a concrete slab is subjected to fluctuating temperatures, it will respond more slowly to these changes and in many cases increase the efficiency of a building. In reality, there are many factors which contribute to the effect of thermal mass, including the depth and composition of the slab, as well as other properties of the building such as orientation and windows.
39:
31:
220:. Concrete has a relatively high thermal mass, meaning that it takes a long time to respond to changes in ambient temperature. This is a disadvantage when rooms are heated intermittently and require a quick response, as it takes longer to warm the entire building, including the slab. However, the high thermal mass is an advantage in climates with large daily temperature swings, where the slab acts as a regulator, keeping the building cool by day and warm by night.
2154:
274:
471:
422:
285:
438:). They were once common in the US, but the economic value of reinforced ground-bearing slabs has become more appealing for many engineers. Without reinforcement, the entire load on these slabs is supported by the strength of the concrete, which becomes a vital factor. As a result, any stress induced by a load, static or dynamic, must be within the limit of the concrete's
357:: Fill material is compacted in several layers by a vibrating plate or roller. Sand fills areas up to around 800 mm deep, and clay may be used to fill areas up to 400 mm deep. However, clay is much more reactive than sand, so it should be used sparingly and carefully. Clay must be moist during compaction to homogenise it.
686:, or metal bars, are positioned within the formwork before the concrete is poured in. Plastic-tipped metal or plastic bar chairs, are used to hold the rebar away from the bottom and sides of the form-work, so that when the concrete sets it completely envelops the reinforcement. This concept is known as
326:
Levelling the site before pouring concrete is an important step, as sloping ground will cause the concrete to cure unevenly and will result in differential expansion. In some cases, a naturally sloping site may be levelled simply by removing soil from the uphill site. If a site has a more significant
322:
For ground-bearing slabs, it is important to design the slab around the type of soil, since some soils such as clay are too dynamic to support a slab consistently across its entire area. This results in cracking and deformation, potentially leading to structural failure of any members attached to the
526:
has moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. This may be implemented due to application requirements such as heavy loading, vibration resistance, clearance below the slab, or other factors. However, an important characteristic governing the requirement of a two-way slab is the ratio of the
492:
has moment-resisting reinforcement only in its short axis, and is used when the moment in the long axis is negligible. Such designs include corrugated slabs and ribbed slabs. Non-reinforced slabs may also be considered one-way if they are supported on only two opposite sides (i.e. they are supported
367:
Proper curing of ground-bearing concrete is necessary to obtain adequate strength. Since these slabs are inevitably poured on-site (rather than precast as some suspended slabs are), it can be difficult to control conditions to optimize the curing process. This is usually aided by a membrane, either
693:
The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and boards, plastic, or steel. On commercial building sites, plastic and steel are gaining popularity as they save labour. On low-budget or small-scale jobs, for instance when laying a concrete garden path, wooden planks are very common. After the
403:
gives considerably more strength in one direction. This is achieved with concrete beams bearing load between piers or columns, and thinner, integral ribs in the perpendicular direction. An analogy in carpentry would be a subfloor of bearers and joists. Ribbed slabs have higher load ratings than
496:
The calculation of reinforcement requirements for a one-way slab can be extremely tedious and time-consuming, and one can never be completely certain of the best design. Even minor changes to the project can necessitate recalculation of the reinforcement requirements. There are many factors to
442:
to prevent cracking. Since unreinforced concrete is relatively very weak in tension, it is important to consider the effects of tensile stress caused by reactive soil, wind uplift, thermal expansion, and cracking. One of the most common applications for unreinforced slabs is in concrete roads.
150:
Energy efficiency has become a primary concern for the construction of new buildings, and the prevalence of concrete slabs calls for careful consideration of its thermal properties in order to minimise wasted energy. Concrete has similar thermal properties to masonry products, in that it has a
697:
Formwork can also be permanent, and remain in situ post concrete pour. For large slabs or paths that are poured in sections, this permanent formwork can then also act as isolation joints within concrete slabs to reduce the potential for cracking due to concrete expansion or movement.
196:
varies significantly in practice, and is usually between 0.8 and 2.0 W m K. This is relatively high when compared to other materials, for example the conductivity of wood may be as low as 0.04 W m K. One way of mitigating the effects of thermal conduction is to introduce insulation
417:. Waffle slabs are usually deeper than ribbed slabs of equivalent strength, and are heavier hence require stronger foundations. However, they provide increased mechanical strength in two dimensions, a characteristic important for vibration resistance and soil movement.
239:
Without insulation, concrete slabs cast directly on the ground can cause a significant amount of extraneous energy transfer by conduction, resulting in either lost heat or unwanted heat. In modern construction, concrete slabs are usually cast above a layer of
318:
Ground-bearing slabs, also known as "on-ground" or "slab-on-grade", are commonly used for ground floors on domestic and some commercial applications. It is an economical and quick construction method for sites that have non-reactive soil and little slope.
338:
which extend into the ground. In this case, the fill material is less important structurally as the dead weight of the slab is supported by the piers. However, the fill material is still necessary to support the curing concrete and its reinforcement.
395:
is designed when the concrete is poured into a corrugated steel tray, more commonly called decking. This steel tray improves strength of the slab, and prevents the slab from bending under its own weight. The corrugations run in one direction
690:. For a ground-bearing slab, the formwork may consist only of side walls pushed into the ground. For a suspended slab, the formwork is shaped like a tray, often supported by a temporary scaffold until the concrete sets.
129:
frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level. Cast in-situ slabs are used in high rise buildings and large shopping complexes as well as houses. These in-situ slabs are cast on site using shutters and reinforced
230:
Thermal mass is also related to thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and insulation. Concrete has low thermal diffusivity, high heat capacity, and its thermal mass is negatively affected by insulation (e.g. carpet).
259:). In these cases, casting the slab directly onto a substrate of aggregate will maintain the slab near the temperature of the substrate throughout the year, and can prevent both freezing and overheating.
1091:
798:
107:, is mostly used in residential and industrial applications. This slab type is made up of pre-stressed beams and hollow blocks and are temporarily propped until set, typically after 21 days.
363:
Fill is repeatedly compacted by an excavator, but this method of compaction is less effective than a vibrator or roller. Thus, the regulations on maximum depth are typically stricter.
701:
In some cases formwork is not necessary - for instance, a ground slab surrounded by dense soil, brick or block foundation walls, where the walls act as the sides of the tray and
571:
387:
For a suspended slab, there are a number of designs to improve the strength-to-weight ratio. In all cases the top surface remains flat, and the underside is modulated:
88:. A slab is ground-bearing if it rests directly on the foundation, otherwise the slab is suspended. For multi-story buildings, there are several common slab designs (
625:
598:
413:
gives added strength in both directions using a matrix of recessed segments beneath the slab. This is the same principle used in the ground-bearing version, the
658:
Prefabricated concrete slabs are built in a factory and transported to the site, ready to be lowered into place between steel or concrete beams. They may be
1102:
1212:
1127:
806:
270:
blocks. This not only allows for better insulation but decreases the weight of slab which has a positive effect on load bearing walls and foundations.
252:
pipes. However, there are still uses for a slab that is not insulated, for example in outbuildings which are not heated or cooled to room temperature (
134:
On technical drawings, reinforced concrete slabs are often abbreviated to "r.c.c. slab" or simply "r.c.". Calculations and drawings are often done by
1268:
2092:
327:
grade, it may be a candidate for the "cut and fill" method, where soil from the higher ground is removed, and the lower ground is built up with
1377:
1490:
1330:
1509:
1028:
456:
177:, is proportional to density of the concrete, among other factors. The primary influences on conductivity are moisture content, type of
2183:
2113:
666:(on site), or unstressed. It is vital that the wall supporting structure is built to the correct dimensions, or the slabs may not fit.
1830:
1540:
1451:
1497:
434:
Unreinforced or "plain" slabs are becoming rare and have limited practical applications, with one exception being the mud slab (
1981:
1243:
375:. However, in some cases such as concrete roads, it is acceptable to use an unreinforced slab if it is adequately engineered (
1195:
1075:
990:
956:
1655:
493:
in one axis). A one-way reinforced slab may be stronger than a two-way non-reinforced slab, depending on the type of load.
50:
is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-
2072:
788:
Duncan, Chester I. Soils and
Foundations for Architects and Engineers. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992. 299. Print.
54:
slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner
1006:
663:
1410:
1840:
1163:
779:
Garber, G. Design and
Construction of Concrete Floors. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006. 47. Print.
827:
1570:
931:
1220:
1138:
2046:
1613:
1533:
627:
is the long dimension, then moment in both directions should be considered in design. In other words, if the
185:, constituent proportions, and temperature. These various factors complicate the theoretical evaluation of a
17:
1279:
2087:
2062:
1976:
1943:
1386:
947:
Sabnis, Gajanan M.; Juhl, William (2016). "Chapter 4: Sustainability through
Thermal Mass of Concrete".
216:
of concrete slabs, which applies similarly to walls and floors, or wherever concrete is used within the
2041:
1855:
1565:
530:
2077:
2019:
1938:
1878:
1693:
1608:
313:
173:, usually in regard to heat transfer to or from the ground. The coefficient of thermal conductivity,
1304:
1526:
73:
1850:
1595:
1504:
1037:
1948:
1825:
1749:
1640:
1635:
460:
414:
178:
154:
In some special cases, the thermal properties of concrete have been employed, for example as a
135:
2031:
1774:
659:
459:
due to incomplete coverage of the steel. Sometimes a mud slab may be a substitute for coarse
139:
2067:
1968:
1963:
1923:
1835:
1698:
1379:
EGN-5439 The Design of Tall
Buildings; Lecture #14: The Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs
603:
576:
371:
Ground-bearing slabs are usually supplemented with some form of reinforcement, often steel
267:
245:
224:
166:
856:
Guide to
Thermal Properties of Concrete and Masonry Systems: Reported by ACI Committee 122
8:
2014:
1933:
1703:
1645:
749:
733:
679:
51:
1462:
899:
Valore, R.C. Jr. (February 1980). "Calculation of U-values of Hollow
Concrete Masonry".
1928:
1845:
872:
Campbell-Allen, D.; Thorne, C.P. (March 1963). "The thermal conductivity of concrete".
715:
249:
241:
170:
920:
2178:
2157:
1913:
1908:
1883:
1865:
1779:
1759:
1580:
1191:
1071:
986:
952:
927:
439:
302:
288:
Concrete poured into formwork. This slab is ground-bearing and reinforced with steel
217:
122:
2036:
334:
In addition to filling the downhill side, this area of the slab may be supported on
2009:
1918:
1784:
1744:
1623:
1585:
881:
744:
721:
647:
111:
1953:
1804:
1708:
1618:
1513:
335:
169:
of a concrete slab indicates the rate of heat transfer through the solid mass by
80:, is used to construct the ground floor. These slabs are generally classified as
1357:
2026:
1958:
1799:
1718:
1688:
1683:
1575:
885:
759:
727:
687:
678:- a type of boxing into which the wet concrete is poured. If the slab is to be
643:
504:
464:
263:
100:
1675:
2172:
1898:
1888:
1794:
1439:(6th ed.). Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia. 2004. p. 53.
634:
A non-reinforced slab is two-way if it is supported in both horizontal axes.
497:
consider during the structural structure design of one-way slabs, including:
266:
system (mentioned above) which is modified by replacing concrete blocks with
702:
1903:
1789:
1764:
1557:
213:
38:
1713:
30:
2004:
1723:
1660:
628:
409:
2108:
1893:
1873:
1665:
470:
463:. Mud slabs typically have a moderately rough surface, finished with a
273:
118:
425:
The exposed underside of a waffle slab used in a multi-storey building
2139:
328:
158:
in nuclear power plants or a thermal buffer in industrial freezers.
42:
Suspended slab formwork and rebar in place, ready for concrete pour.
2123:
2118:
1754:
1549:
739:
675:
284:
277:
155:
69:
34:
Suspended slab under construction, with the formwork still in place
2082:
1650:
949:
Green
Building with Concrete: Sustainable Design and Construction
77:
1809:
1769:
1603:
421:
182:
223:
Typically concrete slabs perform better than implied by their
151:
relatively high thermal mass and is a good conductor of heat.
1728:
1630:
1188:
Concrete Framed
Buildings: A Guide to Design and Construction
754:
683:
372:
289:
126:
674:
On-site concrete slabs are built on the building site using
1518:
1101:. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association. Archived from
404:
corrugated or flat slabs, but are inferior to waffle slabs.
1411:"What is the difference between one way and two way slab?"
1269:"Rupture depth of an unreinforced concrete slab on grade"
1030:
Design of Slabs-on-Ground: Reported by ACI Committee 360
368:
plastic (temporary) or a liquid compound (permanent).
606:
579:
533:
27:
Flat, horizontal concrete element of modern buildings
1092:"Concrete in Practice 11 - Curing In-Place Concrete"
871:
474:
Substrate and rebar prepared for pouring a mud slab
114:
which is precast and installed on site with a crane
68:In many domestic and industrial buildings, a thick
985:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann.
919:
619:
592:
565:
631:is greater than two, a two-way slab is required.
2170:
2093:International Federation for Structural Concrete
867:
865:
1534:
1492:Concrete Basics: A Guide to Concrete Practice
1452:"Temporary Structures: Formwork for Concrete"
1437:Concrete Basics: A Guide to Concrete Practice
1375:
1036:. American Concrete Institute. Archived from
1213:"Clearing the confusion on 'plain concrete'"
951:(2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis Group.
862:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
1541:
1527:
983:Design and Construction of Concrete Floors
946:
694:concrete has set the wood may be removed.
513:Type and distribution of reinforcing steel
510:Acceptable depth of flexure and deflection
342:There are two common methods of filling -
1337:. National Institute of Building Sciences
1027:McKinney, Arthur W.; et al. (2006).
853:
1210:
1026:
838:
718:(Commonly used for ground-bearing slabs)
469:
420:
283:
272:
37:
29:
1355:
1065:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
314:Shallow foundation § Slab on grade
307:
262:A common type of insulated slab is the
161:
14:
2171:
1449:
1007:"What is a polystyrene concrete slab?"
980:
898:
854:Cavanaugh, Kevin; et al. (2002).
145:
1522:
1276:Aluminium Association of Florida, Inc
1061:
1059:
1057:
1022:
1020:
918:Young, Hugh D. (1992). "Table 15.5".
917:
429:
212:The second consideration is the high
1656:Ground granulated blast-furnace slag
1068:The Australian House Building Manual
965:
940:
2073:Institution of Structural Engineers
1244:"Reinforcement for slabs on ground"
24:
1328:
1302:
1241:
1211:Garrison, Tim (19 February 2014).
1180:
1070:. Pinedale Press. pp. 40–41.
1054:
1017:
478:
382:
25:
2195:
2184:Concrete buildings and structures
1484:
1190:. MPA The Concrete Centre. 2016.
58:may be used for exterior paving (
2153:
2152:
1499:Super Insulated Slab Foundations
1365:. University of New South Wales.
926:(7th ed.). Addison Wesley.
888:. UDC 691.32.001:536.21:691.322.
653:
566:{\displaystyle l_{x}:l_{y}<2}
517:
483:
1443:
1429:
1403:
1369:
1349:
1322:
1296:
1261:
1235:
1217:Civil & Structural Engineer
1204:
1156:
1120:
1084:
999:
828:"What is a rib and block slab?"
736:(Voided slab, two-way spanning)
730:(voided slab, one way spanning)
724:(Voided slab, one-way spanning)
637:
207:
200:
1571:Roman architectural revolution
911:
892:
858:. American Concrete Institute.
820:
791:
782:
773:
255:
61:
13:
1:
1459:Tokyo Institute of Technology
1376:Prieto-Portar, L. A. (2008).
874:Magazine of Concrete Research
799:"Ground slabs - Introduction"
766:
234:
1548:
1011:www.royalconcreteslabs.co.za
832:www.royalconcreteslabs.co.za
446:
125:slabs are slung between the
7:
2088:Portland Cement Association
2063:American Concrete Institute
1335:Whole Building Design Guide
708:
705:(rubble) acts as the base.
650:), or constructed on site.
600:is the short dimension and
527:two horizontal lengths. If
435:
376:
323:floor, such as wall studs.
253:
248:, and the slab may contain
198:
117:In high rise buildings and
91:
89:
59:
10:
2200:
1566:Ancient Roman architecture
1450:Nemati, Kamran M. (2005).
1329:Postma, Mark; et al.
886:10.1680/macr.1963.15.43.39
669:
311:
300:
2148:
2132:
2101:
2078:Indian Concrete Institute
2055:
1992:
1864:
1818:
1737:
1674:
1594:
1556:
1506:Design of Slabs on Ground
1164:"Ribbed and waffle slabs"
451:Mud slabs, also known as
296:
1128:"Ribbed Slabs Datasheet"
1415:Basic Civil Engineering
1356:Gilbert, R. I. (1980).
1066:Staines, Allan (2014).
1013:. Royal concrete slabs.
981:Garber, George (2006).
834:. Royal concrete slabs.
642:A concrete slab may be
1856:Alkali–silica reaction
1614:Energetically modified
1168:www.concretecentre.com
901:Concrete International
803:www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au
621:
594:
567:
475:
426:
415:waffle slab foundation
293:
281:
280:set for concrete pour.
103:, also referred to as
43:
35:
1309:Builder-Questions.com
1305:"What is a mud slab?"
1248:Concrete Construction
622:
620:{\displaystyle l_{y}}
595:
593:{\displaystyle l_{x}}
568:
473:
424:
301:Further information:
287:
276:
41:
33:
1841:Environmental impact
1699:Reversing drum mixer
604:
577:
531:
308:Ground-bearing slabs
268:expanded polystyrene
246:expanded polystyrene
192:The actual value of
167:Thermal conductivity
162:Thermal conductivity
136:structural engineers
750:Reinforced concrete
734:Voided biaxial slab
146:Thermal performance
76:or directly on the
1944:Self-consolidating
1636:Water–cement ratio
1512:2021-05-08 at the
922:University Physics
716:Shallow foundation
662:(in the factory),
617:
590:
563:
476:
430:Unreinforced slabs
427:
294:
282:
250:underfloor heating
72:slab supported on
44:
36:
2166:
2165:
2158:Category:Concrete
1939:Roller-compacting
1760:Climbing formwork
1609:Calcium aluminate
1581:Roman engineering
1359:UNICIV Report 211
1197:978-1-904818-40-3
1077:978-1-875217-07-6
992:978-0-7506-6656-5
958:978-1-4987-0411-3
501:Load calculations
440:flexural strength
201:§ Insulation
123:pre-cast concrete
16:(Redirected from
2191:
2156:
2155:
2068:Concrete Society
1879:Fiber-reinforced
1694:Volumetric mixer
1586:Roman technology
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1461:. Archived from
1456:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1385:. Archived from
1384:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1278:. Archived from
1273:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:. Archived from
1208:
1202:
1201:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:on 29 March 2018
1143:
1137:. Archived from
1132:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
978:
963:
962:
944:
938:
937:
925:
915:
909:
908:
896:
890:
889:
869:
860:
859:
851:
836:
835:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
805:. Archived from
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
745:Precast concrete
722:Hollow-core slab
626:
624:
623:
618:
616:
615:
599:
597:
596:
591:
589:
588:
572:
570:
569:
564:
556:
555:
543:
542:
437:
378:
258:
256:§ Mud slabs
218:thermal envelope
203:
112:hollow core slab
95:
64:
21:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2144:
2128:
2097:
2051:
1988:
1860:
1814:
1733:
1709:Flow table test
1670:
1590:
1552:
1547:
1514:Wayback Machine
1487:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1468:on 12 July 2018
1465:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1303:Arcoma, Peter.
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1242:Walker, Wayne.
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
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82:ground-bearing
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1392:on 2017-08-29
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1331:"Floor Slabs"
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1285:on 2020-09-26
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880:(43): 39–48.
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92:§ Design
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53:
49:
48:concrete slab
40:
32:
19:
2032:Step barrier
1999:
1993:Applications
1904:Nanoconcrete
1790:Power trowel
1775:Power screed
1765:Slip forming
1738:Construction
1505:
1498:
1491:
1470:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1458:
1445:
1436:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1414:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1378:
1371:
1358:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1275:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1216:
1206:
1187:
1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1134:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1098:
1086:
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1045:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1029:
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948:
942:
921:
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831:
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811:. Retrieved
807:the original
802:
793:
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700:
696:
692:
673:
660:pre-stressed
657:
641:
638:Construction
633:
524:two-way slab
523:
521:
495:
490:one-way slab
489:
487:
452:
450:
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408:
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366:
361:Rolled fill:
360:
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238:
229:
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214:thermal mass
211:
208:Thermal mass
193:
191:
186:
174:
165:
153:
149:
133:
104:
85:
81:
67:
55:
47:
45:
18:One-way slab
2010:hollow-core
1969:Waste light
1964:Translucent
1924:Prestressed
1851:Segregation
1836:Degradation
1724:Cover meter
1661:Silica fume
1596:Composition
1135:Kaset Kalip
629:axial ratio
507:calculation
410:waffle slab
401:ribbed slab
348:rolled fill
121:, thinner,
119:skyscrapers
74:foundations
2173:Categories
2109:Eurocode 2
2047:Structures
1934:Reinforced
1894:Lunarcrete
1874:AstroCrete
1831:Durability
1826:Properties
1704:Slump test
1676:Production
1666:Metakaolin
1396:2019-04-04
1289:2019-05-08
1173:2019-04-04
1047:2019-04-04
933:0201529815
813:2017-12-07
767:References
680:reinforced
312:See also:
242:insulation
235:Insulation
181:, type of
171:conduction
142:software.
52:reinforced
2140:Hempcrete
2102:Standards
1929:Ready-mix
1846:Recycling
1641:Aggregate
1624:Rosendale
461:aggregate
453:rat slabs
447:Mud slabs
436:see below
377:see below
179:aggregate
86:suspended
56:mud slabs
2179:Concrete
2133:See also
2124:EN 10080
2119:EN 206-1
2114:EN 197-1
1973:Aerated
1914:Polished
1909:Pervious
1884:Filigree
1780:Finisher
1755:Formwork
1619:Portland
1550:Concrete
1510:Archived
907:: 40–63.
740:Formwork
709:See also
703:hardcore
676:formwork
457:spalling
278:Formwork
244:such as
156:heatsink
70:concrete
2083:Nanocem
2042:Columns
1919:Polymer
1819:Science
1785:Grinder
1745:Precast
1651:Fly ash
1558:History
1472:4 April
1148:4 April
1112:4 April
670:On-site
648:precast
225:R-value
78:subsoil
2005:waffle
1954:Sulfur
1810:Tremie
1805:Sealer
1770:Screed
1714:Curing
1604:Cement
1421:8 July
1194:
1074:
989:
955:
930:
684:rebars
682:, the
573:where
297:Design
183:cement
130:steel.
2037:Roads
1959:Tabby
1866:Types
1800:Float
1729:Rebar
1684:Plant
1631:Water
1466:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1383:(PDF)
1363:(PDF)
1341:8 May
1314:8 May
1283:(PDF)
1272:(PDF)
1253:8 May
1227:8 May
1142:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
1106:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
1041:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
755:Rebar
465:float
396:only.
373:rebar
290:rebar
127:steel
62:below
2000:Slab
1982:RAAC
1899:Mass
1889:Foam
1795:Pump
1474:2019
1423:2019
1343:2019
1316:2019
1255:2019
1229:2019
1192:ISBN
1150:2019
1114:2019
1072:ISBN
987:ISBN
953:ISBN
928:ISBN
558:<
346:and
329:fill
254:see
199:see
90:see
60:see
1977:AAC
882:doi
379:).
204:).
140:CAD
138:in
96:):
84:or
65:).
2175::
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864:^
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830:.
801:.
522:A
488:A
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646:(
613:y
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545::
540:x
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197:(
194:k
187:k
175:k
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
