180:
320:
84:
1888:
1878:
2940:
327:
According to the current definition of open content on the OpenContent website, any general, royalty-free copyright license would qualify as an open license because it 'provides users with the right to make more kinds of uses than those normally permitted under the law. These permissions are granted
643:
Prior to 1998, Free
Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware,
304:
to be distributed with the source code and under a similar license. Since the mid-2000s, courts in multiple countries have upheld the terms of both types of license. Software developers have filed cases as copyright infringement and as breaches of contract.
328:
to users free of charge.' However, the narrower definition used in the Open
Definition effectively limits open content to libre content. Any free content license, defined by the Definition of Free Cultural Works, would qualify as an open content license.
661:"This essential meaning matches that of “open” with respect to software as in the Open Source Definition and is synonymous with “free” or “libre” as in the Free Software Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works."
565:
1381:
1143:
1924:
1460:
1074:
Joy, Reagan (2022). "The
Tragedy of the Creative Commons: An Analysis of How Overlapping Intellectual Property Rights Undermine the Use of Permissive Licensing".
230:(IP) laws restrict the modification and sharing of creative works. Free and open-source licenses use these existing legal structures for an inverse purpose. They
1109:
Oman, Ralph (Spring 2018). "Computer
Software as Copyrightable Subject Matter: Oracle V. Google, Legislative Intent, and the Scope of Rights in Digital Works".
571:
1679:
1301:
1518:
644:
freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.
2130:
1450:
3088:
2453:
1470:
1356:
2924:
2907:
1455:
1438:
1917:
1408:
1306:
1584:
1418:
1391:
1371:
435:
2872:
1396:
1159:
Sen, Ravi; Subramaniam, Chandrasekar; Nelson, Matthew L. (Winter 2008). "Determinants of the Choice of Open Source
Software License".
1346:
1316:
2912:
2095:
1493:
985:
425:
1910:
1201:
2900:
2284:
1465:
1423:
1366:
1195:
1137:
947:
300:. Permissive licenses come from academia. Copyleft licenses come from the free software movement. Copyleft licenses require
1881:
1829:
1759:
1443:
1088:
2929:
2446:
2172:
1403:
1296:
1784:
1636:
1699:
1609:
1604:
200:
120:
2105:
1428:
1336:
274:
2505:
1988:
1694:
1526:
1433:
953:
116:
2865:
2439:
2269:
1273:
92:
51:
that allows copyrighted work to be reused, modified, and redistributed. These uses are normally prohibited by
3113:
2488:
2110:
1978:
1789:
1684:
1508:
1498:
1282:
590:
223:
142:
107:(since the 1990s). These rights were codified by different groups and organizations for different domains in
28:
1055:
2205:
1855:
1709:
1503:
544:
394:
243:
17:
3103:
2736:
1817:
1724:
1559:
285:
277:
rather than software freedoms. While the goals behind the terms are different, open-source licenses and
2804:
2684:
1714:
1599:
1376:
465:
297:
192:
3108:
2858:
2799:
2525:
2419:
2319:
2215:
2037:
1968:
1849:
1764:
1749:
1031:"The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the Inadvertent Politics of Contrast"
560:
131:
as legal mechanism. Ideas of free/open licenses have since spread into different spheres of society.
2895:
2709:
2274:
2177:
1844:
1641:
1594:
1579:
1531:
1341:
539:
524:
482:
249:
After 1980, the United States began to treat software as a literary work covered by copyright law.
108:
2829:
2405:
2115:
2010:
1953:
929:
293:
319:
2648:
2520:
2225:
2210:
2085:
2052:
1958:
1891:
1779:
1626:
1589:
1488:
529:
430:
388:
262:
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239:
211:
204:
112:
100:
72:
3098:
3093:
3067:
2668:
2510:
2462:
2220:
2125:
2090:
1933:
1754:
1549:
1541:
1480:
1413:
609:
604:
577:
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278:
227:
174:
138:
60:
3014:
2759:
2643:
2633:
2515:
2498:
2165:
2160:
2140:
1839:
1774:
1769:
1331:
1006:"Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses"
551:
489:
477:
460:
258:
215:
150:
134:
104:
8:
3118:
2764:
2749:
2546:
2080:
1948:
1719:
1321:
938:
170:
124:
68:
2964:
2919:
2824:
2814:
2769:
2483:
2398:
2344:
2248:
1266:
368:
3019:
2839:
2779:
2754:
2578:
2279:
2042:
1877:
1799:
1646:
1326:
1191:
1187:
1133:
1042:
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943:
923:
556:
3004:
1236:
314:
64:
2954:
2881:
2653:
2470:
2359:
2304:
2264:
2145:
1983:
1564:
1168:
933:
665:
519:
499:
446:
301:
292:. Both grant permission to change and distribute software. Typically, they require
250:
219:
238:, modify it, and distribute the modifications. These criteria are outlined in the
3037:
2974:
2834:
2809:
2791:
2658:
2595:
2551:
2391:
2354:
2189:
2047:
1963:
1902:
1834:
1237:
Various
Licenses and Comments about Them – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation
637:
270:
1251:
1247:
proposed Open Source
Hardware (OSHW) Statement of Principles and Definition v1.0
905:
2349:
2314:
2289:
2030:
2003:
1993:
1631:
1554:
1172:
585:
373:
184:
158:
96:
3082:
2714:
2493:
2339:
2064:
1862:
1823:
1729:
1386:
1311:
1259:
1129:
1046:
1021:
342:
154:
146:
83:
2294:
1181:
179:
3062:
3058:
2638:
2600:
2588:
2563:
2374:
2299:
2135:
2120:
2057:
2015:
1998:
1661:
1574:
630:
472:
266:
196:
814:
812:
323:
Definition of Free
Cultural Works logo, selected in a logo contest in 2006
273:. "Open source" is alternative label that emphasizes the strengths of the
2979:
2819:
2744:
2694:
2558:
2369:
2364:
2184:
2155:
2020:
1794:
1621:
1616:
893:
383:
378:
235:
231:
188:
2431:
1005:
99:
of the 1970s public domain software ecosystem, the social and political
2994:
2726:
2699:
2663:
2150:
1973:
1231:
1123:
1030:
809:
656:
405:
2969:
2774:
2721:
2617:
2605:
2025:
1651:
1241:
1125:
Open Source
Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law
534:
358:
222:
that allow content to be used, modified, and shared. They facilitate
128:
52:
3009:
2984:
2959:
2850:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2478:
2100:
1689:
1569:
1226:
494:
419:
415:
401:
289:
127:. These definitions were then transformed into licenses, using the
773:
3042:
2999:
2939:
2704:
2689:
2610:
2412:
2309:
1246:
863:
737:
411:
48:
1183:
Free as in
Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software
2541:
986:""Free" and "Open Source" Software: Navigating the Shibboleths"
875:
797:
56:
91:
The invention of the term "free license" and the focus on the
2989:
1656:
713:
353:
284:
The two main categories of free and open-source licenses are
1056:"The Non-Discrimination Principle in Open Source Licensing"
440:
829:
827:
761:
234:
the recipient the rights to use the software, examine the
1186:(First ed.). Sebastopol, California : Farnham:
1090:
Open Source Software Licensing Basics for Corporate Users
749:
348:
824:
701:
631:"The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits"
851:
725:
689:
677:
1302:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
1158:
818:
839:
785:
87:
Network of licenses (and years of license creation)
1932:
1670:
183:Popular free and open source licenses include the
1281:
971:Copyright, Contract, and Licensing in Open Source
3080:
95:were connected to the sharing traditions of the
1128:(Paperback ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
2866:
2447:
1918:
1267:
650:
1307:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
1242:Licenses - Definition of Free Cultural Works
436:Common Development and Distribution License
363:Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
265:(OSI), founded by free software developers
161:are connected with free and open licenses.
2873:
2859:
2454:
2440:
1925:
1911:
1274:
1260:
2461:
1161:Journal of Management Information Systems
1053:
937:
767:
719:
261:. The term "open source" was used by the
2096:Business models for open-source software
1179:
743:
426:Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
318:
178:
164:
82:
1111:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
1028:
983:
791:
671:
640:press - durham and london. p. 99.
308:
14:
3089:Free and open-source software licenses
3081:
1146:from the original on December 19, 2022
1086:
1003:
833:
755:
2854:
2435:
2285:Organization for Transformative Works
1906:
1255:
1204:from the original on February 7, 2023
1121:
974:
968:
921:
881:
869:
845:
803:
779:
707:
695:
683:
628:
454:
336:
2880:
1830:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
1108:
925:Open Source Law, Policy and Practice
731:
566:Public Domain Dedication and License
281:describe the same type of licenses.
1297:Alternative terms for free software
1073:
956:from the original on March 26, 2023
857:
63:(IP) laws. The term broadly covers
24:
1637:Python Software Foundation License
939:10.1093/oso/9780198862345.001.0001
819:Sen, Subramaniam & Nelson 2008
25:
3130:
1700:Definition of Free Cultural Works
1317:Free software project directories
1220:
201:GNU Lesser General Public License
121:Definition of Free Cultural Works
2938:
2106:Commercial use of copyleft works
1887:
1886:
1876:
1337:Open-source software development
1087:Meeker, Heather (January 2020).
984:Byfield, Bruce (March 4, 2008).
391:(file-based permissive copyleft)
2086:Alternative compensation system
1695:Debian Free Software Guidelines
1527:Free Software Movement of India
1076:Case Western Reserve Law Review
1010:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
899:
887:
117:Debian Free Software Guidelines
2270:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1095:Open Source Software Licensing
622:
13:
1:
2111:Commons-based peer production
1979:Legal aspects of file sharing
1685:Contributor License Agreement
1499:Open-source-software movement
1283:Free and open-source software
1054:Greenbaum, Eli (April 2016).
915:
629:Kelty, Christpher M. (2018).
591:European Union Public Licence
513:
224:free and open-source software
143:free and open-source movement
29:Free license (disambiguation)
2206:Access to Knowledge movement
1856:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
1710:The Free Software Definition
896:on freedomdefined.org (2006)
545:Microsoft Reciprocal License
443:(without invariant sections)
395:Creative Commons Attribution
315:Free content § Licenses
244:The Free Software Definition
7:
2737:Software release life cycle
1760:Mozilla software rebranding
1725:Permissive software license
1029:Coleman, Gabriella (2004).
922:Brock, Amanda, ed. (2022).
598:
331:
257:in response to the rise of
10:
3135:
2805:Software protection dongle
2685:Unwanted software bundling
1765:Proprietary device drivers
1715:The Open Source Definition
1173:10.2753/MIS0742-1222250306
674:, "Political Agnosticism".
466:The Open Source Definition
312:
193:GNU General Public License
168:
78:
26:
3051:
3030:
2947:
2936:
2888:
2800:Digital rights management
2790:
2735:
2677:
2626:
2534:
2469:
2383:
2332:
2320:Students for Free Culture
2257:
2241:
2234:
2216:Cultural environmentalism
2198:
2173:Prizes instead of patents
2073:
1969:Digital rights management
1941:
1872:
1850:Source-available software
1808:
1750:Digital rights management
1742:
1540:
1517:
1479:
1355:
1289:
1035:Anthropological Quarterly
1004:Carver, Brian W. (2005).
561:Open Knowledge Foundation
34:Type of license agreement
2678:Deceptive and/or illicit
2275:Free Software Foundation
1845:Shared Source Initiative
1642:Shared Source Initiative
1595:Free Software Foundation
1532:Free Software Foundation
1382:Configuration management
1122:Rosen, Lawrence (2005).
615:
540:Microsoft Public License
525:Free Software Foundation
483:Open Publication License
109:Free Software Definition
3005:Newgrounds Audio portal
2830:Software license server
2406:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
2116:Electronic sell-through
2011:Monopolies of knowledge
1954:Censorship by copyright
1780:SCO/Linux controversies
930:Oxford University Press
2506:Freely redistributable
2420:The Internet's Own Boy
2226:Free software movement
2053:software patent debate
1959:Copyright infringement
1680:Comparison of licenses
1489:Free software movement
1227:Open software licenses
1180:Williams, Sam (2002).
908:on opendatacommons.org
659:on opendefinition.org
530:Open Source Initiative
431:Mozilla Public License
389:Mozilla Public License
324:
279:free software licenses
275:open development model
263:Open Source Initiative
255:free software movement
240:Open Source Definition
212:Free software licenses
208:
205:Mozilla Public License
113:Open Source Definition
101:free software movement
88:
73:free software licenses
3068:Free culture movement
2901:NonCommercial license
2669:Software as a service
2463:Software distribution
2221:Free-culture movement
2131:Libertarian positions
2126:Free-software license
2091:Anti-copyright notice
1934:Intellectual property
1755:License proliferation
722:, pp. 1304–1305.
610:License proliferation
605:License compatibility
578:Open Database License
506:Open Database Licence
322:
228:Intellectual property
182:
175:free software license
165:Free software license
103:(since 1980) and the
86:
65:free content licenses
61:Intellectual property
3114:Open-source hardware
2760:Software maintenance
2634:Digital distribution
2489:Free and open-source
2141:Open-design movement
1840:Open-source hardware
1775:Proprietary software
1770:Proprietary firmware
1471:Formerly open-source
1466:Formerly proprietary
1332:Open-source software
552:Open Content Project
490:Open-source hardware
478:Open Content License
461:Open-source software
349:Creative Commons CC0
309:Free content license
259:proprietary software
226:(FOSS) development.
216:open-source licenses
157:advocacy groups and
151:Wikimedia Foundation
105:open source movement
69:open-source licenses
27:For other uses, see
2925:Content directories
2765:Software maintainer
2547:Commercial software
2535:Compensation models
2081:All rights reversed
1949:Artificial scarcity
1720:Open-source license
1322:Gratis versus libre
928:(Second ed.).
860:, pp. 990–992.
821:, pp. 211–212.
758:, pp. 448–450.
734:, pp. 641–642.
710:, pp. 103–106.
657:Open Definition 2.1
572:Attribution License
422:(stronger copyleft)
418:(weaker copyleft),
369:Permissive licenses
171:open-source license
125:The Open Definition
3104:Copyright licenses
2965:Free Music Archive
2930:Jurisdiction ports
2920:Public Domain Mark
2889:Works and projects
2825:Software copyright
2815:Product activation
2770:Software publisher
2484:Floating licensing
2399:Good Copy Bad Copy
2345:Alexandra Elbakyan
2249:Copyright Alliance
1063:Cardoza Law Review
455:By type of content
337:By type of license
325:
298:disclaim liability
209:
89:
3076:
3075:
2948:Major directories
2848:
2847:
2840:Torrent poisoning
2755:Long-term support
2579:Pay what you want
2429:
2428:
2328:
2327:
2280:Open Rights Group
1900:
1899:
1800:Trusted Computing
1790:Software security
1738:
1737:
1419:Operating systems
1327:Long-term support
1197:978-0-596-00287-9
1139:978-0-13-148787-1
969:Smith, P McCoy. "
949:978-0-19-886234-5
698:, pp. 22–23.
686:, pp. 73–90.
557:Open Data Commons
220:software licenses
16:(Redirected from
3126:
3109:Terms of service
2955:Creative Commons
2942:
2882:Creative Commons
2875:
2868:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2654:Product bundling
2627:Delivery methods
2526:Source-available
2456:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2360:Richard Stallman
2305:Public Knowledge
2265:Creative Commons
2239:
2238:
2146:Open music model
1927:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1785:Software patents
1668:
1667:
1580:Creative Commons
1439:Web applications
1276:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1176:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1118:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1083:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1025:
1000:
998:
996:
978:
965:
963:
961:
941:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
822:
816:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
782:, § 16.3.4.
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
654:
648:
647:
635:
626:
520:Creative Commons
500:Creative Commons
447:Free Art License
302:derivative works
251:Richard Stallman
214:, also known as
71:, also known as
21:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3047:
3038:Lawrence Lessig
3026:
2975:OpenGameArt.org
2943:
2934:
2884:
2879:
2849:
2844:
2835:Software patent
2810:License manager
2792:Copy protection
2786:
2731:
2673:
2659:Retail software
2622:
2596:Open-core model
2552:Retail software
2530:
2465:
2460:
2430:
2425:
2392:Steal This Film
2379:
2355:Lawrence Lessig
2324:
2253:
2230:
2194:
2190:Video on demand
2069:
1964:Copyright troll
1937:
1931:
1901:
1896:
1868:
1835:Open-core model
1810:
1804:
1734:
1672:
1666:
1536:
1513:
1475:
1358:
1351:
1285:
1280:
1223:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1198:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1099:
1097:
1058:
994:
992:
959:
957:
950:
918:
913:
912:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
876:
872:, § 3.4.1.
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
825:
817:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
730:
726:
718:
714:
706:
702:
694:
690:
682:
678:
670:
666:
655:
651:
638:Duke University
633:
627:
623:
618:
601:
516:
457:
339:
334:
317:
311:
271:Eric S. Raymond
203:(LGPL) and the
177:
169:Main articles:
167:
93:rights of users
81:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2908:Licensed works
2905:
2904:
2903:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
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2031:Bioprospecting
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1372:Bioinformatics
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1221:External links
1219:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1188:O'Reilly Media
1177:
1167:(3): 207–239.
1156:
1138:
1119:
1106:
1084:
1082:(4): 977–1013.
1071:
1051:
1041:(3): 507–519.
1026:
1016:(1): 443–481.
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768:Greenbaum 2016
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313:Main article:
310:
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185:Apache License
166:
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159:pirate parties
97:hacker culture
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2649:Pre-installed
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2242:Pro-copyright
2240:
2237:
2235:Organizations
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2065:Public domain
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
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1863:Revolution OS
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1824:GNU Manifesto
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1730:Public domain
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1519:Organisations
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1414:Office suites
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1312:Free software
1310:
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1248:
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1243:
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1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Open licenses
1230:
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1199:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
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1162:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1130:Prentice Hall
1127:
1126:
1120:
1117:(2): 639–652.
1116:
1112:
1107:
1096:
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1085:
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945:
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935:
931:
927:
926:
920:
919:
907:
902:
895:
890:
884:, § 3.4.
883:
878:
871:
866:
859:
854:
848:, p. 69.
847:
842:
835:
830:
828:
820:
815:
813:
806:, § 3.2.
805:
800:
793:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
757:
752:
746:, ch. 1.
745:
744:Williams 2002
740:
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531:
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518:
517:
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498:
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495:Open database
493:
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476:
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471:
467:
464:
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459:
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375:
372:
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362:
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357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
344:
343:Public domain
341:
340:
329:
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316:
306:
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299:
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291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
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206:
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198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
176:
172:
162:
160:
156:
155:public domain
152:
148:
147:anticopyright
144:
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136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
85:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
19:
3099:Computer law
3094:Contract law
3063:open content
2710:Trojan horse
2639:File sharing
2601:Postcardware
2589:Donationware
2564:Crowdfunding
2511:License-free
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2375:Aaron Swartz
2300:Pirate Party
2258:Pro-copyleft
2136:Open content
2121:Free content
2021:Orphan works
2016:Music piracy
1861:
1854:
1822:
1705:Free license
1704:
1451:Android apps
1216:
1206:. Retrieved
1182:
1164:
1160:
1148:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1038:
1034:
1013:
1009:
993:. Retrieved
989:
975:Brock (2022)
958:. Retrieved
924:
901:
894:Logo contest
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
799:
792:Byfield 2008
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
691:
679:
672:Coleman 2004
667:
660:
652:
642:
641:
624:
473:Open Content
326:
283:
267:Bruce Perens
253:founded the
248:
210:
197:BSD Licenses
141:(unified as
139:free culture
133:
90:
45:open license
44:
41:free license
40:
38:
36:
18:Open license
2980:Openclipart
2820:Product key
2750:End-of-life
2745:Abandonware
2695:Infostealer
2644:On-premises
2559:Crippleware
2516:Proprietary
2499:Open source
2370:Peter Sunde
2365:Peter Suber
2185:Share-alike
2156:Open source
2151:Open patent
1795:Tivoization
1434:Video games
1409:Mathematics
1208:February 6,
1150:January 21,
1100:December 7,
960:January 29,
834:Meeker 2020
756:Carver 2005
384:MIT License
379:BSD License
294:attribution
236:source code
195:(GPL), the
189:MIT License
135:Open source
3119:Patent law
3083:Categories
2995:Electrobel
2727:Shovelware
2700:Ransomware
2664:Sneakernet
2295:PiratbyrĂĄn
2043:biological
1974:Gripe site
1743:Challenges
1461:Commercial
1444:E-commerce
1429:Television
990:Datamation
916:References
882:Smith 2022
870:Smith 2022
846:Rosen 2005
804:Smith 2022
780:Brock 2022
708:Rosen 2005
696:Rosen 2005
684:Rosen 2005
580:(ODC-ODbL)
514:By authors
406:patentleft
286:permissive
153:projects,
3015:Wikimedia
2970:Freesound
2775:Vaporware
2722:Scareware
2618:Trialware
2606:Shareware
2199:Movements
2026:Biopiracy
1673:standards
1671:Types and
1652:Unlicense
1647:Sleepycat
1481:Community
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