845:. Levine and Prietula define open collaboration as "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike." This definition captures multiple instances, all joined by similar principles. For example, all of the elements – goods of economic value, open access to contribute and consume, interaction and exchange, purposeful yet loosely coordinated work – are present in an open-source software project, in Knowledge, or in a user forum or community. They can also be present in a commercial website that is based on
2894:
1199:
2598:
2524:, which is a free open-source package. Where blogs are more about individual expression and tend to revolve around their authors, messageboards are about creating a conversation amongst its users where information can be shared freely and quickly. Messageboards are a way to remove intermediaries from everyday life—for instance, instead of relying on commercials and other forms of advertising, one can ask other users for frank reviews of a product, movie or CD. By removing the cultural middlemen, messageboards help speed the flow of information and exchange of ideas.
384:
376:
1374:
1080:
2316:, and in contrast to that vision of culture, proponents of open-source culture (OSC) maintain that some intellectual property law needs to exist to protect cultural producers. Yet they propose a more nuanced position than corporations have traditionally sought. Instead of seeing intellectual property law as an expression of instrumental rules intended to uphold either natural rights or desirable outcomes, an argument for OSC takes into account diverse goods (as in "the Good life") and ends.
2509:, use open-source software that is open to the public and can be modified by users to fit their own tastes. Whether the code is open or not, this format represents a nimble tool for people to borrow and re-present culture; whereas traditional websites made the illegal reproduction of culture difficult to regulate, the mutability of blogs makes "open sourcing" even more uncontrollable since it allows a larger portion of the population to replicate material more quickly in the public sphere.
37:
940:
2573:, which went into development in 2006, and will examine the role media played in the cultural, social and political changes from 1968 to 1974 through the story of radio station WBCN-FM in Boston. The film is being produced by Lichtenstein Creative Media and the non-profit Center for Independent Documentary. Open Source Cinema is a website to create Basement Tapes, a feature documentary about copyright in the digital age, co-produced by the National Film Board of Canada.
660:
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307:, the founder of the free software foundation (FSF) in 1985, quickly decided against endorsing the term. The FSF's goal was to promote the development and use of free software, which they defined as software that grants users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the code. This concept is similar to open source but places a greater emphasis on the ethical and political aspects of software freedom. Netscape released its source code under the
9136:
1460:
2910:
2776:
3661:"In contrast to commercial software is a large and growing body of free software that exists in the public domain. Public-domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists (also known as "hackers") many of whom are professional programmers in their work life. Since everybody has access to source code, many routines have not only been used but dramatically improved by other programmers."
1067:, often abbreviated to GSoC, is an international annual program in which Google awards stipends to contributors who successfully complete a free and open-source software coding project during the summer. GSoC is a large scale project with 202 participating organizations in 2021. There are similar smaller scale projects such as the Talawa Project run by the
2567:, and other filmic elements, both in unedited and edited form, similar to crowdsourcing. By doing so, on-line contributors become part of the process of creating the film, helping to influence the editorial and visual material to be used in the documentary, as well as its thematic development. The first open-source documentary film is the non-profit
1574:(FLOSS) is openly shared source code that is licensed without any restrictions on usage, modification, or distribution. Confusion persists about this definition because the "free", also known as "libre", refers to the freedom of the product, not the price, expense, cost, or charge. For example, "being free to speak" is not the same as "free beer".
914:, blueprint or design to be used, modified or shared (with or without modification) under defined terms and conditions. This allows end users and commercial companies to review and modify the source code, blueprint or design for their own customization, curiosity or troubleshooting needs. Open-source licensed software is mostly available
2859:
Commons provides an infrastructure through a set of copyright licenses and tools that creates a better balance within the realm of "all rights reserved" properties. The
Creative Commons license offers a slightly more lenient alternative to "all rights reserved" copyrights for those who do not wish to exclude the use of their material.
2286:, and restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing access to copyrighted content. The two main ways in which intellectual property laws became more restrictive in the 20th century were extensions to the term of copyright (particularly in the United States) and penalties, such as those articulated in the
2400:
wants to increase its use of free and open-source software, to decrease its dependence on proprietary software solutions. It plans to make open standards a requirement, to allow the government to choose between multiple operating systems and web browsers. Korea's
Ministry of Science, ICT & Future
1030:
Open-source code can evolve through community cooperation. These communities are composed of individual programmers as well as large companies. Some of the individual programmers who start an open-source project may end up establishing companies offering products or services incorporating open-source
2848:
is a movement that is similar in ideology to the open source movement. Members of this movement maintain that academic material should be readily available to provide help with "future research, assist in teaching and aid in academic purposes." The open-access movement aims to eliminate subscription
1406:
test system, which continuously monitors the output of a number of photovoltaic modules and correlates their performance to a long list of highly accurate meteorological readings. The OSOTF is organized under open-source principles – All data and analysis is to be made freely available to the entire
1295:
content licenses. These licenses were designed to adhere to principles similar to various open-source software development licenses. Many of these licenses ensure that content remains free for re-use, that source documents are made readily available to interested parties, and that changes to content
724:
For own use – Businesses or individual software developers often create software to solve a problem, bearing the full cost of initial creation. They will then open source the solution, and benefit from the improvements others make for their own needs. Communalizing the maintenance burden distributes
404:
creates a monopoly so that the price charged to consumers can be significantly higher than the marginal cost of production. This allows the author to recoup the cost of making the original work. Copyright thus creates access costs for consumers who value the work more than the marginal cost but less
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and the first free library project. Synthetic
Biology is a new technology that promises to enable cheap, lifesaving new drugs, as well as helping to yield biofuels that may help to solve our energy problem. Although synthetic biology has not yet come out of its lab stage, it has potential to become
1169:: A system of open-source stackable microcontroller building blocks. Allows control of motors and read out sensors with the programming languages C, C++, C#, Object Pascal, Java, PHP, Python and Ruby over a USB or Wifi connection on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. All of the hardware is licensed under
190:) was formed. The new association instituted a cross-licensing agreement among all US automotive manufacturers: although each company would develop technology and file patents, these patents were shared openly and without the exchange of money among all the manufacturers. By the time the US entered
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refers to a form of film-making that takes a method of idea formation from open-source software, but in this case the 'source' for a filmmaker is raw unedited footage rather than programming code. It can also refer to a method of film-making where the process of creation is 'open' i.e. a disparate
1644:
is available to the general public for use for any (including commercial) purpose, or modification from its original design. Open-source code is meant to be a collaborative effort, where programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes within the community. Code is released under the
1501:– which involves applying the concepts of open source to instruction using a shared web space as a platform to improve upon learning, organizational, and management challenges. An example of an Open-source courseware is the Java Education & Development Initiative (JEDI). Other examples include
955:
have sometimes publicly argued against speculation about applications outside software, saying that strong arguments for software openness should not be weakened by overreaching into areas where the story may be less compelling. The broader impact of the open-source movement, and the extent of its
428:
Others argue that since consumers do not pay for their copies, creators are unable to recoup the initial cost of production and thus have little economic incentive to create in the first place. By this argument, consumers would lose out because some of the goods they would otherwise purchase would
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Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined
2858:
is an organization that "develops, supports, and stewards legal and technical infrastructure that maximizes digital creativity, sharing, and innovation." It encourages the use of protected properties online for research, education, and creative purposes in pursuit of a universal access. Creative
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has recently proposed a policy on "Enhanced Public Access to NIH Research
Information". This policy would provide a free, searchable resource of NIH-funded results to the public and with other international repositories six months after its initial publication. The NIH's move is an important one
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These principles are, in part, complemented by US law's focus on protecting expression and method but not the ideas themselves. There is also a tradition of publishing research results to the scientific community instead of keeping all such knowledge proprietary. One of the recent initiatives in
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Open source software differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who
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are another platform for open-source culture. Messageboards (also known as discussion boards or forums), are places online where people with similar interests can congregate and post messages for the community to read and respond to. Messageboards sometimes have moderators who enforce community
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is hardware which initial specification, usually in a software format, is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the hardware and source code without paying royalties or fees. Open-source hardware evolves through community cooperation. These
420:", open source eliminates some of the access costs of consumers and creators of derivative works by reducing the restrictions of copyright. Basic economic theory predicts that lower costs would lead to higher consumption and also more frequent creation of derivative works. Organizations such as
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are instructional resources whose digital source can be freely used, distributed and modified. Another strand to the academic community is in the area of research. Many funded research projects produce software as part of their work. Due to the benefits of sharing software openly in scientific
256:
who were critical of the political agenda and moral philosophy implied in the term "free software" and sought to reframe the discourse to reflect a more commercially minded position. In addition, the ambiguity of the term "free software" was seen as discouraging business adoption. However, the
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described the four basic elements of the community—universalism (an international perspective), communalism (sharing information), objectivity (removing one's personal views from the scientific inquiry) and organized skepticism (requirements of proof and review) that describe the (idealised)
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to everything (from code to products) as in "open source everything". While its activism and events are typically focused on media and education, TZM is a major supporter of open source projects worldwide since they allow for uninhibited advancement of science and technology, independent of
852:
An annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of open collaboration is the
International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (OpenSym, formerly WikiSym). As per its website, the group defines open collaboration as "collaboration that is egalitarian (everyone can join, no
918:
of charge, though this does not necessarily have to be the case. Licenses which only permit non-commercial redistribution or modification of the source code for personal use only are generally not considered as open-source licenses. However, open-source licenses may have some restrictions,
361:, and Eric Raymond. At that meeting, alternatives to the term "free software" were discussed. Tiemann argued for "sourceware" as a new term, while Raymond argued for "open source." The assembled developers took a vote, and the winner was announced at a press conference the same evening.
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The principle of sharing pre-dates the open-source movement; for example, the free sharing of information has been institutionalized in the scientific enterprise since at least the 19th century. Open-source principles have always been part of the scientific community. The sociologist
2684:—the idea that research should be published in such a way that it is free and available to the public. There are currently many open access journals where the information is available free online, however most journals do charge a fee (either to users or libraries for access). The
1364:– OpenEMR is an ONC-ATB Ambulatory EHR 2011-2012 certified electronic health records and medical practice management application. It features fully integrated electronic health, records, practice management, scheduling, electronic billing, and is the base for many EHR programs.
2662:, which is described as "the largest OER (open education resources) initiative in the world and uniquely focused on creating curricula in partnership with industry for credentials in vocational industry sectors like manufacturing, health, energy, transportation, and IT".
752:, meaning "any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who interact to create a product (or service) of economic value, which they make available to contributors and noncontributors alike." A main principle of
919:
particularly regarding the expression of respect to the origin of software, such as a requirement to preserve the name of the authors and a copyright statement within the code, or a requirement to redistribute the licensed software only under the same license (as in a
1491:" (AT) – meaning technology that is designed with special consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economic aspects of the community it is intended for. An example of this application is the use of open-source 3D printers like the
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because there is significant amount of public funding in scientific research. Many of the questions have yet to be answered—the balancing of profit vs. public access, and ensuring that desirable standards and incentives do not diminish with a shift to open access.
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is a movement that seeks to achieve a culture that engages in collective freedom via freedom of expression, free public access to knowledge and information, full demonstration of creativity and innovation in various arenas, and promotion of citizen liberties.
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license. The resulting cultural product is then available to download free (generally accessible) to anyone with an
Internet connection. Older, analog technologies such as the telephone or television have limitations on the kind of interaction users can have.
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classroom projects has been shown to be successful in forging the connection between science/engineering and social benefit: This approach has the potential to use university students' access to resources and testing equipment in furthering the development of
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and created OpenSourceSeeds as a respective service provider. Breeders that apply the license to their new invented material prevent it from the threat of privatisation and help to establish a commons-based breeding sector as an alternative to the commercial
2555:
is either an open call system in which a changing crew and cast collaborate in movie production, a system in which the result is made available for re-use by others or in which exclusively open-source products are used in the production. The 2006 movie
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are examples of open source software. As they do with proprietary software, users must accept the terms of a license when they use open source software—but the legal terms of open source licenses differ dramatically from those of proprietary licenses.
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or "knowledge good" with original work involving a significant amount of time, money, and effort. The cost of reproducing the work is low enough that additional users may be added at zero or near zero cost – this is referred to as the
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required. While corporations, political campaigns and other formal institutions have begun using these tools to distribute information, many blogs are used by individuals for personal expression, political organizing, and socializing. Some, such as
1577:
Conversely, Richard
Stallman argues the "obvious meaning" of term "open source" is that the source code is public/accessible for inspection, without necessarily any other rights granted, although the proponents of the term say the conditions in the
3815:
5441:
However, the obvious meaning for the expression "open source software"—and the one most people seem to think it means—is "You can look at the source code." the obvious meaning for "open source" is not the meaning that its advocates intend
133:. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community. Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the
2377:) is a political process that uses Internet technologies such as blogs, email and polling to provide for a rapid feedback mechanism between political organizations and their supporters. There is also an alternative conception of the term
1533:(no mechanism exists for user contribution) and the content must be bought for a fee that is small by business consulting standards (hundreds of British pounds). Various checklists are published by government, banks or accounting firms.
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not be available. In practice, content producers can choose whether to adopt a proprietary license and charge for copies, or an open license. Some goods which require large amounts of professional research and development, such as the
2496:, or blogs, are another significant platform for open-source culture. Blogs consist of periodic, reverse chronologically ordered posts, using a technology that makes webpages easily updatable with no understanding of design, code, or
1353:
Genomics – The term "open-source genomics" refers to the combination of rapid release of sequence data (especially raw reads) and crowdsourced analyses from bioinformaticians around the world that characterised the analysis of the
853:
principled or artificial barriers to participation exist), meritocratic (decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed) and self-organizing (processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes)."
688:
publishing relies on institutional and government funding of research faculty, who also have a professional incentive to publish for reputation and career advancement. Works of the US government are automatically released into the
5546:
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as a commercial product, but then the author changed its status to free. In his blog he said that he decided to open raw files (including wav, midi and other used formats) to the public to support worldwide pirate actions against
2421:
Open-source ethics as a professional body of rules – This is based principally on the computer ethics school, studying the questions of ethics and professionalism in the computer industry in general and software development in
4062:
433:(which depends largely on patents, not copyright for intellectual property protection) are almost exclusively proprietary, although increasingly sophisticated technologies are being developed on open-source principles.
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that is not limited to one recording studio, production studio, or cast. Open-IPTV uses the
Internet or other means to pool efforts and resources together to create an online community that all contributes to a show.
2738:
1252:, whose recipe is open source and developed by volunteers. The taste is said to be comparable to that of the standard beverages. Most corporations producing beverages hold their formulas as closely guarded secrets.
424:
host websites where individuals can file for alternative "licenses", or levels of restriction, for their works. These self-made protections free the general society of the costs of policing copyright infringement.
333:. Originally titled the "Freeware Summit" and later known as the "Open Source Summit", the event was attended by the leaders of many of the most important free and open-source projects, including Linus Torvalds,
2812:, Synthethic Biology, and Knowledge. The Open Education Consortium is an organization composed of various colleges that support open source and share some of their material online. This organization, headed by
1349:
Pharmaceuticals – There have been several proposals for open-source pharmaceutical development, which led to the establishment of the
Tropical Disease Initiative and the Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria
2520:. Other common board features are private messages (where users can send messages to one another) as well as chat (a way to have a real time conversation online) and image uploading. Some messageboards use
849:. In all of these instances of open collaboration, anyone can contribute and anyone can freely partake in the fruits of sharing, which are produced by interacting participants who are loosely coordinated.
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doctrines, the complexity and ambiguity of these doctrines creates an atmosphere of uncertainty among cultural practitioners. Also, the protective actions of copyright owners create what some call a "
3823:
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318:
Raymond was especially active in the effort to popularize the new term. He made the first public call to the free software community to adopt it in
February 1998. Shortly after, he founded The
764:, and documentation freely available to the public. The open-source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in
2714:
to the public domain. New NGO communities are starting to use the open-source technology as a tool. One example is the Open Source Youth Network started in 2007 in Lisboa by ISCA members.
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Gerbe, Aurona; Molefo, Onkgopotse; Van der Merwe, Alta (2010). "Documenting open-source migration processes for re-use". In Kotze, P.; Gerber, A.; van der Merwe, A.; et al. (eds.).
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European Commission. (2006). Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies sector in the EU. Brussels.
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There are few examples of business information (methodologies, advice, guidance, practices) using the open-source model, although this is another case where the potential is enormous.
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constraints posed by institutions of patenting and capitalist investment. P2P Foundation is an "international organization focused on studying, researching, documenting and promoting
4143:
2414:
Open-source ethics as an ethical school – Charles Ess and David Berry are researching whether ethics can learn anything from an open-source approach. Ess famously even defined the
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v. Engelhardt, S. (2008): "Intellectual Property Rights and Ex-Post Transaction Costs: the Case of Open and Closed Source Software", Jena Economic Research Papers 2008-047. (PDF)
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v. Engelhardt, S. (2008): "Intellectual Property Rights and Ex-Post Transaction Costs: the Case of Open and Closed Source Software", Jena Economic Research Papers 2008-047. (PDF)
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Social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source. Advocates in one field often support the expansion of open source in other fields. But
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The sharing of technical information predates the Internet and the personal computer considerably. For instance, in the early years of automobile development a group of capital
51:
that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The
1179:: designs for computer data center including power supply, Intel motherboard, AMD motherboard, chassis, racks, battery cabinet, and aspects of electrical and mechanical design.
1016:
is software which source code is published and made available to the public, enabling anyone to copy, modify and redistribute the source code without paying royalties or fees.
451:
Many open-source projects have a high economic value. According to the Battery Open Source Software Index (BOSS), the ten economically most important open-source projects are:
640:
The rank given is based on the activity regarding projects in online discussions, on GitHub, on search activity in search engines and on the influence on the labour market.
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Creation for its own sake – For example, Knowledge editors add content for recreation. Artists have a drive to create. Both communities benefit from free starting material.
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a single software vendor, leaving them free to switch software if their current vendor goes out of business, raises their prices, changes their software, or changes their
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to distribute their products. As opposed to traditional media distribution, redistributing digital media on the Internet can be virtually costless. Technologies such as
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444:
3D printers) can replicate the product for the cost of materials. The original sharer may receive feedback and potentially improvements on the original design from the
1071:(a non profit based in California, originally to promote the use of information technology in Jamaica, but now also supporting underprivileged communities in the US)
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2282:
The rise of open-source culture in the 20th century resulted from a growing tension between creative practices that involve require access to content that is often
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8002:
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communities are composed of individual hardware/software developers, hobbyists, as well as very large companies. Examples of open-source hardware initiatives are:
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Besançon, Lonni; Peiffer-Smadja, Nathan; Segalas, Corentin; Jiang, Haiting; Masuzzo, Paola; Smout, Cooper; Billy, Eric; Deforet, Maxime; Leyrat, Clémence (2020).
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3362:
1498:
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On 30 March 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, which included $ 2 billion over four years to fund the
7773:
2269:, an intelligence gathering discipline based on information collected from open sources (not to be confused with open-source artificial intelligence such as
1418:, which he describes as "an elevated, reduced-pressure tube that contains pressurized capsules driven within the tube by a number of linear electric motors".
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1477:– which involves applying open-source methodologies to the design of artifacts and systems in the physical world. It is very nascent but has huge potential.
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O'Mahony, Siobhan Clare (2002). "The emergence of a new commercial actor: Community managed software projects". Stanford, CA: Stanford University: 34–42.
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Copyright protection is used in the performing arts and even in athletic activities. Some groups have attempted to remove copyright from such practices.
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in a very broad sense." Its objectives incorporate those of the open source movement, whose principles are integrated in a larger socio-economic model.
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Even the research methodologies themselves can benefit from the application of open-source principles. It has also given rise to the rapidly-expanding
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4680:: "Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in 'free speech' not as in 'free beer.'"
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175:. By controlling this patent, they were able to monopolize the industry and force car manufacturers to adhere to their demands, or risk a lawsuit.
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industrialized in the near future. To industrialize open source science, there are some scientists who are trying to build their own brand of it.
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194:, 92 Ford patents and 515 patents from other companies were being shared among these manufacturers, without any exchange of money (or lawsuits).
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which acts as an advisory service for higher and further education institutions wishing to use, contribute to and develop open-source software.
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2478:, rather than the sourcing of news stories by a professional journalist. In the 25 December 2006 issue of TIME magazine this is referred to as
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5336:. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Innovation and Practices in Engineering Design and Engineering Education. Hamilton, ON.
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endeavours, there is an increasing interest in making the outputs of research projects available under an open-source license. In the UK the
1931:, the movement to make scientific research, data and dissemination accessible to all levels of an inquiring society, amateur or professional
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Knowledge Collaboration Among Professionals Protecting National Security: Role of Transactive Memories in Ego-Centered Knowledge Networks
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The problem with it is twofold. First, ... the term "free" is very ambiguous ... Second, the term makes a lot of corporate types nervous.
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2017:
217:" (RFC) process to encourage feedback in early telecommunication network protocols. This led to the birth of the early Internet in 1969.
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An open-source group emerged in 2012 that is attempting to design a firearm that may be downloaded from the internet and "printed" on a
240:, for example, was first widely distributed by posts to comp.os.linux on the Usenet, which is also where its development was discussed.
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Schwarz, M.; Takhteyev, Y. (2010). "Half a Century of Public Software Institutions: Open Source as a Solution to the Hold-Up Problem".
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Schrape, Jan-Felix (2019). "Open-source projects as incubators of innovation. From niche phenomenon to integral part of the industry".
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The open-source model for software development inspired the use of the term to refer to other forms of open collaboration, such as in
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Within the academic community, there is discussion about expanding what could be called the "intellectual commons" (analogous to the
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Alternative arrangements have also been shown to result in good creation outside of the proprietary license model. Examples include:
2541:, charts, and presentations. Organizations and individuals that store their data in an open format such as OpenDocument avoid being
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Open-content projects organized by the Wikimedia Foundation – Sites such as Knowledge and Wiktionary have embraced the open-content
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which relates to the development of public policy under a set of rules and processes similar to the open-source software movement.
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1881:(OSArc), emerging procedures in imagination and formation of virtual and real spaces within an inclusive universal infrastructure
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187:
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Give away work to gain market share – used by artists, in corporate software to spoil a dominant competitor (for example in the
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6659:"Open Source Software, Closed Source Software or Both: Impacts on Industry Growth and the Role of Intellectual Property Rights"
6643:"Open Source Software, Closed Source Software or Both: Impacts on Industry Growth and the Role of Intellectual Property Rights"
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1893:, or open hardware, computer hardware, such as microprocessors, that is designed in the same fashion as open source software
1544:, the group wants to facilitate "a working plastic gun that could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3D printer".
1055:
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1649:. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community.
186:. The result was that the Selden patent became virtually worthless and a new association (which would eventually become the
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The sharing of source code on the Internet began when the Internet was relatively primitive, with software distributed via
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is available to the general public for use or modification from its original design. Code is released under the terms of a
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is similar to open-source politics, but it applies more to the democratic process and promotes the freedom of information.
1471:
Open-source principles can be applied to technical areas such as digital communication protocols and data storage formats.
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6020:"The case for open source: Open source has made significant leaps in recent years. what does it have to offer education?"
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1145:, designed in India for use in environments where computing devices such as personal computers are deemed inappropriate.
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6444:
6381:
6294:
4318:
4097:
3870:
1918:, open source varieties of crop seeds, as an alternative to patent-protected seeds sold by large agriculture companies.
1784:
1510:
1480:
1399:
765:
84:
3560:
1571:
783:. Open collaboration is also thought to be the operating principle underlining a gamut of diverse ventures, including
9215:
8957:
8867:
8862:
7928:
1994:
1840:
1738:
1328:
is an open-source design community centered around the use of proprietary software that's distributed free of charge.
4635:
9255:
8686:
8594:
8183:
7738:
2569:
2287:
1953:
1706:
1429:
1395:
was created as an alternative to the expensive legal costs of sharing and reusing scientific works in journals etc.
753:
64:
7052:
2537:
for saving and exchanging editable office documents such as text documents (including memos, reports, and books),
9190:
8952:
8784:
8691:
8066:
4142:
Riehle, D.; Ellenberger, J.; Menahem, T.; Mikhailovski, B.; Natchetoi, Y.; Naveh, B.; Odenwald, T. (March 2009).
2685:
2166:
1941:
focused on publishing observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to analyze and reuse
1903:
1850:
1721:
5858:
3146:
879:
to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint. Before the phrase
98:
to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint. Before the phrase
9220:
9205:
8531:
8347:
4128:
2390:
2238:
2220:
2161:
1991:
project to spread the use of open source code libraries that take care of much of the heavy lifting for physics
802:. It was observed initially in open-source software, but can also be found in many other instances, such as in
440:
design, digital designs are shared for free and anyone with access to digital manufacturing technologies (e.g.
6333:
2563:
An open-source documentary film has a production process allowing the open contributions of archival material
9250:
9245:
9047:
8942:
8766:
8756:
8540:
8188:
8056:
7877:
7606:
7335:
5399:
3113:
3043:
2937:
2879:
2817:
2816:, was established to aid in the exchange of open source educational materials. Knowledge is a user-generated
2789:
2692:
2359:
2215:
1794:
1750:
platform to develop and deploy web mapping applications and geospatial web services (not to be confused with
1711:
1701:
1567:
1484:
1355:
988:
888:
866:
107:
5192:
4716:
3928:
Wittbrodt, B.T.; Glover, A.G.; Laureto, J.; Anzalone, G.C.; Oppliger, D.; Irwin, J.L.; Pearce, J.M. (2013).
1787:(OSAT), is designed for environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, economic, and community aspects
9180:
9113:
8967:
8761:
8283:
7933:
5139:
Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open
4585:
3382:
Lakhani, K.R.; von Hippel, E. (June 2003). "How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance".
3191:
Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, M. J. (2013). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance".
2185:
1793:, development of physical products, machines and systems via publicly shared design information, including
1530:
2464:
formerly referred to the standard journalistic techniques of news gathering and fact checking, reflecting
1906:(OSPD), collaborative product and process openness of open-source hardware for any interested participants
1270:, an artist collective, to illustrate how open-source concepts might be applied outside the digital world.
9075:
8982:
8817:
6084:
2688:
is an international effort with the goal of making all research articles available free on the Internet.
2195:
2129:, an open copyright licensed textbook made freely available online for students, teachers, and the public
1984:
1915:
1263:
142:
5946:"Первая в мире музыкальная опера с открытыми исходниками — 25 Января 2012 — Новости музыки и шоубизнеса"
4559:
2925:
8972:
8857:
8634:
7955:
7943:
7918:
7535:
5806:
5505:
2601:
2191:
2175:
1999:
1671:
1170:
134:
5533:
Berry (2004) Internet Ethics: Privacy, Ethics and Alienation – An Open Source Approach.
4234:
436:
There is evidence that open-source development creates enormous value. For example, in the context of
9107:
9022:
9007:
8497:
8397:
8293:
8115:
8046:
7743:
7733:
7550:
6678:"Open source software and the "private-collective" innovation model: Issues for organization science"
6677:
6097:
3448:
3023:
2805:
2174:, the dated varies from year to year for an international conference for fans of open solutions from
2132:
2045:
1804:
1283:
964:
823:
417:
257:
ambiguity of the word "free" exists primarily in English as it can refer to cost. The group included
183:
7176:
7094:"Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions"
6823:
6770:
3607:
329:
The term gained further visibility through an event organized in April 1998 by technology publisher
9200:
9185:
9102:
8899:
8852:
8837:
8789:
8599:
8352:
8255:
7913:
7728:
7641:
6588:
6457:
eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels audio " open source " / Open Source for Audio Application
6440:
eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels audio " open source " / Open Source for Audio Application
6377:
eContact! 11.3 – Logiciels audio " open source " / Open Source for Audio Application
5428:
5283:
4677:
3717:
3008:
2681:
2466:
2266:
2253:
2114:
2102:
2089:
1878:
815:
718:
405:
than the initial production cost. Access costs also pose problems for authors who wish to create a
6887:
8483:
8193:
8088:
8031:
6375:
6085:
Zine & Articles: Open Access Movement and Its Implications for the Future of Academic Writing
5055:
4921:
4760:
4403:
3816:"Open Source Studie Schweiz 2015 publiziert: Mehr Unabhängigkeit und Sicherheit dank Open Source"
3168:
wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code!
2397:
1948:
1598:
1594:
430:
308:
5993:
5153:"3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development"
4116:
4082:
1296:
are accepted easily back into the system. Important sites embracing open-source-like ideals are
9149:
9037:
8884:
8847:
8746:
8303:
8288:
8163:
8130:
8036:
7862:
7852:
7753:
7703:
7586:
7171:
7119:
6882:
6818:
6765:
5278:
5004:
Proceedings of the 16th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference
3897:
3687:
3443:
3083:
2958:
2952:
2862:
2643:
2633:
2479:
2461:
2384:
2313:
2155:
2093:
2058:
2003:
1959:
1944:
1716:
1676:
1579:
1515:
1488:
1198:
928:
846:
319:
312:
253:
6997:
3238:
1849:(OSE), a network of farmers, engineers, architects and supporters striving to manufacture the
9240:
9230:
9195:
9012:
8807:
8799:
8738:
8671:
8298:
8203:
8168:
8011:
7908:
7857:
7494:
7407:
7371:
7308:
6856:
6795:
6401:
5572:
4920:
Rohde H; Qin, J; Cui, Y; Li, D; Loman, NJ; Hentschke, M; Chen, W; Pu, F; et al. (2011).
4034:
The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary
3594:
3421:
3259:
The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary
3053:
2850:
2801:
2651:
has developed a policy on open-source software. JISC also funds a development service called
2560:
is said to be the "world's first open movie", created entirely using open-source technology.
2344:
2305:
2210:
2065:, and content voting, rather than the sourcing of news stories by "professional" journalists
1970:
1834:
1210:
1068:
1064:
907:
699:– Give away a limited version for free and charge for a premium version (potentially using a
370:
282:
266:
5151:
J.M. Pearce; C. Morris Blair; K.J. Laciak; R. Andrews; A. Nosrat; I. Zelenika-Zovko (2010).
4426:
3847:
The economics and management of intellectual property : towards intellectual capitalism
1562:
9170:
9097:
9032:
9027:
8589:
8243:
8238:
8218:
7646:
7629:
7624:
7617:
5231:
3300:
3093:
2975:
2970:
2845:
2762:. Several Internet resources called "2032" the first open-source musical opera in history.
2734:
2534:
2432:
1909:
1890:
1826:
1821:
1798:
1790:
1743:
1690:
1635:
1474:
1442:
1315:
1176:
1090:
1083:
1013:
976:
960:
952:
924:
745:
437:
214:
80:
76:
56:
24:
20:
5767:
5532:
2640:
and Knowledge as examples of applying open source outside the realm of computer software.
2061:, commonly describes a spectrum on online publications, forms of innovative publishing of
413:
of a song—but are unable or unwilling to pay the copyright holder for the right to do so.
8:
8977:
8579:
8158:
8026:
7938:
7872:
7758:
7509:
7345:
6389:
6227:
3930:"Life-cycle economic analysis of distributed manufacturing with open-source 3-D printers"
2998:
2597:
2109:
1980:
1846:
1664:
1622:
1555:
1541:
1314:
is an open catalog for the IT, CE and Lighting sectors with product data-sheets based on
872:
862:
707:
678:
626:
229:
91:
6272:
5235:
3304:
2915:
8524:
8476:
8422:
8326:
7794:
7575:
7452:
7356:
7197:
7150:
7080:
6985:
6944:
6844:
6718:
6575:
6567:
6533:
6426:
5714:
5679:
5374:
5312:
4821:
4174:
3957:
3945:
3471:
3226:
3200:
3073:
2719:
2621:
2270:
2050:
1868:
1808:
1304:, both of which post many books on which the copyright has expired and are thus in the
1111:: an open-source microprocessor family, with architecture specification licensed under
1003:
795:
780:
749:
739:
726:
706:
Give away the product and charge something related – charge for support of open-source
290:
258:
209:
user group that formed to facilitate the exchange of software. Beginning in the 1960s,
146:
60:
4875:
4840:
3395:
2200:
1875:
production model to openly and collaboratively produce and distribute physical objects
1101:: a family of open-source mobile phones, including the hardware specification and the
833:
Riehle et al. define open collaboration as collaboration based on three principles of
9135:
9057:
8904:
8584:
8357:
8120:
7950:
7804:
7748:
7447:
7417:
7259:
7238:
7231:
7201:
7189:
7185:
7154:
7142:
7104:
7072:
7039:
6993:
6977:
6936:
6900:
6848:
6836:
6783:
6735:
6710:
6616:
6559:
6496:
6477:
6470:
6430:
6418:
6358:
6339:
6318:
6290:
6044:
5900:
5719:
5701:
5578:
5331:
5316:
5304:
5247:
5174:
4952:
4944:
4880:
4862:
4825:
4813:
4805:
4381:
4314:
4267:
4166:
4112:
4078:
4039:
3949:
3850:
3736:
3568:
3537:
3512:
3461:
3417:
3409:
3318:
3264:
3234:
3218:
2809:
2699:
2475:
2450:
2121:
2062:
1934:
1755:
1684:
1451:
whose blueprints, schematics, or source code are released under an open-source model
1297:
1142:
842:
544:
233:
206:
6989:
6957:
6948:
6722:
6601:"The Impact of Entry and Competition by Open Source Software on Innovation Activity"
6600:
6579:
4652:
3475:
2718:
is also a new emerging concept which advocate putting R&D in a common pool. The
1547:
Agrecol, a German NGO has developed an open-source licence for seeds operating with
8822:
8437:
8382:
8342:
8223:
8061:
7960:
7814:
7809:
7723:
7499:
7181:
7134:
7064:
7029:
7021:
6969:
6928:
6892:
6828:
6775:
6700:
6692:
6551:
6543:
6410:
5709:
5691:
5424:
5296:
5288:
5239:
5164:
5082:
4936:
4870:
4852:
4795:
4690:
4373:
4178:
4158:
4105:
4070:
3961:
3941:
3453:
3399:
3391:
3308:
3230:
3210:
2855:
2750:
2672:
2609:
2574:
2552:
2546:
2324:
2245:
2039:
2007:
1988:
1974:
1884:
1646:
1615:
1519:
1292:
1241:
1151:: A family of open-source microprocessors distributed in a library with peripheral
1122:
1102:
674:
515:
421:
409:—such as a copy of a software program modified to fix a bug or add a feature, or a
392:
346:
338:
304:
202:
172:
130:
7084:
7006:
6658:
6642:
6335:
Open Source Database Driven Web Development: A Guide for Information Professionals
6223:
5637:"'BCN Documentary Looks for Archival Contributors", Boston Herald, 11 August 2009.
5134:
2401:
Planning is also preparing ten pilots on using open-source software distributions.
956:
role in the development of new information sharing procedures, remain to be seen.
9092:
8469:
8432:
8267:
8125:
8041:
7980:
7799:
7789:
7698:
7682:
7667:
7579:
7545:
7540:
7504:
7392:
7253:
7233:
Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again
7025:
6245:
6071:
6051:
5568:
5455:
5112:
5087:
4857:
4261:
4032:
4027:
3929:
3679:
3621:
3564:
3257:
3252:
2942:
2874:
2715:
2617:
2557:
2446:
2438:
2340:
2298:
2171:
1590:
1586:
1392:
1321:
1234:
827:
791:
757:
445:
406:
383:
350:
330:
278:
274:
68:
8509:
7277:
7093:
6696:
2139:
375:
8889:
8812:
8427:
8392:
8367:
8108:
8081:
8071:
7530:
7457:
7007:"Open source software development — Just another case of collective invention?"
6867:
6779:
5696:
5502:"Open source software development – Just another case of collective invention?"
5292:
5150:
3078:
3048:
2866:
2828:
2741:
presented detailed raw files of his electronic opera "2032" under free license
2703:
2629:
2542:
1860:
1856:
1833:, a software development platform to create engineering applications including
1687:, a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration
1432:
promotes open-source models and open data in energy research and policy advice.
927:
licenses are those approved by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) based on their
883:
became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms.
834:
803:
772:
358:
294:
262:
102:
became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms.
7214:"Exploring the Interplay Between FLOSS Adoption and Organizational Innovation"
7213:
5971:
4693:
4338:
3874:
3790:
3313:
2873:
in which monetary incentives are replaced by commons-based ones with everyone
2702:
was an early contributor eventually donating all his inventions including the
1373:
9164:
9120:
9081:
8987:
8644:
8569:
8517:
8417:
8142:
7834:
7677:
7612:
7570:
7412:
7340:
7193:
7146:
7076:
7043:
6981:
6940:
6932:
6904:
6840:
6787:
6714:
6563:
6422:
6414:
5881:
5705:
5308:
5251:
5178:
4948:
4866:
4809:
4385:
4170:
3953:
3413:
3322:
3222:
3018:
3013:
3003:
2980:
2963:
2947:
2870:
2865:(TZM) is an international social movement that advocates a transition into a
2749:). This opera was originally composed and published in 2007 by Russian label
2711:
2512:
2497:
2370:
2232:
2126:
2077:
1872:
1751:
1610:
1385:
1305:
968:
819:
690:
578:
560:
397:
299:
138:
8372:
6832:
6307:(How to run a successful free-software project). Free PDF version available.
6274:
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
5880:
Argonovwrote, 2012-01-18 18:14:00 Argonov Argonov 18 January 2012 18:14:00.
5021:
4617:"Mega Bites – how open data and gastronomy are proving a recipe for success"
3756:
3624:
3567: – An example of distributed source: Page contains a link to
3457:
3440:
Proceedings of the SAICSIT 2010 Conference — Fountains of Computing Research
2188:(OSDL), a non-profit corporation that provides space for open-source project
1237:. A number of people have published creative commons licensed recipe books.
1079:
252:
Open source as a term emerged in the late 1990s by a group of people in the
8962:
8919:
8832:
8452:
8377:
8213:
8198:
8135:
8093:
8076:
7867:
7829:
7763:
7662:
7462:
7442:
7397:
7312:
7138:
6518:
5723:
5333:
Information literacy in CEAB's accreditation criteria: the hidden attribute
4956:
4884:
4817:
4109:
4074:
3557:
3341:""Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB""
3214:
3063:
3058:
2824:—a community dedicated to the creation and exchange of learning materials.
2637:
2613:
2527:
2332:
2242:
1928:
1912:, physical artifacts of the subject are offered by the open design movement
1863:
model where everyone designs on the basis of one shared geometrical OS grid
1817:
1759:
1502:
1463:
1403:
1325:
1226:
1206:
1202:
948:
876:
811:
807:
776:
714:
700:
594:
323:
191:
95:
6896:
6451:
5628:"The Glory Days of the Rock of Boston", Boston Globe, Op-Ed, 18 July 2009.
5135:
Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development
5048:"WikiHouse, An Online Building Kit, Shows How To Make A House In 24 Hours"
4940:
4377:
4335:"'Open-Source Practices for Biotechnology' — Cambia — Enabling Innovation"
2120:, a radio show using open content information gathering methods hosted by
1667:, a copyright license that makes the source code available with a product
939:
9052:
8879:
8874:
8447:
8442:
8262:
8098:
7887:
7824:
7819:
7672:
7636:
7514:
7402:
7120:"The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature"
6973:
6054:. Retrieved 22 November 2009, from Education Resources Information Center
2821:
2578:
group of contributors, at different times contribute to the final piece.
2538:
2531:
2502:
2483:
2323:
offer up free web space for anyone willing to license their work under a
2204:
1747:
1641:
1537:
1506:
1377:
1218:
1166:
1019:
911:
900:
838:
685:
663:
Knowledge is an example of a global application of the open-source model.
342:
126:
119:
48:
36:
28:
7068:
7034:
6913:
6705:
5646:"WBCN and The American Revolution", The Huffington Post, 11 August 2009.
5349:"'Wiki Weapon Project' Aims To Create A Gun Anyone Can 3D-Print At Home"
5169:
5152:
3404:
1192:
8228:
8051:
6809:
Lerner, J., Tirole, J. (2002). "Some simple economics on open source".
6571:
5400:"New Open Source License Fights the Enclosure of Seeds | David Bollier"
4922:"Open-Source Genomic Analysis of Shiga-Toxin–Producing E. coli O104:H4"
4162:
1483:(OSAT) refers to technologies that are designed in the same fashion as
1336:
1301:
1230:
1188:
999:
799:
659:
354:
334:
297:
gave his support the following day, and Phil Hughes backed the term in
179:
6555:
5267:"Appropedia as a Tool for Service Learning in Sustainable Development"
5243:
2632:'s article on "open-source DNA", the "Open Source Cultural Database",
1318:
agreement. The digital content are distributed in XML and URL formats.
387:
Survey on the reasons for using Open Source in 200 Swiss organizations
137:, which supports community projects such as the open-source framework
8909:
8103:
7882:
7467:
6873:
Lerner, J.; Tirole, J. (2005). "The Scope of Open Source Licensing".
6753:
6312:
5920:
5854:
5300:
5017:
4473:
3647:
3643:"Free software – Free software is a junkyard of software spare parts"
2652:
2506:
2283:
1938:
1813:
1778:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1245:
1222:
1126:
1041:
1007:
892:
761:
670:
401:
111:
72:
7206:
6547:
6455:
6438:
4800:
4783:
4494:
4141:
3691:
2722:
platform is openly presenting itself as an Open innovation network.
2351:
take advantage of various characteristics of the Internet protocol (
1843:(OHANDA), sharing open hardware and designs via free online services
1693:, software which permits the use and modification of its source code
8947:
8827:
8178:
7965:
7366:
6751:
6538:
5921:"CjClub – 2032 – первая в мире техно-опера с открытыми исходниками"
4207:
4129:"Open collaboration leading to novel organizations « Kurzweil"
3288:
3088:
2804:, and echo the ideologies of the open source movement, include the
2746:
2742:
2707:
2517:
2482:
and listed alongside more traditional open-source projects such as
2442:
2348:
2320:
2294:
2290:(DMCA), placed on attempts to circumvent anti-piracy technologies.
2257:
2136:
1548:
1459:
1138:
1108:
1098:
920:
915:
696:
565:
164:
7053:"The Economic Motivation of Open Source: Stakeholder Perspectives"
6391:
Free Software Free Society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman
5677:
5479:
5266:
4898:
3205:
3154:
3121:
1871:
or "Open Production" or "Design Global, Manufacture Local", a new
1308:, ensuring that anyone has free, unlimited access to that content.
1135:, a microcontroller platform for hobbyists, artists and designers.
8490:
8387:
7892:
7376:
5882:"2032 – первая в мире музыкальная опера с открытыми исходниками?"
5598:
5196:
4287:
3912:
3D Printed Open Hardware Syringe Yields $ 800M Value, Study Finds
3576:
3532:
Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James W.; Mancke, Richard B. (1983).
2985:
2800:
Notable events and applications that have been developed via the
2659:
2564:
2143:
1640:
Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the
1361:
1160:
1152:
1132:
1112:
896:
610:
528:
479:
210:
168:
125:
Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the
115:
7218:
Communications of the Association for Information Systems (CAIS)
6732:
Network Society and Future Scenarios for a Collaborative Economy
6355:
Network Society and Future Scenarios for a Collaborative Economy
5972:"Музыкальная опера "2032" становится opensource — Talks — Форум"
5619:"Web Power to the People", The Boston Herald, 29 September 2005.
4841:"Finding cures for tropical diseases: is open source an answer?"
4593:
3977:"The Meteoric Rise Of Open Source And Why Investors Should Care"
7422:
6127:
2832:
2352:
1830:
1772:
1492:
994:
972:
497:
441:
225:
6314:
Innovation Happens Elsewhere: Open Source as Business Strategy
6198:"Forget the Class War, How to Win the Fight Against the Elite"
5832:
5680:"Open Science Saves Lives: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic"
4995:
Pearce, Joshua M.; Babasola, Adegboyega; Andrews, Rob (2012).
4144:"Open Collaboration within Corporations Using Software Forges"
3927:
3534:
IBM and the U.S. Data Processing Industry: An Economic History
2235:, application of open source philosophies to computer security
1585:"Free and open" should not be confused with public ownership (
8914:
6914:"The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond"
5738:"Open Education 2013: Large Scale OER – A TAACCCT Case Study"
4970:
4653:"Open Cola Soft Drink Formula, Version 1.1.3 from Tyromaniac"
3572:
2521:
2487:
2470:, a similar term used in military intelligence circles. Now,
2336:
2261:
1448:
1335:
invites students every year to use its three-storey Christie
1249:
1156:
1035:
510:
474:
410:
289:'s announcement in January 1998 of a source code release for
241:
6176:"The Zeitgeist Movement: Getting to the Root of the Problem"
5501:
4734:
4515:
3139:
1425:
is an open-source project for designing and building houses.
7768:
6510:
5810:
2849:
fees and licensing restrictions of academic materials. The
2755:
2648:
2585:
2493:
2355:) in an attempt to totally decentralize file distribution.
1526:
1148:
1116:
1023:
784:
221:
197:
Early instances of the free sharing of source code include
6304:
6105:
6065:
Synthetic Biology: Feasibility of the Open Source Movement
5671:
4537:
4096:
Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011).
3900:: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs
1414:, a form of high-speed transport proposed by entrepreneur
729:
can also benefit without undermining the creation process.
6958:"Open source biology: Finding a niche (or maybe several)"
6675:
6287:
Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source
5994:"Первая в мире музыкальная опера с открытыми исходниками"
4311:
Best Practices for commercial use of open source software
3820:
Der Verband für den Informatiker & für die Informatik
3548:
IBM unbundled (began charging for) software 23 June 1969.
2293:
Although artistic appropriation is often permitted under
1605:
1031:
programs. Examples of open-source software products are:
910:
for computer software and other products that allows the
887:
gained hold in part due to the rise of the Internet. The
492:
237:
198:
7161:
6656:
6640:
5220:"Teaching Physics Using Appropriate Technology Projects"
4057:
4055:
3437:
3134:
Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code.
2418:
Research Guidelines as an example of open-source ethics.
1973:, the practice of making the entire primary record of a
1807:, improving global living conditions through innovative
281:. Peterson suggested "open source" at a meeting held at
75:, and documentation freely available to the public. The
6729:
6519:"Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm"
6352:
4231:
The Joint International Symposium on Open Collaboration
4003:"Tracking the explosive growth of open-source software"
3334:
3332:
2304:
The idea of an "open-source" culture runs parallel to "
2158:(OSI), an organization dedicated to promote open source
2053:, a collaborative website to produce a documentary film
1518:. Similarly OSAT has been used as a tool for improving
6808:
4560:"Computers: Systems: Handhelds: Open Source: Simputer"
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
1262:) – is an open-source beer created by students at the
1129:
T1 Multicore processor. Sun has released it under GPL.
79:
in software began as a response to the limitations of
4994:
4784:"Can open-source R&D reinvigorate drug research?"
4449:"Google Summer of Code 2021 Mentoring Orgs announced"
4402:. Lucidimagination.com. 8 August 2012. Archived from
4135:
4052:
3106:
2474:
commonly refers to forms of innovative publishing of
2256:, since mid-2006 the content of OSIS is now known as
1558:, farm equipment and global village construction kit.
8560:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
6911:
6872:
5855:"Техно-опера "2032: Легенда о несбывшемся грядущем""
5833:"Техно-опера "2032: Легенда о несбывшемся грядущем""
5656:
4516:"An Open Source Processor used in Sun SPARC Servers"
3329:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3037:
Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
2889:
1734:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
7211:
5453:
5429:"Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software"
5193:"JEDI: The Open Source Curricullum — Project Kenai"
3776:
3774:
3718:"Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software"
3368:
1466:
is an open-source hardware laptop reference design.
710:, give away music but charge for concert admission.
205:and other programs in the 1950s and 1960s, and the
8928:
8010:
7230:
6469:
4676:The concept expands upon a statement found in the
4031:
3433:
3431:
3363:"Open Source Drug Discovery for Malaria Consortium
3256:
2839:
2831:Beta, Project Gutenberg was the first supplier of
1779:Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production
8539:
7307:
7101:The Economics of Open Source Software Development
6120:
5330:Murphy, Sharon; Saleh, Nasser (27–29 July 2009).
5133:A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, "
4212:The International Symposium on Open Collaboration
4092:
4090:
3531:
3381:
3289:"The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology"
3173:
2445:" to refer to the way historical figures such as
1339:wall as a digital canvas for their creative work.
1159:V8 specification, implementation available under
9162:
6039:
6037:
5271:Journal of Education for Sustainable Development
4689:
4000:
3771:
3757:"Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source""
3625:"Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source""
3525:
2820:with sister projects in academic areas, such as
2339:, cultural producers can take advantage of vast
1006:, an open-source 3D graphics editor, running in
6875:The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization
6234:
6150:"How to find Creative Commons images on Flickr"
5657:"Watch Documentaries and Animated Films Online"
4919:
4759:. uwaterloo.ca/stratford-campus. Archived from
4578:
4061:Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2008).
3428:
2733:In 2012, Russian music composer, scientist and
1887:, cola soft drinks made to open-sourced recipes
1038:(that much of world's server parks are running)
790:Open collaboration is the principle underlying
106:gained hold with the rise of the Internet. The
6598:
6493:Open Source Hardware: An Introductory Approach
6374:Nettingsmeier, Jörn. "So What? I Don't Hack!"
6310:
5520:"South Korean government to sw… | Joinup"
5456:"The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998"
4997:"Open Solar Photovoltaic Systems Optimization"
4694:"The Gnu Organisation: What is free software?"
4121:
4087:
3994:
3551:
3190:
2410:Open-source ethics is split into two strands:
2194:, a collaborative drug discovery platform for
2108:"Open Source", a 1960s rock song performed by
1656:List of free and open-source software packages
1407:photovoltaic community and the general public.
1051:List of free and open-source software packages
810:, Internet communities, and many instances of
8525:
7996:
7293:
6614:
6034:
5447:
4838:
4098:Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities
3711:
3709:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3634:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3358:
3356:
3354:
2992:
871:Open source promotes universal access via an
669:Voluntary after-the-fact donations – used by
391:Some economists agree that open-source is an
90:Open source promotes universal access via an
8565:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
7004:
6955:
6861:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6800:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6752:Lerner J., Pathak P. A., Tirole, J. (2006).
6589:"Libre Culture: Meditations on Free Culture"
6090:
4636:"TEXTURE – A hydrocolloid recipe collection"
3588:
3282:
3280:
2013:List of open-source software for mathematics
83:. The model is used for projects such as in
6657:v. Engelhardt, S.; Swaminathan, S. (2008).
6641:v. Engelhardt, S.; Swaminathan, S. (2008).
5905:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5764:International Sport and Culture Association
5577:. Columbia University Press. p. xiii.
5375:"Could a 'Printable Gun' Change the World?"
5366:
5329:
5217:
4757:"Want to take 3 storeys to tell your story"
3749:
3724:
3293:Environment, Development and Sustainability
2612:). Proponents of this view have hailed the
2018:List of open-source bioinformatics software
1977:publicly available online as it is recorded
1563:"Open" versus "free" versus "free and open"
379:Area of application of open-source software
171:gasoline-engine patent originally filed by
8532:
8518:
8003:
7989:
7300:
7286:
6754:"The Dynamics of Open Source Contributors"
6311:Goldman, Ron; Gabriel, Richard P. (2005).
6224:"Open Source Ecology – Zeitgeist movement"
6012:
5544:
5127:
4839:Maurer SM, Rai A, Sali A (December 2004).
4614:
4288:"Brief Definition of Open Source Licenses"
3844:
3780:
3706:
3667:
3493:
3351:
2765:
2649:Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)
2393:refer specifically to political campaigns.
1368:
1233:studies should be freely available to aid
1213:in 2011. The recipe is available for free.
9236:Open hardware organizations and companies
7175:
7033:
6886:
6822:
6769:
6704:
6586:
6537:
5713:
5695:
5346:
5340:
5282:
5168:
4874:
4856:
4799:
4313:. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand.
3733:Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach
3447:
3403:
3312:
3277:
3204:
2665:
2260:-U while the network portion is known as
744:The open-source model is a decentralized
643:
8174:Business models for open-source software
7251:
7228:
6511:Literature on legal and economic aspects
6491:Ray, Partha Pratim; Rai, Rebika (2013).
6173:
5879:
5075:
5069:
4990:
4988:
4645:
4424:
4362:"Open Source Research in Sustainability"
3730:
3715:
2596:
1729:Business models for open-source software
1697:History of free and open-source software
1458:
1372:
1278:
1197:
1187:
1078:
998:
938:
658:
650:Business models for open-source software
382:
374:
247:
159:History of free and open-source software
35:
6516:
6398:
6270:
6077:
5567:
5045:
5039:
4781:
4218:
4026:
3678:
3251:
2785:may need to be cleaned up or summarized
2516:standards of etiquette such as banning
2096:considered "fringe" by corporate media.
1922:
1333:University of Waterloo Stratford Campus
188:Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
9163:
7255:Understanding FOSS Version 4.0 revised
7212:Spagnoletti, P.; Federici, T. (2011).
7117:
7099:. In Bitzer, J.; Schröder, P. (eds.).
7050:
6490:
6331:
6195:
5948:. Muznews.rockzvuk.com. Archived from
5508:from the original on 27 December 2011.
5372:
5264:
4973:. Sciencecommons.org. 17 November 2010
4425:Metcalfe, Randolph (31 January 2012).
4359:
3974:
3822:(in Swiss High German). Archived from
3286:
2725:
1509:. At the university level, the use of
1495:to manufacture appropriate technology.
856:
8513:
8363:Organization for Transformative Works
7984:
7281:
7091:
6617:"The Economic Properties of Software"
6599:Bitzer, J.; Schröder, P.J.H. (2005).
6467:
6284:
5574:Anatheism: Returning to God After God
5454:US Copyright Office (December 1998).
5111:. AdCiv. 29 July 2010. Archived from
5076:Kingsley, Jeremy (22 February 2012).
4985:
4366:Sustainability: The Journal of Record
4302:
4259:
3810:
3808:
3506:
3488:
3338:
3069:Glossary of legal terms in technology
2814:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2331:Through various technologies such as
1897:List of open-source hardware projects
1529:is close to open source. It uses the
1183:
1056:List of formerly proprietary software
943:Open-source model application domains
818:. It also explains some instances of
760:, with products such as source code,
733:
71:, with products such as source code,
9088:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
7901:
6676:v. Hippel, E.; v. Krogh, G. (2003).
6387:
5423:
5016:
4714:
4592:. Facebook Inc. 2011. Archived from
4308:
3640:
2900:Free and open-source software portal
2769:
2453:worked upon this ancient tradition.
982:
906:An open-source license is a type of
8555:Alternative terms for free software
5046:LaBarre, Suzanne (25 August 2011).
4901:. Tropicaldisease.org. 16 July 2009
4615:Arkinstall, Kam (2 December 2013).
4360:Pearce, Joshua M. (1 August 2012).
3781:van Rossum, Guido (10 April 1998).
3620:
2549:terms to something less favorable.
2308:", but is substantively different.
2028:List of open-source health hardware
2023:List of open-source health software
1572:free/libre and open-source software
13:
8895:Python Software Foundation License
6730:Kostakis, V.; Bauwens, M. (2014).
6353:Kostakis, V.; Bauwens, M. (2014).
6264:
6196:Dobson, Stuart (27 January 2013).
6000:from the original on 29 March 2019
5861:from the original on 13 March 2021
5347:Greenberg, Andy (23 August 2012).
5157:Journal of Sustainable Development
4633:
4427:"Examples of Open Source Software"
4227:"Definition of Open Collaboration"
4224:
3946:10.1016/j.mechatronics.2013.06.002
3873:. Creative Commons. Archived from
3805:
2869:"resource-based economy" based on
2787:because it has been split from/to
2181:Open Source Developers' Conference
1785:Open-source appropriate technology
1511:open-source-appropriate technology
1481:Open-source appropriate technology
1400:The Open Solar Outdoors Test Field
1274:
768:, and open-source drug discovery.
766:open-source appropriate technology
416:Being organized as effectively a "
87:, and open source drug discovery.
85:open source appropriate technology
14:
9267:
8958:Definition of Free Cultural Works
8575:Free software project directories
7273:
7164:Journal of Public Economic Theory
5601:. Elephants Dream. 13 August 2006
4899:"the Tropical Disease Initiative"
4735:"Project Gutenberg — free ebooks"
4495:"About the Palisadoes Foundation"
4001:Dharmesh Thakker (7 April 2017),
3716:Stallman, Richard (18 May 2012).
3339:Menon, Sreelatha (1 March 2009).
2241:, the former name of an American
1995:Open Source Geospatial Foundation
1965:, a 2014 book by Joshua M. Pearce
1841:Open Hardware and Design Alliance
1739:Diversity in open-source software
16:Source code made freely available
9145:
9144:
9134:
8595:Open-source software development
8184:Commercial use of copyleft works
7186:10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01467.x
6921:Journal of Economic Perspectives
6495:. Lap Lambert Publishing House.
6244:. P2P Foundation. Archived from
6216:
6189:
6167:
6142:
6057:
5986:
5964:
5938:
5913:
5684:BMC Medical Research Methodology
5480:"Chilling Effects Clearinghouse"
5373:Poeter, Damon (24 August 2012).
2908:
2892:
2774:
2570:WBCN and the American Revolution
2301:" among cultural practitioners.
2288:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
2203:(OSTG), news, forums, and other
2149:
1954:Open Source Lab (disambiguation)
1707:Open-source software development
1430:Open Energy Modelling Initiative
754:open-source software development
65:open source software development
8953:Debian Free Software Guidelines
8785:Free Software Movement of India
8164:Alternative compensation system
7005:Osterloh, M.; Rota, S. (2007).
6912:Lerner, J.; Tirole, J. (2005).
6811:Journal of Industrial Economics
6666:Discussion Papers of Diw Berlin
6650:Discussion Papers of Diw Berlin
6128:"Creative Commons Organization"
6083:Harnad, S. (14 November 2009).
5974:. Linux.org.ru. 19 January 2012
5873:
5847:
5825:
5809:. Yogaunity.org. Archived from
5807:"Open Source Yoga Unity — Home"
5799:
5774:
5752:
5730:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5591:
5561:
5538:
5526:
5512:
5494:
5472:
5417:
5392:
5323:
5258:
5211:
5185:
5144:
5101:
5010:
4963:
4913:
4891:
4832:
4775:
4749:
4727:
4708:
4683:
4670:
4627:
4608:
4552:
4530:
4508:
4487:
4466:
4441:
4418:
4392:
4353:
4327:
4309:Popp, Dr. Karl Michael (2015).
4280:
4253:
4200:
4020:
3968:
3921:
3905:
3889:
3863:
3838:
3614:
3582:
3482:
2840:Ideologically-related movements
2686:Budapest Open Access Initiative
2680:scientific publishing has been
2441:has used the term "open-source
2391:Open-source political campaigns
2167:Journal of Open Source Software
1904:Open-source product development
1851:Global Village Construction Set
1722:List of open-source video games
1244:– cola soft drinks, similar to
934:
178:In 1911, independent automaker
25:open source (pin configuration)
8348:Electronic Frontier Foundation
6587:Berry, D.M.; Moss, G. (2008).
6305:Producing Open Source Software
6174:Dostaler, Kim (19 July 2012).
5551:Empirical Software Engineering
4586:"Download Specs & Designs"
3347:– via Business Standard.
3245:
3147:"What is Open Source Software"
2239:Open Source Information System
2221:New Zealand Open Source Awards
2162:Open Source Software Institute
1487:. These technologies must be "
1193:Vores Øl – An Open Source Beer
1074:
1044:(that Knowledge is based upon)
1024:GNU Image Manipulation Program
1:
9176:Free and open-source software
8943:Contributor License Agreement
8757:Open-source-software movement
8541:Free and open-source software
8189:Commons-based peer production
8057:Legal aspects of file sharing
7878:Open-source software movement
7607:Free and open-source software
7336:Commons-based peer production
6624:Jena Economic Research Papers
6517:Benkler, Y. (December 2002).
6332:Dunlap, Isaac Hunter (2006).
6087:. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
5740:. Openeducation2013.sched.org
5141:, 25–27 March 2010, pp. 1–12.
3442:. ACM Press. pp. 75–85.
3396:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1
3120:. 7 July 2006. Archived from
3099:
3044:Commons-based peer production
2938:Free and open-source software
2790:Open-source software movement
2693:National Institutes of Health
2364:
2360:Open-source software movement
2226:
2216:Open Source University Meetup
1795:free and open-source software
1712:Open-source-software movement
1702:Open-source software advocacy
1568:Free and open-source software
1485:free and open-source software
1356:2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
1173:(CERN Open Hardware License).
989:Free and open-source software
923:license). One popular set of
889:open-source software movement
867:List of free-content licences
108:open-source software movement
9114:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
8968:The Free Software Definition
8284:Access to Knowledge movement
7103:. Elsevier. pp. 15–55.
7026:10.1016/j.respol.2006.10.004
6476:. Harvard University Press.
6460:(September 2009). Montréal:
6443:(September 2009). Montréal:
6380:(September 2009). Montréal:
4971:"Science — Creative Commons"
4858:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010056
4715:Cohn, David (18 July 2005).
4590:Open Compute Project website
4266:. Harvard University Press.
3849:. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar.
3558:Dave Pitts' IBM 7090 support
3114:"The Open Source Definition"
2592:
2553:Open-source movie production
2201:Open Source Technology Group
2186:Open Source Development Labs
1402:(OSOTF) is a grid-connected
1266:in Copenhagen together with
725:the cost across more users;
364:
7:
9018:Mozilla software rebranding
8983:Permissive software license
7127:Review of Network Economics
6697:10.1287/orsc.14.2.209.14992
6098:"Students for free culture"
6074:. Wislson On Demand Center.
5195:. Kenai.com. Archived from
5109:"Open collaborative design"
3720:. Free Software Foundation.
3536:. Praeger. pp. 172–9.
2885:
2426:
2312:is a term derived from the
2250:U.S. intelligence community
2196:neglected tropical diseases
1985:National Science Foundation
1916:Open Source Seed Initiative
1766:
1762:editable map of the world).
1629:
1625:(no cost vs no restriction)
1436:
1343:
40:Open Source Initiative logo
23:. Not to be confused with
10:
9272:
9226:Open educational resources
9023:Proprietary device drivers
8973:The Open Source Definition
7956:Open educational resources
6780:10.1257/000282806777211874
6615:v. Engelhardt, S. (2008).
6594:. Canada: Pygmalion Books.
6472:The Success of Open Source
5697:10.1186/s12874-021-01304-y
5293:10.1177/097340820900300112
5265:Pearce, Joshua M. (2009).
5078:"The WikiHouse Revolution"
4782:Munos B (September 2006).
4263:The Success of Open Source
3735:. Imperial College Press.
3641:Shea, Tom (23 June 1983).
3029:
2993:Terms based on open source
2827:Prior to the existence of
2602:Open Educational Resources
2456:
2430:
2357:
2277:
2192:Open Source Drug Discovery
2176:Central and Eastern Europe
2086:crowdsourced investigation
2000:NASA Open Source Agreement
1672:The Open Source Definition
1633:
1447:An open-source robot is a
1440:
1383:
1221:journals have argued that
992:
986:
951:and other founders of the
860:
737:
647:
368:
213:researchers used an open "
201:'s source releases of its
156:
152:
135:Apache Software Foundation
18:
9211:Intellectual property law
9130:
9108:Source-available software
9066:
9008:Digital rights management
9000:
8798:
8775:
8737:
8613:
8547:
8461:
8410:
8398:Students for Free Culture
8335:
8319:
8312:
8294:Cultural environmentalism
8276:
8251:Prizes instead of patents
8151:
8047:Digital rights management
8019:
7843:
7782:
7744:Open Knowledge Foundation
7734:Open Architecture Network
7716:
7691:
7655:
7599:
7563:
7551:Open-door academic policy
7523:
7487:
7478:
7433:
7385:
7328:
7319:
7051:Riehle, D. (April 2007).
6452:Open Source Travel Guide
6024:Technology & Learning
4621:Research in Progress Blog
3731:Muffatto, Moreno (2006).
3314:10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9
3287:Pearce, Joshua M (2012).
3024:Source-available software
2806:Open Education Consortium
2405:
2069:Open-source investigation
2046:List of open-source films
1816:, a community developing
1805:Open Architecture Network
1284:Open Knowledge Foundation
1115:and implementation under
824:collaborative consumption
9216:Open access (publishing)
9103:Shared Source Initiative
8900:Shared Source Initiative
8853:Free Software Foundation
8790:Free Software Foundation
8640:Configuration management
8353:Free Software Foundation
7729:Free Software Foundation
7642:Open-source architecture
7229:Abramson, Bruce (2005).
6933:10.1257/0895330054048678
6758:American Economic Review
6415:10.1177/1354856517735795
6285:Berry, David M. (2008).
6280:. Yale University Press.
6271:Benkler, Yochai (2006).
6045:The Open Source Movement
5659:. NFB.ca. 27 August 2012
5547:"Ethics and Open Source"
4678:Free Software Definition
4337:. Cambia. Archived from
4290:. Open Source Initiative
3845:Granstrand, Ove (1999).
3507:Flink, James J. (1977).
3009:Open-source record label
2783:This article or section
2745:(later relicensed under
2467:open-source intelligence
2267:Open-source intelligence
2254:open-source intelligence
2103:Open-source record label
2033:
1879:Open-source architecture
1679:for open source software
1454:
719:Android operating system
244:followed in this model.
9256:Scholarly communication
9038:SCO/Linux controversies
8484:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
8194:Electronic sell-through
8089:Monopolies of knowledge
8032:Censorship by copyright
7692:Politics and governance
6833:10.1111/1467-6451.00174
6608:Industrial Organization
6063:Wilson Center. (2009).
5886:argonov.livejournal.com
4453:Google Open Source Blog
4400:"FAQ | LucidWorks"
3458:10.1145/1899503.1899512
3345:Business Standard India
2766:Other related movements
2575:Open-source film-making
2398:South Korean government
2082:crowdsourced journalism
1949:Center for Open Science
1717:Open-source video games
1595:anti-corporate activism
1593:), anti-privatization (
1369:Science and engineering
963:has inspired increased
903:, and consumer issues.
431:pharmaceutical industry
309:Netscape Public License
122:, and consumer issues.
9191:Collaborative software
8938:Comparison of licenses
8747:Free software movement
8498:The Internet's Own Boy
8304:Free software movement
8131:software patent debate
8037:Copyright infringement
7863:Free software movement
7754:Open Source Initiative
7704:Open-source governance
7587:Open-source journalism
7139:10.2202/1446-9022.1004
6868:earlier revision (PDF)
6734:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6357:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6317:. Richard P. Gabriel.
6289:. London:Pluto Press.
6242:"P2P Foundation:About"
4260:Weber, Steve (2009) .
4110:10.1287/orsc.1100.0614
4075:10.1287/orsc.1070.0315
3688:Open Source Initiative
3602:Cite journal requires
3563:27 August 2015 at the
3215:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872
3151:Diffingo Solutions Inc
3084:Open Source Initiative
2959:Open-source governance
2953:Open-source curriculum
2880:peer to peer practices
2863:The Zeitgeist Movement
2676:scientific community.
2666:Innovation communities
2605:
2472:open-source journalism
2462:Open-source journalism
2385:Open-source governance
2314:free software movement
2156:Open Source Initiative
2094:historical revisionism
2059:Open-source journalism
1956:, several laboratories
1945:Open Science Framework
1677:Open Source Initiative
1580:Open Source Definition
1516:appropriate technology
1489:appropriate technology
1467:
1428:Energy research – The
1381:
1287:
1214:
1195:
1087:
1010:
971:research, for example
944:
929:Open Source Definition
847:user-generated content
748:model that encourages
684:Patron – For example,
664:
644:Licensing alternatives
418:consumers' cooperative
388:
380:
322:in collaboration with
320:Open Source Initiative
313:Mozilla Public License
254:free software movement
167:owned the rights to a
63:. A main principle of
59:model that encourages
41:
9221:Open content projects
9206:Free culture movement
9013:License proliferation
8299:Free-culture movement
8209:Libertarian positions
8204:Free-software license
8169:Anti-copyright notice
8012:Intellectual property
7868:Open science movement
7858:Free-culture movement
7536:Educational resources
7495:Collaborative writing
7372:Participatory culture
6956:Maurer, S.M. (2008).
6468:Weber, Steve (2004).
6388:Stallman, Richard M.
6070:24 March 2010 at the
5857:. Complexnumbers.ru.
5482:. Chillingeffects.org
4941:10.1056/NEJMoa1107643
4717:"Free Beer for Geeks"
4658:. Alfredo.octavio.net
4378:10.1089/sus.2012.9944
3682:(19 September 2006).
3054:Diseconomies of scale
2851:free-culture movement
2802:open source community
2644:Open-source curricula
2600:
2358:Further information:
2211:Open source in Kosovo
2042:, open source movies
1971:Open-notebook science
1801:, among many others:
1756:collaborative project
1462:
1384:Further information:
1376:
1282:
1211:White House Honey Ale
1201:
1191:
1082:
1069:Palisadoes Foundation
1065:Google Summer of Code
1002:
942:
681:in the United States.
662:
648:Further information:
386:
378:
371:Open-source economics
283:Palo Alto, California
248:Open source as a term
39:
9251:Open-source movement
9246:Open-source hardware
9098:Open-source hardware
9033:Proprietary software
9028:Proprietary firmware
8729:Formerly open-source
8724:Formerly proprietary
8590:Open-source software
8219:Open-design movement
7647:Open-source hardware
7625:Open-design movement
7618:Open-source software
7386:Research and science
7092:Rossi, M.A. (2006).
6974:10.2139/ssrn.1114371
6685:Organization Science
6050:17 July 2011 at the
6043:Warger, T. (2002).
5218:J.M. Pearce (2007).
5088:The Slate Group, LLC
5026:Tesla Motors website
4691:Stallman, Richard M.
4623:. biomedcentral.com.
4538:"Arduino — HomePage"
4104:, 22(5), 1224–1239,
4102:Organization Science
4067:Organization Science
3916:3D Printing Industry
3871:"About The Licenses"
3783:"Open Source Summit"
3684:"History of the OSI"
3193:Organization Science
3094:Proprietary software
2976:Open-source unionism
2971:Open-source religion
2846:open-access movement
2735:Russian Pirate Party
2535:document file format
2480:user created content
2433:Open-source religion
2379:Open-source politics
2375:Open-source politics
2373:(sometimes known as
1923:Science and medicine
1910:Open-source robotics
1891:Open-source hardware
1861:modular construction
1827:Open Design Alliance
1822:open-source hardware
1799:open-source hardware
1791:Open-design movement
1744:MapGuide Open Source
1691:Open-source software
1636:Open-source software
1599:transparent behavior
1589:), deprivatization (
1443:Open-source robotics
1316:Open Content License
1177:Open Compute Project
1091:Open-source hardware
1084:Open Source Hardware
1014:Open-source software
977:open-source hardware
961:open-source movement
953:open-source movement
925:open-source software
746:software development
618:$ 1.57 billion
520:$ 1.87 billion
438:open-source hardware
311:and later under the
215:Request for Comments
141:and the open-source
77:open source movement
57:software development
21:open source software
19:For common use, see
9181:Academic publishing
8978:Open-source license
8580:Gratis versus libre
8159:All rights reversed
8027:Artificial scarcity
7929:Free Cultural Works
7873:Open Source Ecology
7759:Open Web Foundation
7656:Economic principles
7613:Free/libre software
7510:Participatory media
7252:Sampathkumar, K.S.
7118:Schiff, A. (2002).
7069:10.1109/MC.2007.147
6897:10.1093/jleo/ewi002
6338:. Oxford: Chandos.
6228:Open Source Ecology
6108:on 22 November 2010
5545:El-Emam, K (2001).
5236:2007PhTea..45..164P
5224:The Physics Teacher
5170:10.5539/jsd.v3n4p17
4788:Nat Rev Drug Discov
3793:on 29 December 2013
3305:2012EDSus..14..425P
2999:Open implementation
2818:online encyclopedia
2726:Arts and recreation
2110:The Magic Mushrooms
2105:, open source music
1981:Open Source Physics
1847:Open Source Ecology
1665:Open-source license
1623:Gratis versus libre
1582:must be fulfilled.
1556:Open Source Ecology
1542:Defense Distributed
1217:Some publishers of
1141:, an open hardware
863:Open-source license
857:Open-source license
708:enterprise software
679:public broadcasting
634:$ 470 million
602:$ 513 million
586:$ 700 million
182:won a challenge to
55:is a decentralized
8477:Good Copy Bad Copy
8423:Alexandra Elbakyan
8327:Copyright Alliance
7795:Alexandra Elbakyan
7739:Openmod Initiative
7576:Citizen journalism
7453:Open communication
7434:Data, information,
7357:Open collaboration
6450:Various authors. "
6130:. Creative Commons
5020:(12 August 2013).
4474:"Calico Challenge"
4341:on 1 November 2012
4163:10.1109/MS.2009.44
3571:source, including
3157:on 28 October 2008
3074:Mass collaboration
2606:
2437:Irish philosopher
2271:Mycroft (software)
2051:Open Source Cinema
1869:Open manufacturing
1809:sustainable design
1468:
1382:
1288:
1215:
1196:
1184:Food and beverages
1088:
1011:
945:
796:mass collaboration
781:online communities
750:open collaboration
740:Open collaboration
734:Open collaboration
665:
484:$ 16 billion
389:
381:
259:Christine Peterson
61:open collaboration
42:
9158:
9157:
9058:Trusted Computing
9048:Software security
8996:
8995:
8677:Operating systems
8585:Long-term support
8507:
8506:
8406:
8405:
8358:Open Rights Group
7978:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7966:Open Web movement
7951:Open Data Indices
7805:Peter Murray-Rust
7749:Open Rights Group
7712:
7711:
7595:
7594:
7448:Knowledge commons
7265:978-8-184-65469-1
7244:978-0-262-51196-4
7110:978-0-444-52769-1
6741:978-1-137-41506-6
6502:978-3-659-46591-8
6483:978-0-674-01292-9
6437:Various authors.
6364:978-1-137-41506-6
6345:978-1-84334-161-1
6324:978-1-55860-889-4
5770:on 19 March 2007.
5599:"Elephants Dream"
5584:978-0-231-14789-7
5425:Stallman, Richard
5244:10.1119/1.2709675
5056:Fast Company, Inc
4596:on 23 August 2011
4273:978-0-674-04499-9
4188:on 8 October 2016
4069:, 19(2), 260–276
4045:978-0-596-00108-7
3902:, Elsevier, 2014.
3877:on 6 January 2011
3856:978-1-85898-967-9
3742:978-1-86094-665-3
3694:on 1 October 2002
3569:IBM 7090/94 IBSYS
3543:978-0-03-063059-0
3518:978-0-262-56015-3
3467:978-1-60558-950-3
3270:978-0-596-00108-7
2810:Project Gutenberg
2798:
2797:
2700:Benjamin Franklin
2476:online journalism
2451:Swami Vivekananda
2122:Christopher Lydon
2063:online journalism
1935:Open science data
1685:Open-source model
1675:, as used by the
1540:. Calling itself
1298:Project Gutenberg
1242:Open-source colas
1143:handheld computer
983:Computer software
891:arose to clarify
843:self-organization
675:street performers
638:
637:
570:$ 3 billion
552:$ 1 billion
502:$ 2 billion
285:, in reaction to
261:, Todd Anderson,
203:operating systems
184:the Selden patent
110:arose to clarify
53:open source model
9263:
9148:
9147:
9138:
9043:Software patents
8926:
8925:
8838:Creative Commons
8697:Web applications
8534:
8527:
8520:
8511:
8510:
8438:Richard Stallman
8383:Public Knowledge
8343:Creative Commons
8317:
8316:
8224:Open music model
8005:
7998:
7991:
7982:
7981:
7961:Open music model
7925:Definition docs
7914:Creative Commons
7899:
7898:
7815:Richard Stallman
7810:Douglas Rushkoff
7724:Creative Commons
7500:Democratic media
7485:
7484:
7408:Notebook science
7326:
7325:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7279:
7278:
7269:
7248:
7236:
7225:
7207:earlier revision
7205:
7179:
7158:
7124:
7114:
7098:
7088:
7047:
7037:
7011:
7001:
6952:
6918:
6908:
6890:
6866:
6860:
6852:
6826:
6805:
6799:
6791:
6773:
6745:
6726:
6708:
6682:
6669:
6663:
6653:
6647:
6631:
6621:
6611:
6605:
6595:
6593:
6583:
6541:
6526:Yale Law Journal
6523:
6506:
6487:
6475:
6434:
6395:
6368:
6349:
6328:
6300:
6281:
6279:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6200:. Archived from
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6154:New Media Rights
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6104:. Archived from
6094:
6088:
6081:
6075:
6061:
6055:
6041:
6032:
6031:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6005:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5952:on 28 March 2014
5942:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5904:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5786:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5766:. Archived from
5760:"Yource network"
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5717:
5699:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5569:Kearney, Richard
5565:
5559:
5558:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5286:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5172:
5148:
5142:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5001:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4926:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4860:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4803:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4763:on 18 April 2013
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4634:Lersch, Martin.
4631:
4625:
4624:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4406:on 28 April 2011
4396:
4390:
4389:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4237:on 12 March 2013
4233:. Archived from
4222:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4181:. Archived from
4148:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4119:
4094:
4085:
4059:
4050:
4049:
4037:
4028:Raymond, Eric S.
4024:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4014:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3925:
3919:
3918:2 February 2015.
3909:
3903:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3826:on 13 March 2017
3812:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3789:. Archived from
3778:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3690:. Archived from
3680:Tiemann, Michael
3676:
3665:
3664:
3657:
3655:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3622:Raymond, Eric S.
3618:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3504:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3451:
3449:10.1.1.1033.7791
3435:
3426:
3425:
3407:
3379:
3366:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3253:Raymond, Eric S.
3249:
3243:
3242:
3208:
3199:(5): 1414–1433.
3188:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3153:. Archived from
3143:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3110:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2856:Creative Commons
2833:electronic books
2778:
2777:
2770:
2751:MC Entertainment
2673:Robert K. Merton
2610:Creative Commons
2325:Creative Commons
2207:resources for IT
2040:Open-source film
2008:software license
1989:Davidson College
1975:research project
1885:Open-source cola
1647:software license
1616:Richard Stallman
1520:service learning
1293:Creative Commons
1123:Sun Microsystems
1103:operating system
816:Creative Commons
463:Leading company
454:
453:
422:Creative Commons
393:information good
347:Guido van Rossum
339:Brian Behlendorf
305:Richard Stallman
173:George B. Selden
131:software license
81:proprietary code
9271:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9201:Data publishing
9186:Business models
9161:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9126:
9093:Open-core model
9068:
9062:
8992:
8930:
8924:
8794:
8771:
8733:
8616:
8609:
8543:
8538:
8508:
8503:
8470:Steal This Film
8457:
8433:Lawrence Lessig
8402:
8331:
8308:
8272:
8268:Video on demand
8147:
8042:Copyright troll
8015:
8009:
7979:
7970:
7897:
7845:
7839:
7800:Lawrence Lessig
7790:Tim Berners-Lee
7778:
7708:
7699:Open government
7687:
7683:Sharing economy
7668:Open innovation
7651:
7591:
7580:Wiki journalism
7559:
7519:
7505:Open publishing
7480:
7474:
7435:
7429:
7393:Citizen science
7381:
7321:
7315:
7306:
7276:
7266:
7245:
7177:10.1.1.625.2368
7122:
7111:
7096:
7014:Research Policy
7009:
6962:UMKC Law Review
6916:
6854:
6853:
6824:10.1.1.461.3373
6793:
6792:
6771:10.1.1.510.9948
6742:
6680:
6661:
6645:
6619:
6603:
6591:
6548:10.2307/1562247
6521:
6513:
6503:
6484:
6365:
6346:
6325:
6297:
6277:
6267:
6265:Further reading
6262:
6261:
6251:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6204:on 11 June 2015
6194:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6172:
6168:
6158:
6156:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6102:freeculture.org
6096:
6095:
6091:
6082:
6078:
6072:Wayback Machine
6062:
6058:
6052:Wayback Machine
6042:
6035:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6003:
6001:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5955:
5953:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5898:
5897:
5890:
5888:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5813:on 3 March 2015
5805:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5566:
5562:
5543:
5539:
5531:
5527:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5434:
5432:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5406:
5404:www.bollier.org
5398:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5371:
5367:
5357:
5355:
5345:
5341:
5328:
5324:
5263:
5259:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5149:
5145:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5115:on 29 June 2019
5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5028:
5015:
5011:
4999:
4993:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4924:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4837:
4833:
4801:10.1038/nrd2131
4780:
4776:
4766:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4737:. Gutenberg.org
4733:
4732:
4728:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4688:
4684:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4358:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4219:
4214:. 15 June 2010.
4206:
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4146:
4140:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4095:
4088:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4010:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3984:
3973:
3969:
3926:
3922:
3910:
3906:
3898:Open-Source Lab
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3729:
3725:
3714:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3677:
3668:
3653:
3651:
3639:
3635:
3619:
3615:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3565:Wayback Machine
3556:
3552:
3544:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3509:The Car Culture
3505:
3494:
3487:
3483:
3468:
3436:
3429:
3384:Research Policy
3380:
3369:
3361:
3352:
3337:
3330:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3250:
3246:
3189:
3174:
3160:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3127:
3125:
3124:on 11 June 2007
3118:Open Source Org
3112:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3032:
2995:
2990:
2943:Open publishing
2933:
2932:
2931:
2913:
2909:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2842:
2794:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2728:
2716:Open innovation
2668:
2660:TAACCCT program
2618:Rice University
2595:
2558:Elephants Dream
2459:
2447:Mohandas Gandhi
2439:Richard Kearney
2435:
2429:
2408:
2367:
2362:
2341:social networks
2299:chilling effect
2280:
2229:
2172:Open Source Day
2152:
2036:
1961:Open-Source Lab
1925:
1781:
1769:
1638:
1632:
1591:nationalization
1587:state ownership
1565:
1531:Cathedral model
1457:
1445:
1439:
1421:Construction –
1393:Science Commons
1391:Research – The
1388:
1371:
1346:
1322:Google Sketchup
1277:
1275:Digital content
1235:reproducibility
1186:
1077:
997:
991:
985:
967:and liberty in
937:
869:
861:Main articles:
859:
828:open innovation
804:Internet forums
792:peer production
787:and Knowledge.
773:Internet forums
758:peer production
742:
736:
652:
646:
446:peer production
407:derivative work
373:
367:
351:Michael Tiemann
279:Eric S. Raymond
275:Michael Tiemann
250:
161:
155:
69:peer production
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9269:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9152:
9142:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9117:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9078:
9072:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9004:
9002:
8998:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8934:
8932:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8796:
8795:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8743:
8741:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8630:Bioinformatics
8627:
8621:
8619:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8544:
8537:
8536:
8529:
8522:
8514:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8494:
8487:
8480:
8473:
8465:
8463:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8428:Rick Falkvinge
8425:
8420:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8393:Shadow library
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8368:The Pirate Bay
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8323:
8321:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8289:Anti-copyright
8286:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8155:
8153:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8109:Bioprospecting
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8016:
8008:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7985:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7905:
7903:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7538:
7531:Open education
7527:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7491:
7489:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7458:Open knowledge
7455:
7450:
7445:
7439:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7395:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7343:
7338:
7332:
7330:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7305:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7282:
7275:
7274:External links
7272:
7271:
7270:
7264:
7249:
7243:
7226:
7224:(15): 279–298.
7209:
7170:(4): 609–639.
7159:
7115:
7109:
7089:
7048:
7020:(2): 157–171.
7002:
6953:
6909:
6870:
6817:(2): 197–234.
6806:
6749:
6740:
6727:
6691:(2): 209–223.
6673:
6670:
6654:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6612:
6596:
6584:
6532:(3): 369–446.
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6501:
6488:
6482:
6465:
6448:
6435:
6409:(3): 409–427.
6396:
6385:
6372:
6363:
6350:
6344:
6329:
6323:
6308:
6301:
6296:978-0745324142
6295:
6282:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6248:on 4 June 2016
6233:
6215:
6188:
6166:
6141:
6119:
6089:
6076:
6056:
6033:
6030:(7): 16. 2007.
6011:
5996:. Netskop.ru.
5985:
5963:
5937:
5912:
5872:
5846:
5824:
5798:
5773:
5751:
5729:
5670:
5648:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5590:
5583:
5560:
5537:
5525:
5522:. 4 July 2014.
5511:
5493:
5471:
5446:
5416:
5391:
5365:
5339:
5322:
5284:10.1.1.620.246
5257:
5210:
5199:on 16 May 2010
5184:
5143:
5126:
5100:
5068:
5038:
5009:
4984:
4962:
4912:
4890:
4831:
4774:
4748:
4726:
4707:
4682:
4669:
4644:
4626:
4607:
4577:
4564:Open Directory
4551:
4529:
4507:
4486:
4465:
4440:
4417:
4391:
4372:(4): 238–243.
4352:
4326:
4320:978-3738619096
4319:
4301:
4279:
4272:
4252:
4225:Riehle, Dirk.
4217:
4199:
4134:
4120:
4086:
4051:
4044:
4019:
3993:
3967:
3940:(6): 713–726.
3920:
3904:
3888:
3862:
3855:
3837:
3804:
3770:
3748:
3741:
3723:
3705:
3666:
3633:
3613:
3604:|journal=
3581:
3550:
3542:
3524:
3517:
3492:
3481:
3466:
3427:
3390:(6): 923–943.
3367:
3350:
3328:
3299:(3): 425–431.
3276:
3269:
3244:
3172:
3138:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Network effect
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Digital rights
3046:
3041:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2989:
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2973:
2968:
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2945:
2940:
2934:
2914:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2887:
2884:
2841:
2838:
2829:Google Scholar
2796:
2795:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2739:Victor Argonov
2727:
2724:
2704:Franklin stove
2667:
2664:
2630:Eugene Thacker
2622:OpenCourseWare
2594:
2591:
2458:
2455:
2431:Main article:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2366:
2363:
2319:Sites such as
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2072:
2071:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1997:
1992:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1857:OpenStructures
1854:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1811:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1746:, a web-based
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1634:Main article:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1534:
1523:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1456:
1453:
1441:Main article:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1410:Engineering –
1408:
1396:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1164:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1106:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1039:
987:Main article:
984:
981:
936:
933:
858:
855:
835:egalitarianism
738:Main article:
735:
732:
731:
730:
722:
711:
704:
694:
682:
667:
645:
642:
636:
635:
632:
629:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
608:
604:
603:
600:
597:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
576:
572:
571:
568:
563:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
542:
538:
537:
534:
531:
526:
522:
521:
518:
513:
508:
504:
503:
500:
495:
490:
486:
485:
482:
477:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
400:of a product.
369:Main article:
366:
363:
359:Jamie Zawinski
295:Linus Torvalds
263:Larry Augustin
249:
246:
157:Main article:
154:
151:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9268:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9151:
9143:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9132:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9121:Revolution OS
9118:
9116:
9115:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9082:GNU Manifesto
9079:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9065:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9003:
8999:
8989:
8988:Public domain
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8927:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8777:Organisations
8774:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8744:
8742:
8740:
8736:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8703:
8700:
8699:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8672:Office suites
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8570:Free software
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8535:
8530:
8528:
8523:
8521:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8500:
8499:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8462:Documentaries
8460:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8418:Cory Doctorow
8416:
8415:
8413:
8409:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8320:Pro-copyright
8318:
8315:
8313:Organizations
8311:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8143:Public domain
8141:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7999:
7994:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7934:Free Software
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7835:John Wilbanks
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7717:Organizations
7715:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7690:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7678:Open standard
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7571:Citizen media
7569:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7486:
7483:
7481:and learning
7479:Communication
7477:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7436:and knowledge
7432:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7342:
7341:Crowdsourcing
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7303:
7298:
7296:
7291:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7267:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7237:. MIT Press.
7235:
7234:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7210:
7208:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7121:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7057:IEEE Computer
7054:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6927:(2): 99–120.
6926:
6922:
6915:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6888:10.1.1.72.465
6884:
6880:
6876:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6674:
6671:
6667:
6660:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6618:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6504:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6288:
6283:
6276:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6177:
6170:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6129:
6123:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6086:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6060:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6015:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5973:
5967:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5926:
5925:www.cjclub.ru
5922:
5916:
5908:
5902:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5834:
5828:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5787:. Eclipse.org
5783:
5777:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5739:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5658:
5652:
5643:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5600:
5594:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5529:
5521:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5481:
5475:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4972:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4935:(8): 718–24.
4934:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4900:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4736:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4654:
4648:
4637:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4539:
4533:
4517:
4511:
4496:
4490:
4475:
4469:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4428:
4421:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4249:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4151:IEEE Software
4145:
4138:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3895:J.M. Pearce,
3892:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3792:
3788:
3787:Linux Gazette
3784:
3777:
3775:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3712:
3710:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3596:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3520:
3514:
3511:. MIT Press.
3510:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Shared Source
3017:
3015:
3014:Open standard
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Open security
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Open standard
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:Open politics
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Open research
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2901:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2875:having access
2872:
2871:collaboration
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2712:lightning rod
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2513:Messageboards
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2498:file transfer
2495:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:Open politics
2369:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:networks and
2334:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:Open security
2231:
2230:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:Organizations
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:CAD libraries
2131:
2128:
2127:Open textbook
2125:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:Crowdsourcing
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:socioeconomic
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:OpenStreetMap
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:GNU Manifesto
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:Open research
1379:
1375:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:public domain
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1264:IT-University
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
990:
980:
978:
974:
970:
969:biotechnology
966:
962:
957:
954:
950:
941:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
864:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
820:crowdsourcing
817:
813:
809:
808:mailing lists
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
777:mailing lists
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
728:
723:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702:
698:
695:
692:
691:public domain
687:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
657:
656:
655:
651:
641:
633:
630:
628:
625:
622:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
580:
579:Elasticsearch
577:
574:
573:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
523:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
506:
505:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
488:
487:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
470:
469:
466:Market value
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
426:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
403:
399:
398:marginal cost
394:
385:
377:
372:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
300:Linux Journal
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
160:
150:
148:
144:
140:
139:Apache Hadoop
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
9241:Open science
9231:Open formats
9196:Computer law
9119:
9112:
9080:
8963:Free license
8709:Android apps
8496:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8453:Aaron Swartz
8378:Pirate Party
8336:Pro-copyleft
8233:
8214:Open content
8199:Free content
8099:Orphan works
8094:Music piracy
7844:Projects and
7830:Aaron Swartz
7764:Pirate Party
7663:Gift economy
7443:Free content
7418:Science data
7398:Open science
7361:
7350:
7346:
7329:Key concepts
7320:Concepts and
7313:open content
7309:Free culture
7254:
7232:
7221:
7217:
7167:
7163:
7133:(1): 66–74.
7130:
7126:
7100:
7063:(4): 25–32.
7060:
7056:
7035:10419/214322
7017:
7013:
6965:
6961:
6924:
6920:
6878:
6874:
6857:cite journal
6814:
6810:
6796:cite journal
6764:(2): 114–8.
6761:
6757:
6731:
6706:1721.1/66145
6688:
6684:
6665:
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6627:
6623:
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6471:
6456:
6439:
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6400:
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6376:
6354:
6334:
6313:
6303:Karl Fogel.
6286:
6273:
6250:. Retrieved
6246:the original
6236:
6218:
6206:. Retrieved
6202:the original
6191:
6179:. Retrieved
6169:
6157:. Retrieved
6153:
6144:
6132:. Retrieved
6122:
6110:. Retrieved
6106:the original
6101:
6092:
6079:
6059:
6027:
6023:
6014:
6002:. Retrieved
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5966:
5954:. Retrieved
5950:the original
5940:
5928:. Retrieved
5924:
5915:
5889:. Retrieved
5885:
5875:
5863:. Retrieved
5849:
5837:. Retrieved
5835:. Argonov.ru
5827:
5815:. Retrieved
5811:the original
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5776:
5768:the original
5763:
5754:
5742:. Retrieved
5732:
5687:
5683:
5673:
5661:. Retrieved
5651:
5642:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5603:. Retrieved
5593:
5573:
5563:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5528:
5514:
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5449:
5440:
5433:. Retrieved
5419:
5407:. Retrieved
5403:
5394:
5382:. Retrieved
5378:
5368:
5356:. Retrieved
5352:
5342:
5332:
5325:
5277:(1): 45–53.
5274:
5270:
5260:
5230:(3): 164–7.
5227:
5223:
5213:
5201:. Retrieved
5197:the original
5187:
5163:(4): 17–29.
5160:
5156:
5146:
5138:
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5113:the original
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5081:
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5051:
5041:
5031:22 September
5029:. Retrieved
5025:
5012:
5003:
4975:. Retrieved
4965:
4932:
4929:N Engl J Med
4928:
4915:
4903:. Retrieved
4893:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4794:(9): 723–9.
4791:
4787:
4777:
4765:. Retrieved
4761:the original
4751:
4739:. Retrieved
4729:
4720:
4710:
4698:. Retrieved
4685:
4672:
4660:. Retrieved
4647:
4629:
4620:
4610:
4598:. Retrieved
4594:the original
4589:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4563:
4554:
4542:. Retrieved
4540:. Arduino.cc
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:
4443:
4431:. Retrieved
4420:
4408:. Retrieved
4404:the original
4394:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4343:. Retrieved
4339:the original
4329:
4310:
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4282:
4262:
4255:
4246:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:the original
4230:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4190:. Retrieved
4183:the original
4157:(2): 52–58.
4154:
4150:
4137:
4123:
4101:
4066:
4033:
4022:
4011:, retrieved
4006:
3996:
3985:, retrieved
3980:
3975:Joe McCann,
3970:
3937:
3934:Mechatronics
3933:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3896:
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3875:the original
3865:
3846:
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3824:the original
3819:
3795:. Retrieved
3791:the original
3786:
3761:. Retrieved
3751:
3732:
3726:
3696:. Retrieved
3692:the original
3660:
3659:
3652:. Retrieved
3646:
3636:
3628:
3616:
3595:cite journal
3584:
3553:
3533:
3527:
3508:
3484:
3439:
3405:1721.1/70028
3387:
3383:
3344:
3296:
3292:
3258:
3247:
3196:
3192:
3166:
3159:. Retrieved
3155:the original
3150:
3141:
3133:
3126:. Retrieved
3122:the original
3117:
3108:
3064:Gift economy
3059:Free content
3035:
2924:
2923:
2922:profile for
2919:
2861:
2843:
2826:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2747:CC BY-SA 4.0
2743:CC BY-NC 3.0
2732:
2729:
2698:
2690:
2678:
2669:
2657:
2642:
2638:Khan Academy
2607:
2580:
2568:
2562:
2551:
2539:spreadsheets
2528:OpenDocument
2526:
2511:
2492:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2436:
2409:
2378:
2374:
2333:peer-to-peer
2330:
2318:
2310:Free culture
2309:
2306:Free Culture
2303:
2292:
2281:
2248:serving the
2243:unclassified
2140:3D Warehouse
2118:(radio show)
2115:
2075:
1960:
1937:, a type of
1929:Open science
1758:to create a
1670:
1639:
1584:
1576:
1566:
1503:Khan Academy
1464:VIA OpenBook
1446:
1404:photovoltaic
1326:3D Warehouse
1259:
1258:(originally
1227:food science
1216:
1207:Dakota Meyer
1203:Barack Obama
1089:
1062:
1029:
1018:
1012:
965:transparency
958:
949:Eric Raymond
946:
935:Applications
905:
884:
880:
877:free license
870:
851:
832:
812:open content
789:
770:
743:
715:browser wars
701:dual license
653:
639:
450:
435:
427:
415:
390:
331:Tim O'Reilly
328:
324:Bruce Perens
317:
298:
251:
219:
196:
192:World War II
177:
162:
124:
103:
99:
96:free license
89:
52:
44:
43:
33:
9171:Open source
9053:Tivoization
8692:Video games
8667:Mathematics
8448:Peter Sunde
8443:Peter Suber
8263:Share-alike
8234:Open source
8229:Open patent
7944:Open Source
7888:OpenWetWare
7825:Peter Sunde
7820:Peter Suber
7673:Open patent
7637:Open gaming
7515:Peer review
7362:Open source
6630:: 2008–045.
6402:Convergence
6252:15 February
5744:16 February
5435:17 February
5379:PC Magazine
5093:17 December
5061:17 December
5022:"Hyperloop"
4518:. OpenSPARC
4429:. OSS Watch
4248:processes).
4192:22 November
4038:. OReilly.
4009:(in German)
3983:(in German)
3830:23 December
3654:10 February
3263:. OReilly.
2926:Open source
2867:sustainable
2822:Wikiversity
2682:open access
2634:Salman Khan
2624:project at
2616:Project at
2543:locked into
2503:LiveJournal
2484:OpenSolaris
2422:particular.
2284:copyrighted
2205:SourceForge
2116:Open Source
2002:(NOSA), an
1829:, develops
1820:electronic
1645:terms of a
1642:source code
1507:wikiversity
1475:Open-design
1398:Research –
1378:Open access
1350:Consortium.
1312:Open ICEcat
1219:open-access
1167:Tinkerforge
1075:Electronics
1047:Many more:
1020:LibreOffice
912:source code
885:Open source
881:open source
873:open-source
839:meritocracy
727:free riders
686:open-access
631:Sauce Labs
599:Databricks
533:NodeSource
448:community.
343:Eric Allman
165:monopolists
147:Apache HTTP
127:source code
104:Open source
100:open source
92:open-source
49:source code
45:Open source
29:open access
9165:Categories
9001:Challenges
8719:Commercial
8702:E-commerce
8687:Television
8373:Piratbyrån
8121:biological
8052:Gripe site
7564:Journalism
7546:Admissions
7541:University
6610:. EconWPA.
6556:10535/2974
6539:cs/0109077
6159:20 October
6134:20 October
5817:25 October
5791:25 October
5690:(1): 117.
5663:25 October
5605:25 October
5535:(PDF file)
5486:25 October
5464:25 October
5203:25 October
5119:25 October
5018:Musk, Elon
4977:25 October
4905:25 October
4851:(3): e56.
4741:25 October
4721:Wired News
4700:25 October
4662:25 October
4570:25 October
4566:. Dmoz.org
4544:25 October
4522:25 October
4433:25 October
4410:25 October
4345:25 October
4013:10 October
4007:TechCrunch
3987:10 October
3881:25 October
3797:7 February
3763:25 October
3759:. Catb.org
3579:compilers.
3489:Weber 2004
3128:22 January
3100:References
2710:, and the
2614:Connexions
2365:Government
2345:BitTorrent
2227:Procedures
2135:- such as
2090:trutherism
2076:See also:
2006:-approved
1748:map-making
1570:(FOSS) or
1538:3D Printer
1337:MicroTiles
1302:Wikisource
1231:gastronomy
993:See also:
979:movement.
814:, such as
800:wikinomics
762:blueprints
355:Paul Vixie
335:Larry Wall
271:Sam Ockman
180:Henry Ford
73:blueprints
8931:standards
8929:Types and
8910:Unlicense
8905:Sleepycat
8739:Community
8277:Movements
8104:Biopiracy
7883:OpenCores
7846:movements
7783:Activists
7524:Education
7322:practices
7202:154317482
7194:1097-3923
7172:CiteSeerX
7155:201280221
7147:2194-5993
7077:0018-9162
7044:0048-7333
6982:1556-5068
6941:0895-3309
6905:8756-6222
6883:CiteSeerX
6881:: 20–56.
6849:219722756
6841:0022-1821
6819:CiteSeerX
6788:0002-8282
6766:CiteSeerX
6715:1047-7039
6564:0044-0094
6431:149165772
6423:1354-8565
5782:"Eclipse"
5706:1471-2288
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