508:
156:
107:. One reason for the repressive actions was the foreign contacts maintained by the leaders of these churches and the reception of foreign aid. Although Baptists also had foreign contacts, they were a legalized group, and their foreign aid was more transparent, thus arousing less suspicion. As part of the surveillance, incoming and outgoing correspondence from Poland was monitored. Letters sent by co-religionists to the members of the governing bodies of the surveilled churches were also controlled.
488:, especially Piotr Deyneka. Maksymowicz was sentenced to two years in a labor camp. Sacewicz was accused of dollar trading and sentenced to 2 years in a labor camp on 21 February 1952. On 12 March 1952, Korniluk was sentenced to 4 years in prison, and Winnik to 5 years. Sergiusz Waszkiewicz was sentenced to 18 months in prison, Kazimiera Nawrocka to 15 months, Stefan Osadca to 18 months, Józef Mrózek (junior) to 2 years in a labor camp on espionage charges, and Paweł Bakałarz (a
76:
432:
629:, a longtime president of the Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith, who was against joining the United Evangelical Church before the arrests, encouraged the Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith congregations to join the United Evangelical Church after his release. In 1952 and 1953, two Coordinating Conferences were held with the aim of expanding the United Evangelical Church.
569:, who studies the history of Polish Evangelicalism in the 20th century, the arrests halted the functioning of the churches for several months, and it was not until the spring of 1951 that religious life began to return to the repressed "sects". Ultimately, the authorities allowed the existence of Evangelical churches affected by the arrests but decided to control them. The
468:, everyone signed a declaration stating they had no grievances against the Office of Public Security before being released from detention. 16 individuals were sentenced to prison. Paweł Lindner and Henryk Jarząbski were sentenced to several months in prison (9 and 6 months, respectively) for possessing the brochure
605:
Krakiewicz, influenced by his experiences in prison (from 1950 to 1952), adopted a loyalist position towards the communist authorities and became a guarantor of the proper political course of the church from the authorities' point of view. The religious authorities obliged some of those released from
441:
The Office of Public
Security modeled their actions on the 1949 Bulgarian trial and intended to prepare a show trial. However, despite the use of torture and intimidation in prisons, the clergy did not confess to the charges against them. The investigation was conducted incompetently, and in a report
646:
As a result of the security services' actions, a certain number of informants were recruited. However, the information they provided later had little operational value. This network of informants was almost entirely deregistered by the end of 1956. The
Ministry of Public Security never admitted that
166:
On the night between
September 19 and 20, 1950, church leaders were arrested by the Ministry of Public Security, and all church properties were closed. A total of 199 individuals from Evangelical-Baptist type churches (namely, the United Evangelical Church, the Church of Christians of Evangelical
340:
87 of the arrested individuals were released before 1 October 1950. Some were released after a few months. By
January 1951, 65 individuals remained in detention, half of whom were released in March. "Evidence" was being gathered against the most suspicious individuals, including Jerzy Sacewicz,
553:
The authorities assumed that the arrests would weaken or even lead to the liquidation of the religious communities affected by the repressions. However, these communities did not cease their activities, partly due to the principle of "universal priesthood", meaning the laity took over church
333:) were also used. Characterizations of Evangelical activists from both 1949 and 1950 relied on reports from this trio. Other informants were rated poorly, accused of insincerity and reluctance to cooperate, and criticized for failing to report on the harmful activities of the sects
167:
Faith, and the Union of Christ
Churches) were arrested, including not only clergy but also particularly active believers. Additionally, around 200 people were detained for questioning, and approximately 600 searches were conducted. The highest number of arrests occurred in
598:, Beniamin Piotr Domaradzki) in their cells. The imprisonment brought them closer ecumenically. It also brought Evangelical churches closer together (Teodor Lewczuk from the Union of Christ’s Churches assured Jakub Kozak from the Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith,
67:. 87 clergymen were released a few days after their arrest, while others were released after several months. 16 were sentenced to prison. Some of them were included in the amnesty of 1952. These arrests influenced the expansion of the United Evangelical Church in 1953.
763:
it cannot be ruled out that the
Baptists avoided the fate of other evangelical communities due to – among other possible reasons – the protection of Stalinist Minister of Justice Henryk Świątkowski, who owed his release from the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp to Waldemar
533:
The Union of Christ’s
Churches suffered the most from the arrests. In January 1950, this church had 43 congregations, but by March 1952, it had only 24. Some members transferred to churches that were not affected by the arrests. For example, the Christ Church in
617:
underwent a similar transformation as
Krakiewicz. During Jerzy Sacewicz's imprisonment (an opponent of joining the United Evangelical Church), he managed to bring the Union of Christ’s Churches into the structures of the United Evangelical Church. Similarly,
138:
on the leadership of the United
Evangelical Church. On June 7, the Fifth Department of the Ministry of Public Security drafted an "information" report regarding the Union of Christ Churches and the United Evangelical Church. It concluded that these churches
525:
The scale of this operation surpassed the repressions against other
Christian churches. For comparison, throughout 1950, the Ministry of Public Security arrested 132 Catholic priests. The only religious group more persecuted at the time were the
499:, the authorities decided to release some of the convicted individuals under the third amnesty law. Kołodziej served his full sentence and was released in September 1953. Szenderowski was the last to be released, on 4 April 1955.
130:, which proposed the arrest of 18 activists at 9:00 PM on March 16, the interrogation of 28 activists, and searches at all 44 individuals’ homes. This operation was intended to cover 10 voivodeships and the capital city of
125:
in 1949, where 15 pastors were convicted, the Fifth Department of the Ministry of Public Security decided to arrest leading activists of the Union of Christ Churches and the United Evangelical Church. They prepared a
659:, the arrests were known almost exclusively within the United Evangelical Church community, with knowledge about them passed on orally. Publications from that era referred to them as a time of trial, citing
385:
was released in January 1951 due to his age and health condition. Clergy members were accused of conducting a broad anti-Soviet campaign, criticizing the people's government and production cooperatives.
271:
46:
546:, during the imprisonment of Aleksander Rapanowicz, the faithful attended the Methodist Church and returned to their congregation after Rapanowicz’s release. Wacław Kołodziej, the editor-in-chief of
726:
of 18 October 2006 and the ideologization of social life, referenced the persecution of minority churches during the Polish People's Republic era. This included the imprisonment and death of Bishop
209:, the date of September 19 was chosen because on September 20, activists from the Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith were scheduled to discuss terms of joining the Methodist Church (the
686:. Outside the Evangelical community, the action was little known. Within the Evangelical community, the memory of the event was constantly maintained and cultivated. After the fall of
134:. Although it was not carried out, systematic surveillance of the "sects" began immediately. On 28 May 1949, the Warsaw Public Security Office opened an agent case under the code name
633:
1959:
Sławiński, Wojciech (2012). "Cele, taktyka i działania wobec chrześcijańskich mniejszości wyznaniowych w latach 1945-1956 w Polsce". In Kłaczkow, Jarosław; Rozynkowski, W. (eds.).
175:(64 searches). Chapels, literature, hymnals, and church equipment were confiscated, most of which never returned to their owners. According to a memo prepared on October 2 for the
415:
prepared guidelines for conducting the investigation. It was necessary to obtain information about political cooperation with the Sanation regime, as well as cooperation with the
718:, used it as an argument that the United Evangelical Church was monitored by the security services, as the arrested were offered cooperation. On 27 March 2007, the Senate of the
782:, 9 people were arrested and 18 were questioned from a congregation of 31 members. Even the postman, who delivered brochures sent to the pastor as part of his job, was arrested.
570:
694:. In the Pentecostal community, it became a widespread belief that the Christian Pentecostal Fellowship joined the United Evangelical Church as a result of these arrests.
375:
676:
57:
319:
303:, leaders of two Evangelical churches, of betraying the Gospel, engaging in anti-Soviet activities, and collaborating with Anglo-American intelligence. Reports from
638:
342:
176:
110:
In November 1946, the Ministry of Public Security started to investigate the leadership of the Union of Christ Churches, opening an agent case under the code name
530:. As a result of these repressions, the growth of Evangelical denominations was hindered, and even those groups whose clergy were not arrested were intimidated.
1580:
Libiszowska-Żółtkowska, Maria (2002). "Chrześcijańska Wspólnota Zielonoświątkowa". In Baliński, Aleksander; Drozdowicz, Zbigniew; Stachowski, Zbigniew (eds.).
364:
588:
577:
607:
512:
282:
702:
391:
220:
The arrested individuals were presented with an extensive list of charges. The pre-war Ministry of Internal Affairs allegedly established these "sects" to
79:
256:
353:
199:
458:
304:
104:
619:
558:, it was assessed that the arrests changed nothing, yet many believers transferred to other churches, and fewer people were baptized. According to
293:
559:
51:
62:
484:. Ludwik Szenderowski was sentenced to 9 years in prison based on Szymon Biliński's reports and extensive contacts with co-religionists in the
1103:
Jańczuk, Leszek. "Represje wobec Kościołów mniejszościowych w latach powojennych na przykładzie Akcji "B"". In Śliwa, M.; Chodźko, E. (eds.).
41:
by eliminating churches that did not have a regulated legal status with the state. The arrested individuals belonged to three churches: the
405:
2062:
690:, these events were used to build a narrative of martyrdom, arguing that the Evangelical community was persecuted during the rule of the
2040:
2007:
1974:
1951:
1918:
1885:
1852:
1821:
1788:
1757:
1726:
276:
606:
the Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith and Union of Christ’s Churches to work towards expanding the United Evangelical Church.
416:
555:
114:. In April 1947, they initiated a case against the activists of the Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith under the code name
517:
287:
2024:
1991:
1935:
1869:
1805:
1589:
1564:
827:
719:
2072:
554:
responsibilities. The security services made incorrect assessments regarding the impact of the arrests. For example, in the
740:
199 clergymen of the United Evangelical Church, the Church of Christ, and the Church of Christians of the Evangelical Faith
23:
42:
2077:
496:
582:
1902:
92:
Between 1950 and 1953, the authorities conducted a series of actions targeting religious institutions, including the
1243:
Wyznania typu ewangeliczno-baptystycznego wchodzące w skład Zjednoczonego Kościoła Ewangelicznego w latach 1945-1956
103:
In 1947, the Ministry of Public Security began gathering information on Evangelical church activists, excluding the
147:. From then on, the Fifth Department of the Ministry of Public Security prepared to carry out liquidation actions.
691:
243:
and conducted extensive anti-Soviet activities. In the post-war period, activists from these sects, described as
1105:
V Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa "Polska Ludowa" 1944-1989. Geneza – Stabilizacja – Kryzys – Upadek. Abstrakty
2067:
380:
681:
656:
535:
358:
387:
324:
251:. Justifications for the arrests and charges were based on agent reports from Public Security Office's
118:. Local security offices launched cases against Evangelical activists in various parts of the country.
347:
443:
236:
and aiding in the Polonization of these lands. During the German occupation, these sects allegedly
2057:
779:
573:
decided in July 1952 to permit these churches to function, provided they merged into one church.
369:
141:
constitute a base of American imperialist influence and serve as a channel for American espionage
731:
593:
473:
435:
1582:
Ilustrowana encyklopedia religii świata: kościoły, wyznania, kulty, sekty, nowe ruchy religijne
735:
643:
distanced itself from the Evangelical Christians and transformed into a separate denomination.
612:
527:
97:
96:, Evangelical denominations accused of espionage and maintaining foreign contacts, as well as
1846:
1782:
1751:
1720:
707:
396:
172:
84:
261:
1702:"Aresztowanie ewangelikalnych duchownych w województwie białostockim we wrześniu 1950 roku"
1701:
723:
168:
1390:
Czajko, Mieczysław (2013). "Prezbiter Aleksander Rapanowicz – droga cierpienia. Część I".
204:
8:
463:
309:
239:
624:
2034:
2001:
1968:
1945:
1912:
1879:
1815:
1295:
Szczepański, Tomasz (2009). "Ruch zadrużny i rodzimowierczy w PRL w latach 1956-1989".
507:
1862:
Polityka wyznaniowa państwa polskiego wobec mniejszości religijnych w latach 1945–1989
145:
to narrow the base of US influence and the operations of foreign intelligence networks
2020:
1987:
1931:
1898:
1865:
1801:
1585:
1560:
1399:
1300:
823:
298:
727:
160:
1798:
Kościół Zielonoświątkowy w Polsce w latach 1988–2008: Studium historyczno-ustrojowe
1673:"Stanowisko Senatu ChAT z dnia 27 marca 2007 r. w sprawie tzw. ustawy lustracyjnej"
564:
778:, pp. 174–175) asserts that this number is most likely underestimated, as in
1895:
Polityka państwa wobec Zjednoczonego Kościoła Ewangelicznego w Polsce (1947-1989)
1830:
576:
Some of the arrested, including Sacewicz and Korniluk, met with Catholic clergy (
447:
93:
1299:(in Polish). Kraków: Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego: 64.
650:
214:
155:
31:
341:
Mikołaj Korniluk, Bolesław Winnik, Teodor Maksymowicz, Aleksander Rapanowicz,
2051:
1403:
1304:
485:
410:
34:
1672:
423:. These guidelines were sent to the provincial offices of public security.
420:
252:
223:
489:
698:
1767:"Plan operacyjny częściowej likwidacji tzw. sekt w Polsce w 1949 roku"
687:
210:
75:
1766:
1735:
550:
from 1948 to 1950, joined the Methodists after his release in 1953.
1736:"Aresztowanie 199 ewangelikalnych duchownych we wrześniu 1950 roku"
730:
of the Polish National Catholic Church, the arrest of Metropolitan
714:
543:
539:
122:
675:
was used for the first time in this context, in a publication by
492:) to 11 months for trading foreign currency on the black market.
431:
159:
Some of the arrested individuals were sent to the investigative
131:
38:
27:
452:
not a single fundamental issue was clarified with the suspects
229:
651:
Memory of the event and its impact on subsequent generations
697:
After 2005, this event was referenced in discussions about
222:
conduct intelligence and subversive activities against the
1559:(in Polish). Wrocław; Cieszyn: Misja "Życie". p. 34.
401:
were identified as the most involved in these activities.
171:(41 individuals), and the most searches were conducted in
1800:(in Polish). Warsaw: Warszawskie Seminarium Teologiczne.
22:
refers to the arrest of 199 Evangelical clergymen by the
454:. Consequently, the idea of a show trial was abandoned.
1653:
Terlikowski, Tomasz (2006-03-19). "Wyznawcy agentury".
1864:(in Polish). Zielona Góra: Uniwersytet Zielonogórski.
1579:
419:, the German occupiers and foreign intelligence after
177:
Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party
1961:Kościoły chrześcijańskie w systemach totalitarnych
1930:(in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper.
1897:(in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper.
2049:
1928:Ruch ewangeliczny na Białostocczyźnie w XX wieku
511:Materials collected by the Security Services on
234:agitation and propaganda for the Sanation regime
30:. The objective of this operation was to weaken
2017:Kościół Chrystusowy w Polsce w latach 1921–2006
249:with their command centers in the US and Sweden
179:by a Public Security Office officer, over 200
2014:
1527:
1479:
1416:
1282:
1981:
1652:
1584:(in Polish). Poznań: Kurpisz. p. 148.
1539:
1317:
1294:
1240:
1186:
1147:
1135:
1033:
1021:
902:
878:
70:
1984:Zjednoczony Kościół Ewangeliczny 1947-1987
538:ceased to exist as its members joined the
1958:
1925:
1892:
1604:
1440:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1270:
1258:
1228:
1120:
866:
822:(in Polish). Kraków: NOMOS. p. 150.
775:
600:Now, when we get out, we will be together
426:
417:Second Department of Polish General Staff
247:, were said to have established contacts
128:Plan for the Partial Liquidation of Sects
47:Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith
1859:
1828:
1795:
1554:
1515:
1503:
1452:
1428:
1245:(in Polish). Słowo i życie. p. 119.
1174:
1107:(in Polish). Lublin: Tygiel. p. 23.
1087:
1048:
1006:
979:
854:
842:
758:
632:Under the influence of the arrests, the
506:
430:
185:espionage and White Guardist backgrounds
154:
74:
16:Arrests of Evangelical clergymen in 1950
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476:was detained on charges of conducting
191:created in the interwar period by the
1469:(in Polish). Kraków: UJ. p. 100.
1464:
1170:
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1129:
1116:
1114:
1098:
1096:
1083:
1081:
1044:
1042:
1017:
1015:
990:
988:
975:
973:
971:
817:
671:. It wasn't until 1982 that the word
150:
1982:Tomaszewski, Henryk Ryszard (2009).
1835:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
1241:Tomaszewski, Henryk Ryszard (1991).
801:
799:
797:
143:. The "sects" were to be liquidated
1963:(in Polish). Toruń: Adam Marszałek.
1545:
1249:
1219:
1192:
1102:
245:spies of Anglo-American imperialism
13:
2063:History of Protestantism in Poland
1165:
1126:
1111:
1093:
1078:
1039:
1012:
985:
968:
14:
2089:
2015:Weremiejewicz, Mirosława (2014).
1557:Kościół Zielonoświątkowy w Polsce
794:
335:despite having the means to do so
226:and national liberation movements
1986:(in Polish). Warsaw: KOMPAS II.
634:Christian Pentecostal Fellowship
1693:
1665:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1573:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1467:Związek Stanowczych Chrześcijan
1458:
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1434:
1422:
1410:
1392:Studia Theologica Pentecostalia
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1066:
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1027:
1000:
956:
944:
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920:
908:
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272:Union of Evangelical Christians
896:
884:
872:
860:
848:
836:
811:
751:
1:
788:
720:Christian Theological Academy
270:), who was expelled from the
692:Polish United Workers' Party
647:the arrests were a mistake.
571:Office for Religious Affairs
497:1952 parliamentary elections
213:were legalized, whereas the
193:Ministry of Internal Affairs
7:
1740:Gdański Rocznik Ewangelicki
442:dated 7 July 1951, Colonel
161:detention center in Mokotów
24:Ministry of Public Security
10:
2094:
2019:(in Polish). Toruń: Duet.
1860:Michalak, Ryszard (2014).
1829:Michalak, Ryszard (2004).
502:
121:Following a show trial in
2078:Persecution of Christians
1555:Tymiński, Michał (1999).
43:United Evangelical Church
2073:Polish People's Republic
1796:Kamiński, Marek (2012).
1765:Jańczuk, Leszek (2020).
1734:Jańczuk, Leszek (2021).
1700:Jańczuk, Leszek (2017).
1465:Pasek, Zbigniew (1993).
1063:, pp. 57–58, 63–64)
818:Pasek, Zbigniew (1992).
745:
657:Polish People's Republic
105:Baptist Christian Church
71:Surveillance of churches
58:Union of Christ Churches
1926:Mironczuk, Jan (2015).
1893:Mironczuk, Jan (2006).
1679:(in Polish). 2007-03-29
1297:Państwo i Społeczeństwo
232:, they were accused of
736:Polish Orthodox Church
522:
438:
427:Trial and imprisonment
376:Franciszek Więckiewicz
343:Franciszek Januszewicz
163:
89:
556:Białystok Voivodeship
510:
482:anti-state activities
472:, published in 1930.
434:
320:Kazimierz Najmałowski
255:. Notably, informant
173:Bydgoszcz Voivodeship
158:
78:
26:in September 1950 in
1530:, pp. 116, 119)
738:, and the arrest of
474:Stanisław Krakiewicz
436:Stanisław Krakiewicz
365:Sergiusz Waszkiewicz
169:Katowice Voivodeship
2068:Stalinism in Poland
1771:Rocznik Teologiczny
1709:Rocznik Teologiczny
1542:, pp. 177–178)
1528:Weremiejewicz (2014
1480:Weremiejewicz (2014
1417:Weremiejewicz (2014
1380:, pp. 160–161)
1283:Weremiejewicz (2014
1075:, pp. 129–133)
917:, pp. 134–135)
677:Mieczysław Kwiecień
669:painful experiences
528:Jehovah’s Witnesses
513:Ludwik Szenderowski
404:On 6 October 1950,
388:Władysław Kołodziej
283:Ludwik Szenderowski
240:Gehlen Organization
230:Eastern Borderlands
98:Jehovah's Witnesses
780:Dorposz Chełmiński
703:Tomasz Terlikowski
665:independent causes
523:
480:and sentenced for
439:
392:Teodor Maksymowicz
164:
151:Arrest and charges
90:
80:Teodor Maksymowicz
2026:978-83-62558-81-0
1993:978-83-925744-5-3
1937:978-83-7507-181-8
1871:978-83-7842-124-5
1807:978-83-905704-8-8
1591:978-83-88276-90-3
1566:978-83-911305-4-4
1540:Tomaszewski (2009
1318:Tomaszewski (2009
1187:Tomaszewski (2009
1148:Tomaszewski (2009
1136:Tomaszewski (2009
1034:Tomaszewski (2009
1022:Tomaszewski (2009
903:Tomaszewski (2009
879:Tomaszewski (2009
829:978-83-85527-04-6
589:Kajetan Raczyński
578:Zygmunt Kaczyński
478:intelligence work
446:informed General
281:in 1947, accused
195:, were arrested.
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1226:
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1108:
1100:
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1076:
1070:
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852:
846:
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833:
815:
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803:
783:
773:
767:
761:, p. 229),
755:
711:
685:
642:
628:
616:
597:
586:
568:
521:
467:
459:Ryszard Michalak
414:
400:
384:
373:
362:
351:
328:
313:
305:Eugeniusz Kupski
302:
291:
280:
265:
208:
88:
66:
55:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2048:
2047:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1966:
1965:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1844:
1843:
1831:"Dziel i rządź"
1813:
1812:
1808:
1780:
1779:
1749:
1748:
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1354:Mironczuk (2015
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1348:
1342:Mironczuk (2015
1340:
1336:
1330:Mironczuk (2006
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1293:
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1281:
1277:
1271:Mironczuk (2006
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1265:
1259:Mironczuk (2006
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1250:
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1229:Mironczuk (2006
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1220:
1212:
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1200:
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1185:
1181:
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1158:
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1134:
1127:
1121:Mironczuk (2006
1119:
1112:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
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1032:
1028:
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1013:
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925:
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909:
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867:Mironczuk (2015
865:
861:
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849:
841:
837:
830:
816:
812:
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795:
791:
786:
776:Sławiński (2012
774:
770:
756:
752:
748:
722:, opposing the
705:
679:
661:external causes
653:
636:
622:
610:
591:
580:
562:
515:
505:
470:What Awaits Us?
461:
448:Roman Romkowski
429:
408:
394:
378:
367:
356:
345:
322:
307:
296:
285:
274:
259:
257:Szymon Biliński
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187:, representing
181:paid operatives
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94:Catholic Church
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2058:1950 in Poland
2046:
2045:
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1992:
1979:
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1516:Michalak (2014
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1484:
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1453:Michalak (2014
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1356:, p. 164)
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1334:
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1090:, p. 161)
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1049:Michalak (2014
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859:
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847:
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785:
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1681:. Retrieved
1676:
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