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1100:", with an air and missile campaign against twenty Iranian population centres, including Tehran. The Iraqis had attempted to cause heavy Iranian casualties during the battle by channeling their infantry into pre-set artillery 'kill zones'; this counterattack was launched after the Iranians had reached their objective.
1038:
units into more conventional forces as a response to several failures in the past. Although highly motivated and outnumbered the Iraqis, the
Iranians were poorly trained and lacked heavy equipment, including armor, artillery, and air support to back up the operation. At the same time, Iran was also
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While this was not successful due to shortages in
Iranian armor and air power, it convinced the Iranian leadership that their tactics were still good, as they had managed to get so far into Iraq. The Iraqis were also convinced their tactics were sound as well. Due to Iran's lack of heavy weaponry,
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River, which would cut off Basra from Iraq and give an equally psychological blow to the country. This operation was similar to
Operation Kheibar, except it consisted of far superior planning. Iran used 100,000 troops, and 60,000 more in reserve. Iran assessed the marshy terrain and plotted points
1112:
ordered the use of chemical attacks to evict the
Iranians; the Iraqis also flooded the Iranian trenches with specially constructed pipes, diverting water from the Tigris River. Under such heavy pressure the Iranians were forced to retreat. Helicopters also inflicted heavy losses on the retreating
1013:
The aim of the offensive was focused on capturing the
Baghdad-Basra highway, which was a vital link between the two major cities, and for the movement of military supplies and vehicles to support and replenish the Iraqi defenders at the front-line. Another objective included the crossing of the
1072:
The sheer ferocity of the
Iranian offensive broke through the Iraqi lines, the Revolutionary Guard, with the support of tanks and artillery broke through the north of Qurna on 14 March. Two days into the offensive, the Iranians penetrated 16 km (10 miles) into Iraq; that same night 30,000
1107:
and
General Jamal Zanoun, the Iraqis launched air and artillery attacks against the Iranian positions, pinning them down; this was followed by a massive pincer attack against the Iranians, using mechanized infantry and tanks. The battle came to a climax when
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skirts the highway and made a charge for it, succeeding in its partial capture, in response to which Iraq opened a counterattack with artillery, air strikes and armor divisions from the north. This battle was the first time that units of the
1353:
1068:
were employed as reserve forces. The
Iranians attacked from the Majnoun Islands, once again taking the Iraqis by surprise, striking at the southern end of Iraq's 4th army corps, on a 12 km wide front.
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6, which had eluded them during
Operations Dawn 5 and Dawn 6; however, while being successful the Iranians had dangerously overextended themselves, and were still suffering from shortages of armor.
1348:
1116:
A short time after the initial attack on the highway, Iran had planned to launch a diversionary one against another area, but it began too late and it too was defeated.
1006:, and the operation failed, but Iran planned for Operation Badr in a further attempt to capture it. Without coincidence, the operation was named after the Prophet
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368:
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forces, forcing them back to the
Hoveyzeh marshes and destroying the pontoon bridges. By March 16, all of the Iranian forces had retreated back to the marshes.
1043:
embargo. Conversely, the Iraqis, under the command of General Hisham al-Fakhri, had the luxury of better equipment, better training, and the illegal use of
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1147:. Iran responded in kind with attacks of their own against Iraq, mostly by launching shells and medium range missiles at the port city of
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Iran temporarily captures parts of the Baghdad–Basra highway but is forced to abandon control due to an Iraqi counter-response
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978:-Baghdad highway. The following Iraqi counterattack, however, forced the Iranians out in a continual war of endless
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Thus the Iranians were eventually driven out of their positions, and the highway was retaken by the Iraqis.
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974:. The Iranians launched their offensive on March 11 and succeeded in capturing a part of the Basra-
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https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC&dq=Iran+at+war+1500-1988+Badr&pg=PT877
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agent) against the Iranian positions along the highway and by initiating the second "
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On March 11, Iran sent in a force of 100,000 men to attack the vicinity of
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Military operations involving chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War
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46: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
135:
1196:, by Stephen C. Pelletiere, Praeger Publications, New York, NY, 1992.
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they would suffer during Iraqi counterattacks with heavy weapons.
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across the marshes. The Basij forces were also equipped with
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The United Nations, Iran, and Iraq: How Peacemaking Changed
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With experiences gained during this battle and the earlier
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In response to Operation Badr, Saddam opened the second "
1131:" during March of that year, hitting cities as far as
516:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
1010:'s first military victory in Mecca centuries before.
1271:
1349:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1985
1340:
1249:. Harvard University Press, 2015. p. 322.
1019:where to land tanks. Iran also would construct
1200:https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC
330:100 tanks, 11 helicopters and 4 aircraft lost
362:
1059:; this force landed at al-Qurnah, where the
341:100 armored vehicles and 24 helicopters lost
1190:, by Robin Wright, Simon and Schuster, 1989
369:
355:
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1212:
1188:In The Name Of God: The Khomeini Decade
1341:
1242:
1233:
1219:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 382.
212:
197:
1278:. Indiana University Press. pp.
350:
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1194:The Iran–Iraq War: Chaos in a Vacuum
1039:suffering the effects of the U.S.'s
934:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
661:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
557:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1030:Iran found itself reorganizing the
13:
1105:General Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai
14:
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20:
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1166:, capturing the Faw Peninsula.
1162:, Iran launched the successful
31:needs additional citations for
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405:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
1:
1213:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011-12-20).
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990:After its failure to capture
152:(1 week and 3 days)
1359:History of Basra Governorate
1122:
7:
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1077:and crossed it using three
1073:Iranian troops reached the
10:
1380:
1090:launching chemical attacks
985:
243:Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai
55:"Operation Badr" 1985
1364:March 1985 events in Asia
1270:Hume, Cameron R. (1994).
410:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
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316:
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636:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
1243:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
1002:. This resulted in the
998:in 1984 to capture the
994:in 1982, Iran launched
927:International incidents
1216:Iran at War: 1500-1988
970:against the forces of
422:Iraqi invasion of Iran
395:1975 Algiers Agreement
267:Hisham Sabah al-Fakhri
229:Commanders and leaders
1160:Battle of the Marshes
1083:Baghdad-Basra Highway
1004:Battle of the Marshes
1000:Baghdad-Basra highway
966:conducted during the
755:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
415:Iranian Embassy siege
317:Casualties and losses
1088:Saddam responded by
877:June 5 1984 Skirmish
40:improve this article
1325:31.0158°N 47.4306°E
1321: /
948:Iran Air Flight 655
834:Tawakalna ala Allah
781:Final stages (1988)
820:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
801:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
789:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
579:Muharram ol-Harram
400:Iranian Revolution
150:10 – 20 March 1985
1246:The Iran-Iraq War
1129:War of the Cities
1098:war of the cities
1041:Operation Staunch
1025:anti-tank weapons
996:Operation Kheibar
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389:Pre-war incidents
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1164:Operation Dawn 8
1066:Republican Guard
814:Halabja massacre
550:2nd Khorramshahr
545:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
489:Stalemate (1981)
450:1st Khorramshahr
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586:Before the Dawn
572:Moslem Ibn Aqil
524:Samen-ol-A'emeh
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431:Iraqi airstrike
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1057:Majnoon Island
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960:Operation Badr
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795:Anfal campaign
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853:Eternal Light
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538:Fath-ol-Mobin
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531:Tariq-ol-Qods
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379:Iran–Iraq War
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334:10,000 killed
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309:40,000-60,000
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279:Mohsen Rezaee
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173:Iraqi victory
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161:Northeast of
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128:Iran–Iraq War
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
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1182:Bibliography
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1087:
1075:Tigris River
1071:
1061:Tigris River
1054:
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1012:
989:
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940:
926:
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899:Prime Chance
898:
890:
884:Earnest Will
883:
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456:Scorch Sword
455:
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325:6000 wounded
322:
295:
290:Mehdi Bakeri
255:Jamal Zanoun
192:Belligerents
102:
96:January 2008
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1328: /
1143:, and even
846:Forty Stars
735:(6th Basra)
727:(5th Basra)
671:(4th Basra)
631:(3rd Basra)
623:(2nd Basra)
566:(1st Basra)
323:2000 killed
178:Territorial
1343:Categories
1316:47°25′50″E
1313:31°00′57″N
1051:The battle
1045:poison gas
868:Tanker War
839:2nd al-Faw
769:Karbala 10
682:1st al-Faw
66:newspapers
1123:Aftermath
980:stalemate
964:operation
891:Bridgeton
762:Karbala 9
748:Karbala 7
741:Karbala 6
733:Karbala 5
725:Karbala 4
711:Karbala 3
704:Karbala 2
696:Karbala 1
470:Sultan 10
163:al-Qurnah
1170:See also
1032:Pasdaran
1008:Mohammed
943:incident
893:incident
698:(Mehran)
482:Morvarid
444:Kaman 99
304:Strength
157:Location
126:Part of
1133:Isfahan
986:Prelude
827:Zafar 7
808:Dawn 10
655:Marshes
629:Kheibar
564:Ramadan
437:Revenge
312:100,000
296:†
180:changes
80:scholar
1286:
1253:
1223:
1145:Tehran
1141:Shiraz
1137:Tabriz
1103:Under
1016:Tigris
976:Amarah
860:Mersad
775:Nasr 4
718:Fath 1
689:Dawn 9
677:Dawn 8
649:Dawn 7
642:Dawn 6
621:Dawn 5
614:Dawn 4
607:Dawn 3
600:Dawn 2
593:Dawn 1
476:Abadan
463:Dezful
424:(1980)
292:
219:
204:
170:Result
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1149:Basra
1094:tabun
1036:Basij
992:Basra
941:Stark
509:Opera
265:Gen.
253:Gen.
241:Gen.
87:JSTOR
73:books
1284:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1034:and
939:USS
669:Badr
497:Nasr
222:Iran
207:Iraq
147:Date
59:news
503:H-3
42:by
1345::
1292:.
1282:.
1280:50
1235:^
1151:.
1139:,
1135:,
1047:.
1027:.
982:.
1259:.
1229:.
1092:(
841:)
837:(
684:)
680:(
552:)
548:(
370:e
363:t
356:v
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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