718:, about 800 miles towards Pakistan's southern border, for a big mission: the Army's first-ever tank assault. Fast forward to April 26, and you've got a squadron from the 24th Cavalry teaming up with folks from the 15 Punjab Regiment and 15 FFR to take on Indian-held territory. This wasn't just any skirmish—it was a major move, the first of its kind since Independence, targeting a heavily fortified enemy spot known as "Biar Bet." It was tough going, but those tanks rolled in and claimed the area after some intense fighting, with the officers and soldiers showing real guts. After some diplomatic back-and-forth, thanks in part to the
45:
192:
178:
163:
802:
143:
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province. Pakistan's paramilitary force Indus
Rangers started activity and took control over the ruined fort of Kanjarkot located on the north-west fringe of the Rann, Pakistani Indus Rangers started patrolling below the Indian claimed line by January 1965 and occupied an Indian police post near the
741:
on 30 June 1965. The ceasefire became effective on 1 July 1965. India and
Pakistan both agreed to demarcate the border by a three-member arbitration committee. The possibility of the armed conflict escalation was avoided by the active interventions of the British Prime Minister and the
650:
protest over the use of US-supplied military equipment against the India, which was a violation of
Pakistan's commitment. The Pakistan Army also got a rehearsal opportunity for the planned invasion of the disputed territory the Kashmir region administered by India, later the same year.
672:
was 26 miles north of the Indian claim line and
Karachi was 113 miles east from the Badin, where the Pakistan Army's 8 Division was based. Pakistan was able to move the troops quickly and easily along the border line. The nearest Indian railway station at
749:. Both nations withdrew all troops from the disputed and held areas after the peace talks as of june 30 and a pre-conflict status as of January 1965 was established. The dispute later on went for Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal and was
667:
The region's terrain and communication network and logistics was favorable to
Pakistan with all the approaches to the Rann of Kutch from the Indian side being more difficult than from Pakistan. The Pakistani railway station situated at
702:. The Pakistan Army captured four more posts and claimed the whole Kanjarkot stretch. With poor logistics and inferior military hardware, India had no other option than to retreat after offering decent resistance.
623:
Pakistan planned to serve several purposes through this operation. First was to assess the response of the Indian government and military, which was relatively unstable under the governance of
761:
The
Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of
228:
842:
786:
as a unified central agency with the specific mandate of guarding India's international boundaries. The Border
Security Force came into formal existence on 1 December 1965.
411:
1533:
1046:
714:
finally got their chance to show what they were made of in battle, putting all their training and skill to the test. On April 17, they got the call to head to
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221:
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214:
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a decisive thrust towards the Indian posts in the area deploying an infantry division and two armored regiments equipped with Patton tanks and
1418:
492:
404:
737:
proposed a ceasefire on 28 April. Both countries signed an agreement to settle the disputed border through international arbitration by the
587:
control from the long-standing status quo. The boundary of Rann of Kutch was one of the few un-demarcated boundaries pending since the 1947
1228:
524:
509:
465:
397:
746:
504:
1428:
1401:
1115:
1083:
1056:
979:
930:
896:
852:
691:, struck the Indian forces on 9 April. Pakistan launched a major offensive on the Sardar post comprising a brigade strength.
534:
778:
This attack exposed the inadequacy of the Indian State Armed Police to cope with armed aggression. So after the end of the
731:
440:
1543:
886:
546:
1553:
556:
421:
32:
790:
invited around 550 farmers, mostly Sikhs from Punjab, to settle and farm the land for border's safety and security.
1548:
1511:
470:
1343:
1185:
Chaudhuri, Rudra (2018-01-01). "Indian "Strategic
Restraint" Revisited: The Case of the 1965 India-Pakistan War".
1487:
1072:
Brecher, Angus
Professor Department of Political Science Michael; Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997).
1253:
Colman, Jonathan (2009-09-01). "Britain and the Indo-Pakistani
Conflict: The Rann of Kutch and Kashmir, 1965".
769:
738:
362:
305:
711:
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was located 110 miles from the border and the nearest Indian Army formation, 31 Infantry Brigade situated at
1317:
1073:
1563:
779:
450:
445:
239:
28:
1303:
1015:
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768:
Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, the
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275:
50:
95:
624:
604:
487:
1232:
551:
326:
170:
110:
44:
964:
The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965
920:
783:
374:
346:
298:
199:
8:
1374:
762:
627:
291:
1134:
SCHOFIELD, JULIAN (2000). "Militarized Decision-Making for War in Pakistan: 1947–1971".
1461:
1278:
1210:
1167:
1159:
815:
588:
572:
336:
331:
1420:
1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War
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that span the border between India and Pakistan. The area was originally part of the
1444:
Yamin, Tughral (2012). "An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process".
1262:
1194:
1143:
967:
631:
455:
434:
341:
268:
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638:. The second objective was to draw Indian armor southward to Kutch, away from the
1105:
971:
807:
635:
321:
167:
659:
In January 1965, Pakistan claimed the area of Rann of Kutch on the basis of the
1147:
743:
719:
615:. Both countries maintained few armed police posts scattered along the border.
367:
1266:
722:, Biar Bet was handed back over as part of a deal between Pakistan and India.
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1358:
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1206:
1155:
787:
750:
734:
647:
639:
580:
576:
206:
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1396:. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press.
715:
389:
960:"Triumph and tragedy:: the Rann of Kutch and the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War"
688:
1465:
1163:
664:
Kanjarkot fort, which was in violation of the long-standing status quo.
600:
460:
185:
888:
The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan
599:
The Rann of Kutch (alternately spelled as Kuchchh) is a large area of
699:
678:
196:
148:
36:
643:
612:
684:
In February 1965, bilateral talks for the negotiation failed.
669:
660:
608:
584:
135:
1048:
Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975
710:
In April 1965, tensions heated up in the Rann of Kutch. The
966:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–344,
674:
912:
1071:
1107:
From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
1478:
1318:"Indo-Pakistan War,1965: The valour and the victory"
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
797:
1229:"THE WAR IN KUTCH: DEFENCE OF SARDAR POST | Salute"
861:
91:Pakistan seizes posts along the Kanjarkot Stretch
16:Pakistani military operation in the Rann of Kutch
1525:
1255:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
630:after the death of India's first Prime minister
1479:Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
1534:Military operations of the Indo-Pakistani wars
681:, was 160 miles east of Bhuj railway station.
646:region. One of the objectives was to test the
236:
1356:
844:South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses
493:1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown
405:
222:
607:, which was acceded to India in present-day
419:
1044:
841:Dutt, Sagarika; Bansal, Alok (2013-06-17).
836:
834:
775:took no effective action against Pakistan.
840:
412:
398:
229:
215:
43:
1184:
1133:
687:The Pakistan Army, equipped with US-made
831:
583:area, the disputed area which was under
1416:
1336:"Guides Paltan Celebrates Biar Bet Day"
1526:
1389:
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957:
1443:
1294:
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1103:
918:
782:, the government of India formed the
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393:
210:
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1110:. Hurst Publishers. pp. 65–96.
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1097:
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1038:
1036:
1034:
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1002:
1000:
998:
996:
953:
951:
949:
925:. Northern Book Centre. p. 57.
884:
891:. Nation Books, Hiro. p. 178.
13:
1423:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
1289:
1246:
14:
1575:
1124:
1092:
1051:. Lancer Publishers. p. 21.
1029:
993:
946:
634:in 1964 and the loss in the 1962
33:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts
1078:. University of Michigan Press.
885:Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015).
800:
694:On 24 April, Pakistan launched "
190:
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1383:
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1350:
1328:
1310:
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919:Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1997).
1390:Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2003).
1065:
770:President of the United States
739:International Court of Justice
1:
1512:"Outsiders in their own land"
1376:Gettysburg Times (1965-04-30)
1199:10.1080/14736489.2018.1415277
958:McGarr, Paul M., ed. (2013),
824:
618:
594:
1393:The armed forces of Pakistan
1231:. 2015-10-30. Archived from
1104:Bajwa, Farooq (2013-09-30).
972:10.1017/CBO9781139022071.013
756:
725:
654:
575:planned and executed by the
7:
1045:Hiranandani, G. M. (2000).
793:
65:9 April 1965 – 30 June 1965
27:Part of the prelude of the
10:
1580:
1148:10.1177/0095327X0002700108
1136:Armed Forces & Society
241:Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
29:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
1544:April 1965 events in Asia
1267:10.1080/03086530903157664
483:Bangladesh Liberation War
431:
250:
154:
121:
57:
42:
26:
21:
1554:June 1965 events in Asia
423:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
96:India-Pakistan relations
1549:May 1965 events in Asia
1417:Pradhan, R. D. (2007).
605:princely state of Kutch
488:1959 Canberra shootdown
1012:www.globalsecurity.org
732:British Prime Minister
696:Operation Desert Hawk"
571:was the codename of a
155:Commanders and leaders
111:Status quo ante bellum
784:Border Security Force
569:Operation Desert Hawk
264:Operation Desert Hawk
51:India–Pakistan border
22:Operation Desert Hawk
1324:. 13 September 2022.
922:The War of the Twins
375:Tashkent Declaration
200:Iftikhar Khan Janjua
53:in the Rann of Kutch
1357:Indian Preceptive.
763:Operation Gibraltar
628:Lal Bahadur Shastri
816:Indo-Pakistan Wars
706:Battle at Biar Bet
589:partition of India
573:military operation
1564:Conflicts in 1965
1446:Strategic Studies
1430:978-81-269-0762-5
1403:978-0-19-579839-5
1360:1965 Indo Pak War
1117:978-1-84904-230-7
1085:978-0-472-10806-0
1075:A Study of Crisis
1058:978-1-897829-72-1
981:978-1-107-00815-1
932:978-81-7211-082-6
898:978-1-56858-503-1
854:978-1-136-61767-6
773:Lyndon B. Johnson
747:Secretary-General
565:
564:
499:Border skirmishes
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94:Deterioration of
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1559:1960s in Gujarat
1539:History of Kutch
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1501:
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1492:
1486:. Archived from
1485:
1481:"Report 1965-66"
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1408:
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1347:
1342:. Archived from
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1307:
1302:. Archived from
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1014:. Archived from
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907:
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765:in August 1965.
751:resolved in 1968
632:Jawaharlal Nehru
466:2001–02 standoff
456:Siachen conflict
435:Kashmir conflict
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1008:"Rann of Kutch"
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1346:on 2022-10-13.
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1306:on 2021-08-24.
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1261:(3): 465–482.
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1379:. 1965-04-30.
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1340:Hilal English
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847:. Routledge.
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788:Morarji Desai
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471:2008 standoff
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284:Kashmir Front
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75:Rann of Kutch
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52:
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41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1521:
1506:
1495:. Retrieved
1488:the original
1474:
1452:(2/3): 123.
1449:
1445:
1439:
1419:
1412:
1392:
1385:
1375:
1369:
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1344:the original
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619:Objectives
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461:Kargil War
347:Asal Uttar
300:Grand Slam
186:Tikka Khan
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37:Cold War
35:and the
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