213:
202:
191:
173:
145:
42:
267:
247:
236:
225:
158:
49:
835:
publication described the operation as a massacre and stated that the camp at
Nyadzonya housed refugees, and that a soldier who participated in the raid later stated: "We were told that Nyadzonia was a camp containing several thousand unarmed refugees who could be recruited to join the guerrillas. It
713:
Throughout June and July 1976, the
Rhodesian government believed it had identified a major ZANLA staging and training camp located in Mozambique, identified as the Nyadzonya Base. This camp appeared to be the main insurgent and logistics base for operations conducted in the THRASHER operational area.
811:
The attacking party, led by Nyathi, was able to bluff its way past the gate guards and drive into the very heart of the camp. Nyathi blew a whistle, which was the emergency signal for the guerrillas to muster on the parade ground. The
Rhodesian forces then killed large numbers of people in the camp.
748:
The success of the "Flying-Column Attack" during the Mapai raid served as the basis for the tactics devised for a strike against the ZANLA forces at
Nyadzonya. Once again, air support would be provided for serious medevacs on the objectives, and close air support would be available in the event of a
815:
The bridge over the Pungwe River was a key strategic point that the assault team had to fight their way through on their return journey to
Rhodesia. The bridge was successfully assaulted, and then charges laid under enemy fire to destroy it, and thereby to cover the escape. As they laid the charges
744:
publication stated that the camp at
Nyadzonya housed refugees, and that a soldier who participated in the raid later stated: "We were told that Nyadzonia was a camp containing several thousand unarmed refugees who could be recruited to join the guerrillas. It would be easier if we went in and wiped
700:
The raid had adverse political and diplomatic consequences for
Rhodesia. In response to the attack, the South African government ended its covert military assistance for Rhodesia, reduced the supply of oil and munitions, and began to pressure the Rhodesian government to accept a transition to black
736:
The historians Paul L. Moorcraft and Peter McLaughlin wrote in 1982 that "although the camp did contain trained guerrillas and young recruits, many of its inhabitants were old people, women and young children who had fled from
Rhodesia as refugees". They further wrote in 2008 that "although nearly
859:
helicopter pilots as well as maintenance personnel and liaison officers. Vorster also reduced the supply of oil and munitions to
Rhodesia and his foreign minister announced that South Africa would now support a transition to black majority rule in Rhodesia. In response to this pressure, Smith
749:
dire emergency. The planning included a table model of the camp and its surroundings. Captured insurgents provided information concerning the defenses, positions of the armories, hospital, living quarters, the daily routine, and a general outline of the escape drills of the
771:
uniforms with their distinctive caps. The white members of the force wore black ski-masks. The vehicles were painted using the FRELIMO colors, and
Rhodesian Intelligence had provided genuine FRELIMO registration numbers for the vehicle license plates.
836:
would be easier if we went in and wiped them out while they were unarmed and before they were trained rather than waiting for the possibility of them being trained and sent back armed into Rhodesia". According to
808:, while the men who were mostly black disguised themselves in FRELIMO uniforms. Amongst the soldiers was a turned former ZANLA commander by the name of Morrison Nyathi, who led the attackers to the camp.
791:
under Captain Rob Warraker against a concentration of guerrillas located at a training camp on the Nyadzonya River, 40 kilometres (25 mi) away in Mozambique. The attacking column consisted of four
851:
against expanding the conflict. Vorster had not been notified about Operation Eland, and reacted by withdrawing the military support that his government was providing to Rhodesia covertly through
816:
under the bridge, they fired at an approaching car, killing a Catholic priest and a boy, while badly injuring a Cluny sister and the vicar-general of the Diocese of Tete, Father Domingos Ferrão.
714:
Both aerial reconnaissance and captured guerrillas had confirmed that the camp contained a large hospital, and approximately 5,000 people, including ZANLA personnel or recruits in training.
764:. The transport vehicles were armed with a wide assortment of weapons: 20mm aircraft cannons, medium and light machine guns, and a captured Soviet 12.7 mm heavy machine gun.
852:
784:. Four days later, guerrillas killed four soldiers in a mortar attack, and another died in a follow-up operation. The local white population demanded that action be taken.
92:
828:
showed that captured ZANLA documents revealed that the people killed in the raid were either trained guerrillas or were undergoing guerrilla instruction and training.
1255:
342:
745:
them out while they were unarmed and before they were trained rather than waiting for the possibility of them being trained and sent back armed into Rhodesia".
1069:
Memórias de um jesuíta missionário em Mocambique: 1960–2004 quarenta e quatro anos de compromisso na igreja e na sociedade moçambicana; uma nova face da missão
717:
This was the largest center of insurgent activity discovered up to this point in the war, and so a combined force was organised that included members of the
217:
824:
ZANLA and Amnesty International claimed that the base was a refugee camp, and that the assault was the worst atrocity of the war. The head of the
206:
812:
According to Moorcraft and McLaughlin, the camp was a ZANLA-run refugees base containing 5,000 people that also doubled as a training center.
662:
335:
162:
1041:
Health Impact of Participation in the Liberation Struggle of Zimbabwe by Zanla Women Ex-combatants in the Zanla Operational Areas
843:
Operation Eland led to an important breach between the Rhodesian and South African governments. The South African Prime Minister
328:
860:
announced on 24 September 1976 that he now agreed to the principle of majority rule, but did not define what he meant by this.
41:
1265:
991:
936:
780:
On 5 August 1976, a group of 60 ZANLA guerrillas entered Rhodesia from Mozambique and attacked a military base at Ruda, near
1048:
694:
86:
1158:
966:
756:
The "Flying-Column" consisted of 14 vehicles and 85 men. There were only two types of vehicles on the operation: 10
1260:
478:
166:
1168:
Onslow, Sue (January 2006). "'We Must Gain Time': South Africa, Rhodesia and the Kissinger Initiative of 1976".
1206:
1137:
521:
804:
cannons scavenged from obsolete aircraft. The vehicles were disguised to make them look like they belonged to
533:
401:
623:
516:
1250:
562:
466:
461:
422:
1245:
630:
840:, 1,028 people were killed and the operation was "a gross human rights violation and a war crime".
737:
all the personnel in the camp were unarmed, many were trained guerillas or undergoing instruction"
722:
718:
581:
569:
543:
1199:"Disappearances" and Political Killings: Human Rights Crisis of the 1990s. A Manual for Action
1148:
837:
832:
741:
456:
801:
8:
928:
856:
793:
761:
483:
297:
172:
1071:. Braga: Editorial Apostolado da Oraçao, 2015, p.693; and José Javier Rotellar Aguirre,
1185:
869:
497:
471:
408:
352:
30:
1202:
1189:
1154:
1133:
1067:. Stockholm: Nordic Africa Institute, 2006, pp. 142–43; José Augusto Alves de Sousa,
1044:
987:
962:
932:
595:
588:
555:
504:
415:
370:
1177:
920:
642:
635:
602:
574:
548:
394:
380:
375:
229:
874:
657:
609:
526:
509:
441:
436:
429:
387:
916:
616:
538:
271:
1181:
1239:
1065:
Re-Living the Second Chimurenga: Memories from Zimbabwe’s Liberation Struggle
825:
788:
730:
726:
690:
277:
240:
195:
108:
94:
844:
667:
251:
1078:
1073:
Padawa: Hístoria del Grupo del IEME en Mozambique, para andar por casa
848:
702:
320:
787:
Operation Eland was hatched, and involved a cross-border raid by 84
1007:
1005:
1003:
984:
Winds of Destruction: The Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot
687:
212:
201:
190:
150:
1105:
805:
768:
176:
1000:
302:
5,000 people; combination of ZANU guerillas and unarmed refugees
797:
781:
757:
1130:
Chimurenga! The War in Rhodesia, 1965-1980. A Military history
750:
1093:
981:
1089:. Alberton (South Africa): Galago. pp. 397–406.
1017:
705:, agreed (in principle) to this, in September 1976.
1146:
1127:
1111:
1011:
915:
733:, and members selected from the Territorial Units.
961:. London: Blake Publishing Ltd. pp. 195–196.
1256:Battles and operations of the Rhodesian Bush War
1237:
1128:Moorcraft, Paul L.; McLaughlin, Peter (1982).
1085:Stiff, Peter; Reid-Daly, Lt. Col. Ron (1982).
1084:
686:, was a military operation carried out by the
1132:. Marshalltown, South Africa: Sygma/Collins.
1039:Manyame-Tazarurwa, Kalister Christin (2011).
701:majority rule. The Rhodesian Prime Minister,
336:
767:The men were dressed in captured Mozambique
982:Peter J.H. Petter-Bowyer (13 August 2023).
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
956:
343:
329:
1147:Moorcraft, P. L.; McLaughlin, P. (2010).
1034:
1032:
952:
950:
948:
986:(2005 ed.). 30°. pp. 278–279.
892:
1196:
1099:
1023:
1238:
1167:
1029:
945:
350:
1150:The Rhodesian War: A Military History
925:The Rhodesian War: A Military History
847:had warned his Rhodesian counterpart
324:
1229:Also spelt "Nyadzonia" in some texts
1201:. Amsterdam: Amnesty International.
1075:. Tete-Beira-Maputo, 1996, pp.246–47
800:, two of which were armed with 20mm
855:. This led to the loss of half the
16:1976 Rhodesian raid into Mozanbique
13:
1121:
975:
14:
1277:
48:
1170:South African Historical Journal
265:
245:
234:
223:
211:
200:
189:
171:
156:
143:
47:
40:
1112:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 1982
1012:Moorcraft & McLaughlin 1982
87:People's Republic of Mozambique
1223:
1057:
1:
1087:Selous Scouts: Top Secret War
880:
708:
1266:August 1976 events in Africa
1038:
885:
819:
775:
61:Operation Eland (Mozambique)
7:
1197:Prokosh, Eric, ed. (1994).
863:
284:ZANU guerillas and refugees
10:
1282:
1182:10.1080/02582470609464968
362:
306:
288:
257:
182:
136:
68:
36:
28:
23:
1216:
1261:Massacres in Mozambique
663:Cashel Helicopter Crash
120:ZANLA Base at Nyadzonya
183:Commanders and leaders
857:Rhodesian Air Force's
838:Amnesty International
833:Amnesty International
742:Amnesty International
307:Casualties and losses
794:Ferret armoured cars
762:Ferret armoured cars
682:, also known as the
522:Odzanu Junction Farm
298:Ferret armoured cars
1153:. Stackpole Books.
957:Smith, Ian (1997).
929:Pen and Sword Books
796:and seven armoured
109:18.5326°S 33.3883°E
104: /
1251:1976 in Mozambique
959:The Great Betrayal
917:Moorcraft, Paul L.
870:Battle of Cassinga
697:on 9 August 1976.
517:Woolworths bombing
354:Rhodesian Bush War
31:Rhodesian Bush War
1102:, pp. 47–48.
993:978-0-9584890-3-4
938:978-1-84415-694-8
921:McLaughlin, Peter
676:
675:
652:Related incidents
467:St Alberts School
462:Whistlefield Farm
371:Oberholzer murder
319:
318:
132:
131:
114:-18.5326; 33.3883
1273:
1246:1976 in Rhodesia
1230:
1227:
1212:
1193:
1164:
1143:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
998:
997:
979:
973:
972:
954:
943:
942:
913:
693:at Nyadzonya in
357:
355:
345:
338:
331:
322:
321:
270:
269:
268:
250:
249:
248:
239:
238:
237:
230:Josiah Tongogara
228:
227:
226:
216:
215:
205:
204:
194:
193:
175:
161:
160:
159:
149:
147:
146:
128:
127:
125:
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123:
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116:
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110:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
70:
69:
51:
50:
44:
21:
20:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1209:
1161:
1140:
1124:
1122:Works consulted
1119:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1083:
1079:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1043:. AuthorHouse.
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1001:
994:
980:
976:
969:
955:
946:
939:
923:(April 2008) .
914:
893:
888:
883:
875:Operation Dingo
866:
822:
778:
711:
680:Operation Eland
677:
672:
658:Nhari Rebellion
649:
631:Lancaster House
534:Montclair Hotel
437:Alcora Exercise
358:
353:
351:
349:
295:
266:
264:
246:
244:
243:
235:
233:
232:
224:
222:
218:Morrison Nyathi
210:
209:
199:
198:
188:
170:
157:
155:
144:
142:
119:
117:
113:
111:
107:
106:
103:
98:
95:
93:
91:
90:
89:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
57:
56:
52:
24:Operation Eland
17:
12:
11:
5:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1176:(1): 123–153.
1165:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1077:
1056:
1050:978-1467891974
1049:
1028:
1016:
999:
992:
974:
967:
944:
937:
931:. p. 44.
890:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
872:
865:
862:
853:Operation Polo
821:
818:
777:
774:
710:
707:
684:Nyadzonya Raid
674:
673:
671:
670:
665:
660:
648:
647:
640:
633:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
572:
567:
560:
553:
546:
541:
539:Vumba massacre
536:
531:
524:
519:
514:
507:
502:
495:
488:
481:
479:Victoria Falls
476:
469:
464:
459:
447:
446:
439:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
373:
363:
360:
359:
348:
347:
340:
333:
325:
317:
316:
313:
309:
308:
304:
303:
300:
291:
290:
286:
285:
282:
281:
280:
272:Rhodesian Army
260:
259:
258:Units involved
255:
254:
220:
185:
184:
180:
179:
153:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1278:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1160:9780811707251
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1114:, p. 35.
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1026:, p. 48.
1025:
1020:
1014:, p. 36.
1013:
1008:
1006:
1004:
995:
989:
985:
978:
970:
968:1-85782-176-9
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
940:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
891:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
834:
829:
827:
826:Selous Scouts
817:
813:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
789:Selous Scouts
785:
783:
773:
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:
752:
746:
743:
738:
734:
732:
731:Selous Scouts
728:
724:
720:
715:
706:
704:
698:
696:
692:
691:Selous Scouts
689:
685:
681:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
653:
646:
645:
641:
639:
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629:
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619:
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386:
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379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
366:
361:
356:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
326:
323:
315:1,000+ killed
314:
311:
310:
305:
301:
299:
293:
292:
287:
283:
279:
278:Selous Scouts
276:
275:
274:
273:
262:
261:
256:
253:
242:
241:Robert Mugabe
231:
221:
219:
214:
208:
203:
197:
196:Ron Reid-Daly
192:
187:
186:
181:
178:
174:
168:
164:
154:
152:
141:
140:
135:
126:
88:
83:
80:
79:
76:9 August 1976
75:
72:
71:
67:
43:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1225:
1198:
1173:
1169:
1149:
1129:
1107:
1100:Prokosh 1994
1095:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1040:
1024:Prokosh 1994
1019:
983:
977:
958:
927:. Barnsley:
924:
845:John Vorster
842:
830:
823:
814:
810:
786:
779:
766:
755:
753:insurgents.
747:
739:
735:
716:
712:
699:
683:
679:
678:
668:Beira Patrol
651:
650:
643:
636:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
563:
556:
549:
527:
510:
498:
491:
490:
484:
472:
452:(1972–1979)
450:Second Phase
449:
448:
442:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
367:(1964–1972)
364:
263:
252:Edgar Tekere
207:Rob Warraker
137:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
1063:Fay Chung,
457:Altena Farm
365:First Phase
112: /
85:Nyadzonya,
1240:Categories
1208:0939994917
1139:0620062142
881:References
709:Background
695:Mozambique
570:Flight 827
544:Flight 825
118: (
99:33°23′18″E
96:18°31′57″S
1190:143478800
886:Citations
849:Ian Smith
820:Aftermath
776:Operation
703:Ian Smith
688:Rhodesian
564:Salisbury
485:Long John
294:84 scouts
55:Nyadzonya
864:See also
499:Ignition
473:Overload
410:Flotilla
403:Cauldron
289:Strength
151:Rhodesia
81:Location
831:A 1994
806:FRELIMO
802:Hispano
798:Unimogs
769:FRELIMO
740:A 1994
625:Miracle
597:Mineral
590:Chamber
557:Gatling
505:Hill 31
417:Griffin
177:FRELIMO
1205:
1188:
1157:
1136:
1047:
990:
965:
935:
782:Umtali
760:and 4
758:Unimog
644:Hectic
637:Quartz
604:Placid
576:Vanity
550:Snoopy
424:Excess
396:Nickel
382:Pagoda
376:Sinoia
148:
1217:Notes
1186:S2CID
751:ZANLA
611:Motel
583:Beira
528:Dingo
511:Aztec
492:Eland
443:Panga
431:Birch
389:Yodel
163:ZANLA
1203:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1045:ISBN
988:ISBN
963:ISBN
933:ISBN
618:Uric
312:None
167:ZANU
73:Date
1178:doi
727:SAS
723:RAC
719:RLI
1242::
1184:.
1174:56
1172:.
1031:^
1002:^
947:^
919:;
894:^
729:,
725:,
721:,
296:4
1211:.
1192:.
1180::
1163:.
1142:.
1053:.
996:.
971:.
941:.
344:e
337:t
330:v
169:)
165:(
122:)
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