1841:, 30 km (18 miles) south of Kinshasa, using country roads before running out of fuel. From this point onward, the Zimbabwean air support proved invaluable, as the Rwandans were relatively ill-equipped to defend themselves from aerial attacks. In this regard they depended entirely upon the FAC mutineer's ZU-23 guns, which they lacked experience in operating. This proved particularly devastating on August 24, when the Rwandan Tanks were spotted by a ZAF helicopter outside of Kasangulu. The lead tank was disabled, giving Zimbabwean paratroopers time to set up an ambush further along the road. In the ensuing skirmish, several of the captured tanks were destroyed, and most of the rest captured. The Rwandans were now delayed several kilometres outside Kinshasa, with little remaining armor and under constant threat of Zimbabwean air attack.
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positions on the south side, then returning to be refueled and rearmed. At the peak of the fighting, average turnaround for the aircraft was reduced to less than five minutes. Due to the constant attack from the air and determined defense of the remainder of the airfield, the first
Rwandan assault was unable to take any ground. A second attack later in the afternoon also failed and resulted in the loss of all remaining tanks and anti-aircraft guns.
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1612:, the main source of electricity for western Congo. In the ensuing chaos, they would then march to Kinshasa, depose Kabila, and install another pro-Rwandan regime. Kabarebe's experience in the Congo convinced him that various local dissidents, from interned Banyamulenge to ex-FAZ soldiers, would join the Rwandans and help swiftly depose the Kabila government.
1902:
The second wave of
Rwandans and FAC mutineers managed to overwhelm the defenders, and the Rwandans captured the western end of the runway as well as the main terminal and hangars. The control tower and eastern end of the runway remained in Zimbabwean hands. From here all remaining ZAF helicopters and
1893:
While cut off from the coast and reinforcements, Kabarebe was still in command of nearly 15,000 troops in high spirits on the outskirts of
Kinshasa. Instead of attacking along the Kasangulu road a third time, Kabarebe realized the Zimbabweans at N'Djili were both outnumbered and the only real support
1746:
were under Rebel control, and well armed
Rwandan troops were only 230 km (145 miles) from Kinshasa. This caused panic among the government and general population throughout Kinshasa. Kabila's government and media outlets called upon the population to mobilize to protect the capital and root out
1898:
realized this and on August 25 deployed numerous SAS teams across the outskirts of
Kinshasa with the aim of delaying the Rwandan advance. While these were initially effective, on August 26 FAC mutineers disguised as retreating FAC soldiers still loyal to Kabila managed to slip into the city. One of
1673:
to discharge the HCU commandos as the aircraft were still taxiing. The Kitona Air Base's airfield and main facilities were captured within 30 minutes, and the remaining two 707s then landed and offloaded their troops and supplies. The four aircraft continued to fly between Kitona and Rwanda, and by
1525:
civilian airliners. While initially successful in taking control of major ports and infrastructure, Zimbabwean and
Angolan intervention prevented the Rwandans and Ugandans from taking control of Kinshasa. The invading forces were forced to withdraw to the jungles of Angola until they were evacuated
1977:
Following
Kabarebe's retreat, Congolese, Zimbabwean, and Angolan troops spent much of the next few months re-establishing order throughout western Congo. In the ensuing violence thousands of suspected rebels were raped, tortured, and killed. The remaining ~12,000 FAC mutineers either fled into the
1951:
which
Kabarebe was unable to cross due to a lack of boats, and east lay 1,500 km of jungle and the Congolese Army. As a result, they headed south towards Angola and friendly UNITA forces. September 1, Angolan troops with support from Zimbabwean SAS commandos finally recaptured the Inga Dams,
1960:
The runway however was too short, and needed to be lengthened in order to allow large cargo planes to land to complete the evacuation. For the next two months, Kabarebe's men worked on lengthening the runway from 1,400m to 1,800m. During this period they also fended off numerous
Angolan attacks,
1628:
and his deputy went to the local
Rwandan-controlled Radio-Télévision Nationale Congolaise station. Once there, he announced a mutiny in the FAC and declared his intention to overthrow Kabila. While this message was broadcast, commandos from the Rwandan High Command Unit (HCU) moved into the city
1961:
including one consisting of over 26 armored vehicles. Once the runway was lengthened transports undertook over 30 flights to evacuate the remaining Rwandans and Ugandans by cover of darkness. By December 24, all remaining Rwandans and Ugandans, numbering around 3,000, had returned to Rwanda.
1918:
On the morning of August 27 Kabarebe deployed his remaining tanks and anti-aircraft guns in a final attempt to capture the rest of the airfield. Throughout the day ZAF aircraft flew continuous sorties, taking off from the north side of the runway under Zimbabwean control, bombing the Rwandan
1970:
1584:(Congolese Tutsis) were also removed from power as they were thought to be Rwandan sympathizers. These actions angered many in the Rwandan government, as it posed a threat to their influence in the Congo as well as the safety of Tutsis in both the DRC and Rwanda.
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August 5 over 3,000 Rwandan and Ugandan troops had been airlifted into Kitona. After the airfield was secured, Kabarebe convinced and bribed local Congolese army units to join his invasion force. These new recruits added over 2,000 Congolese Rebels, as well as
1648:, sitting on the runway. On August 4, the commandos were then joined by more Rwandan and Ugandan soldiers, including a Ugandan light artillery unit, numbering over 500 soldiers in total. The pilots were then ordered at gunpoint to fly west to Kitona Air Base.
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urged further talks. Zimbabwean reinforcement efforts intensified, and by August 22, Zimbabwean troops at N'Djili totaled over 800 ground troops, ground support, and pilots, 15 Cascavels, 8 Fighter and light attack aircraft, and over a dozen
1988:
Although powers on both sides expected the conflict to end shortly after the operation failed, Operation Kitona served as the opening act to the Second Congo War, which would continue for another 5 years and claim more than 5 million lives.
1999:
The operation is also studied at military colleges throughout the world for its innovative use of airborne infantry, and for its intelligence failures; chiefly the Rwandans mistaken belief that Angola would not support Kabila's Government.
1903:
jets were made airborne. They continuously pounded the Rwandan positions throughout the city for the remainder of the day. That afternoon two ZAF helicopters extracted Kabila from the presidential palace who was then flown to safety in
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which was defended by over 400 Angolans. The Rwandan troops took time to regain strength and in mid-September launched an attack on the airfield with the assistance of local UNITA insurgents, quickly taking control of it.
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ensued until August 30, when Kabarebe and the remaining Rwandan and Ugandan troops abandoned the FAC mutineers, and fled south into the Jungle. This marked the end of organized fighting for Kinshasa and Operation Kitona.
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By mid-1998, internal ethnic tensions convinced Kabila that Rwandan influence was a threat to his power. On July 13, he removed all Rwandans from government positions and on July 27 ordered all remaining
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1564:, which fought anti-Rwandan insurgencies in the eastern Congo with considerable brutality, smuggled natural resources out of the country, confiscated land and dwellings, and disrespected civilians.
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Nyambuya ordered a counterattack to retake the airfield early on the 28th which encountered heavy resistance. Eventually the Rwandans were dislodged and forced to retreat to the
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3241:
3029:
1726:, a key early objective of the operation, were secured. Immediately upon arrival, Kabarebe ordered the turbines shut down, completely cutting off power to the city of Kinshasa.
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1. Initial Rwandan landing in Kitona 2. Capture of Matadi 3. Capture of the Inga Dams 4. Rwandan defeats at Kasangulu 5. Battle for N'Djili Airport 6. Rwandan retreat to Angola
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these groups headed for N'Djili Airfield, where they managed to get within 100m of the airport before being found out and gunned down by the Zimbabwean troops guarding it.
508:
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1833:
While Kabila was searching for allies, Kabarebe continued his advance towards Kinshasa. On August 11, Rwandan forces were ambushed before they could begin an attack on
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whose Ugandan defenders slipped away to rendezvous with the remaining Rwandan attack force. By this point Kabarebe had identified an airfield outside the Angolan town
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559:
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Three years after the Rwandan failure to depose Laurent-Désiré Kabila, he was assassinated by his own bodyguards on 16 January 2001. He was succeeded by his son,
3438:
3294:
3185:
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1588:, Rwandan Minister of Defence, concerned of these outcomes for months, had begun drawing up plans for a second military intervention in the Congo in April 1998.
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and surrounded on three sides. To the west lay Kitona, which was now under the control of the Angolans who were now headed towards Kinshasa, north was the
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Chief of Staff. For over a year Rwandan soldiers and officials supported the Kabila Government, using the influence to export raw materials to Rwanda.
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Drawing of an Alouette III of the Air Force of Zimbabwe, as deployed in Congo in 1998. As a gunship helicopter, it is armed with two .30 machine guns.
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agreed to support his efforts to combat the various threats to his regime. Angola remained supportive, but refrained from entering the war, while
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Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.
67:
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1751:, political opponents, as well as ordinary citizens believed to be enemies were subject to property seizures, imprisonment, rape, torture, and
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and install a government more favorable to Rwanda's interests by quickly taking control of Kinshasa and the strategic western province of
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Operation Amaryllis: French Evacuation Operation in Rwanda 1994 - Lessons Learned for Future German Noncombatant Evacuation Operations?
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Kabarebe's forces were now in a difficult position; they were nearly 1,500 km (930 miles) from the nearest allied forces in
1800:, marked the start of Zimbabwean involvement in the Second Congo War. By August 12, over 800 Zimbabwean Paratroopers and several
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Today the operation is studied for its daring initial aerial assault, as well as the intelligence failures on the Rwandan side.
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By this point, Kabila's government was in chaos; Kinshasa was cut off from the outside world and without power, portions of
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neighborhoods where they had prepared trenches and other defensive works throughout the previous few days. Two days of
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Stejskal, James (2013). "The Kitona Operation: Rwanda's Gamble to Capture Kinshasa and the Misreading of an "Ally"".
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had been captured. Widespread rape and looting ensued in areas occupied by the Rwandans. August 7 saw the capture of
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This force quickly overwhelmed local Congolese forces loyal to Kabila. By August 5, the nearby oil infrastructure at
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for the Kabila government, given the unreliable performance of the remaining FAC troops. Zimbabwean Major-General
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1549:. In turn, Kabila appointed many Rwandans as key officials in his new government and armed forces; including
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since Angola's independence from Portugal. While this information was accurate with respect to many in the
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1784:, the president of Zimbabwe, and Kabila signed a military cooperation treaty. On August 8 a contingent of
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soldiers to leave the country. Kabila replaced these losses with friends, local militias, and surviving
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1837:, 45 km (28 miles) south of Kinshasa. By August 17 the main Rwandan force had advanced as far as
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had no intention of assisting Kabila's regime. Under Kabila, the Congo had sheltered members of
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1722:, Congo's most important seaport fell to the invaders. Three days later on August 13, the
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8:
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1517:(today Kongo Central). On August 4, 1998, joint Rwandan and Ugandan forces launched a
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National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy
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1907:. Sporadic fighting continued throughout Kinshasa for the remainder of the 26th.
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1308:
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1996:
would become a national hero in Rwanda for his leadership during the offensive.
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1993:
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1982:
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82:
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Kabarebe proposed flying Rwandan troops over 1,900 km (1,200 miles) to
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2173:"Military History Online - The Kitona Operation: Rwanda's African Odyssey"
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had been airlifted to Kinshasa. Kabila continued his pleas for aid from
1768:
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as well as four civilian airliners and a number of lighter transports.
1604:. Here they would be able to take control of the economically important
537:
4221:
2331:"Rwanda's Gen Kabareebe will always be remembered for Operation Kitona"
2295:
1923:
1904:
1645:
1641:
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Angolan Army Personnel, with equipment similar to that in use in 1998.
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9Q-CDM, one of the 727s used in the initial attack on Kitona Air Base.
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1723:
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1609:
2392:"Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey"
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1857:
Before beginning the operation, Rwandan intelligence had indicated
1822:
1777:
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On the morning of August 4, the two 727s landed first, using their
1601:
1541:, Rwanda, Uganda and Eastern Congolese allied groups had installed
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57:
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A ZAF Hawk similar to those used in the defense of N'Djili Airport
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1969:
1809:
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was a Rwandan/Ugandan offensive that marked the beginning of the
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860:
153:
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2252:"DRC Battle Summary and Map - Democratic Republic of the Congo"
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By late 1997 the Congolese population was growing weary of the
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288:
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2719:(FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001)
2198:"Pilot's Account Seems to Confirm Rwanda Role in Congo Strife"
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1862:
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157:
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Coghlan B, Brennan RJ, Ngoy P, et al. (January 2006).
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helicopters configured for both gunship and transport use.
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1718:, 100 km (62 miles) inland of Kitona. On August 10,
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The following day, Rwandan HCU commandos took control of
1978:
Jungle, switched sides again, or were killed outright.
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Battles involving the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2454:
Great Lakes Conflagration: Second Congo War, 1998–2003
2227:
2142:
2140:
2057:
3519:
1600:
in western Congo, only 320 km (200 miles) from
2137:
2010:
2389:
1780:since before the outbreak of war, and on August 4
2033:"ANGOLA SENDS THOUSANDS OF TROOPS TO BACK KABILA"
4623:
1608:, home to Congo's only seaports, as well as the
528:Location within Democratic Republic of the Congo
2862:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
2742:National Union for Total Independence of Angola
2786:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
3505:
2923:
2504:
1796:outside of Kinshasa. This action, code-named
1217:
1112:
644:
553:
2772:(RDR, alleged successor organization to the
1747:those disloyal to the regime. Banyamulenge,
1545:in May 1997 as leader of the newly renamed
3512:
3498:
2930:
2916:
2511:
2497:
2457:. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited.
2309:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1880:
1865:, an insurgent group in conflict with the
1763:
1224:
1210:
1119:
1105:
651:
637:
560:
546:
451:
436:
358:
180:
166:
162:(Limited to assisting the Rwandan retreat)
2770:Rassemblement DĂ©mocratique pour le Rwanda
2294:
1914:Situation in Kinshasa, August 11-27, 1998
1521:on Kitona airbase in Western Congo using
567:
3659:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
2471:
2233:
1968:
1909:
1884:
1848:
1767:
1733:
1693:
1660:
1615:
515:
467:
398:
333:
306:
198:
130:
116:
4202:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
3876:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
2736:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement
2701:(RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999)
2328:
2284:
1844:
1758:
1689:
4624:
2450:
2195:
2146:
2094:
2016:
1702:, a key early target of the operation.
1640:, hijacking four civilian aircraft, 2
1060:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
4391:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
4312:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
3493:
2911:
2699:RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération
2678:(faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002)
2492:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2280:
2278:
2276:
1938:
1419:
1205:
1100:
1015:
889:
844:
822:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
632:
541:
4657:Military operations involving Uganda
2815:Nationalist and Integrationist Front
2693:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
2366:"Bomb the Other Side of the Runway!"
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2244:
2242:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2027:
2025:
1992:Although a defeat for the Rwandans,
1729:
1656:
1651:
1016:
4481:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
4432:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
3947:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1828:
1806:South African Development Community
1443:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
890:
845:
429:3,000+ Rwandan and Ugandan Regulars
13:
4189:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
3731:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
2353:
2317:
2273:
1126:
14:
4688:
4426:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4129:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
3030:Transitional Government (2003–06)
2780:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
2329:Bisiika, Asuman (11 March 2018).
2239:
2152:
2022:
1433:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1231:
490:Unknown (Likely in the thousands)
16:Offensive in the Second Congo War
4256:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
2939:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2782:(ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997)
2196:French, Howard W. (1998-08-10).
1808:, and on August 17 Zimbabwe and
1798:Operation Sovereignty Legitimacy
1591:
1547:Democratic Republic of the Congo
658:
514:
507:
498:Thousands of civilian casualties
469:
453:
438:
400:
360:
335:
308:
287:
276:
265:
251:
238:
225:
200:
182:
168:
152:
132:
118:
4273:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
2651:(Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance)
2383:
2372:from the original on 2020-07-02
2262:from the original on 2023-02-27
2216:from the original on 2023-01-10
2126:from the original on 2023-02-27
1526:by air to Rwanda in late 1998.
2966:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
2868:White Legion (First Congo War)
2444:
2285:Jansohn, Uwe F. (2000-06-02).
2189:
2100:
1776:Kabila had been in talks with
1620:On the evening of August 2 in
827:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1:
4637:Aircraft hijackings in Africa
4574:2014 Lesotho political crisis
4531:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
3694:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
2655:Rally for Congolese Democracy
2411:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3
2177:www.militaryhistoryonline.com
2003:
4647:August 1998 events in Africa
4568:SADC intervention in Lesotho
4170:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
4124:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
3881:ECOWAS military intervention
3601:2011–2014 factional violence
3047:M23 offensive (2022–present)
3020:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
2995:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
2971:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
2717:Front de Libération du Congo
2707:(RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML)
2108:"Heading for an African war"
1964:
1349:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1272:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
944:Assassination of Habyarimana
7:
4245:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
4100:Insurgency in Northern Chad
3162:Foreign policy under Mobutu
2711:Union of Congolese Patriots
1485:Child soldiers in the Congo
1003:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
878:Non-aggression pact of 1979
322:High Command Unit Commandos
10:
4693:
4672:Battles involving Zimbabwe
4536:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
4357:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
4212:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
4077:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
3888:Western Togoland Rebellion
3005:State of Katanga (1960–63)
1638:Goma International Airport
1631:Goma International Airport
1532:
956:Great Lakes refugee crisis
4588:
4545:
4517:
4508:
4447:
4418:
4373:Second Sudanese Civil War
4365:
4327:
4281:
4237:
4157:
4148:
4116:
4087:
4056:
4016:
3933:
3910:
3901:
3850:
3824:
3798:
3777:
3740:
3686:
3677:
3645:
3616:
3578:
3540:
3531:
3451:
3399:
3331:
3322:
3265:
3256:
3132:
3123:
3066:
3057:
3015:First Congo War (1996–98)
2946:
2898:
2880:
2847:
2838:National Liberation Front
2824:
2795:
2757:
2726:
2685:
2641:
2632:
2593:
2538:
2531:
1509:. Rwanda hoped to depose
1428:
1420:
1282:2014 North Kivu offensive
1241:
1136:
1028:
924:War in Uganda (1986–1994)
919:Second Sudanese Civil War
902:
857:
832:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
668:
578:
502:
497:
484:
422:
299:
218:
110:
36:
28:
23:
4677:Battles involving Angola
4667:Battles involving Rwanda
4476:2008 invasion of Anjouan
4072:Civil War (2012–present)
4041:Pool Department conflict
3137:Administrative divisions
2803:Allied Democratic Forces
1537:In the aftermath of the
1480:Western DR Congo clashes
1460:2011 coup d'etat attempt
432:15,000+ Congolese Rebels
4471:Hanish Islands conflict
4007:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
3858:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
3700:Herder–farmer conflicts
3624:Western Sahara conflict
3042:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
2983:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
2788:(FDLR, created in 2000)
1973:James Kabarebe in 2012.
1881:The battle for Kinshasa
1875:José Eduardo dos Santos
1764:Zimbabwean intervention
1686:anti-aircraft cannons.
1475:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1277:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1267:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
672:Force Publique mutinies
352:Various Light Artillery
294:José Eduardo dos Santos
4294:Somali–Kenyan conflict
4183:Second Afar insurgency
3790:Sierra Leone Civil War
3000:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
2961:Colonization (1867–85)
2809:Lord's Resistance Army
2744:(UNITA, in Second War)
2695:(MLC, created in 1998)
2552:/ FARDC, after Mobutu)
1974:
1915:
1890:
1854:
1773:
1739:
1703:
1666:
1562:Rwandan Patriotic Army
1391:Kasindi church bombing
1165:October 2020 offensive
757:Port Francqui incident
219:Commanders and leaders
4553:Bophuthatswana crisis
4217:Oromia–Somali clashes
4135:Boko Haram insurgency
4095:Civil War (2005–2010)
3712:Boko Haram insurgency
3635:Clashes, 2020–present
2864:(UNITA, in First War)
2474:Joint Force Quarterly
1972:
1913:
1888:
1852:
1802:Cascavel armored cars
1771:
1737:
1697:
1664:
1616:Opening moves in Goma
1543:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
1511:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
1470:2013 Kinshasa attacks
1354:Anti-MONUSCO protests
971:Formation of the AFDL
485:Casualties and losses
259:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
60:Provinces in Western
4525:Mozambican Civil War
4485:Burundian conflicts
4465:Djiboutian Civil War
4177:Insurgency in Ogaden
3805:Liberian Civil Wars
3718:Niger Delta conflict
2558:(FAA, in Second War)
2519:Armed groups in the
2451:Cooper, Tom (2013).
2289:. Fort Belvoir, VA.
1845:Angolan intervention
1759:Foreign intervention
1690:Actions on the coast
1287:2017 CNPSC offensive
801:Violettes Imperiales
525:class=notpageimage|
83:5.91806°S 12.44750°E
4642:Airborne operations
4564:Lesothan conflicts
4489:1993–2005 Civil War
4207:Afar–Somali clashes
3994:2022–2024 offensive
3989:2012–2013 rebellion
3831:Ivorian Civil Wars
3664:Tunisian revolution
3606:2014–2020 civil war
3586:2008 Kufra conflict
3525:conflicts in Africa
2848:Government-aligned,
2603:(FAA, in First War)
1788:led by Air Marshal
1698:Inga I, one of the
1386:August 2022 attacks
1045:Gbadolite Agreement
998:Overthrow of Mobutu
934:Burundian Civil War
415:Briada de Commandos
79: /
4611:Colour revolutions
4409:Sudanese civil war
4261:2009–present phase
4001:Batwa–Luba clashes
3870:Casamance conflict
3747:Tuareg rebellions
3707:Religious violence
3653:Algerian Civil War
3570:Terrorism in Egypt
3300:Telecommunications
3147:Court of Cassation
3111:Former place names
2296:10.21236/ada383897
2258:. 10 August 1998.
2202:The New York Times
1975:
1939:Kabarebe's retreat
1916:
1891:
1855:
1774:
1740:
1704:
1667:
1606:Bas-Congo province
1553:who served as the
1465:Batwa–Luba clashes
1438:Katanga insurgency
1406:Kirindera massacre
1180:Nyamamba and Mbogi
1071:Effacer le tableau
1065:Kisangani massacre
1050:Sun City Agreement
976:Massacres of Hutus
816:Other major events
697:Congo-Stanleyville
624:LĂ©opoldville riots
617:1944 Kivu uprising
88:-5.91806; 12.44750
44:4 – 30 August 1998
4652:Conflicts in 1998
4619:
4618:
4584:
4583:
4504:
4503:
4455:Rwandan Civil War
4403:Blue Nile clashes
4385:Nomadic conflicts
4341:Nomadic conflicts
4144:
4143:
3983:March 23 Movement
3918:Angolan Civil War
3897:
3896:
3673:
3672:
3487:
3486:
3447:
3446:
3366:Human trafficking
3318:
3317:
3252:
3251:
3220:Political parties
3213:National Assembly
3157:Foreign relations
3119:
3118:
2905:
2904:
2876:
2875:
2628:
2627:
2525:Second Congo Wars
2464:978-1-920143-84-8
2436:on 26 April 2012.
2097:, pp. 23–32.
1753:summary execution
1730:Chaos in Kinshasa
1657:Landing in Kitona
1652:Initial successes
1578:Hutu GĂ©nocidaires
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1415:
1414:
1359:Kishishe massacre
1257:Makobola massacre
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1150:North Night Final
1092:ICC investigation
1011:
1010:
939:Rwandan Civil War
929:1991 Zaire unrest
885:
884:
871:Battle of Kolwezi
840:
839:
676:Secession crisis
536:
535:
349:Nguruma Battalion
214:
196:
163:
106:
105:
102:Congolese victory
4684:
4632:Second Congo War
4559:Caprivi conflict
4515:
4514:
4494:2015–2018 unrest
4300:Likoni massacres
4289:Ethnic conflicts
4251:Somali Civil War
4155:
4154:
3953:Second Congo War
3908:
3907:
3684:
3683:
3564:Post-coup unrest
3558:Sinai insurgency
3538:
3537:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3467:
3460:
3329:
3328:
3290:Franc (currency)
3263:
3262:
3130:
3129:
3064:
3063:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2727:Anti-government,
2639:
2638:
2550:Mobuto Sese Seko
2536:
2535:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2468:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2429:. Archived from
2396:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2368:. 26 June 2017.
2362:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2337:. Archived from
2326:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2282:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2169:
2150:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2029:
2020:
2014:
1954:Maquela do Zombo
1829:Rwandan setbacks
1710:and the port of
1507:Second Congo War
1503:Operation Kitona
1448:Operation Shujaa
1423:
1417:
1416:
1401:Mukondi massacre
1396:Makugwe massacre
1381:Otomabere attack
1262:Makombo massacre
1236:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1131:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1040:Lusaka Ceasefire
1034:Operation Kitona
1023:
1021:
1020:Second Congo War
1013:
1012:
951:Rwandan genocide
897:
895:
887:
886:
852:
850:
842:
841:
721:Battle of Kabalo
663:
653:
646:
639:
630:
629:
595:Congo Free State
573:
562:
555:
548:
539:
538:
518:
517:
511:
479:
475:
473:
472:
463:
459:
457:
456:
448:
444:
442:
441:
410:
406:
404:
403:
370:
366:
364:
363:
345:
341:
339:
338:
318:
314:
312:
311:
292:
291:
281:
280:
270:
269:
256:
255:
243:
242:
230:
229:
213:(From 22 August)
212:
210:
206:
204:
203:
193:
192:
188:
186:
185:
178:
174:
172:
171:
161:
156:
142:
138:
136:
135:
128:
124:
122:
121:
94:
93:
91:
90:
89:
84:
80:
77:
76:
75:
72:
38:
37:
31:Second Congo War
24:Operation Kitona
21:
20:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4580:
4541:
4510:Southern Africa
4500:
4443:
4414:
4361:
4346:Ethnic violence
4323:
4318:Baragoi clashes
4277:
4233:
4140:
4112:
4102:(2016–present)
4083:
4058:
4057:Central African
4052:
4018:
4012:
3941:First Congo War
3929:
3893:
3846:
3820:
3794:
3785:Ndogboyosoi War
3773:
3736:
3720:(2003–present)
3696:(1998–present)
3669:
3641:
3626:(1970–present)
3612:
3574:
3553:2011 revolution
3547:Egyptian Crisis
3527:
3518:
3488:
3483:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3443:
3439:Public holidays
3395:
3314:
3248:
3186:Law enforcement
3115:
3053:
3010:Zaire (1965–97)
2942:
2936:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2872:
2849:
2843:
2820:
2791:
2753:
2728:
2722:
2681:
2634:
2624:
2594:Anti-government
2589:
2532:National armies
2527:
2517:
2465:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2405:(9504): 44–51.
2394:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2341:on May 15, 2019
2327:
2318:
2302:
2301:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2037:Washington Post
2031:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2006:
1967:
1941:
1883:
1847:
1831:
1794:N'Djili Airport
1766:
1761:
1732:
1692:
1659:
1654:
1618:
1598:Kitona Air Base
1594:
1539:First Congo War
1535:
1519:surprise attack
1500:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1424:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1309:Kipupu massacre
1252:Kasika massacre
1247:Lemera massacre
1237:
1232:
1230:
1193:
1170:Boga and Tchabi
1132:
1127:
1125:
1096:
1082:Pretoria Accord
1077:Bogoro massacre
1024:
1019:
1017:
1007:
960:
914:Shaba Invasions
898:
894:First Congo War
893:
891:
881:
853:
849:Shaba Invasions
848:
846:
836:
774:Simba rebellion
769:Kwilu rebellion
764:Kanyarwanda War
704:UN intervention
664:
659:
657:
628:
574:
568:
566:
532:
531:
530:
529:
527:
521:
520:
519:
470:
468:
465:
454:
452:
450:
439:
437:
430:
401:
399:
386:No. 8 Squadron
380:No. 7 Squadron
374:No. 4 Squadron
361:
359:
336:
334:
309:
307:
286:
285:
275:
274:
264:
262:
250:
237:
236:
224:
211:
201:
199:
197:
195:(From 8 August)
194:
183:
181:
179:
169:
167:
160:
151:
147:
143:
133:
131:
129:
119:
117:
87:
85:
81:
78:
73:
70:
68:
66:
65:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4690:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4589:Related topics
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:(2017–present)
4533:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4438:Kasese clashes
4435:
4434:(1996–present)
4429:
4428:(1987–present)
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4411:(2023–present)
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4387:(2009–present)
4382:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4296:(1963–present)
4291:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4247:(1998–present)
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4195:War, 1998–2000
4186:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4165:Oromo conflict
4161:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4137:(2009–present)
4132:
4131:(1987–present)
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4106:2021 offensive
4097:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3979:(2009–present)
3977:Ituri conflict
3974:
3971:Dongo conflict
3968:
3967:(2004–present)
3962:
3959:Ituri conflict
3956:
3950:
3949:(1996–present)
3944:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3926:(1975–present)
3921:
3914:
3912:
3905:
3903:Central Africa
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3890:(2020–present)
3885:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3872:(1982–present)
3867:
3864:Guinea clashes
3861:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3770:(2012–present)
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:(2021–present)
3728:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3714:(2009–present)
3709:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3630:War, 1975–1991
3620:
3618:
3617:Western Sahara
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:2011 civil war
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:(2013–present)
3567:
3561:
3560:(2011–present)
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Child marriage
3332:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3237:Prime Minister
3234:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3196:Chief of Staff
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941: articles
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2882:United Nations
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2686:Uganda-aligned
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:in South Kivu)
2663:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2642:Rwanda-aligned
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2540:
2539:Pro-government
2533:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2476:(68): 99–104.
2469:
2463:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2382:
2352:
2316:
2272:
2238:
2236:, p. 100.
2226:
2188:
2151:
2136:
2114:. 1998-09-03.
2099:
2056:
2039:. 1998-08-25.
2021:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1994:James Kabarebe
1966:
1963:
1940:
1937:
1932:trench warfare
1882:
1879:
1846:
1843:
1830:
1827:
1790:Perrance Shiri
1786:Zimbabwean SAS
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1731:
1728:
1691:
1688:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1624:, FAC General
1617:
1614:
1593:
1590:
1555:Congolese army
1551:James Kabarebe
1534:
1531:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Dongo conflict
1452:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Masambo attack
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:Ituri conflict
1124:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
978:
973:
967:
966:
959:
958:
953:
948:
947:
946:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
910:
909:
903:
900:
899:
883:
882:
880:
875:
874:
873:
863:
858:
855:
854:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
824:
813:
812:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
771:
766:
761:
760:
759:
754:
752:Kindu atrocity
749:
742:
741:
740:
728:
723:
718:
713:
701:
700:
699:
694:
693:
692:
682:
674:
669:
666:
665:
656:
655:
648:
641:
633:
627:
626:
621:
620:
619:
614:
604:
603:
602:
592:
586:
585:
579:
576:
575:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
534:
533:
523:
522:
513:
512:
506:
505:
504:
503:
500:
499:
495:
494:
491:
487:
486:
482:
481:
433:
425:
424:
420:
419:
418:
417:
396:
395:
390:
384:
378:
355:
354:
353:
350:
331:
330:
323:
302:
301:
300:Units involved
297:
296:
272:Perrance Shiri
247:
233:James Kabarebe
221:
220:
216:
215:
164:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
52:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4689:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:War on terror
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4397:Heglig Crisis
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4379:War in Darfur
4377:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4335:Heglig Crisis
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4306:Kenyan crisis
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4227:War in Amhara
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3965:Kivu conflict
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
3823:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3724:2016 conflict
3722:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:Libyan crisis
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Social issues
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Deforestation
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3037:Kivu conflict
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Early history
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2840:(FLN/FROLINA)
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2340:
2336:
2335:Daily Monitor
2332:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2306:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:Stejskal 2013
2230:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2149:, p. 24.
2148:
2143:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:The Economist
2109:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2019:, p. 23.
2018:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1896:Mike Nyambuya
1887:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Robert Mugabe
1779:
1770:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1744:eastern Congo
1736:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1663:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:Sylvain Mbuki
1623:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:Rwandan plans
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:2nd Kitshanga
1367:
1365:
1364:1st Kitshanga
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Kagogo ambush
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:Uvira clashes
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
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1234:Kivu conflict
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4457: /
4191:(2000–2018)
4019:of the Congo
3778:Sierra Leone
3533:North Africa
3376:Prostitution
3351:Demographics
3275:Central Bank
3174:Human rights
3142:Constitution
3076:Conservation
2988:World War II
2825:Anti-Burundi
2705:RCD-National
2666:Banyamulenge
2635:rebel groups
2633:Militias and
2548:(FAZ, under
2473:
2453:
2431:the original
2402:
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2374:. Retrieved
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2339:the original
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2255:
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2191:
2180:. Retrieved
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2036:
2012:
1998:
1991:
1987:
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1959:
1942:
1921:
1917:
1901:
1892:
1871:Angolan Army
1856:
1832:
1819:Alouette III
1814:South Africa
1797:
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1705:
1668:
1635:
1619:
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1582:Banyamulenge
1566:
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1033:
1032:
981:
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815:
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793:
786:
780:Dragon Rouge
779:
745:
738:Camp Massart
731:
709:
661:Congo Crisis
590:Colonization
582:
435:
428:
397:
357:
332:
305:
257:
249:
245:James Kazini
231:
149:Banyamulenge
111:Belligerents
4606:Arab Winter
4601:Arab Spring
4570:(1998–1999)
4561:(1994–1999)
4527:(1977–1992)
4467:(1991–1994)
4461:(1990–1994)
4405:(2022–2023)
4393:(2011–2020)
4381:(2003–2020)
4375:(1983–2005)
4353:(2013–2020)
4328:South Sudan
4314:(2012–2013)
4308:(2007–2008)
4185:(1995–2018)
4179:(1994–2018)
4150:East Africa
4068:(2004–2007)
4049:(2016–2017)
4043:(2002–2003)
4025:Civil wars
4009:(2016–2019)
4003:(2013–2018)
3961:(1999–2007)
3955:(1998–2003)
3943:(1996–1997)
3924:Cabinda War
3920:(1975–2002)
3860:(1998–1999)
3679:West Africa
3666:(2010–2011)
3655:(1991–2002)
3566:(2013–2014)
3549:(2011–2014)
3270:Agriculture
2796:Anti-Uganda
2774:Interahamwe
2765:Interahamwe
2758:Anti-Rwanda
2445:Works cited
2147:Cooper 2013
2095:Cooper 2013
2017:Cooper 2013
1949:Congo River
1792:arrived at
1646:Boeing 707s
1642:Boeing 727s
1586:Paul Kagame
1175:Plaine Savo
1055:Six-Day War
982:Thunderbolt
794:White Giant
787:Dragon Noir
685:South Kasai
612:during WWII
86: /
74:012°26′51″E
4626:Categories
4518:Mozambique
4222:Tigray war
3341:Corruption
3203:Parliament
3169:Government
3086:Ecoregions
2976:Atrocities
2834:(CNDD-FDD)
2750:(in Ituri)
2399:The Lancet
2376:2019-03-30
2266:2019-03-30
2220:2019-03-30
2182:2019-03-30
2130:2019-03-30
2050:2019-03-30
2004:References
1924:Kimbanseke
1905:Lubumbashi
1839:Kinsielele
1682:tanks and
993:Kinsangani
988:Lubumbashi
907:Background
726:Jadotville
600:Atrocities
583:Background
329:Battalions
71:05°55′05″S
4351:Civil War
4034:1997–1999
4029:1993–1994
3985:conflict
3840:2010–2011
3835:2002–2007
3814:1999–2003
3809:1989–1996
3756:2007–2009
3751:1990–1995
3371:Languages
3356:Education
3310:Transport
3280:Companies
3225:President
3152:Elections
3101:Volcanoes
3091:Mountains
3059:Geography
2676:RCD-Congo
2615:(RPF/RDF)
2482:1070-0692
2305:cite book
2256:ReliefWeb
2210:0362-4331
2120:0013-0613
2045:0190-8286
1965:Aftermath
1835:Kasangulu
1724:Inga Dams
1700:Inga Dams
1671:airstairs
1610:Inga Dams
1515:Bas-Congo
746:Grandslam
710:Rum Punch
54:Bas-Congo
4459:genocide
4158:Ethiopia
4066:Bush War
4059:Republic
4047:Pool War
4017:Republic
3934:DR Congo
3768:Mali War
3522:Cold War
3474:Category
3424:Football
3381:Religion
3191:Military
3125:Politics
3106:Wildlife
2738:(SPLA/M)
2668:(ethnic
2661:RCD–Goma
2584:Zimbabwe
2419:16399152
2370:Archived
2345:30 March
2260:Archived
2214:Archived
2124:Archived
1778:Zimbabwe
1602:Kinshasa
1523:hijacked
1314:Kangbayi
1185:Response
866:Shaba II
690:Invasion
571:DR Congo
461:Zimbabwe
449:Unknown
446:DR Congo
423:Strength
368:Zimbabwe
190:Zimbabwe
176:DR Congo
58:Kinshasa
49:Location
29:Part of
4238:Somalia
3799:Liberia
3687:Nigeria
3458:Outline
3414:Cuisine
3401:Culture
3324:Society
3305:Tourism
3258:Economy
2948:History
2890:MONUSCO
2857:Mai-Mai
2607:Burundi
2573:Namibia
2427:2400082
1810:Namibia
1680:Type 62
1676:Type 59
1629:seized
1533:Prelude
1339:Maimoya
1334:Bulongo
1304:Virunga
1189:UN 1484
1155:Marabho
1145:Artemis
1087:MONUSCO
861:Shaba I
680:Katanga
493:Unknown
4555:(1994)
4546:Others
4448:Others
4440:(2016)
4419:Uganda
4399:(2012)
4337:(2012)
4320:(2012)
4302:(1997)
4266:AMISOM
4117:Others
3973:(2009)
3911:Angola
3866:(2013)
3851:Others
3646:Others
3479:Portal
3409:Cinema
3361:Health
3295:Mining
3285:Energy
3208:Senate
3096:Rivers
3071:Cities
2748:CODECO
2670:Tutsis
2621:(UPDF)
2619:Uganda
2613:Rwanda
2601:Angola
2564:(FANT)
2556:Angola
2480:
2461:
2425:
2417:
2208:
2118:
2043:
1983:Joseph
1928:Masina
1859:Angola
1823:AB 412
1749:Tutsis
1720:Matadi
1712:Banana
1708:Moanda
1644:and 2
1329:Mwenda
1324:Tingwe
1319:Lisasa
1160:Ndjala
1140:Bogoro
732:UNOKAT
480:2,500+
477:Angola
474:
458:
443:
408:Angola
405:
365:
343:Uganda
340:
316:Rwanda
313:
208:Angola
205:
187:
173:
140:Uganda
137:
126:Rwanda
123:
99:Result
4366:Sudan
4282:Kenya
3579:Libya
3541:Egypt
3520:Post–
3465:Index
3434:Music
3429:Media
3391:Women
3346:Crime
3025:2000s
2850:other
2817:(FNI)
2811:(LRA)
2805:(ADF)
2729:other
2713:(UPC)
2657:(RCD)
2609:(FAB)
2586:(ZNA)
2579:Sudan
2575:(NDF)
2568:Libya
2546:Zaire
2521:First
2434:(PDF)
2423:S2CID
2395:(PDF)
1863:UNITA
1684:ZU-23
1422:Other
1299:Oicha
808:South
464:800+
158:UNITA
62:Congo
4088:Chad
3761:2012
3741:Mali
3419:Flag
3242:List
3230:List
3179:LGBT
2649:AFDL
2562:Chad
2523:and
2478:ISSN
2459:ISBN
2415:PMID
2347:2019
2311:link
2206:ISSN
2116:ISSN
2041:ISSN
1945:Kivu
1926:and
1867:MPLA
1821:and
1716:Boma
1678:and
1622:Goma
1574:UPDF
1572:and
56:and
41:Date
2407:doi
2403:367
2291:doi
1570:RPA
964:War
388:ZAF
382:ZAF
376:ZAF
327:RPA
4628::
2421:.
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2401:.
2397:.
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