518:
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1519:
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127:
447:
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25:
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2018:
1962:
66:
1553:, chemical weapons (poison gas), and mass executions, Iraq hit 15 villages, killing rebels and civilians, and forced tens of thousands of Kurds to relocate to forced settlements. Many Kurdish civilians immigrated to Iran. By 3 September 1988, the anti-Kurd campaign ended, and all resistance had been crushed. 400 Iraqi soldiers and 50,000 Kurdish civilians and soldiers had been killed.
261:
1361:. At the latter, a large number of wounded Iranian soldiers were dragged from the city hospital and shot in the courtyard by the NLA forces. The MEK and Iraqi forces razed to ground the city of Islamabad-e Gharb, which had a population of 15,000. This act alienated the local Kurdish population. They also captured key strongholds along the Baghdad-Tehran highway.
1426:
On 31 July, Iran drove MEK forces out of Qasr-e-Shirin and Sarpol Zahab, though the MEK claimed to have "voluntarily withdrawn" from the towns. Iran estimated that 4,500 Mujahedeen soldiers were killed, while 400 Iranian soldiers died. Many senior MEK commanders were killed, and many MEK militants
1290:
as well as along the central portion of the border within Iran, and was contemplating on accepting the ceasefire. The MEK-Iraqi operation
Eternal Light would occur on 26 July 1988, six days after Ayatollah Khomeini had officially announced his acceptance of the UN brokered ceasefire resolution.
2072:
1332:
so as to exchange Iraqi POWs in Iran. However, Dilip Hiro finds this explanation unconvincing. Instead Hiro argues Saddam wanted to impress Iraq's military superiority and wanted to end the Iran-Iraq war not in a stalemate but instead an Iraqi victory.
1537:
The last notable combat actions of the war took place on 3 August 1988, in the
Persian Gulf when the Iranian navy fired on a freighter and Iraq launched chemical attacks on Iranian civilians, killing an unknown number of them and wounding 2,300.
1615:"The Lessons of Modern War - Volume II - The Iran–Iraq War (Chapter 10: The Combination Of Iraqi Offensives And Western Intervention Force Iran To Accept A Cease-Fire: September 1987 To March 1989) - May, 1990 - 9005lessonsiraniraqii-chap10.pdf"
1578:
was the
Iranian commander responsible for the coordination between the Revolutionary Guard and the Iranian army, that was responsible for the success of Operation Mersad. In April 1999, an MEK operative posing as a roadsweeper
2067:
1419:
The MEK advance had been abruptly and completely halted. The
Iranian army and Revolutionary Guard then moved north from Khuzestan, encircling and suppressing the remaining resistance in the city of
1364:
The MEK met scant resistance from the limited numbers of
Revolutionary Guards, which were promptly defeated, pushing 145 km (90 mi) deep into Iran towards the provincial capital city of
1305:
The attack agreed upon by the Iraqi leadership would be a two pronged assault. One portion of the MEK force would attack
Iranian forces in northern Iraq, an area that was still in Iranian and
1341:
On 26 July 1988, the MEK, with the support of the Iraqi military, started
Operation Forough Javidan (Eternal Light) in central Iran. In the face of Iraqi chemical attacks, Iran had evacuated
1541:
Resolution 598 came into effect on 8 August 1988, ending all combat operations between the two countries. By 20 August 1988, peace with Iran was restored. UN peacekeepers belonging to the
2052:
1564:
and other opposition groups. The estimates for number of executions vary from as little as 1,400 to as high as 12,000. The most likely number was given by dissident
1797:
616:
1298:, which would end the war on 8 August 1988. However, the Iraqi-backed Mujahedin-e-Khalq militant group seized the opportunity to attack central part of the
1878:
1534:
The corpses of killed MEK members were not collected and were left on the battlefield. Operation Mersad was the last land battle of the Iran–Iraq War.
1614:
1545:
mission took the field, remaining on the Iran–Iraq border until 1991. While the war was now over, Iraq spent the rest of August and early
September
1349:. These two towns were to be used by the MEK to push further into Iran. On 26 July, the MEK advanced further into Iran in coordination with the
1557:
1451:
1295:
1279:
312:
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609:
1317:, would launch a large scale incursion into the central portion of Iran, aiming towards the heart of Iran. The MEK under their leader
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1988:
883:
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1405:
602:
191:
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1710:
1604:
163:
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1580:
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hands. When the
Iranian troops moved to fight off the MEK attack in northern Iraq, the opposition Iranian militant group
1734:
170:
1398:
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1505:
1483:
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228:
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108:
90:
52:
38:
1476:
474:
1368:. Iran's Kurdish fighters did slow the advance, allowing time for the Iranians to prepare their counteroffensive.
177:
1805:
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Saddam's official explanation for launching
Operation Eternal Light was that he wanted to capture more Iranian
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1080:
652:
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1435:
1252:
797:
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1767:بخشهایی از گزارش نهایی ستاد فرماندهی ارتش آزادیبخش ملی ایران درباره عملیات بزرگ فروغ جاویدان ـ ۸ شهریور ۱۳۶۷
1434:
The Iranian successes during Operation Mersad were partially because of effective coordination between the
1066:
1047:
1035:
770:
1963:"برخی فرزندان خود را به همسایه سپردند تا به "فروغ جاویدان" برسند/ بعد از ترور صیاد جشن گرفتند و شام دادند"
1397:
As the Iraqi airforce did not venture beyond Islamabad-e Gharb, Iranian airforce attacked the MEK forces.
1621:
1568:, as being between 3,800–4,500. The death toll may have been higher for those MEK executed by frontline
791:
522:
1408:
helicopters using anti-tank missiles. Most enemy armour was destroyed, in a miniature version of the
1321:
harbored the hope that the attack would lead to a general uprising against the Islamic government of
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818:
657:
81:
2031:
1470:
1325:. Rajavi would lead the Mujahedeen with Iraqi support in an attack on the western borders of Iran.
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339:
and other disputed territories along the border (3000sq.km) remain under unilateral Iraqi control
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137:
1375:, with a population of 500,000. Iran allowed the MEK to advance to the city but had prepared an
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1123:
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702:
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642:
352:
328:
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Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
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184:
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44:
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8:
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288:
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728:
690:
647:
1706:
1600:
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1358:
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1245:
1073:
1054:
875:
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683:
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76:
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across the country for treason, mainly members of the MEK, but also members of the
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1350:
1314:
1266:, Operation Mersad began on 26 July 1988 and lasted only a few days, whereby the
755:
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2029:
sajed.ir in English – The Official site of Holy Defence – Iraq-Iran War 1980–88
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750:
451:
336:
1879:"Basis for an End to Persian Gulf Fighting: Security Council Resolution 598"
1401:
1391:
1244:, Iranian codename) were among the last major military operations of the
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1428:
1372:
1365:
1256:
1115:
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1306:
126:
340:
1860:
1542:
1404:
bombed Mujahedeen convoys on the Kermanshah highway, followed by
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On 20 July 1987 the Iran–Iraq War was coming to an end under the
2068:
Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War involving the Peshmerga
594:
2017:
1376:
343:
when both parties signed a formal peace agreement, after which
1431:. Iran claimed it destroyed 200 tanks and 700 other vehicles.
1282:. Iran had suffered major defeats in southern Iraq during the
1439:
446:
434:
422:
392:
348:
1735:"Mujahadeen-e-Khalq (MEK) Organization in the Imposed War"
2028:
1371:
The MEK's next target was the provincial capital city of
260:
1732:
265:
Burned-out vehicles in the aftermath of Operation Mersad
1336:
764:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
1838:
Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic
1556:
At least in part as a response to the invasion, Iran
1798:"Khomeini fatwa 'led to killing of 30,000 in Iran'"
151:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1949:Iran Resurgent The Rise and Rise of the Shia State
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
2053:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988
2044:
1705:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 413–414.
551:unknown number of artillery pieces and aircraft
542:unknown number of artillery pieces and aircraft
16:Iranian military operation in the Iran–Iraq War
1907:
1452:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
1390:. Iran cut off MEK's supply lines, by landing
1296:United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
1280:United Nations Security Council Resolution 598
313:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
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1558:executed several thousand political prisoners
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1219:
512:35th Takavar Separate Brigade of Kermanshah
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1522:MEK members killed in Operation Mersad by
617:
603:
1873:
1871:
1820:
1669:
1506:Learn how and when to remove this message
1273:
1251:In July 1988, 7,000 militants from the
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1946:
1760:
1733:Yaghoub Nemati Voroujeni (Summer 2012),
1517:
1469:This section includes a list of general
1942:
1940:
1700:
1592:
1302:before the ceasefire came into effect.
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1868:
1255:(MEK) invaded Iran, hoping to capture
1253:Peoples Mojahedin Organization of Iran
598:
1937:
1795:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1455:
1182:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
909:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
805:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
582:30 pieces of 106mm recoilless rifles
574:200 Tanks destroyed (Iranian claim)
572:several thousand hanged for treason
564:1,263 KIA, WIA, MIA, POW (MEK claim)
502:81st Armoured Division of Kermanshah
149:adding citations to reliable sources
120:
59:
18:
1701:Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011).
1593:Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011).
1337:Operations Eternal Light and Mersad
1234:
1215:
13:
1599:. Osprey Publishing. p. 609.
1475:it lacks sufficient corresponding
562:1,500 to 2,506 KIA (Iranian claim)
14:
2084:
2010:
1719:
1549:. Using 60,000 troops along with
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491:27th Muhammad Rasulullah Division
86:Information needs to be verified.
34:This article has multiple issues.
2016:
1856:"روایت حاج سعید از عملیات مرصاد"
1796:Lamb, Christina (19 June 2001).
1460:
1294:Both Iran and Iraq had accepted
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506:
496:
484:
475:National Liberation Army of Iran
468:
445:
433:
421:
406:
385:
372:
259:
246:Operation Forough Javidan/Mersad
125:
64:
23:
1989:"The Bloody Red Summer of 1988"
1981:
1955:
1897:"Iraq-Islamic Republic of Iran"
1586:
1581:killed Shirazi outside his home
1566:Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri
1547:clearing the Kurdish resistance
136:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2058:History of Kermanshah province
1889:
1848:
1789:
1771:
653:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
1:
1662:
1562:Tudeh Party (Communist Party)
1379:. This counterattack, called
1288:Operation Tawakalna ala Allah
1445:
7:
1745:(11): 75–96, archived from
1640:
84:. The specific problem is:
10:
2089:
1969:(in Persian). 24 July 2016
1951:. Hurst. pp. 110–111.
1647:People's Mujahedin of Iran
1449:
580:150 pieces of 60mm mortar
523:Havanirooz 1st Combat Base
1993:FRONTLINE – Tehran Bureau
1208:Operation Forough Javidan
658:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
634:
578:90 pieces of 80mm mortar
555:
531:
460:
399:
365:
269:
258:
250:
245:
2063:July 1988 events in Asia
884:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
545:210,000 Iranians engaged
1842:Oxford University Press
1490:more precise citations.
1284:Second Battle of Al Faw
1223:Operation Eternal Light
1175:International incidents
1703:Iran at War: 1500–1988
1596:Iran at War: 1500–1988
1531:
1274:Prelude and objectives
1225:, MeK's codename) and
670:Iraqi invasion of Iran
643:1975 Algiers Agreement
570:(independent estimate)
400:Commanders and leaders
353:1975 Algiers Agreement
329:Status quo ante bellum
1657:Operation Forty Stars
1521:
1270:defeated MEK forces.
1003:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
663:Iranian Embassy siege
556:Casualties and losses
2025:at Wikimedia Commons
1934:, (1999), pp. 246–47
1780:by Elizabeth Rubin.
1778:"The Cult of Rajavi"
1572:or dying in prison.
1313:(MEK), supported by
1268:Iranian Armed Forces
1125:June 5 1984 Skirmish
341:until 16 August 1990
145:improve this article
91:improve this article
80:to meet Knowledge's
2034:7 July 2007 at the
1802:The Daily Telegraph
1749:on 18 November 2016
1551:helicopter gunships
1440:Revolutionary Guard
1216:عملیات فروغ جاویدان
1196:Iran Air Flight 655
1082:Tawakalna ala Allah
1029:Final stages (1988)
289:Kermanshah Province
1883:The New York Times
1836:Michael Axworthy.
1532:
1388:Ali Sayyad Shirazi
1385:Lieutenant General
1323:Ayatollah Khomeini
1311:Mujahedeen-e Khalq
1261:Lieutenant-General
1068:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
1049:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
1037:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
827:Muharram ol-Harram
648:Iranian Revolution
307:Mojahadeen-e-Khalq
160:"Operation Mersad"
2021:Media related to
1712:978-1-78096-221-4
1606:978-1-78096-221-4
1576:Ali Sayad Shirazi
1516:
1515:
1508:
1429:not given quarter
1423:on 29 July 1988.
1399:Iranian Air Force
1359:Islamabad-e Gharb
1264:Ali Sayad Shirazi
1204:
1203:
637:Pre-war incidents
593:
592:
440:Ali Sayad Shirazi
428:Ruhollah Khomeini
379:Mojahedin-e-Khalq
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82:quality standards
73:This article may
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2080:
2023:Operation Mersad
2020:
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1808:on 29 March 2008
1804:. Archived from
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1620:. Archived from
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1500:
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1486:this section by
1477:inline citations
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1463:
1456:
1414:Persian Gulf War
1410:Highway of Death
1381:Operation Mersad
1300:Iran-Iraq border
1242:Operation Ambush
1240:
1236:
1227:Operation Mersad
1221:
1217:
1062:Halabja massacre
798:2nd Khorramshahr
793:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
737:Stalemate (1981)
698:1st Khorramshahr
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537:7,000 MEK troops
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2036:Wayback Machine
2013:
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1932:The Longest War
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1885:. 19 July 1988.
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1351:Iraqi Air Force
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1315:Iraqi air power
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834:Before the Dawn
820:Moslem Ibn Aqil
772:Samen-ol-A'emeh
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679:Iraqi airstrike
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589:(Iranian claim)
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1947:Mahan Abedin.
1936:
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1844:. p. 283.
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1783:New York Times
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1741:(in Persian),
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1652:Massoud Rajavi
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1627:on 7 June 2013
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1570:courts-martial
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1421:Kerend-e Gharb
1355:Kerend-e Gharb
1347:Sarpol-e Zahab
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1319:Massoud Rajavi
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162: –
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134:This article
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1996:. Retrieved
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1971:. Retrieved
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1837:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1801:
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1781:
1773:
1762:
1751:, retrieved
1747:the original
1742:
1739:Negin-e-Iran
1738:
1702:
1629:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1595:
1587:Bibliography
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1502:
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1402:F-4 Phantoms
1396:
1392:paratroopers
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1235:عملیات مرصاد
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1147:Prime Chance
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1132:Earnest Will
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366:Belligerents
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251:Part of the
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155:
143:Please help
138:verification
135:
105:
96:
89:Please help
85:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1488:introducing
1412:during the
1383:was led by
1094:Forty Stars
983:(6th Basra)
975:(5th Basra)
919:(4th Basra)
879:(3rd Basra)
871:(2nd Basra)
814:(1st Basra)
321:Territorial
201:August 2021
99:August 2021
93:if you can.
2047:Categories
1998:10 October
1812:10 October
1753:2 December
1663:References
1631:10 October
1528:Kermanshah
1471:references
1450:See also:
1373:Kermanshah
1366:Kermanshah
1259:. Led by
1257:Kermanshah
1116:Tanker War
1087:2nd al-Faw
1017:Karbala 10
930:1st al-Faw
171:newspapers
39:improve it
1967:Fars News
1446:Aftermath
1307:Peshmerga
1139:Bridgeton
1010:Karbala 9
996:Karbala 7
989:Karbala 6
981:Karbala 5
973:Karbala 4
959:Karbala 3
952:Karbala 2
944:Karbala 1
718:Sultan 10
576:400 APCs
549:365 tanks
540:300 tanks
45:talk page
2032:Archived
1973:31 March
1641:See also
1496:May 2019
1438:and the
1191:incident
1141:incident
946:(Mehran)
730:Morvarid
692:Kaman 99
532:Strength
284:Location
75:require
1861:YouTube
1543:UNIIMOG
1530:at 1988
1484:improve
1231:Persian
1212:Persian
1075:Zafar 7
1056:Dawn 10
903:Marshes
877:Kheibar
812:Ramadan
685:Revenge
323:changes
185:scholar
77:cleanup
1709:
1603:
1473:, but
1377:ambush
1108:Mersad
1023:Nasr 4
966:Fath 1
937:Dawn 9
925:Dawn 8
897:Dawn 7
890:Dawn 6
869:Dawn 5
862:Dawn 4
855:Dawn 3
848:Dawn 2
841:Dawn 1
724:Abadan
711:Dezful
672:(1980)
566:2,000
390:
296:Result
187:
180:
173:
166:
158:
1901:unscr
1625:(PDF)
1618:(PDF)
1427:were
1189:Stark
757:Opera
309:(MEK)
192:JSTOR
178:books
2000:2014
1975:2024
1814:2014
1755:2016
1707:ISBN
1633:2014
1601:ISBN
1524:IRGC
1436:Army
1357:and
1345:and
1330:POWs
1286:and
1239:lit.
1220:lit.
1187:USS
917:Badr
745:Nasr
585:480
393:Iran
349:Iran
347:and
345:Iraq
335:The
274:Date
164:news
1526:in
751:H-3
587:KIA
568:KIA
147:by
2049::
1991:.
1965:.
1939:^
1909:^
1899:.
1881:.
1870:^
1858:.
1840:.
1822:^
1800:.
1743:41
1737:,
1721:^
1671:^
1583:.
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1248:.
1237:,
1233::
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48:.
2002:.
1977:.
1903:.
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189:·
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51:(
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