817:
39:
116:
129:
142:
792:
altar of an alliance." … I decided to safeguard
Hungary’s honour even against her former ally, although this ally, instead of supplying the promised military help, meant finally to rob the Hungarian nation of its greatest treasure, its freedom and independence. I informed a representative of the German Reich that we were about to conclude a military armistice with our former enemies and to cease all hostilities against them.
780:, who was in contact with Soviet forces in eastern Hungary, Horthy attempted to negotiate the end of the war, seeking to surrender to the Soviets while preserving the government's autonomy. Although Horthy was an intractable anti-Communist, his dealings with the Nazis led him to conclude the Soviets were the lesser evil. The Soviets willingly promised that Hungary would remain autonomous and sovereign.
857:. Surprised that his loyal friend would encourage him to sign the document, Horthy was told by Lakatos that his son's life was at stake. When Horthy asked Veesenmayer if this was true, Veesenmayer confirmed the threat. The regent understood that this was an effort to put the stamp of his prestige on a Nazi-sponsored Arrow Cross coup, but signed anyway.
791:
Today it is obvious to any sober-minded person that the German Reich has lost the war. All governments responsible for the destiny of their countries must draw the appropriate conclusions from this fact, for as a great German statesman, Bismarck, once said, "No nation ought to sacrifice itself on the
796:
At 2:00 p.m. on 15 October 1944, Horthy announced in a national radio broadcast that
Hungary had signed an armistice with the Soviets. However, the Germans had been aware of Horthy's behind-the-scenes manoeuvring and had already set in motion plans to replace his government with forces loyal to
764:
representatives might have important news, but upon entering the building, Skorzeny and his troops attacked and beat him into submission. They then kidnapped MiklĂłs at gunpoint, trussed him up in a carpet, immediately drove him to the airport and flew him to Vienna. From there, he was transported to
763:
wanted to meet with him. MiklĂłs Jr. had failed to keep a prior meeting when he observed suspicious individuals near the proposed meeting place. A second meeting was set for early 15 October at the offices of Felix
Bornemisza, the Director of the Hungarian Danube ports. He hoped that the Yugoslavian
877:, visited Horthy in his castle prison. Because Hungary had fought on to the end defending Germany, Horthy was considered a prisoner of war. Seven months later, on 17 December 1945, he was released from the Nuremberg penitentiary and was reunited with his family in a private home in Weilheim.
864:
Despite
Veesenmayer's solemn promise to obtain Horthy's son's release from the German concentration camp, MiklĂłs Jr. remained a prisoner until the war's end on 8 May 1945. Horthy himself was transported to the Schloss Hirschberg near
848:
and his staff later on 15 October. Kept overnight in the Waffen SS offices, he returned to the Palace to collect his personal belongings. There he was confronted with a demand to sign a typewritten statement handed to him by
Premier
920:"U.S. FLIERS BLAST BUDAPEST PLANTS; Bomb Four Large Refineries and Rail Yards -- 8th Air Force Smashes at French Railways on the Chow 'Assault Line,' French Traitors and Action in Normandy U.S. FLIERS BLAST BUDAPEST PLANTS"
836:. Horthy recognized that he had no means to fight the German armor and superior forces. He issued orders that "no resistance should be made." One unit did not get these orders, and fought the Germans for about 30 minutes.
860:
Horthy later explained his capitulation: "I neither resigned nor appointed Szálasi
Premier, I merely exchanged my signature for my son’s life. A signature wrung from a man at machine-gun point can have little legality."
650:
1016:
813:. The commanding officer and his assistant of the two remaining Hungarian army units in Budapest were arrested or disappeared, and their soldiers fell in line with the Arrow-Cross party.
787:
in central
Budapest, an ancient and now well-guarded fortress. He blamed the German government for "forcing" Hungary into war, and during a meeting of the Crown Council declared that:
1026:
1021:
454:
1031:
919:
256:
44:
626:
732:, previously beyond the reach of the Nazis, through uneasy cooperation with Hungarian authorities. This policy was, however, terminated as
816:
408:
336:
752:
was meeting with Soviet representatives. MiklĂłs Jr. was informed by the German
Security Service through intermediaries that envoys of
806:
958:. Nicholas Horthy, MiklĂłs Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt (illustrated ed.). Simon Publications LLC. p. 348.
447:
420:
550:
724:
in March 1944, which was the occupation of
Hungary by German forces, which Hitler had hoped would secure Hungary's place in the
1041:
801:
seized the radio station shortly after Horthy signed off. A party member wrote a counter-proclamation and used the name of the
249:
38:
560:
403:
469:
440:
906:
606:
1036:
677:
567:
120:
115:
79:
1046:
992:
963:
481:
242:
278:
853:. The statement announced that Horthy was renouncing the armistice and abdicating in favour of Arrow Cross leader
616:
591:
528:
377:
360:
611:
540:
737:
716:
had just joined with the
Soviets and cut off a million German troops still fighting the Soviet advance in the
1051:
765:
504:
486:
572:
372:
321:
601:
748:
Having anticipated Horthy's move, Skorzeny had been instructed to remove Horthy from power. Horthy's son
555:
533:
476:
499:
365:
343:
596:
382:
348:
668:'Operation Armored Fist') was a military operation undertaken in October 1944 by the German
874:
729:
398:
435:
294:
709:
316:
224:
866:
545:
464:
753:
886:
802:
721:
577:
749:
712:
to Hungary. Hitler feared that Hungary's surrender would expose his southern flank, where
8:
733:
663:
631:
511:
810:
178:
845:
713:
284:
199:
52:
988:
959:
798:
689:
516:
355:
331:
146:
96:
854:
214:
209:
777:
326:
304:
183:
869:, Germany, and guarded by 100 Waffen SS men at all times. On 1 May 1945, Lt. Gen.
693:
163:
91:
16:
1944 Nazi German military operation to replace Hungary's leadership with loyalists
953:
870:
756:
654:
494:
415:
850:
168:
430:
425:
47:
review captured weapons in the courtyard of Buda Castle, including a Hungarian
1010:
701:
204:
234:
219:
48:
685:
681:
267:
188:
173:
133:
128:
30:
833:
784:
725:
391:
309:
760:
299:
289:
797:
the German cause, effectively occupying Hungary. With Nazi help, the
705:
671:
696:, was secretly negotiating his country's surrender to the advancing
829:
821:
697:
75:
717:
828:
Skorzeny then brazenly led a convoy of German troops and four
740:, based in Italy, began bombing Hungary, including Budapest.
1017:
Battles and operations of the Eastern Front of World War II
987:] (in Hungarian). Budapest: RTV-Minerva. p. 264.
1027:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Hungary
1022:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
45:
22 SS-Freiwilligen-Kavallerie-Division Maria Theresia
771:
907:
Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East
1008:
51:anti-aircraft self-propelled gun (back) and a
730:deportation of the majority of Hungarian Jews
264:
250:
669:
257:
243:
37:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
815:
776:Working through his trustworthy General
909:, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968
1009:
951:
978:
930:
238:
1032:1940s coups d'Ă©tat and coup attempts
839:
708:and former special forces commander
13:
824:tank in Budapest near Buda Castle.
14:
1063:
844:Horthy was taken into custody by
772:Horthy's declaration of armistice
720:. The operation was preceded by
140:
127:
114:
955:Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs
952:Horthy, Admiral MiklĂłs (2000).
972:
912:
899:
680:would remain a German ally in
1:
892:
832:tanks to the Vienna Gates of
766:Mauthausen concentration camp
688:received word that Hungary's
455:Mediterranean and Middle East
728:. This had also enabled the
436:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
880:
10:
1068:
873:, the commander of the US
807:Chief of the General Staff
743:
700:, he sent commando leader
1042:Germany–Hungary relations
1037:Military coups in Hungary
734:Soviet forces drew closer
684:. When German Chancellor
275:
154:
107:
58:
36:
28:
23:
1047:Budapest in World War II
441:pre-war border conflicts
659:Unternehmen Panzerfaust
53:40mm 40M anti-tank gun.
825:
794:
670:
658:
155:Commanders and leaders
979:Bokor, Peter (1985).
819:
789:
783:Horthy governed from
646:Operation Panzerfaust
366:Yugoslavian Partisans
24:Operation Panzerfaust
1052:Invasions by Germany
887:Operation Margarethe
722:Operation Margarethe
710:Adrian von Fölkersam
225:Adrian von Fölkersam
90:Overthrow of Regent
924:The New York Times
846:Edmund Veesenmayer
826:
678:Kingdom of Hungary
568:French West Africa
409:South West Pacific
317:Denmark and Norway
200:Edmund Veesenmayer
80:Kingdom of Hungary
66:15—16 October 1944
840:Capture of Horthy
799:Arrow Cross Party
750:MiklĂłs Horthy Jr.
667:
640:
639:
561:Strategic bombing
477:Mediterranean Sea
233:
232:
103:
102:
97:Arrow Cross Party
1059:
999:
998:
976:
970:
969:
949:
928:
927:
916:
910:
905:Earl F. Ziemke,
903:
675:
662:
653:
627:French Indochina
270:
259:
252:
245:
236:
235:
145:
144:
143:
132:
131:
119:
118:
60:
59:
41:
21:
20:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
995:
977:
973:
966:
950:
931:
926:. 15 July 1944.
918:
917:
913:
904:
900:
895:
883:
871:Alexander Patch
842:
774:
746:
649:
643:
642:
641:
636:
523:Other campaigns
517:Southern France
426:Burma and India
421:South-East Asia
416:Franco-Thai War
271:
265:
263:
229:
193:
141:
139:
126:
113:
94:
82:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1001:
1000:
993:
971:
964:
929:
911:
897:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
882:
879:
855:Ferenc Szálasi
841:
838:
803:Hungarian Army
773:
770:
745:
742:
676:to ensure the
638:
637:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
592:Baltic Nations
583:
582:
581:
580:
570:
565:
564:
563:
553:
548:
543:
538:
537:
536:
520:
519:
514:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
489:
484:
479:
474:
473:
472:
467:
451:
450:
445:
444:
443:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
412:
411:
401:
388:
387:
386:
385:
375:
370:
369:
368:
358:
353:
352:
351:
341:
340:
339:
334:
329:
319:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
292:
287:
276:
273:
272:
262:
261:
254:
247:
239:
231:
230:
228:
227:
222:
217:
215:Károly Beregfy
212:
210:Ferenc Szálasi
207:
202:
196:
194:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
150:
149:
123:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
88:
84:
83:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
43:Soldiers from
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1005:
996:
994:963-223-363-8
990:
986:
982:
975:
967:
965:0-9665734-3-9
961:
957:
956:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
925:
921:
915:
908:
902:
898:
888:
885:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
862:
858:
856:
852:
847:
837:
835:
831:
823:
818:
814:
812:
811:General Vörös
808:
804:
800:
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
769:
767:
762:
758:
755:
751:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:Otto Skorzeny
699:
695:
694:MiklĂłs Horthy
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
673:
665:
660:
656:
652:
647:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
587:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
569:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
518:
515:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
500:Syria–Lebanon
498:
496:
493:
492:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
449:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
404:Pacific Ocean
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
374:
373:Eastern Front
371:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
357:
354:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
322:Western Front
320:
318:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:
274:
269:
266:Campaigns of
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
241:
240:
237:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
205:Otto Skorzeny
203:
201:
198:
197:
195:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:MiklĂłs Horthy
162:
161:
159:
158:
153:
148:
138:
137:
136:
135:
130:
124:
122:
117:
112:
111:
106:
99:came to power
98:
93:
92:MiklĂłs Horthy
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
1004:
984:
980:
974:
954:
923:
914:
901:
863:
859:
851:GĂ©za Lakatos
843:
827:
795:
790:
782:
775:
747:
686:Adolf Hitler
682:World War II
645:
644:
621:
585:
584:
573:Indian Ocean
534:Ecuador–Peru
522:
521:
491:Middle East
465:North Africa
453:
452:
392:Asia-Pacific
390:
389:
277:
268:World War II
189:Lajos Veress
174:Lajos Csatay
169:GĂ©za Lakatos
125:
108:Belligerents
31:World War II
834:Castle Hill
785:Castle Hill
778:BĂ©la MiklĂłs
726:Axis powers
556:Air Warfare
470:East Africa
184:BĂ©la MiklĂłs
179:János Vörös
1011:Categories
893:References
761:Yugoslavia
692:, Admiral
597:Yugoslavia
578:Madagascar
541:Antarctica
512:Dodecanese
332:Resistance
300:Winter War
290:Phoney War
220:Iván Hindy
49:40M NimrĂłd
706:Waffen-SS
672:Wehrmacht
651:‹See Tfd›
448:Australia
344:Alps 1940
337:1944–1945
95:Pro-Nazi
981:Zsákutca
881:See also
875:7th Army
867:Weilheim
830:Tiger II
822:Tiger II
736:and the
698:Red Army
617:Bulgaria
546:Atlantic
529:Americas
482:Adriatic
76:Budapest
71:Location
29:Part of
985:Deadend
754:Marshal
744:Prelude
718:Balkans
714:Romania
704:of the
666:
622:Hungary
612:Romania
461:Africa
361:Balkans
356:Britain
310:Lapland
305:Karelia
295:Finland
134:Germany
121:Hungary
991:
962:
690:Regent
655:German
551:Arctic
383:Sicily
285:Poland
279:Europe
87:Result
983:[
738:USAAF
632:Japan
607:Italy
586:Coups
487:Malta
431:Japan
399:China
378:Italy
989:ISBN
960:ISBN
757:Tito
664:lit.
602:Iraq
505:Iran
495:Iraq
349:1944
327:1940
147:NYKP
63:Date
805:'s
759:of
1013::
932:^
922:.
820:A
809:,
768:.
661:,
657::
78:,
997:.
968:.
648:(
258:e
251:t
244:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
