170:
601:
39:
4721:
624:
177:
608:
640:
571:, a scheme to mine the waters around Norway. The novelty of Operation Royal Marine was intended to divert American attention from the possible illegality of Operation Wilfred. Wilfred was to force German convoys transporting Swedish iron ore into international waters, where they could be attacked by the
693:
The mines would sabotage barge traffic and other river craft but become inert before reaching neutral territory at the
Netherlands border. On 6 March 1940, the Cabinet was notified that mines would be ready for release from riverbanks on 12 March and to be dropped by RAF bombers by mid-April, between
583:
was taken on 28 March 1940 to commence
Operation Royal Marine on 4 April and the air-dropping of mines on 15 April. The decision was vetoed shortly afterwards by the French War Committee, a ruling which was not rescinded for about three months. Operation Wilfred was left to take place on its own on 5
535:
down rivers which flowed into
Germany from France. The plan was to destroy German bridges, barges and other water transport. After several postponements insisted on by the French government, fearful of German retaliation, the operation began on 10 May 1940, when the German offensive in the west
584:
April and was then postponed to 8 April, later parts of the plan being cancelled when news arrived that the German fleet had sailed. The
British and French were able to agree that Operation Royal Marine could begin as soon as the German offensive in the west commenced.
578:
Simultaneous attacks with fluvial (river) mines against
Germany was intended to deflect criticism that the Allies were not making war on Germany but the small countries around it, that they claimed to be protecting. A decision of the
761:
in
December 1939 and depending upon type, either floated or bounced along the riverbed. Because Jefferis' department only consisted of three people at the point, the trials had to be conducted with the help of a boat crewed by local
745:, who had received the request for the device on 10 November and had completed the first demonstration model by 24 November. A delayed-action fuze based on a soluble chemical pellet was devised by Jefferis' assistant,
4787:
710:
after French objections for fear of German retaliation, the plan was postponed. In April, Churchill tried to persuade the French to drop their objections to Royal Marine and remarked after meeting the French
551:(RAF) bombers to drop the mines into rivers and canals on moonlit nights but this had hardly begun when the campaign ended. The success of the plot was nullified by the Allied defeat and the Franco-German
674:
claimed that he had originally proposed the idea to
Churchill, when they visited eastern France in August 1939 but by the time the operation began, Churchill believed the idea to be his.) A stock of
808:
commander, to have caused damage to the barge barrier protecting the bridge at
Karlsruhe. Several pontoon bridges were damaged and river traffic was temporarily suspended between Karlsruhe and
682:
being produced per week, were to be put into rivers in France that flowed into western
Germany, by naval parties led by Commander G. R. S. Wellby. The sailors were to be based in the
4772:
3285:
3030:
2631:
4643:
2647:
857:(1954), Edward Spears, the representative of Churchill to the French Prime Minister, who had first mooted the mining of German rivers in 1939, quoted Churchill from
2974:
2570:
2542:
1686:
4762:
4622:
3294:
2981:
2108:
231:
3597:
2960:
2262:
1887:
686:, about 5 mi (8.0 km) distant from the Rhine, to put mines in the river, interfering with commercial traffic for 100 mi (160 km) beyond
2603:
2549:
1735:
3067:
2556:
2172:
1582:
2953:
2393:
2269:
2246:
1626:
2683:
1995:
788:
to destroy pontoon bridges built by German army engineers; other mines were put into the Rhine to negligible effect. On 13 May, the
British put
2502:
1804:
4515:
3301:
3264:
3241:
2755:
1677:
1647:
169:
3016:
1344:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO.
3394:
3250:
3234:
3206:
2447:
1654:
1442:
567:, over German air attacks and reprisals against French waterways, it was intended that the operation would take place simultaneously with
4158:
3218:
3130:
3074:
3037:
2312:
3123:
1848:
224:
4636:
3257:
1640:
1598:
4485:
2290:
2064:
1827:
1693:
1504:
3373:
3170:
2822:
2200:
1700:
1612:
1548:
600:
3576:
3088:
1931:
1469:
4179:
4084:
3604:
3350:
3225:
2304:
2278:
2135:
1841:
1758:
1294:
1253:
1224:
1198:
1171:
494:
217:
4412:
3812:
3698:
2863:
2323:
2319:
2297:
1901:
4327:
3784:
3116:
3102:
2308:
66:
4536:
4405:
4283:
3854:
3569:
3520:
3278:
2833:
2078:
1917:
1765:
1619:
399:
4652:
3527:
3499:
3316:
2898:
2610:
2577:
1408:
655:
466:
448:
1793:
4689:
3840:
3777:
2912:
2741:
1864:
580:
2418:
4213:
4054:
4043:
3872:
3631:
3590:
3483:
3421:
2801:
2071:
1940:
1908:
1286:
1244:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series (Naval & Military Press ed.). London:
1159:
2588:
2156:
845:
but few mines were laid by aircraft before the Battle of France ended; any damage caused could not be measured.
4599:
4571:
4449:
4242:
3472:
2923:
2849:
2638:
2009:
1728:
1633:
1518:
140:
4659:
4592:
4543:
4474:
4299:
3798:
3749:
3513:
3506:
3109:
2870:
2654:
1707:
501:
741:), a British weapon research and development organisation. The mine, known as the 'W' Bomb, was designed by
4733:
4629:
4004:
3958:
2877:
2705:
2690:
2617:
2596:
2414:
2092:
1878:
1871:
1855:
1566:
1525:
1497:
284:
1239:
4696:
4020:
3965:
3583:
3555:
3408:
3023:
3002:
2516:
2179:
2085:
1575:
1335:
1278:
1235:
753:
tablet, which was found to dissolve at a predictable rate. Each mine contained 15 lb (7 kg) of
441:
4494:
3983:
3902:
3847:
3735:
3691:
3341:
2967:
2891:
2786:
2663:
2535:
2528:
2488:
2461:
2193:
2126:
1721:
1532:
1462:
826:
354:
4782:
4777:
4396:
4313:
4098:
3951:
3923:
3756:
3661:
3451:
2884:
1951:
1605:
837:
2, ordered the fluvial mines to be sent down the Rhine to delay a German attack on the Maginot Line.
552:
484:
455:
436:
2149:
4135:
4112:
3357:
3158:
3151:
2808:
2468:
2440:
2433:
1820:
1311:
832:
746:
712:
489:
431:
373:
2165:
2142:
4557:
4501:
4371:
4231:
3909:
3562:
3458:
3364:
2932:
2793:
2763:
2727:
2712:
2584:
2476:
2454:
2400:
2386:
2368:
2032:
1813:
1541:
1490:
378:
269:
1060:
290:
4249:
4142:
3937:
3888:
3791:
3684:
3654:
3437:
3325:
3051:
2842:
2426:
2407:
2377:
1924:
1894:
841:
mine dropping began between Bingen and Koblenz and into canals and river estuaries feeding the
306:
296:
274:
1183:"Appendix Q – Operation Royal Marine – Note by the First Lord of the Admiralty, March 4, 1940"
4767:
4740:
4463:
4306:
4202:
4172:
4128:
3997:
3861:
3826:
3819:
3742:
3640:
3081:
3058:
2905:
2509:
2046:
1786:
1772:
1455:
335:
197:
2344:
4564:
4419:
4070:
4027:
3990:
3916:
3726:
3705:
2624:
2101:
1779:
1339:
416:
406:
279:
8:
4682:
4456:
4334:
4290:
3805:
2939:
2698:
2225:
2055:
2039:
1988:
1274:
805:
421:
330:
716:
4675:
4508:
4433:
4387:
4357:
4265:
4105:
3763:
3647:
3541:
3492:
3430:
3186:
3137:
2946:
2563:
2218:
2016:
1213:
1187:
1182:
838:
323:
316:
301:
190:
155:
Temporary suspensions of German river traffic and damage to barge barriers and bridges
4666:
4550:
4440:
4380:
4341:
4274:
4256:
4222:
4165:
4119:
4063:
3881:
3619:
3611:
3548:
3401:
2995:
2520:
1981:
1960:
1670:
1416:
1389:
1369:
1345:
1319:
1290:
1249:
1220:
1208:
1194:
1167:
667:
568:
426:
311:
4585:
4578:
4522:
4186:
3944:
3930:
3833:
3770:
3721:
3534:
3387:
3334:
3144:
3095:
3009:
2232:
2209:
1742:
842:
779:
528:
524:
479:
384:
255:
241:
30:
1751:
1153:
38:
4608:
4320:
4235:
4193:
4091:
4034:
3895:
3677:
3668:
3197:
2772:
2748:
2002:
1331:
767:
754:
742:
695:
630:
548:
539:
The mines caused some damage and delay to German river traffic on the Rhine from
472:
367:
340:
4720:
4615:
4151:
4077:
2115:
1974:
801:
411:
4756:
4426:
2337:
2186:
2025:
1420:
1393:
1381:
1373:
1349:
1323:
671:
508:
359:
81:
68:
390:
4725:
4529:
2815:
2720:
2351:
1714:
1478:
1270:
797:
750:
683:
4788:
Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
4364:
4350:
4012:
2674:
2495:
2480:
1834:
532:
3712:
3465:
3444:
2330:
1663:
1591:
917:
865:
The success of the device was, however, lost in the deluge of disaster.
666:
The plan had been presented to the British Cabinet in November 1939 by
572:
564:
144:
1219:. Vol. II (Penguin Classics ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
547:
and damaged bridges and protective barriers. Part of the plan was for
3975:
3380:
3177:
2988:
2779:
2734:
1193:. Vol. I (Penguin Classics ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
763:
687:
614:
540:
2255:
1108:
670:, as a means of retaliation against illegal German minelaying. (Sir
2239:
1967:
1386:
Assignment to Catastrophe: Prelude to Dunkirk. July 1939 – May 1940
460:
348:
209:
194:
785:
699:
646:
544:
770:. Over 20,000 'W' Bombs were produced in the course of the war.
2856:
1447:
758:
972:
3044:
1162:
United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (2nd ed.).
817:
809:
793:
1289:
United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press.
702:
on moonlit nights. Neutrals were to be warned and the first
1245:
1163:
766:, who followed the mines after they had been dropped from
1366:
The Great Wall of France: The Triumph of the Maginot Line
734:
563:
Despite the concerns of the French government during the
988:
933:
905:
733:
The mines were specially developed for the operation by
1048:
1000:
950:
948:
117:
Obstructing German rivers and canals with fluvial mines
2109:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4773:
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
1124:
1012:
893:
1036:
1024:
945:
1096:
1084:
960:
757:(TNT). Trials of the mines were carried out in the
660:
Course of the Rhine (Post-1945 borders of Germany.)
1212:
1186:
881:
4754:
816:had been released into the Rhine, Moselle and
4763:World War II operations and battles of Europe
1463:
784:On 10 May 1940, mines were released into the
531:(10 May – 25 June 1940). The British floated
225:
830:
821:
720:
523:was a military operation in May 1940 of the
1470:
1456:
1180:
1155:Grand Strategy: September 1939 – June 1941
1114:
232:
218:
1407:
1207:
1189:The Second World War: The Gathering Storm
1078:
1018:
1283:The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940
1330:
1215:The Second World War: Their Finest Hour
923:
899:
623:
4755:
3324:
3302:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1380:
1310:
1151:
1130:
1074:
1066:
1042:
1030:
1006:
994:
982:
966:
954:
939:
911:
4180:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3605:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3251:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3207:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2305:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1451:
1409:"Obituary: Rear-Admiral Roger Wellby"
1269:
1233:
1118:
1090:
978:
927:
887:
213:
3295:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2320:Rape during the liberation of France
1415:(online ed.). 3 December 2003.
1363:
1102:
1070:
1054:
239:
176:
13:
3521:German invasion of the Netherlands
1794:Weather events during World War II
1388:. Vol. I. London: Heinemann.
14:
4799:
4159:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
1436:
706:mines were ready by the night of
607:
4719:
1477:
1368:(1st ed.). London: Putnam.
638:
622:
606:
599:
581:Anglo French Supreme War Council
175:
168:
37:
1287:History of the Second World War
1160:History of the Second World War
639:
4406:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
2102:Territorial changes of Germany
2010:Indonesian National Revolution
141:Military Intelligence Research
1:
3799:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3750:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3514:German invasion of Luxembourg
1888:Mediterranean and Middle East
1275:"The Counter-Attack at Arras"
1181:Churchill, Winston (2005a) .
1139:
558:
3706:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3395:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2706:Independent State of Croatia
1318:. Kineton: Roundwood Press.
875:
848:
773:
722:Nous allons perdre l'omnibus
61:Rhine, Moselle, Meuse rivers
7:
4697:End of World War II in Asia
4537:Western invasion of Germany
4044:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
4021:Second Battle of El Alamein
3584:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3556:Battle of the Mediterranean
3409:Italian invasion of Albania
1576:Air warfare of World War II
1316:Winston Churchill's Toyshop
10:
4804:
4623:Naval bombardment of Japan
3984:First Battle of El Alamein
3903:Battle of Christmas Island
3848:Japanese invasion of Burma
3612:Italian invasion of Greece
3528:German invasion of Belgium
3500:German invasion of Denmark
3473:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3342:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1599:Comparative military ranks
1152:Butler, J. R. M. (1971) .
777:
587:
4712:
4544:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4484:
4475:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
4212:
4099:Allied invasion of Sicily
4053:
3952:Aleutian Islands campaign
3924:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3871:
3862:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3757:Second Battle of Changsha
3662:German invasion of Greece
3630:
3507:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
3482:
3420:
3315:
3196:
2922:
2832:
2673:
2376:
2367:
2125:
1950:
1842:North and Central Pacific
1803:
1565:
1558:
1485:
855:Assignment to Catastrophe
553:Armistice of 22 June 1940
251:
163:
159:
151:
136:
121:
113:
109:Commander G. R. S. Wellby
105:
97:
56:
48:
43:Soufflenheim and vicinity
36:
28:
23:
4136:Allied invasion of Italy
4113:Solomon Islands campaign
3855:Third Battle of Changsha
3452:First Battle of Changsha
3358:Second Sino-Japanese War
2291:German military brothels
2157:United States war crimes
728:
4558:Second Guangxi campaign
4413:Philippines (1944–1945)
3910:Battle of the Coral Sea
3813:Fall of the Philippines
3459:Battle of South Guangxi
3365:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2764:Italian Social Republic
592:
200:of north-eastern France
4143:Armistice of Cassibile
3938:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3889:Battle of the Java Sea
3792:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3692:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3685:Battle of South Shanxi
3655:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3438:Battle of the Atlantic
3052:Korean Liberation Army
2758:(until September 1943)
2715:(until September 1944)
2693:(until September 1944)
1241:The Campaign in Norway
1234:Derry, T. K. (2004) .
873:
831:
822:
800:, reported by General
721:
521:Operation Royal Marine
24:Operation Royal Marine
4307:Second Battle of Guam
4203:Bengal famine of 1943
4173:Second Battle of Kiev
4129:Battle of the Dnieper
3998:Kokoda Track campaign
3827:Battle of Wake Island
3699:East African campaign
3641:Battle of South Henan
3286:atrocities by Germans
3059:Korean Volunteer Army
2033:Occupation of Germany
1787:Music in World War II
863:
827:André-Gaston Prételat
735:Ministry of Defence 1
4593:Surrender of Germany
4071:Battle of West Hubei
4028:Guadalcanal campaign
3991:Battle of Stalingrad
3917:Battle of Madagascar
2684:Albania protectorate
2471:(formerly Swaziland)
2180:Wehrmacht war crimes
1996:Expulsion of Germans
1780:Art and World War II
1678:British contribution
1627:Governments in exile
1077:, pp. 181–182;
926:, pp. 156–158;
656:class=notpageimage|
4683:Potsdam Declaration
4572:Italy (Spring 1945)
4335:Liberation of Paris
3785:Siege of Sevastopol
2796:(until August 1944)
2699:Wang Jingwei regime
2521:from September 1943
2481:from September 1944
2419:from September 1944
2279:Romanian war crimes
2270:Persecution of Jews
2256:Croatian war crimes
2226:Japanese war crimes
2040:Occupation of Japan
1989:First Indochina War
1701:Military production
1613:Declarations of war
1413:The Daily Telegraph
1057:, pp. 138–139.
997:, pp. 104–105.
942:, pp. 181–182.
914:, pp. 122–123.
820:rivers. On 9 June,
739:Churchill's Toyshop
495:Ypres–Comines Canal
78: /
4676:Surrender of Japan
4509:Battle of Iwo Jima
4358:Belgrade offensive
3764:Siege of Leningrad
3648:Battle of Shanggao
3577:British Somaliland
3542:Dunkirk evacuation
3493:Norwegian campaign
3431:Invasion of Poland
3258:Japanese prisoners
2219:Italian war crimes
2150:British war crimes
2065:Soviet occupations
1849:South-West Pacific
1736:Allied cooperation
1694:Military equipment
1382:Spears, Sir Edward
1271:Ellis, Major L. F.
1209:Churchill, Winston
839:RAF Bomber Command
812:. By 24 May, over
16:Military operation
4750:
4749:
4708:
4707:
4551:Battle of Okinawa
4450:Burma (1944–1945)
4284:Mariana and Palau
4064:Tunisian campaign
3882:Fall of Singapore
3806:Fall of Hong Kong
3549:Battle of Britain
3402:Operation Himmler
3311:
3310:
2975:Dutch East Indies
2611:Southern Rhodesia
2363:
2362:
2263:Genocide of Serbs
2166:German war crimes
2143:Soviet war crimes
2136:Allied war crimes
1982:Division of Korea
1961:Chinese Civil War
1759:Strategic bombing
1671:Manhattan Project
1364:Rowe, V. (1959).
1296:978-1-84574-056-6
1255:978-1-84574-057-3
1226:978-0-14-008612-6
1200:978-0-14-008611-9
1173:978-0-11-630095-9
1009:, pp. 35–51.
930:, pp. 25–26.
859:Their Finest Hour
668:Winston Churchill
569:Operation Wilfred
517:
516:
208:
207:
106:Commanded by
101:Winston Churchill
49:Operational scope
4795:
4783:Riverine warfare
4778:Battle of France
4743:
4736:
4729:
4726:World portal
4724:
4723:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4586:Prague offensive
4581:
4579:Battle of Berlin
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4523:Vienna offensive
4518:
4511:
4504:
4502:Battle of Manila
4497:
4477:
4468:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4376:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4245:
4243:Korsun–Cherkassy
4238:
4227:
4205:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4085:Bombing of Gorky
4080:
4073:
4066:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3945:Battle of Midway
3940:
3933:
3931:Battle of Gazala
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3841:Battle of Borneo
3836:
3834:Malayan campaign
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3778:Bombing of Gorky
3773:
3771:Battle of Moscow
3766:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3623:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3535:Battle of France
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3388:Munich Agreement
3383:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3344:
3337:
3322:
3321:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3273:Soviet prisoners
3267:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3213:German prisoners
3209:
3189:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2742:French Indochina
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2666:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2589:from August 1944
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2472:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2374:
2373:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2315:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2233:Nanjing Massacre
2228:
2221:
2212:
2210:Nuremberg trials
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1814:Asia and Pacific
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1743:Mulberry harbour
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1578:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1397:
1377:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1336:Butler, J. R. M.
1327:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1279:Butler, J. R. M.
1266:
1264:
1262:
1236:Butler, J. R. M.
1230:
1218:
1204:
1192:
1177:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1073:, pp. 155;
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
943:
937:
931:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
871:
843:Heligoland Bight
836:
829:, commander of
825:
815:
791:
780:Battle of France
724:
717:Édouard Daladier
709:
705:
681:
677:
642:
641:
626:
625:
610:
609:
603:
529:Battle of France
525:Second World War
246:
244:
243:Battle of France
234:
227:
220:
211:
210:
189:Soufflenheim, a
179:
178:
172:
137:Executed by
132:
130:
93:
92:
90:
89:
88:
83:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
41:
31:Second World War
21:
20:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4718:
4716:
4704:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4642:
4637:Atomic bombings
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4480:
4473:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4379:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4340:
4333:
4328:Eastern Romania
4326:
4321:Warsaw Uprising
4319:
4314:Tannenberg Line
4312:
4305:
4300:Western Ukraine
4298:
4289:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4230:
4221:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4092:Battle of Kursk
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4049:
4042:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3896:St Nazaire Raid
3894:
3887:
3880:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3720:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3678:Anglo-Iraqi War
3676:
3669:Battle of Crete
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3626:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3598:Eastern Romania
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3416:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3340:
3333:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3159:Western Ukraine
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3103:Northeast China
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2802:Slovak Republic
2800:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2773:Empire of Japan
2771:
2762:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2475:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2359:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2318:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2285:Sexual violence
2284:
2277:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2008:
2003:Greek Civil War
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1828:South-East Asia
1826:
1819:
1812:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1687:Military awards
1685:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1354:
1352:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1227:
1201:
1174:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:, p. 647;
1115:Churchill 2005a
1113:
1109:
1105:, pp. 237.
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1069:, p. 149;
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
946:
938:
934:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
882:
878:
872:
869:
851:
823:Général d'Armée
813:
789:
782:
776:
768:Chiswick Bridge
755:Trinitrotoluene
743:Millis Jefferis
731:
707:
704:300–400 fluvial
703:
696:Bingen am Rhein
679:
675:
664:
663:
662:
661:
658:
652:
651:
650:
649:
643:
635:
634:
633:
631:Bingen am Rhein
627:
619:
618:
617:
611:
595:
590:
561:
549:Royal Air Force
518:
513:
456:Fort Eben-Emael
442:Rotterdam Blitz
247:
242:
240:
238:
204:
203:
202:
201:
187:
186:
185:
184:
180:
128:
126:
98:Planned by
86:
84:
80:
77:
72:
69:
67:
65:
64:
63:
62:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4656:
4653:South Sakhalin
4649:
4648:
4647:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4453:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4287:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4078:Battle of Attu
4074:
4067:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3820:Battle of Guam
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3743:Battle of Kiev
3739:
3732:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:United Kingdom
3238:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:British Empire
2632:United Kingdom
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2448:Czechoslovakia
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2345:Rape of Manila
2341:
2334:
2327:
2316:
2301:
2294:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2183:
2176:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2116:United Nations
2112:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1975:Decolonization
1971:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1648:United Kingdom
1644:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1437:External links
1435:
1433:
1432:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1361:
1332:Roskill, S. W.
1328:
1312:Macrae, Stuart
1308:
1295:
1267:
1254:
1231:
1225:
1205:
1199:
1178:
1172:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1133:, p. 149.
1123:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1079:Churchill 2005
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1019:Telegraph 2003
1011:
999:
987:
981:, p. 52;
971:
959:
957:, p. 114.
944:
932:
916:
904:
902:, p. 156.
892:
879:
877:
874:
867:
850:
847:
833:Groupe d'Armée
802:Victor Bourret
775:
772:
730:
727:
713:Prime Minister
659:
654:
653:
645:
644:
637:
636:
629:
628:
621:
620:
613:
612:
605:
604:
598:
597:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
560:
557:
515:
514:
512:
511:
505:
504:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
470:
463:
458:
452:
451:
445:
444:
439:
434:
432:The Grebbeberg
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
403:
402:
396:
395:
388:
381:
376:
371:
364:
363:
362:
352:
345:
338:
333:
328:
327:
326:
321:
309:
304:
299:
294:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
259:
258:
252:
249:
248:
237:
236:
229:
222:
214:
206:
205:
188:
182:
181:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
138:
134:
133:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
82:48.83°N 7.96°E
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4800:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:Kuril Islands
4657:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4427:Syrmian Front
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:Market Garden
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4232:Monte Cassino
4229:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:Baltic states
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:United States
3232:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:Quốc dân Đảng
3168:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:Liechtenstein
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2823:Collaboration
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:United States
2645:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:Comfort women
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322: /
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311: /
2310:
2307: /
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:Camp brothels
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:The Holocaust
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:forced labour
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:Marshall Plan
2023:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:Eastern Front
1876:
1873:
1872:Western Front
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:Puppet states
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:Naval history
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1655:United States
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:The Defensive
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1132:
1127:
1121:, p. 53.
1120:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1093:, p. 52.
1092:
1087:
1081:, p. 36.
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1045:, p. 52.
1044:
1039:
1033:, p. 40.
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
985:, p. 21.
984:
980:
975:
969:, p. 21.
968:
963:
956:
951:
949:
941:
936:
929:
925:
920:
913:
908:
901:
896:
890:, p. 24.
889:
884:
880:
866:
862:
861:(1949) that,
860:
856:
846:
844:
840:
835:
834:
828:
824:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
781:
771:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Stuart Macrae
744:
740:
736:
726:
723:
718:
714:
701:
697:
691:
689:
685:
676:2,000 fluvial
673:
672:Edward Spears
669:
657:
648:
632:
616:
602:
585:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
534:
533:fluvial mines
530:
527:, during the
526:
522:
510:
509:Schuster Line
507:
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:
471:
469:
468:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
450:
447:
446:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
389:
387:
386:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
369:
365:
361:
360:Haddock Force
358:
357:
356:
353:
351:
350:
346:
344:
343:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
325:
322:
320:
319:
315:
314:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
245:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
215:
212:
199:
196:
192:
171:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
125:May 1940
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4768:Mine warfare
4734:Bibliography
4717:
4530:Project Hula
4495:Vistula–Oder
4464:
4397:
4388:
4372:
4342:
4291:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4223:
4120:
4035:
4011:
3974:
3725:
3618:
3563:North Africa
3265:Soviet Union
3219:Soviet Union
3145:Soviet Union
2913:Vatican City
2816:Vichy France
2721:German Reich
2618:Soviet Union
2604:South Africa
2597:Sierra Leone
2550:Newfoundland
2369:Participants
2352:Marocchinate
2056:
2047:
2017:
1895:North Africa
1856:Indian Ocean
1715:Nazi plunder
1606:Cryptography
1479:World War II
1443:Norway, 1940
1424:. Retrieved
1412:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1340:
1315:
1300:. Retrieved
1282:
1259:. Retrieved
1240:
1214:
1188:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1126:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
974:
962:
935:
924:Roskill 1957
919:
907:
900:Roskill 1957
895:
883:
864:
858:
854:
852:
798:Soufflenheim
783:
751:Alka-Seltzer
738:
732:
708:14/15 March;
692:
684:Maginot Line
678:mines, with
665:
577:
562:
538:
520:
519:
473:
465:
391:
383:
366:
347:
341:
317:
291:Weygand Plan
289:
285:Maginot Line
264:Royal Marine
263:
262:
29:Part of the
18:
4465:Bodenplatte
4351:Gothic Line
3570:West Africa
3117:Philippines
3096:Netherlands
2961:Czech lands
2899:Switzerland
2843:Afghanistan
2787:Philippines
2655:Puerto Rico
2571:Philippines
2557:New Zealand
2543:Netherlands
2496:Free France
2247:Prosecution
2048:Osoaviakhim
1918:West Africa
1902:East Africa
1549:Conferences
1355:21 December
1131:Spears 1954
1075:Butler 1971
1067:Spears 1954
1043:Macrae 1971
1031:Macrae 1971
1007:Macrae 1971
995:Spears 1954
983:Spears 1954
967:Spears 1954
955:Butler 1971
940:Butler 1971
912:Butler 1971
814:2,300 mines
790:1,700 mines
749:, using an
437:Afsluitdijk
400:Netherlands
183:Sufflenheim
87:48.83; 7.96
85: /
4757:Categories
4565:West Hunan
4398:Pointblank
3727:Silver Fox
3713:Summer War
3466:Winter War
3445:Phoney War
3226:Azerbaijan
3187:Yugoslavia
3082:Luxembourg
2924:Resistance
2664:Yugoslavia
2529:Luxembourg
2331:Sook Ching
2127:War crimes
1729:Technology
1722:Opposition
1664:Lend-Lease
1641:Australian
1634:Home front
1592:Blitzkrieg
1542:Casualties
1533:Commanders
1505:Operations
1426:13 October
1402:Newspapers
1302:7 February
1261:7 February
1140:References
1119:Ellis 2004
1091:Ellis 2004
979:Ellis 2004
928:Derry 2004
888:Derry 2004
806:Fifth Army
778:See also:
764:Sea Scouts
680:1,000 more
573:Royal Navy
565:Phoney War
559:Background
502:Luxembourg
407:Maastricht
392:Fall Braun
280:Montcornet
198:department
145:Royal Navy
4630:Manchuria
4516:Indochina
4292:Bagration
3736:Lithuania
3381:Anschluss
3178:Viet Minh
3075:Lithuania
3017:Hong Kong
2780:Manchukuo
2735:Azad Hind
2394:Australia
2194:Aftermath
2057:Paperclip
1952:Aftermath
1752:Total war
1620:Diplomacy
1583:In Europe
1421:0307-1235
1394:929260462
1374:773604722
1350:881709135
1334:(1957) .
1324:603643856
1273:(2004) .
1211:(2005) .
1103:Rowe 1959
1071:Rowe 1959
1055:Rowe 1959
876:Footnotes
870:Churchill
849:Aftermath
774:Operation
688:Karlsruhe
615:Karlsruhe
541:Karlsruhe
467:Dyle Plan
422:Rotterdam
417:The Hague
331:Abbeville
324:Wormhoudt
114:Objective
4741:Category
4690:document
4600:document
4457:Ardennes
4441:Budapest
4389:Crossbow
4267:Overlord
4106:Smolensk
3317:Timeline
3152:Slovakia
3138:Thailand
2989:Ethiopia
2954:Bulgaria
2878:Portugal
2809:Thailand
2691:Bulgaria
2469:Eswatini
2462:Ethiopia
2415:Bulgaria
2240:Unit 731
2201:Response
2018:Keelhaul
1968:Cold War
1941:Americas
1932:timeline
1925:Atlantic
1805:Theaters
1384:(1954).
1314:(1971).
868:—
485:Gembloux
461:K-W Line
349:Fall Rot
302:Boulogne
270:Ardennes
195:Bas-Rhin
57:Location
52:Tactical
4667:Shumshu
4434:Hungary
4381:Estonia
4365:Lapland
4343:Dragoon
4276:Neptune
4258:Ichi-Go
4224:Tempest
4166:Changde
4121:Cottage
4013:Jubilee
3722:Finland
3620:Compass
3326:Prelude
3279:Finland
3165:Vietnam
3131:Romania
3003:Germany
2982:Estonia
2968:Denmark
2947:Belgium
2940:Austria
2933:Albania
2864:Ireland
2850:Andorra
2834:Neutral
2794:Romania
2728:Hungary
2713:Finland
2585:Romania
2477:Finland
2455:Denmark
2401:Belgium
2387:Algeria
2093:Romania
2079:Hungary
1835:Pacific
1559:General
1513:Leaders
1498:Battles
1491:Outline
1338:(ed.).
1281:(ed.).
1238:(ed.).
792:in the
786:Moselle
700:Koblenz
647:Koblenz
588:Prelude
545:Koblenz
536:began.
449:Belgium
427:Zeeland
374:Lagarde
312:Dunkirk
193:in the
191:commune
152:Outcome
147:parties
129:1940-05
127: (
70:48°50′N
4644:Debate
4616:Taipei
4609:Borneo
4187:Tarawa
3374:Europe
3335:Africa
3124:Poland
3110:Norway
3089:Malaya
3068:Latvia
3010:Greece
2996:France
2892:Sweden
2857:Bhutan
2578:Poland
2564:Norway
2536:Mexico
2503:Greece
2489:France
2427:Canada
2408:Brazil
2378:Allies
2324:Serbia
2313:Poland
2086:Poland
2072:Baltic
1865:Europe
1567:Topics
1519:Allied
1419:
1392:
1372:
1348:
1322:
1293:
1252:
1223:
1197:
1170:
804:, the
759:Thames
737:(MD1,
480:Hannut
385:Aerial
379:Saumur
318:Dynamo
307:Calais
256:France
73:7°58′E
4420:Leyte
4250:Narva
4236:Anzio
4194:Makin
4152:Burma
4036:Torch
4005:Rzhev
3959:Kiska
3045:Korea
3031:Japan
3024:Italy
2906:Tibet
2885:Spain
2756:Italy
2517:Italy
2510:India
2434:China
2309:Japan
1909:Italy
1821:China
1773:Women
1277:. In
1146:Books
818:Meuse
810:Mainz
796:near
794:Rhine
729:Mines
474:David
368:Cycle
342:Paula
336:Lille
297:Arras
275:Sedan
4486:1945
4214:1944
4055:1943
3976:Blue
3966:Attu
3873:1942
3632:1941
3484:1940
3422:1939
3351:Asia
3198:POWs
3038:Jews
2749:Iraq
2675:Axis
2625:Tuva
2441:Cuba
1526:Axis
1428:2016
1417:ISSN
1390:OCLC
1370:OCLC
1357:2015
1346:OCLC
1320:OCLC
1304:2016
1291:ISBN
1263:2016
1250:ISBN
1246:HMSO
1221:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1164:HMSO
698:and
593:Plan
412:Mill
355:Alps
122:Date
853:In
725:".
719:, "
543:to
490:Lys
4759::
4234:/
1411:.
1285:.
1248:.
1185:.
1166:.
1158:.
947:^
715:,
690:.
575:.
555:.
143:,
3730:)
3724:(
2591:)
2587:(
2523:)
2519:(
2483:)
2479:(
2421:)
2417:(
1471:e
1464:t
1457:v
1430:.
1396:.
1376:.
1359:.
1326:.
1306:.
1265:.
1229:.
1203:.
1176:.
1021:.
233:e
226:t
219:v
131:)
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