176:
130:
148:
622:, as claiming that fleeing villagers were "repeatedly fired on by Israeli soldiers and aircraft." In all, the Arabs suffered 60 dead during their flight. At 07:00 on July 26, Ayn Ghazal itself was captured by Alexandroni's 1st Company. At 07:25, after the 3rd Company occupied Jaba', all of the military positions in the triangle were under Israeli control. At 09:30, a final air raid was conducted on Ijzim, and shortly afterward, the
118:
183:
490:, assured the Chief MP Officer, Danny Magen, that his troops would not be engaged in combat, but would rather watch from the sidelines. The military police's planning and logistics were described as "amateurish"āthe soldiers received defective helmets, their attack was set to a time when the rising sun would blind them, and command posts assigned to soldiers who had previously served in the
369:
377:
595:
capturing the main position of Ayn Ghazal (Position 17) between midnight and 02:20, while the 3rd
Company attacked a position between Ayn Ghazal and Ijzim at 00:10. Radio contact with the 3rd was lost at that point, until 07:00 when the company reported that it established itself on hills overlooking Jaba'. By 01:00, Carmeli had captured Ijzim's main position, aided by
278:
the depopulation of the Little
Triangle, which according to a United Nations report consisted of 8,000 people. United Nations observers toured the destroyed villages after the attack and found no evidence of a massacre as claimed by Arab sources, although they concluded that the assault on the Little Triangle was unjustified.
427:
A ceasefire will be declared. These villages are in our pocket. We will be able to act against them also after the ceasefire. It will be a police operation. If residents of a state fire ā they are arrested. They are not considered an enemy, because the territory is ours and they are residents of the
715:
issued a statement which said that there was "no evidence to support claims of massacre." The next morning, a team of UN observers came to survey the damage and did not find any bodies; they were buried under the rubble of destroyed buildings. The UN went on to see the refugees of the three villages
707:
were burnt alive. The IDF rejected these allegations but admitted that their soldiers had found 25ā30 bodies at Ayn Ghazal in "an advanced state of decomposition" and that the soldiers made prisoners bury the remains. The IDF also buried about 200 bodies found in the three villages after the battle.
594:
aircraft that misidentified them, although no casualties were reported. Meanwhile, the Golani forces regrouped and at 19:50 set out to attack Jaba' again. They captured its main position at 21:45. Also in the evening, Alexandroni sent two more companies into the battle. The 4th reinforced the first,
447:
began firing at the villages, and at 14:30, the infantry forces moved on the villages. Two positions were captured by one of the companies, but an order was given to retreat. Another company met with heavy resistance and retreated. The navy suffered 2 killed and 7 wounded, with more casualties among
398:
made attempts to capture the villages blocking the road on June 18 and July 8, but failed to overtake them, in part due to the villages' superior strategic position. This put the Arab forces on high alert, and increased their morale. The July 8 assault was conducted as a retaliation for a particular
277:
The
Israeli forces attacking on July 24 and throughout July 25 failed to take the villages due to stiff resistance and poor planning. Following heavy artillery shelling and bombing from the air, the Little Triangle's defenses broke and the three villages surrendered on July 26. The operation caused
582:
companies set out to attack Ayn Ghazal from the south, accompanied by military police forces. An aerial attack commenced at 00:20, and despite a request from
Alexandroni to stop, made another run at 01:10. at 01:15, the six artillery pieces started to bombard the villages. By 02:35 on July 25, the
501:
plan, unlike military police estimates, envisioned the Arab force having about 800 highly trained and disciplined soldiers, including Iraqis and a handful of
British deserters, mortars, three armored vehicles and one cannon. Their operational plan included a simultaneous attack by a Golani company
364:
nearby, and there was an
Israeli fear that the Iraqis would attempt to connect with his forces. The coastal road was the main traffic artery between the central and northern parts of Israel; not having access to it meant that all traffic and supplies had to go east through Wadi Milk, a dangerous
456:
On July 18 two
Israeli motorists were killed and the IDF informed the villagers that they must surrender or be evacuated. The second truce of the war came to effect on that day, however (earlier than the Israelis had originally predicted, as indeed they had planned to attack the villages during
723:
On
September 8, Bernadotte produced a more detailed report, concluding that the assault on the villages was unjustified, especially in view of an offer from the villagers to negotiate, and that the attack violated the truce. It condemned the "systematic" demolition of Ayn Ghazal and Jaba'. In
477:
brigades. A military police force was added to the plan to give it the appearance of a policing action. The operational planners initially assumed that the Arab force consisted of less than one company and the MPs were new recruits who had not yet completed
403:
During the attack, the enemy showed quick orientation, good command, an aggressive spirit and a proneness to attack. An obvious trait was the abundance of automatic weaponry ā especially Bren machine guns, Hotchkiss machine guns and 52 mm
356:. Sniper fire from village militiamen effectively closed this road, but by the beginning of the truce they were completely cut off from other Arab forces. The village residents also set up roadblocks and mines, and dug trenches and
265:
brigades with supporting troops, under the overall command of
Alexandroni's 33rd Battalion. Arab forces consisted of local militia which was not part of any regular army. The objective of the operation was to clear the
583:
Alexandroni company (the 1st) had captured a hill about 1 km south of Ayn Ghazal. By 05:30, they were in control of a yet closer hilltop position, where they halted, dug in, and sent a request for food and water.
720:, and found 8,111, while 63 were declared missing and 62 killed. Numerous refugees in the area, however, lied about their origins, as the combined population of the Little Triangle before the war had been 6,820.
457:
wartime), and the IDF was prevented from conducting a military operation there. Thus, the justification for such operation was that the territory in question was part of the Jewish state according to the
653:
The operation captured the final Arab pocket on the Tel Aviv ā Haifa road, thereby freeing it for
Israeli civilian and military traffic. Roadblocks were removed by the IDF, and traffic along the
432:
Following the success at Tira on July 16 a follow-up was tried in Jaba' and Ayn-Ghazal. It was estimated that the Arab fighters who fled Tira moved to the Little Triangle. Three companies of the
549:
missed their targets due to the low density of the villages, and despite coming under friendly anti-aircraft fire, the bombing runs had a significant effect on the local population.
1483:
1256:
688:
were established in the vicinity of Ijzim, Ayn Ghazal and Jaba', although there is disagreement on whether they were established on lands belonging to these villages.
344:
during the civil war, but did not ally themselves with the Jewish forces. During the ten days between the first and second truce, this triangle enjoyed calm, as the
1265:
724:
conclusion the report demanded that Israel allow the return of the villagers and assist in the rebuilding of their homes. By the time Israel's Foreign Minister
518:
in the south. A Carmeli battalion would block the approaches from the southeast, next to Ayn Ghazal, and eight armored vehicles along with a bulldozer and
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1402:
1397:
353:
1377:
1249:
246:
175:
270:, which had been closed by the Arabs to Israeli traffic. The Israelis had been forced to take a long and dangerous route to the east through
59:
295:
1242:
752:
703:
issued a statement alleging that atrocities were committed during and after the attacks. In particular it was stated that 28 people from
458:
196:
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1185:
305:
in April 1948, momentum shifted in its favor, and it was slowly able to capture all of the villages outlooking the road: the
559:
571:(north of Jaba') to attack the Arab positions. They encountered an ambush and retreated after 6ā9 soldiers were injured.
419:
commented that the Little Triangle was putting lives in danger, and asked what was being done about this. Prime Minister
1359:
586:
At 03:20, Israeli armored vehicles attempted to clear the main road from the south, but were stopped at a roadblock at
1488:
1159:
1124:
1084:
1062:
563:
guns were stationed about 3 km to the west of the villages, and mortars were put to the southeast. At 22:40, a
465:). The plan was to besiege the triangle with armored units and artillery, while the actual capture would be made by
298:. The road and its surrounding area was the site of frequent skirmishes between Arab and Jewish forces. After the
1427:
1213:
Wallach, Jeuda; Lorekh, Netanel; Yitzhaki, Aryeh (1978). "Battles of the Jordan Valley". In Evyatar Nur (ed.).
666:
466:
290:
served as staging points for attacks on Jewish traffic in the three roads surrounding them, especially on the
618:
members, intercepted one of the retreat routes. Prisoners interrogated later are quoted, in a report to the
1382:
1234:
606:
By this time, most of the Arab defenders retreated to the southeast, and east through Wadi al-Matabil and
357:
337:
1177:
596:
413:
641:, where they received good treatment and provisions. They escaped with an estimated 810 rifles and 20
328:
By the second truce of the war, only three villages remained, located about 20 km south of Haifaā
696:
238:
25:
1294:
1284:
440:
were allocated, as well as a number of cannons and armored vehicles. At 10:30, the artillery and
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642:
619:
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light aircraft from the Tel Aviv-based 1st Squadron. Ijzim entered negotiations to surrender.
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433:
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329:
934:
Alexandroni Operational Log for Operation Shoter, cited in Rivlin (1964/1992), pp. 185ā186
8:
1102:
575:
538:
503:
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53:
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and therefore a police operation was permitted there, hence the name, "Policeman" (
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Between July 20 and 24, the Little Triangle came under constant bombing from the
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214:
1462:
1442:
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482:. They were used because the military police could not spare any other troops.
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250:
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issued his response on September 28, Bernadotte had been assassinated by the
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The retreating Arabs, about 800 in number, eventually reached Iraqi lines at
74:
61:
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1212:
1169:
1143:
1107:(in Hebrew) (20th ed.). Israel: Ma'arakhot Publishing. S/N 501-202-72.
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was also restored. The operation significantly reduced the prestige of the
546:
441:
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287:
133:
1072:
700:
685:
534:
515:
483:
437:
340:, dubbed "The Little Triangle". These villages had refused to let in the
871:
Protocol of July 14, 1948 cabinet meeting, cited in Cohen (2004), p. 674
611:
591:
511:
361:
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along the road. The commander of the triangle was in contact with the
1218:
729:
681:
634:
129:
691:
522:
troops would clear obstacles on the main road and stage diversions.
399:
Arab attack on the Tel Aviv ā Haifa road. The forces reported that:
1103:
Israel Defense Forces General Staff Historiography Branch (1978) .
732:
630:
623:
318:
299:
1055:
The History of the Israeli Air Force in the War for Independence
626:
of the village came forward to sign an unconditional surrender.
1222:
1094:
Harel, Zvi (1982). "Operation Jaba'". In Schiff, Yehuda (ed.).
662:
234:
147:
123:
645:, which, according to Arab sources, were buried and not used.
717:
658:
333:
306:
242:
49:
376:
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348:, responsible for the area, was participating in operations
271:
389:
1266:
Israeli military operations in the 1948 ArabāIsraeli War
1217:(in Hebrew). Vol. 2 - The First Years 1948ā1961.
1174:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
241:
against an area called the "Little Triangle" south of
510:
in the north; and Alexandroni's 33rd Battalion from
1484:
Battles and operations of the 1948 ArabāIsraeli War
1206:
Naval Operations of the Israeli War of Independence
1147:
253:. The operation was carried out by units from the
692:Allegations of atrocities and ceasefire violation
502:from the 15th Battalion, which would attack from
309:villages allied themselves with the Haganah, and
1475:
1096:IDF in Its Corps: Army and Security Encyclopedia
365:route which also passed close to Arab villages.
1194:
1197:Alexandroni Brigade in the War of Independence
1133:
1111:
1098:(in Hebrew). Vol. 16. Revivim Publishing.
1079:(in Hebrew). Zmora-Bitan and Dvir publishers.
1250:
1142:
1057:(in Hebrew). Ministry of Defense Publishing.
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837:
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1150:The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem
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245:. It was launched a week after the start of
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753:Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel
711:On July 28, the United Nations peace envoy
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296:1947ā48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
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494:due to a lack of qualified commanders.
390:Prior deliberations and failed assaults
1476:
1168:
883:
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862:IDF History Branch (1978), pp. 252ā254
1238:
856:
1208:(in Hebrew). Ma'arakhot Publishing.
1199:(in Hebrew). Ma'arakhot Publishing.
218:
200:Location within Mandatory Palestine
99:Depopulation of the Little Triangle
13:
1136:History of the War of Independence
1105:History of the War of Independence
321:were captured in AprilāMay, 1948.
14:
1500:
590:. They were fired at by friendly
372:The Little Triangle 1938 1:20,000
181:
174:
146:
128:
116:
1045:
1023:
949:
914:Rivlin (1964/1992), pp. 184ā185
841:Rivlin (1964/1992), pp. 183ā184
699:, the Secretary General of the
1138:(in Hebrew). Modan Publishing.
1:
994:Morris (2004), p. xxii, #118
758:
743:, did not pursue the matter.
380:The Little Triangle 1:250,000
281:
816:Wallach et al. (1978), p. 91
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7:
964:Morris (1987), pp. 214, 347
746:
557:On July 24, six 65 mm
229:Operation Policeman), also
10:
1505:
1178:Cambridge University Press
1029:Morris (1987), pp. 346ā347
541:. Even though many of the
384:
1368:
1272:
1195:Rivlin, Gershon (1992) .
1077:Independence versus Nakba
905:Cohen (2004), pp. 674ā678
567:company left a farm near
452:Planning and preparations
169:
156:
144:
139:
109:
31:
23:
18:
1489:July 1948 events in Asia
1215:Carta's Atlas of Israel
1134:Lorch, Netanel (1998).
896:Harel (1982), pp. 19ā20
610:. A Carmeli force from
408:On July 14, 1948, in a
985:Khalidi (1992), p. 148
955:Khalidi (1992), p. 166
676:In 1949, the villages
430:
406:
381:
373:
325:was taken on July 16.
152:Ben Zion Fridan (33rd)
140:Commanders and leaders
1204:Tal, Eliezer (1964).
1038:Gelber (2004), p. 252
1020:Morris (2004), p. 440
1008:Morris (1987), p. 214
976:Morris (2004), p. 439
853:Morris (1987), p. 213
825:Gelber (2004), p. 177
637:under the command of
620:Israeli General Staff
425:
401:
396:Israel Defense Forces
379:
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292:Tel Aviv ā Haifa Road
286:The Arab villages of
268:Tel Aviv ā Haifa Road
239:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
237:operation during the
75:32.64472Ā°N 34.98806Ā°E
26:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
1428:Death to the Invader
946:Cohen (2004), p. 678
786:Lorch (1998), p. 414
488:Manpower Directorate
342:Arab Liberation Army
197:class=notpageimage|
162:Reinforced battalion
1053:Cohen, Avi (2004).
739:. His replacement,
499:Alexandroni Brigade
459:1947 Partition Plan
346:Alexandroni Brigade
71: /
54:Mandatory Palestine
880:Tal (1964), p. 111
716:now camped around
588:Khirbat as-Sawamir
486:, head of the IDF
382:
374:
233:, was a three-day
80:32.64472; 34.98806
1471:
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1187:978-0-521-00967-6
527:Israeli Air Force
448:the other units.
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134:Palestinian Arabs
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1117:All that Remains
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727:
726:Moshe Sharett
721:
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678:Kerem Maharal
674:
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621:
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614:, as well as
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574:At midnight,
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294:, during the
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223:Mivtza Shoter
216:
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55:
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34:
30:
27:
22:
17:
1432:
1360:Bin Nun Alef
1300:Bi'ur Hametz
1214:
1205:
1196:
1173:
1149:
1135:
1116:
1104:
1095:
1076:
1073:Gelber, Yoav
1054:
1046:Bibliography
1034:
1025:
990:
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858:
821:
741:Ralph Bunche
722:
710:
695:
675:
652:
628:
605:
585:
573:
560:Napoleonchik
558:
556:
547:Douglas DC-5
543:B-17 bombers
524:
496:
462:
455:
443:
431:
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407:
402:
393:
327:
315:Umm az-Zinat
288:Mount Carmel
285:
276:
230:
226:
222:
210:
209:
110:Belligerents
94:
24:Part of the
1383:Bin Nun Bet
701:Arab League
697:Azzam Pasha
686:Geva Carmel
616:Guard Corps
576:Alexandroni
539:Ramat David
520:Guard Corps
516:Meir Shfeya
484:Moshe Zadok
471:Alexandroni
469:, and the
438:Israel Navy
434:Guard Corps
263:Alexandroni
249:imposed by
78: /
1478:Categories
759:References
612:Bat Shlomo
592:Avia S-199
512:Bat Shlomo
362:Iraqi Army
330:Ayn Ghazal
282:Background
165:800 troops
66:34Ā°59ā²17ā³E
63:32Ā°38ā²41ā³N
1219:Jerusalem
682:Ein Ayala
649:Aftermath
643:Bren guns
553:Operation
533:based in
412:meeting,
48:South of
1355:Schfifon
1280:Nachshon
1172:(2004).
1146:(1987).
1115:(1992).
1075:(2004).
747:See also
730:militant
657:between
545:and the
535:Yavne'el
514:through
506:through
444:Wedgwood
404:mortars.
358:foxholes
157:Strength
44:Location
1393:Yitzhak
1388:Pleshet
1350:Kilshon
1345:Ben-Ami
1330:Maccabi
1320:Matateh
1315:Yiftach
1273:Pre-IDF
733:Zionist
705:al-Tira
669:in the
624:mukhtar
580:Carmeli
475:Carmeli
410:cabinet
385:Prelude
319:Tantura
300:Haganah
259:Carmeli
235:Israeli
1448:Ha-Har
1433:Shoter
1423:An-Far
1335:Gideon
1310:Yevusi
1305:Hametz
1223:Israel
1184:
1158:
1123:
1083:
1061:
735:group
663:Hadera
635:Ar'ara
601:Auster
597:Rapide
565:Golani
463:Shoter
428:state.
274:Milk.
255:Golani
215:Hebrew
124:Israel
121:
91:Result
1458:Horev
1453:Assaf
1438:Hiram
1418:Kedem
1413:Danny
1408:Dekel
1403:Brosh
1398:Yoram
1340:Barak
1325:Balak
1290:Harel
1227:Carta
718:Jenin
659:Haifa
569:Mazar
508:Mazar
504:Atlit
354:Betek
350:Danny
338:Jaba'
334:Ijzim
307:Druze
243:Haifa
50:Haifa
1463:Uvda
1443:Yoav
1378:Erez
1182:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1059:ISBN
737:Lehi
684:and
661:and
633:and
631:'Ara
599:and
578:and
537:and
497:The
473:and
442:INS
436:and
394:The
352:and
336:and
323:Tira
317:and
272:Wadi
261:and
227:lit.
36:Date
1370:IDF
671:IDF
529:'s
1480::
1225::
1221:,
1180:.
1176:.
1154:.
1119:.
1013:^
999:^
969:^
939:^
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846:^
830:^
791:^
767:^
680:,
673:.
332:,
313:,
257:,
225:,
221:,
217::
52:,
1258:e
1251:t
1244:v
1229:.
1190:.
1164:.
1129:.
1089:.
1067:.
213:(
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