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threespine sticklebacks form a less dense and smaller opercular series in relation to marine threespine sticklebacks. The marine threespine stickleback exhibits a larger and thicker opercular series. This provides evidence that there was an evolutionary change in the operculum bone. The thicker and more dense bone may have been favored due to selective pressures exerted from the threespine stickleback's environment. The development of the operculuar series has changed dramatically over time. The fossil record of the threespine stickleback provide the ancestral shapes of the operculum bone. Overall, the operculum bone became more triangular in shape and thicker in size over time.
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exposed condyle that is present immediately under its ventral margin; it also borders the operculum, suboperculum, and interoperculum posteriorly. The suboperculum is rectangular in shape in most bony fish and is located ventral to the preoperculum and operculum components. It is the thinnest bone segment out of the opercular series and is located directly above the gills. The interoperculum is triangular shaped and borders the suboperculum posterodorsally and the preoperculum anterodorsally. This bone is also known to be short on the dorsal and ventral surrounding borders.
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genes. These genes are known to be a part of the development and loss of armor plates in gnathostomes. The
Endothelin1 pathway is thought to be associated with the development of the operculum bone since it regulates dorsal-ventral patterning of the hyomandibular region. Mutations in the Edn1-pathway
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the opercular series is seen forming at around seven days after fertilization. Within hours the formation of the shape is visible and then the individual components are developed days later. The size and shape of the operculum bone is dependent on the organism's location. For example, fresh water
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The opercular series contains four bone segments known as the preoperculum, suboperculum, interoperculum and operculum. The preoperculum is a crescent-shaped structure that has a series of ridges directed posterodorsally to the organism’s canal pores. The preoperculum can be located through an
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The opercular series is vital in obtaining oxygen. They open as the mouth closes, causing the pressure inside the fish to drop. Water then flows towards the lower pressure across the fish's gill lamellae, allowing some oxygen to be absorbed from the water. Cartilaginous
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fishes lack the opercular series. They instead respire through a series of gill slits that perforate the body wall. Without the operculum bone, other methods of getting water to the gills are required, such as ram
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Opercular series in bony fish: operculum (yellow), preoperculum (red), interoperculum (green) and suboperculum (pink)
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During development the opercular series is known to be one of the first bone structures to form. In the
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299:(Halecomorphi, Ophiopsidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Western Europe, with comments on the genus".
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Charles B. Kimmel; Windsor E. Aguirre; Bonnie
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Bones in a fish that provide facial support structure and a protective covering for the gills
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206:(chimaeras) possess soft and flexible opercular flaps. Sharks, rays and relatives among
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Genes that are essential in the development of the opercular series include the
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that serves as a facial support structure and a protective covering for the
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are known to lead to deformities of the opercular series' shape and size.
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Lane, Jennifer A.; Ebert, Martin (2012). "Revision of
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147:; it is also used for respiration and feeding.
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906:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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733:Electroreception and electrogenesis
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301:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
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417:Environmental impact of fishing
34:needs additional citations for
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135:is a series of bones found in
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502:intramembranous ossification
321:10.1080/02724634.2012.680325
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881:Fin and flipper locomotion
851:Sequential hermaphroditism
738:Jamming avoidance response
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269:10.1163/156853908792451395
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179:three-spined stickleback
1397:Glossary of ichthyology
959:Diel vertical migration
763:Surface wave detection
728:Hydrodynamic reception
402:Diseases and parasites
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901:Undulatory locomotion
718:Ampullae of Lorenzini
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58:"Operculum" fish
1129:Genetically modified
43:improve this article
934:Aquatic respiration
821:Life history theory
313:2012JVPal..32..799L
773:Weberian apparatus
215:, as used by many
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1387:Fish common names
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929:Aquatic predation
753:Capacity for pain
482:Age determination
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263:(4/5): 669–691.
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811:Ichthyoplankton
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698:Digital Library
693:Teleost leptins
632:Shark cartilage
556:pharyngeal slit
551:pharyngeal arch
487:Anguilliformity
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307:(4): 799–819.
297:Furo muensteri
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1437:more lists...
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1377:Aquarium life
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964:Electric fish
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99:February 2014
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1490:Fish anatomy
1466:
1454:
1354:spiny-finned
1303:Major groups
1024:Intelligence
1004:Scale eaters
949:Cleaner fish
831:Mouthbrooder
783:Reproduction
758:Schreckstoff
743:Lateral line
659:Swim bladder
649:Spiral valve
604:
578:hyomandibula
561:pseudobranch
444:Hypoxia in -
304:
300:
296:
260:
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243:
229:Hyomandibula
208:elasmobranch
200:
190:
186:
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176:
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132:
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105:
96:
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79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1468:WikiProject
1427:Prehistoric
1411:Threatened
1102:Other types
999:Sardine run
974:Forage fish
954:Corallivory
806:Development
791:Bubble nest
664:physoclisti
654:Suckermouth
627:Root effect
449:Ichthyology
213:ventilation
160:Development
1083:Groundfish
1078:Freshwater
1073:Euryhaline
1058:Coral reef
994:Salmon run
984:Paedophagy
886:Amphibious
873:Locomotion
681:pharyngeal
669:physostome
622:Photophore
568:Glossohyal
541:gill raker
524:dorsal fin
474:physiology
235:References
69:newspapers
1332:chimaeras
1219:Predatory
1196:Salmonids
1154:Whitefish
1144:Poisonous
1119:Diversity
1053:Coldwater
989:Predatory
979:Migratory
939:Bait ball
922:behaviour
841:Pregnancy
836:Polyandry
610:papillare
605:Operculum
600:Meristics
546:gill slit
509:Cleithrum
439:Fish kill
429:Fear of -
422:- as food
412:Fisheries
397:Evolution
387:Diversity
257:Behaviour
204:ratfishes
196:zebrafish
141:chimaeras
137:bony fish
133:operculum
1484:Category
1456:Category
1407:Smallest
1320:lampreys
1283:flatfish
1273:Demersal
1229:mackerel
1224:billfish
1164:Commerce
1093:Tropical
1068:Demersal
1063:Deep-sea
1019:Venomous
911:RoboTuna
861:triggers
856:Spawning
816:Juvenile
801:Egg case
434:FishBase
329:85009477
277:40295944
223:See also
1402:Largest
1315:hagfish
1310:Jawless
1288:pollock
1261:sardine
1256:herring
1251:anchovy
1201:Tilapia
1191:Octopus
1186:Catfish
1173:Farming
1088:Pelagic
1048:Coastal
1035:habitat
891:Walking
796:Clasper
748:Otolith
710:systems
708:Sensory
642:ganoine
617:Papilla
468:Anatomy
407:Fishing
309:Bibcode
151:Anatomy
83:scholar
1420:sharks
1337:sharks
1266:sprats
1246:Forage
1234:salmon
1114:Coarse
896:Flying
768:Vision
723:Barbel
637:Scales
497:dermal
377:About
327:
275:
217:sharks
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1382:Blind
1370:Lists
1149:Rough
1014:Sleep
920:Other
686:shark
676:Teeth
325:S2CID
273:JSTOR
253:(PDF)
191:Pitx1
145:gills
90:JSTOR
76:books
1415:rays
1349:Bony
1342:rays
1239:tuna
1181:Carp
1139:Oily
1124:Game
1109:Bait
1043:Cave
826:Milt
531:Gill
519:Fins
492:Bone
379:fish
370:Fish
189:and
139:and
131:The
62:news
1278:cod
1033:By
846:Roe
573:Jaw
471:and
317:doi
265:doi
261:145
194:in
187:Eda
45:by
1486::
323:.
315:.
305:32
303:.
285:^
271:.
259:.
255:.
219:.
362:e
355:t
348:v
331:.
319::
311::
279:.
267::
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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