207:
moderate gains, and not excessive, reasonably to be required according to the distance of the place from whence the said victuals be carried; and if any sell such victuals in any other manner, and thereof be convict in the manner and form aforesaid, he shall pay the double of the same that he so received, to the party damnified, or, in default of him, to any other that will pursue in this behalf: and the mayors and bailiffs of cities, boroughs, merchant-towns, and others, and of the ports and places of the sea, shall have power to inquire of all and singular which shall in any thing offend the same, and to levy the said pain to the use of them at whose suit such offenders shall be convict; and in case that the same mayors or bailiffs be negligent in doing execution of the premises, and thereof be convict before our justices, by us to be assigned, then the same mayors and bailiffs shall be compelled by the same justices to pay the treble of the thing so sold to the party damnified, or to any other in default of him that will pursue; and nevertheless toward us they shall be grievously punished.
177:
and not serving any other, if he in convenient service, his estate considered, be required to serve, he shall be bounden to serve him which so shall him require; and take only the wages, livery, meed, or salary, which were accustomed to be given in the places where he oweth to serve, the twentieth year of our reign of
England, or five or six other commone years next before. Provided always, that the lords be preferred before other in their bondmen or their land tenants, so in their service to be retained; so that nevertheless the said lords shall retain no more than be necessary for them; and if any such man or woman, being so required to serve, will not the same do, that proved by two true men before the sheriff or the constables of the town where the same shall happen to be done, he shall anon be taken by them or any of them, and committed to the next gaol, there to remain under strait keeping, till he find surety to serve in the form aforesaid.
34:
140:
period of labour shortage. "The population losses from the plague caused wages to soar to levels that often exceeded those of the early 20th century", peasants and laborers who had previously been tied to the land were suddenly able to demand higher wages and greater freedom. Employers were then forced to compete for their labor or risk having a shortage of labor available to them. This shift in the value of labor was a key factor in the social and economic changes that occurred in
Britain in the centuries that followed.
476:
235:
radically altered the social structure of
English society. The sudden loss of life gave more power to the laboring classes. This also helped weaken the landed elites that had to give up power in order to stay relevant both in society and in the economy. Another thing that changed due to this imbalance of power was an increase in worker negotiating power in the British economy. This slowly led to a gradual increase in workers rights.
195:
servants in the form aforesaid; and if any before this present ordinance hath covenanted with any so to serve for more wages, he shall not be bound by reason of the same covenant, to pay more than at any other time was wont to be paid to such person; nor upon the said pain shall presume any more to pay.
182:
Item, if any reaper, mower, or other workman or servant, of what estate or condition that he be, retained in any man's service, do depart from the said service without reasonable cause or license, before the term agreed, he shall have pain of imprisonment. And that none under the same pain presume to
105:
Because a great part of the people, and especially of workmen and servants late died of the pestilence, many seeing the necessity of masters, and great scarcity of servants, will not serve unless they may receive excessive wages, and some rather willing to beg in idleness, than by labour to get their
213:
Item, because that many valiant beggars, as long as they may live of begging, do refuse to labour, giving themselves to idleness and vice, and sometime to theft and other abominations; none upon the said pain of imprisonment shall, under the colour of pity or alms, give any thing to such, which may
188:
Item, that no man pay, or promise to pay, any servant any more wages, liveries, meed, or salary than was wont, as afore is said; nor that any in other manner shall demand or receive the same, upon pain of doubling of that, that so shall be paid, promised, required, or received, to him which thereof
234:
of 1351, workers continued to command higher wages and the majority of
England (those in the labouring class) enjoyed a century of relative prosperity before the ratio of labour to land restored the pre-plague levels of wages and prices. While the economic situation eventually reverted, the plague
216:
We command you, firmly enjoining, that all and singular the premises in the cities, boroughs, market towns, seaports, and other places in your bailiwick, where you shall think expedient, as well within liberties as without, you do cause to be publicly proclaimed, and to be observed and duly put in
176:
That every man and woman of our realm of
England, of what condition he be, free or bond, able in body, and within the age of threescore years, not living in merchandise, nor exercising any craft, nor having of his own whereof he may live, nor proper land, about whose tillage he may himself occupy,
200:
Item, that saddlers, skinners, white-tawers, cordwainers, tailors, smiths, carpenters, masons, tilers, , carters, and all other artificers and workmen, shall not take for their labour and workmanship above the same that was wont to be paid to such persons the said twentieth year, and other common
139:
commented on post-plague labourers: "they are sluggish, they are scarce, and they are grasping. For the very little they do they demand the highest pay." On the other hand, while some workers suffered from increasing prices, others benefited from the higher wages they could command during this
206:
Item, that butchers, fishmongers, hostelers, breweres, bakers, puters, and all other sellers of all manner of victual, shall be bound to sell the same victual for a reasonable price, having respect to the price that such victual be sold at in the places adjoining, so that the same sellers have
194:
Item, if the lords of the towns or manors presume in any point to come against this present ordinance either by them, or by their servants, then pursuit shall be made against them in the counties, wapentakes, tithings, or such other courts, for the treble pain paid or promised by them or their
106:
living; we, considering the grievous incommodities, which of the lack especially of ploughmen and such labourers may hereafter come, have upon deliberation and treaty with the prelates and the nobles, and learned men assisting us, of their counsel ordained:
3001:
189:
shall feel himself grieved, pursuing for the same; and if none such will pursue, then the same to be applied to any of the people that will pursue; and such pursuit shall be in the court of the lord of the place where such case shall happen.
378:...the Augustinian clergyman Henry Knighton complained. "If anyone wanted to hire them he had to submit to their demands, for either his fruit and standing corn would be lost or he had to pander to the arrogance and greed of the workers."
1294:
732:
201:
years next before, as afore is said, in the place where they shall happen to work; and if any man take more, he shall be committed to the next gaol, in manner as afore is said.
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2016:
2011:
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1996:
1991:
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1981:
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1604:
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1579:
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1569:
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1559:
135:
across the economy as goods became more expensive to produce. The wealthy elites suffered under the sudden economic shift. Difficulties in hiring labour created frustration.
1784:
1779:
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606:
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986:
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951:
946:
941:
131:
Landowners had to face the choice of raising wages to compete for workers or letting their lands go unused. Wages for labourers rose and translated into
125:
3089:
3054:
1803:
295:
3126:
3082:
124:. During this outbreak, an estimated 30−40% of the population died. The decline in population left surviving workers in great demand in the
3029:
719:
3140:
3065:
1495:
590:
3231:
3070:
214:
labour, or presume to favour them toward their desires, so that thereby they may be compelled to labour for their necessary living.
833:
780:
243:
69:
676:
46:
3170:
393:
3201:
3077:
656:
171:
No one, under the pain of imprisonment, was to give any thing to able-bodied beggars 'under the colour of pity or alms'.
3221:
3024:
1823:
790:
429:
100:; required all those under the age of 60 to work; prohibited the enticing away of another's servants; and other terms.
795:
646:
775:
3226:
3206:
3049:
769:
704:
494:
362:
3211:
3153:
800:
239:
3107:
826:
752:
709:
616:
465:
611:
529:
519:
909:
742:
737:
3148:
842:
699:
641:
93:
3191:
1511:
856:
3216:
819:
727:
475:
2966:
1370:
694:
422:
398:
121:
3196:
2986:
1795:
227:
144:
38:
2992:
2977:
861:
539:
524:
514:
509:
504:
231:
8:
3061:
1397:
684:
575:
534:
2972:
666:
636:
455:
402:
343:
165:
Employers may not pay and workers may not receive wages higher than pre-plague levels.
3015:
1281:
876:
450:
415:
335:
3163:
3118:
3099:
621:
585:
327:
394:
Complete text of the
Ordinance of Labourers, 1349, from Sources of British History
3158:
785:
499:
460:
407:
2988:
689:
661:
651:
631:
570:
3185:
339:
97:
554:
866:
580:
549:
347:
315:
3040:
331:
136:
120:
The ordinance was issued in response to the 1348−1350 outbreak of the
626:
544:
132:
89:
51:
316:"Microbes and Markets: Was the Black Death an Economic Revolution?"
811:
265:. Rothstein, Liebman. Sixth Edition, Foundation Press. p. 20.
226:
The ordinance has largely been seen as ineffective. Despite the
64:
168:
Food must be priced reasonably with no excess profit.
3116:
437:
301:, Cardiff University. Retrieved on April 11, 2009.
155:The ordinance required several things, including:
399:Complete text of the Ordinance of Labourers, 1349
3183:
296:What was the Economy Like After the Black Death?
230:'s attempt to reinforce the ordinance with the
1830:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
827:
423:
183:receive or to retain any such in his service.
3030:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
96:. Specifically, it fixed wages and imposed
3066:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
3090:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
834:
820:
591:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
430:
416:
309:
307:
283:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp. 32–46.
256:
275:
273:
271:
92:) is often considered to be the start of
1828:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
360:
781:Timeline of the English Poor Law system
304:
244:Statute Law (Ireland) Revision Act 1872
221:
162:Employers must not hire excess workers.
70:Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872
3184:
291:
289:
268:
3078:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
815:
411:
313:
16:English price and wage control decree
3149:United Kingdom statutory instruments
286:
263:Employment Law: Cases and Materials
13:
841:
791:List of poor law unions in England
14:
3243:
387:
361:Scheidel, Walter (9 April 2020).
3232:Regulation in the United Kingdom
796:List of poor law unions in Wales
647:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
474:
363:"Why the wealthy fear pandemics"
320:Journal of Demographic Economics
32:
3050:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
776:Historiography of the Poor Laws
279:Cartwright, Frederick F. 1991.
126:agricultural economy of Britain
3154:Scottish statutory instruments
770:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
705:Huddersfield workhouse scandal
495:Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494
438:Poor laws of the British Isles
354:
1:
3171:Church of England instruments
850:Pre-parliamentary legislation
801:List of Irish poor law unions
249:
240:Statute Law Revision Act 1863
238:It was later repealed by the
115:
881:the Kingdom of Great Britain
753:National Assistance Act 1948
617:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
159:Everyone under 60 must work.
7:
3202:Economy of medieval England
612:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
530:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
520:Relief of the Poor Act 1696
143:The law was issued by King
86:Ordinance of Labourers 1349
10:
3248:
733:Royal Commission (1905–09)
150:
21:United Kingdom legislation
3222:United Kingdom labour law
3139:
3098:
3038:
3014:
1822:
1793:
1509:Acts of Parliament of the
1508:
1488:
887:
875:
849:
761:
718:
700:Andover workhouse scandal
675:
642:Outdoor Labour Test Order
599:
563:
487:
472:
443:
75:
63:
58:
45:
31:
26:
1826:of the United Kingdom of
1512:Kingdom of Great Britain
857:List of English statutes
1295:Interregnum (1642–1660)
728:Liberal welfare reforms
710:Union Chargeability Act
607:Royal commission (1832)
314:Clark, Gregory (2016).
1489:Parliament of Scotland
695:Local Government Board
444:Poor laws by territory
299:The Plague and England
219:
209:
203:
197:
191:
185:
179:
122:Black Death in England
113:
3227:Edward III of England
3207:History of labour law
3141:Secondary legislation
1796:Parliament of Ireland
888:Parliament of England
720:Decline and abolition
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
174:
145:Edward III of England
102:
39:Parliament of England
3212:Medieval English law
3062:Acts of Senedd Cymru
2993:European Communities
862:Charter of Liberties
540:Overseer of the poor
525:Poor Relief Act 1722
515:Poor Relief Act 1662
510:Poor Relief Act 1601
505:Poor Relief Act 1597
232:Statute of Labourers
222:Aftermath and repeal
217:execution aforesaid.
2967:Halsbury's Statutes
879:of states preceding
877:Acts of parliaments
685:Poor Law Commission
535:House of correction
281:Disease and History
2973:Legislation.gov.uk
1824:Acts of Parliament
677:Changes after 1834
667:Scottish poorhouse
637:Board of guardians
481:Nantwich workhouse
403:Fordham University
332:10.1017/dem.2016.6
228:English parliament
94:English labour law
3179:
3178:
3164:Acts of Adjournal
3135:
3134:
3127:1972–2009/2015–16
3100:Orders in Council
3016:Church of England
3010:
3009:
1504:
1503:
1371:Habeas Corpus Act
1282:Petition of Right
809:
808:
482:
451:England and Wales
147:on 18 June 1349.
82:
81:
59:Other legislation
27:Act of Parliament
3239:
3159:Acts of Sederunt
3119:Northern Ireland
3114:
3113:
2987:relating to the
2984:
2983:
885:
884:
836:
829:
822:
813:
812:
748:Interwar poverty
622:Less eligibility
480:
478:
432:
425:
418:
409:
408:
381:
380:
375:
373:
358:
352:
351:
311:
302:
293:
284:
277:
266:
260:
111:
110:— Preamble
77:Status: Repealed
36:
35:
24:
23:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3192:1349 in England
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3131:
3112:
3094:
3039:Legislation of
3034:
3006:
2982:
2962:
2834:
2331:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1789:
1510:
1500:
1484:
880:
871:
845:
840:
810:
805:
786:Poor Relief Act
757:
743:Minority Report
738:Majority Report
714:
671:
652:Poor law unions
595:
559:
500:Tudor poor laws
483:
479:
470:
439:
436:
390:
385:
384:
371:
369:
359:
355:
312:
305:
294:
287:
278:
269:
261:
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252:
224:
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208:
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196:
190:
184:
178:
153:
118:
112:
109:
108:
78:
41:
33:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Price controls
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
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3110:
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3096:
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3059:
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3057:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2989:European Union
2981:
2980:
2975:
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2961:
2960:
2955:
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2945:
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2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
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2905:
2900:
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2855:
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2833:
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2822:
2817:
2812:
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2757:
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2722:
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2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
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2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
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2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
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2467:
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2437:
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2422:
2417:
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2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
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2284:
2279:
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2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
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3197:1340s in law
3108:1994 to date
3043:institutions
3002:1972 to date
2978:Short titles
2965:
1794:Acts of the
1293:
910:
768:
600:New Poor Law
576:Speenhamland
555:Buttock mail
488:Old Poor Law
377:
370:. Retrieved
366:
356:
323:
319:
298:
280:
262:
258:
237:
225:
212:
154:
142:
130:
119:
104:
85:
83:
18:
867:Magna Carta
581:Labour Rate
550:Poor relief
466:Isle of Man
65:Repealed by
3186:Categories
2991:(formerly
657:Opposition
250:References
137:John Gower
116:Background
1814:1751–1800
1809:1701–1750
1605:1760–1764
1600:1755–1759
1595:1750–1754
1590:1745–1749
1585:1740–1744
1580:1735–1739
1575:1730–1734
1570:1725–1729
1565:1720–1724
1560:1715–1719
937:1422–1460
932:1413–1421
927:1399–1411
922:1377–1397
917:1327–1376
905:1308–1325
900:1275–1307
895:1225–1267
627:Workhouse
586:Roundsman
545:Poor rate
340:2054-0892
133:inflation
90:23 Edw. 3
52:23 Edw. 3
3041:devolved
3018:measures
456:Scotland
372:10 April
348:26422388
242:and the
47:Citation
1804:to 1700
1496:to 1707
461:Ireland
401:, from
151:The law
54:cc. 1–8
346:
338:
762:Other
344:JSTOR
3117:for
3083:List
3071:List
3064:and
3055:List
3025:List
2958:2024
2953:2023
2948:2022
2943:2021
2938:2020
2933:2019
2928:2018
2923:2017
2918:2016
2913:2015
2908:2014
2903:2013
2898:2012
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2027:1839
2022:1838
2017:1837
2012:1836
2007:1835
2002:1834
1997:1833
1992:1832
1987:1831
1982:1830
1977:1829
1972:1828
1967:1827
1962:1826
1957:1825
1952:1824
1947:1823
1942:1822
1937:1821
1932:1820
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374:2020
336:ISSN
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