503:, told Rossiyskaya Gazeta, a Russian newspaper, that Russia would likely proceed with independent development of the next-generation crewed spacecraft. According to Perminov, the agency and its main research and certification center—TsNIIMash—had already conducted an expanded meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council, NTS, examining follow-on transport systems, including the next-generation crewed ship. It would be followed by a government tender to select a developer for the new vehicle. Perminov further indicated that the new spacecraft would be expected to enter service within a time frame of the Orion spacecraft, but a more detailed development plan would be ready with the preliminary design of the vehicle in the middle of 2010.
561:
534:
542:
1785:
2704:
1595:
3622:
1907:
29:
409:
682:
476:
495:
enterprise. This was the actual beginning of the PPTS project. The agency was finally ready to name the prime developer of the vehicle. Formally, only two organizations which were practically capable of developing crewed space vehicles competed in the government tender to build the new spacecraft—RKK
373:
in 2006 over concerns about workshare then again declining to finance development of CSTS in 2009 over technology transfer to Russia that could be used for military purposes, the
Russian Federal Space Agency ordered a new crewed spacecraft from Russian companies. A development contract was awarded to
633:
A formal industry-wide tender for the development of the crewed launch vehicle to launch PPTS was initiated at the beginning of 2009. Although the agency delayed the announcement of the winner, many unofficial sources in Russia maintained that TsSKB Progress, based in Samara and KB Mashinostroenia,
590:
As of March 2009, Roscosmos made the requirement for crew capsule landing accuracy to 10 kilometers, while directing the developers to continue work on various modes of high-precision landing. Emergency escape and landing capabilities were mandated for every phase of the mission and were to provide
571:
Information on the proposed spacecraft released in 2009 indicated that the Earth-orbiting version of the ship would have a mass of 12 tonnes and carry a crew of six, along with no less than 500 kg of cargo. It would be able to fly 30-day-long autonomous missions, or a year-long mission, while
381:
Orel is intended to be capable of carrying crews of four into Earth orbit and beyond, with different mass versions suitable for 5, 14, or 30 day missions. If docked with a space station, it could stay in space up to a year, which is double the duration of the Soyuz spacecraft. The spacecraft will
506:
In the first quarter of 2009, Roscosmos released requirements which were used in the development of the
Technical Assignment to the industry working on the PPTS project. The preliminary development of the project was expected to take place from March 2009 until June 2010 at an estimated cost of
602:
and safe return of the vehicle to Earth. The reentry capsule design requirement specified that only environmentally safe propellants could be used during the atmospheric phase of the flight. Roscosmos reserved the option of making the crew module of the spacecraft reusable, reckoning that a
847:"Both the first uncrewed test flight and the first crewed test flight of the planned #Oryol spacecraft are scheduled for 2028, said the chief designer of ROS (it's not a misprint, now they call it ROS instead of ROSS), deputy director of RSC Energia Vladimir Kozhevnikov"
579:
The lunar version would weigh 16.5 tonnes, have four seats, and be capable of delivering and bringing back 100 kg of cargo. It would be able to fly 14-day missions to orbit around the Moon, or stay docked to the proposed
Russian
444:
project came into being. CSTS had completed an initial study phase, which lasted for 18 months from
September 2006 to spring 2008, before the project was shut down before an ESA member state conference in November 2008.
598:, would be wingless and be able to conduct fully automated and manual docking, and have sufficient propulsion capabilities during transport missions to dock and re-dock with orbital assets and then provide for the
666:
rocket. Thus, both stages would have been equipped with existing engines, greatly reducing the cost and the risk to the overall project. In
October 2011, it was announced that the Rus-M program was being canceled.
514:
The agency's general requirements asked the industry to develop a vehicle of "foreign" standards in its technical capabilities and cost, while at the same time using existing technologies as much as possible.
499:
Although
Roscosmos has remained tight-lipped about the project, a number of Russian officials made statements hinting about various stages of the project. On 21 January 2009, the head of Roscosmos,
511:
24 million). The work apparently covered only an Earth-orbiting version of the spacecraft, while laying the foundation for later lunar-orbiting spacecraft, or even a Mars-bound crew vehicle.
693:
will be used as the new launch vehicle for Orel. As of August 2023, the first uncrewed launch of Orel is expected in 2028. The spacecraft will be carried by an Angara A5 from
587:
The uncrewed cargo version of the vehicle would be required to carry no less than 2,000 kg to Earth orbit, and return at least 500 kg back to the planet's surface.
3424:
518:
In
November 2019, it was announced that the first test flight was scheduled for 2023, and the first crewed flight for 2025. A reusable cargo version is planned, to replace
4407:
2335:
961:
3442:
1788:
1449:
4311:
3330:
1821:
2328:
1765:
4316:
3438:
3239:
2618:
2554:
1671:
1550:
3415:
472:
launch
Vehicle. Citing the requirement to start work on a new crewed spacecraft, Russia decided to go forward with the project by itself.
2321:
2057:
1770:
2580:
1570:
2478:
3296:
2575:
1560:
432:, but they had received a negative response. Consequently, Europe decided to join the Russians to co-develop a new-generation crewed
4417:
1008:
2019:
1517:
991:
969:
1249:
1814:
1555:
1276:
568:
Roscosmos has envisioned several versions of the spacecraft, configurable for low Earth orbit, lunar, and uncrewed missions.
3340:
2611:
572:
docked to the ISS in the orbit, with the inclination 51.6 degrees, and to the future
Russian space station launched from
1364:
3325:
2179:
1842:
3408:
3382:
2007:
1807:
1719:
716:
403:
366:
3345:
3254:
2050:
1540:
2604:
1693:
1545:
487:
had finalized its requirements for the next-generation crewed spacecraft and had received proposals from both
4437:
3291:
2585:
2437:
1469:
1052:
935:
4432:
2831:
2313:
2262:
2024:
1986:
479:
From left to right, the Soyuz spacecraft, CSTS for low Earth orbit missions, ACTS for lunar orbit missions.
3428:
3401:
3318:
2891:
2368:
1535:
1286:
658:
rocket and its performance to date has been impressive. The second stage was expected to sport a pair of
355:
3621:
3393:
4412:
2070:
2043:
1575:
1506:
1499:
1474:
1217:
450:
4427:
3203:
2066:
1464:
1459:
1269:
34:
3377:
2855:
2510:
1739:
1444:
1420:
1069:
711:
638:, would feature a common core stage and a variable number of boosters, each equipped with powerful
2860:
2542:
4243:
3219:
2899:
2795:
2502:
2450:
2376:
1744:
1484:
1301:
281:
257:
1254:
2953:
2723:
2718:
2670:
2570:
2274:
1945:
1749:
1734:
1698:
303:
2728:
2222:
2088:
1976:
1894:
1714:
1647:
1565:
1405:
1370:
736:
634:
would lead the development of the new rocket. It was believed that the launch vehicle, named
581:
525:
As of August 2023, the first uncrewed and crewed test flights are expected to occur in 2028.
519:
421:
391:
362:
137:
2693:
2627:
2344:
2144:
2014:
1454:
1391:
1384:
1331:
1324:
1262:
850:
694:
573:
610:
to slow itself down during its landing, unlike the Soyuz reentry module which relies on a
8:
2983:
2959:
2685:
2680:
2658:
2227:
2184:
2174:
2159:
2139:
1981:
1952:
1934:
1921:
1729:
1411:
1377:
1345:
599:
322:
306:
293:
234:
1137:
1082:
886:
846:
4422:
4357:
4293:
4116:
3353:
3286:
3090:
2936:
2865:
2546:
2257:
2149:
2098:
1884:
1594:
1427:
1356:
1338:
1317:
1310:
731:
560:
383:
351:
591:
for the survivability of the crew until the arrival of the rescue and recovery teams.
3313:
3303:
3165:
3010:
2870:
2839:
2760:
2738:
2522:
2486:
2415:
1724:
1619:
1398:
614:
to slow its descent, and uses solid propellant motors only to soften its touchdown.
603:
cone-shaped capsule could possibly fly up to 10 missions during a 15-year lifespan.
331:. The goal of the project is to develop a next-generation spacecraft to replace the
4347:
3335:
3198:
3072:
2803:
2782:
2777:
2755:
2596:
2514:
2432:
2420:
2410:
2113:
1906:
1095:
663:
595:
500:
429:
332:
313:
272:
248:
225:
1154:
4352:
4288:
4226:
4206:
4171:
2906:
2807:
2534:
2530:
2518:
2363:
2164:
2108:
1929:
1580:
706:
676:
533:
469:
340:
133:
1070:
Vorherrschaft im All: Europa und
Russland planen ihr Gegen-Shuttle – DER SPIEGEL
4278:
3361:
3025:
2995:
2965:
2765:
2498:
2169:
2035:
1511:
1194:
1031:
774:
651:
553:
545:
465:
1171:
1109:"Russia to create reusable space freighter to replace Progress resupply ships"
4401:
4337:
4256:
4232:
4211:
4201:
4186:
4176:
4151:
4141:
4126:
4004:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3868:
3838:
3270:
3077:
3031:
2300:
2191:
1879:
1858:
643:
607:
348:
344:
2343:
3878:
3858:
3843:
3833:
3818:
3792:
3782:
3767:
3762:
3742:
3732:
3707:
3692:
2989:
2977:
2823:
2675:
2474:
2279:
2267:
2201:
2196:
2002:
1958:
1869:
1244:
813:
549:
336:
1799:
868:
361:
The PPTS project was started following a failed attempt by Russia and the
4283:
4249:
4238:
4216:
4196:
4181:
4166:
4156:
4146:
4136:
4121:
4111:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
3677:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3589:
3574:
3559:
3539:
3524:
3494:
3423:
3037:
2118:
1864:
755:
Robot to become test pilot of Russia's next-generation manned spacecraft.
488:
387:
375:
141:
50:
541:
80:
Crew transportation to Low Earth orbit and to the Moon, possibly to Mars
3229:
3191:
3186:
2663:
492:
461:
433:
908:"Russia to create Angara-A5P rocket for manned space launches by 2024"
464:
enterprise to develop a new-generation crewed spacecraft based on the
3234:
3224:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3145:
3116:
3100:
2642:
2631:
2348:
2237:
1489:
1479:
1221:
690:
611:
484:
457:
299:
70:
33:
Mockup and test article of the Orel crew module, photographed at the
2703:
3249:
3244:
3139:
3095:
3046:
1108:
962:"Android in space – first mission of Federation spacecraft in 2021"
939:
907:
754:
647:
436:. ESA insisted on a joint design rather than the Russian-designed
3873:
3863:
3853:
3828:
3823:
3813:
3787:
3777:
3772:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3647:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3554:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3484:
3479:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3082:
3052:
3016:
1284:
854:
659:
655:
298:'Prospective Piloted Transport System'), is a project by
992:
Collapse of ESA-Roscosmos Crew Vehicle Partnership Holds Lessons
408:
28:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3469:
3459:
3004:
2971:
2875:
2526:
2482:
1854:
1666:
1494:
1218:"Russia Converts Unmanned Rocket to Carry New Crewed Spaceship"
887:"В "Роскосмосе" решили переименовать новый космический корабль"
721:
639:
437:
370:
60:
3308:
2770:
2425:
726:
635:
628:
449:
decided to use some technology of the CSTS project from its
109:
14,000 kg (crew module 9,500 kg, propulsion module 4,500 kg)
1850:
912:
606:
It has been suggested that the vehicle may use only rocket
556:
with mock-ups of the spacecraft and rocket Angara A5 (2015)
496:
Energia in Korolev and Moscow-based Khrunichev enterprise.
441:
425:
869:""Федерация" без экипажа сможет облететь Луну в 2026 году"
475:
2847:
2790:
2494:
2445:
1158:
1141:
681:
446:
420:
officials had inquired whether they could be part of the
417:
369:(CSTS). Following ESA member states declining to finance
1072:. Spiegel.de (30 October 2006). Retrieved on 2020-07-01.
936:"New Russian manned spacecraft to be called Federation"
650:. The engine was originally developed by Moscow-based
460:, had repeatedly received proposals from Moscow-based
1009:"Russia Reviews Bids For New Moon-Bound Space Rocket"
390:, with a plan to place a space station there, called
286:
262:
2626:
508:
327:'New Generation Piloted Transport Ship') or
4408:
Supply vehicles for the International Space Station
844:
318:Пилотируемый Транспортный Корабль Нового Поколения
288:Perspektivnaya Pilotiruemaya Transportnaya Sistema
3331:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
4399:
2065:
1098:. Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved on 1 July 2020.
1195:"Replacement for Soyuz rocket canned by Russia"
902:
900:
277:Перспективная Пилотируемая Транспортная Система
1609:
3409:
2612:
2329:
2051:
1815:
1270:
1101:
1053:"Russia Plans to Send Cosmonauts to the Moon"
840:
838:
836:
834:
814:"PPTS – Prospective Piloted Transport System"
440:, and as a result the joint Russian/European
347:operations. It is similar in function to the
1186:
897:
1829:
3416:
3402:
2619:
2605:
2581:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
2336:
2322:
2058:
2044:
1822:
1808:
1277:
1263:
1006:
831:
27:
3297:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
2576:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
1215:
768:
766:
1132:
1130:
680:
559:
540:
532:
474:
407:
1164:
1023:
1002:
1000:
938:. TASS. 15 January 2016. Archived from
845:Katya Pavlushchenko (15 August 2023).
689:In July 2012, it was reported that the
302:to develop a new-generation, partially
4400:
2020:List of artificial objects on the Moon
1518:Window Observational Research Facility
1209:
1147:
763:
3397:
2600:
2351:government human spaceflight programs
2317:
2039:
1803:
1258:
1192:
1155:"Russia mulls rocket power 'first' "
1127:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
528:
997:
564:Orel on a 2020 Russian postage stamp
3341:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
1138:"Russia to unveil spaceship plans"
1029:
990:de Selding, Peter B. (31 May 2013)
879:
811:
772:
312:Until 2016, the official name was (
13:
3625:International Space Station Emblem
3620:
2774:(incorporated into Salyut program)
2429:(incorporated into Salyut program)
1250:Interior of new Russian spacecraft
1083:"Manned spaceship design unveiled"
928:
788:
773:Zak, Anatoly (22 September 2012).
468:that would be launched on the new
18:Planned reusable crewed spacecraft
14:
4449:
1843:Apollo command and service module
1238:
1193:Clark, Stephen (7 October 2011).
662:engines, currently in use on the
617:
3383:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
2702:
1905:
1784:
1783:
1720:Centrifuge Accommodations Module
1593:
1032:"PTK NP development during 2013"
1030:Zak, Anatoly (15 October 2014).
775:"PTK NP development during 2012"
717:Crew Space Transportation System
404:Crew Space Transportation System
367:Crew Space Transportation System
166:200 days (docked in Lunar orbit)
101:17,000 kg (LEO)–21,367 kg (Moon)
4388:† - mission failed to reach ISS
3346:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
1694:Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules
1216:Coppinger, Rob (19 July 2012).
1089:
1075:
1063:
1045:
984:
893:(in Russian). 6 September 2019.
4418:Crewed space program of Russia
1470:International Docking Adapters
954:
875:(in Russian). 7 December 2018.
861:
748:
537:Formerly proposed PPPTS design
483:By the first quarter of 2009,
412:Formerly proposed CSTS design.
1:
3292:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
2586:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
1153:Zak, Anatoly (29 April 2009)
1136:Zak, Anatoly (3 April 2009 )
742:
685:Various Angara rocket designs
4382:Ongoing spaceflights are in
2832:Soviet crewed lunar programs
2025:List of missions to the Moon
1987:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
1007:Sam Savage (17 March 2009).
211:2030s (uncrewed lunar orbit)
7:
3429:International Space Station
2892:International Space Station
1507:Pressurized Mating Adapters
1287:International Space Station
812:Zak, Anatoly (April 2011).
700:
507:around 800,000,000 rubles (
424:of the United States, with
356:Commercial Crew Development
287:
263:
10:
4454:
2180:Command and service module
1475:Integrated Truss Structure
1465:ExPRESS Logistics Carriers
1460:External Stowage Platforms
1245:A prospective look at PPTS
674:
642:engines, burning a mix of
626:
576:into a 51.8-degree orbit.
456:The Russian space agency,
451:Automated Transfer Vehicle
401:
397:
4378:
4327:
4304:
4268:
4101:
3969:
3803:
3632:
3618:
3449:
3435:
3372:
3279:
3263:
3212:
3158:
3109:
3065:
2946:
2935:
2915:
2884:
2816:
2748:
2737:
2711:
2700:
2651:
2638:
2563:
2464:
2403:
2387:
2356:
2290:
2212:
2129:
2078:
1995:
1969:
1914:
1903:
1835:
1779:
1758:
1707:
1684:
1659:
1640:
1633:
1602:
1591:
1526:
1437:
1355:
1300:
1293:
670:
317:
276:
252:
229:
215:
198:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
147:
129:
121:
113:
105:
97:
92:
88:
84:
76:
66:
56:
46:
42:
35:Moscow Air and Space Show
26:
3378:Space industry of Russia
1766:Manufacturing of the ISS
1740:Universal Docking Module
1115:. Moscow. 30 August 2021
712:Colonization of the Moon
622:
365:(ESA) to co-develop the
335:developed by the former
163:365 days (docked in LEO)
2900:Russian Orbital Segment
2503:Martian Piloted Complex
2377:Russian Orbital Segment
1830:Crewed lunar spacecraft
1745:Russian Research Module
1485:Mobile Servicing System
160:5–30 days (free flight)
3626:
2571:List of Soyuz missions
1735:Science Power Platform
1699:Interim Control Module
1172:"Rus-M Launch Vehicle"
686:
565:
557:
538:
480:
413:
3624:
2632:Russian space program
1977:Lunar Orbital Station
1648:Axiom Orbital Segment
737:Mengzhou (spacecraft)
684:
582:Lunar Orbital Station
563:
544:
536:
478:
422:Constellation Program
411:
392:Lunar Orbital Station
378:on 19 December 2013.
363:European Space Agency
4438:2020s in spaceflight
4312:List of ISS visitors
3443:Uncrewed ISS flights
2694:Vostochny Cosmodrome
2015:List of lunar probes
1750:Science Power Module
1455:European Robotic Arm
1085:. BBC. 22 July 2008.
760:. 12 September 2019.
695:Vostochny Cosmodrome
584:for up to 200 days.
239:'Eagle') or
4433:Reusable spacecraft
3319:Veterok and Ugolyok
2686:Svobodny Cosmodrome
2681:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2659:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2185:Apollo Lunar Module
2008:conspiracy theories
1982:Boeing Lunar Lander
1922:Apollo Lunar Module
1771:Assembly of the ISS
1730:Crew Return Vehicle
1480:Life Support System
1174:. Russian Space Web
966:Newsspaceflight.com
23:
4294:Boeing Starliner-1
3627:
3425:Human spaceflights
3365:(1997 documentary)
3357:(1995 documentary)
3354:Out of the Present
3287:List of cosmonauts
3264:Images and artwork
3204:Deep Space Network
2851:(Mars/Venus flyby)
1865:Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)
1652:US Deorbit Vehicle
1285:Components of the
972:on 19 October 2019
687:
594:The vehicle, like
566:
558:
539:
529:Preliminary design
481:
414:
21:
4413:Crewed spacecraft
4395:
4394:
3391:
3390:
3314:Belka and Strelka
3304:Soviet space dogs
3166:Sputnik programme
3154:
3153:
3087:
3042:
3021:
3000:
2931:
2930:
2896:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2800:
2787:
2775:
2739:Human spaceflight
2690:
2667:
2594:
2593:
2455:
2442:
2430:
2373:
2311:
2310:
2067:Crewed spacecraft
2033:
2032:
1870:LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)
1797:
1796:
1725:Habitation Module
1715:Propulsion Module
1680:
1679:
1629:
1628:
1589:
1588:
1450:Electrical System
942:on 20 August 2021
916:. 6 November 2019
818:Russian Space Web
326:
307:crewed spacecraft
297:
285:
261:
238:
219:
218:
57:Country of origin
4445:
4428:Cargo spacecraft
4348:Boeing Starliner
3418:
3411:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3336:Cosmonauts Alley
3199:Luch (satellite)
3085:
3057:
3040:
3019:
2998:
2944:
2943:
2894:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2798:
2785:
2773:
2746:
2745:
2706:
2688:
2661:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2552:Space Stations:
2492:Interplanetary:
2453:
2440:
2428:
2371:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2036:
1909:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1638:
1637:
1607:
1606:
1597:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1197:. SpaceFlightNow
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1057:Parabolicarc.com
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1004:
995:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
968:. Archived from
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
904:
895:
894:
883:
877:
876:
865:
859:
858:
842:
829:
828:
826:
824:
809:
786:
785:
783:
781:
770:
761:
752:
501:Anatoly Perminov
430:Orion spacecraft
333:Soyuz spacecraft
321:
319:
292:
290:
280:
278:
266:
256:
254:
233:
231:
31:
24:
20:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4374:
4323:
4300:
4264:
4097:
3965:
3799:
3628:
3616:
3445:
3439:ISS expeditions
3431:
3422:
3392:
3387:
3368:
3275:
3271:Mission patches
3259:
3208:
3150:
3105:
3061:
3055:
2939:
2927:
2911:
2880:
2812:
2741:
2733:
2712:Launch vehicles
2707:
2698:
2647:
2634:
2625:
2595:
2590:
2559:
2535:Tupolev Tu-2000
2460:
2399:
2383:
2352:
2342:
2312:
2307:
2286:
2208:
2125:
2074:
2064:
2034:
2029:
1991:
1965:
1910:
1901:
1831:
1828:
1798:
1793:
1775:
1754:
1703:
1686:
1676:
1655:
1625:
1611:
1598:
1585:
1528:
1522:
1433:
1351:
1302:Russian Segment
1289:
1283:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1148:
1135:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1059:. 4 April 2017.
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1005:
998:
989:
985:
975:
973:
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
934:
933:
929:
919:
917:
906:
905:
898:
885:
884:
880:
867:
866:
862:
843:
832:
822:
820:
810:
789:
779:
777:
771:
764:
753:
749:
745:
707:Angara (rocket)
703:
679:
677:Angara (rocket)
673:
631:
625:
620:
531:
428:focused on its
406:
400:
341:low Earth orbit
210:
208:
206:
169:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4279:SpaceX Crew-10
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:Mission to Mir
3358:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Ivan Ivanovich
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3162:
3160:
3159:Communications
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3113:
3111:
3110:In development
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3026:Resurs-DK No.1
3023:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:Phobos program
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2966:Luna programme
2963:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2916:In development
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2835:(Moon landing)
2829:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2801:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2537:
2505:
2489:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2443:
2435:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2388:In development
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2297:United States
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2254:United States
2252:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2213:In development
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:United States
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:United States
2103:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Lunar Gateway
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Bishop airlock
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1239:External links
1237:
1235:
1234:
1208:
1185:
1163:
1146:
1126:
1100:
1088:
1074:
1062:
1044:
1022:
996:
983:
953:
927:
896:
878:
860:
853:) – via
830:
787:
762:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
702:
699:
675:Main article:
672:
669:
652:NPO Energomash
627:Main article:
624:
621:
619:
618:Launch vehicle
616:
530:
527:
466:TKS spacecraft
402:Main article:
399:
396:
217:
216:
213:
212:
207:2028 (robotic)
200:
196:
195:
194:In development
192:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
93:Specifications
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
39:
37:in August 2015
32:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4450:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:Space Shuttle
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4258:
4257:SpaceX Crew-9
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4233:SpaceX Crew-8
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:SpaceX Crew-7
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:SpaceX Crew-6
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:SpaceX Crew-5
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:SpaceX Crew-4
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:SpaceX Crew-3
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:SpaceX Crew-2
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:SpaceX Crew-1
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:SpaceX Demo-2
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Soyuz TMA-20M
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Soyuz TMA-16M
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Soyuz TMA-12M
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Soyuz TMA-08M
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Soyuz TMA-04M
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Soyuz TMA-02M
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Baikal-Angara
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:(begun 1957)
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:Koronas-Foton
3030:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:Spaceplanes:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2302:
2301:SpaceShip III
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Space Shuttle
2190:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:Soviet Union
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Lunniy Korabl
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:Boom Assembly
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1196:
1189:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1096:TKS follow-on
1092:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1033:
1026:
1010:
1003:
1001:
993:
987:
971:
967:
963:
957:
941:
937:
931:
915:
914:
909:
903:
901:
892:
888:
882:
874:
870:
864:
856:
852:
848:
841:
839:
837:
835:
819:
815:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
776:
769:
767:
759:
756:
751:
747:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
698:
696:
692:
683:
678:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:liquid oxygen
641:
637:
630:
615:
613:
609:
604:
601:
597:
592:
588:
585:
583:
577:
575:
569:
562:
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
526:
523:
521:
516:
512:
510:
504:
502:
497:
494:
490:
486:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
410:
405:
395:
393:
389:
385:
379:
377:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
315:
310:
308:
305:
301:
295:
289:
283:
274:
270:
265:
259:
250:
246:
242:
236:
227:
223:
214:
209:2028 (crewed)
204:
201:
199:Maiden launch
197:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
114:Crew capacity
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
25:
16:
4383:
4367:
4255:
4248:
4231:
3879:Soyuz TMA-22
3859:Soyuz TMA-21
3834:Soyuz TMA-19
3819:Soyuz TMA-18
3793:Soyuz TMA-17
3783:Soyuz TMA-16
3763:Soyuz TMA-14
3743:Soyuz TMA-13
3733:Soyuz TMA-12
3708:Soyuz TMA-11
3693:Soyuz TMA-10
3360:
3352:
3138:
2990:Vega program
2978:Zond program
2922:
2827:(Moon flyby)
2824:Zond (7K-L1)
2783:Soyuz-Apollo
2676:Kapustin Yar
2652:Launch sites
2551:
2539:
2507:
2491:
2475:Zond (7K-L1)
2471:
2438:Apollo–Soyuz
2394:
2280:Dream Chaser
2268:Starship HLS
2247:
2202:SpaceShipTwo
2197:SpaceShipOne
2003:Moon landing
1959:Starship HLS
1951:
1944:
1889:
1618:
1527:Experimental
1426:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1225:. Retrieved
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1149:
1140:
1117:. Retrieved
1112:
1103:
1091:
1077:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
994:. Space News
986:
974:. Retrieved
970:the original
965:
956:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
930:
918:. Retrieved
911:
890:
881:
872:
863:
821:. Retrieved
817:
778:. Retrieved
757:
750:
688:
632:
605:
593:
589:
586:
578:
570:
567:
524:
517:
513:
505:
498:
482:
455:
416:Previously,
415:
380:
360:
358:spacecraft.
337:Soviet Union
328:
311:
268:
244:
240:
221:
220:
202:
154:
77:Applications
47:Manufacturer
15:
4353:Crew Dragon
4305:Individuals
4284:Soyuz MS-27
4250:Soyuz MS-26
4239:Soyuz MS-25
4217:Soyuz MS-24
4197:Soyuz MS-23
4182:Soyuz MS-22
4167:Soyuz MS-21
4157:Soyuz MS-20
4147:Soyuz MS-19
4137:Soyuz MS-18
4122:Soyuz MS-17
4112:Soyuz MS-16
4081:Soyuz MS-12
4055:Soyuz MS-08
4030:Soyuz MS-04
3678:Soyuz TMA-9
3663:Soyuz TMA-8
3653:Soyuz TMA-7
3643:Soyuz TMA-6
3605:Soyuz TMA-4
3590:Soyuz TMA-2
3575:Soyuz TMA-1
3560:Soyuz TM-34
3540:Soyuz TM-33
3525:Soyuz TM-32
3495:Soyuz TM-31
3049:(2011–2019)
3038:Fobos-Grunt
3028:(2006-2016)
3013:(1990-1992)
3007:(1989-1998)
3001:(1988-1989)
2992:(1984-1987)
2986:(1983-1991)
2980:(1964–1970)
2974:(1961–1985)
2968:(1958–1976)
2962:(1972–1996)
2956:(1961–1982)
2796:Shuttle–Mir
2671:Dombarovsky
2451:Shuttle-Mir
2119:New Shepard
2109:Crew Dragon
1421:Tranquility
1037:28 November
873:РИА Новости
823:28 November
780:28 November
654:for the US
489:RKK Energia
388:lunar orbit
376:RKK Energia
339:to support
264:Federatsiya
243:, formerly
148:Design life
142:Lunar orbit
98:Launch mass
51:RKK Energia
4402:Categories
4244:Boeing CFT
4102:Since 2020
3437:See also:
3376:See also:
3230:Mars-Grunt
3192:Sputnik 99
3187:Sputnik 41
2843:(moonbase)
2664:Kazakhstan
2540:Capsules:
1847:Cancelled
1612:components
1438:Subsystems
1357:US Segment
1178:31 January
1015:31 January
1011:. redOrbit
920:7 November
743:References
493:Khrunichev
462:Khrunichev
434:spacecraft
384:cosmonauts
245:Federation
186:Production
4423:Roscosmos
4384:underline
3970:2015–2019
3804:2010–2014
3633:2005–2009
3450:1998–2004
3235:Mercury-P
3225:Laplace-P
3182:Sputnik 3
3177:Sputnik 2
3172:Sputnik 1
3146:Spektr-UV
3117:Luna-Glob
3101:Spektr-RG
3078:Elektro–L
2817:Cancelled
2689:(defunct)
2643:Roscosmos
2465:Cancelled
2291:Cancelled
2275:Blue Moon
2238:Gaganyaan
2114:Starliner
1946:Blue Moon
1926:Canceled
1708:Cancelled
1576:PK-3 Plus
1561:ISS-CREAM
1490:Canadarm2
1222:Space.com
1119:4 January
891:Правда.Ру
691:Angara A5
612:parachute
608:thrusters
574:Vostochny
485:Roscosmos
458:Roscosmos
300:Roscosmos
282:romanized
258:romanized
253:Федерация
71:Roscosmos
4344:Present
4328:Vehicles
3250:Venera-D
3245:Spektr-M
3213:Concepts
3140:Kazachok
3096:Resurs-P
3091:Meteor-M
3056:(failed)
3047:Spektr-R
3041:(failed)
3020:(failed)
2999:(failed)
2940:programs
2742:programs
2454:(joint)
2441:(joint)
2372:(joint)
2263:Starship
2223:Mengzhou
2089:Shenzhou
2071:programs
1970:Proposed
1895:Mengzhou
1836:Orbiters
1789:Category
1687:hardware
1660:Proposed
1581:SAGE III
1406:Leonardo
1371:Columbus
1294:Orbiting
946:29 April
701:See also
648:kerosene
520:Progress
304:reusable
106:Dry mass
67:Operator
4364:Future
4289:Axiom-4
4227:Axiom-3
4207:Axiom-2
4172:Axiom-1
3995:TMA-19M
3990:TMA-18M
3985:TMA-17M
3959:TMA-15M
3954:TMA-14M
3949:TMA-13M
3934:TMA-11M
3929:TMA-10M
3924:TMA-09M
3909:TMA-07M
3904:TMA-06M
3899:TMA-05M
3884:TMA-03M
3874:STS-135
3864:STS-134
3854:STS-133
3839:TMA-01M
3824:STS-131
3814:STS-130
3788:STS-129
3773:STS-127
3758:STS-119
3748:STS-126
3738:STS-124
3723:STS-122
3713:STS-120
3698:STS-117
3683:STS-116
3668:STS-121
3648:STS-114
3580:STS-113
3565:STS-111
3555:STS-110
3545:STS-108
3530:STS-104
3480:STS-101
3427:to the
3280:Related
3132:Luna 28
3127:Luna 27
3122:Luna 26
3086:(joint)
3083:ExoMars
3053:Luna 25
3017:Mars 96
2960:Prognoz
2937:Robotic
2895:(joint)
2804:Energia
2799:(joint)
2786:(joint)
2761:Voskhod
2564:Related
2515:Energia
2416:Voskhod
2349:Russian
2244:Russia
2165:Mercury
2145:Voskhod
2130:Retired
2095:Russia
1996:Related
1941:Future
1915:Landers
1876:Future
1759:Related
1641:Planned
1529:devices
1415:airlock
1392:Harmony
1385:Destiny
1332:Rassvet
1325:Prichal
1227:20 July
1201:20 July
855:Twitter
664:Soyuz-2
660:RD-0124
656:Atlas V
600:reentry
550:Komarov
546:Rogozin
398:History
325:
314:Russian
296:
284::
273:Russian
267:), and
260::
249:Russian
237:
226:Russian
203:Planned
155:Planned
4269:Future
3844:TMA-20
3768:TMA-15
3510:STS-98
3500:STS-97
3470:STS-96
3460:STS-88
3073:Bion-M
3066:Active
3058:(2023)
3043:(2011)
3034:(2009)
3022:(1996)
3005:Granat
2984:Astron
2972:Venera
2885:Active
2876:Kliper
2861:Zvezda
2856:Spiral
2840:Zvezda
2766:Salyut
2756:Vostok
2724:Proton
2719:Angara
2628:Soviet
2543:Zvezda
2527:Kliper
2511:Spiral
2499:Aelita
2487:Zvezda
2483:LK-700
2472:Moon:
2421:Salyut
2411:Vostok
2357:Active
2345:Soviet
2234:India
2228:Lanyue
2219:China
2175:Apollo
2170:Gemini
2140:Vostok
2085:China
2079:Active
1953:Lanyue
1935:Altair
1855:LK-700
1667:Node 4
1634:Future
1603:Former
1536:AMS-02
1514:cranes
1512:Strela
1495:Dextre
1378:Cupola
1346:Zvezda
976:4 July
722:Kliper
671:Angara
640:RD-180
470:Angara
438:Kliper
371:Kliper
329:PTK NP
191:Status
130:Regime
122:Volume
61:Russia
4358:Soyuz
4334:Past
4275:2025
4223:2024
4193:2023
4163:2022
4133:2021
4108:2020
4091:MS-15
4086:MS-13
4077:2019
4071:MS-11
4065:MS-10
4060:MS-09
4051:2018
4045:MS-07
4040:MS-06
4035:MS-05
4026:2017
4020:MS-03
4015:MS-02
4010:MS-01
4001:2016
3976:2015
3940:2014
3915:2013
3890:2012
3850:2011
3810:2010
3754:2009
3719:2008
3689:2007
3659:2006
3639:2005
3610:TMA-5
3601:2004
3595:TMA-3
3586:2003
3551:2002
3506:2001
3476:2000
3466:1999
3456:1998
3309:Laika
3255:Sfera
3240:OPSEK
3011:Gamma
2907:Soyuz
2866:Zarya
2808:Buran
2771:Almaz
2729:Soyuz
2555:OPSEK
2547:Zarya
2519:Buran
2479:N1-L3
2426:Almaz
2364:Soyuz
2258:Orion
2150:Buran
2099:Soyuz
1885:Orion
1685:Spare
1672:XBASE
1610:Major
1571:NICER
1541:CALET
1428:Unity
1413:Quest
1339:Zarya
1318:Poisk
1311:Nauka
851:Tweet
732:Orion
727:Rus-M
636:Rus-M
629:Rus-M
623:Rus-M
596:Soyuz
554:Putin
382:send
352:Orion
345:lunar
241:Oryol
4368:Orel
4317:crew
2947:Past
2923:Orel
2871:MAKS
2749:Past
2662:(in
2630:and
2523:MAKS
2404:Past
2395:Orel
2347:and
2248:Orel
2160:X-15
1890:Orel
1851:LK-1
1620:Pirs
1566:MAXI
1556:HDEV
1551:GEDI
1546:CATS
1399:Kibō
1365:BEAM
1229:2012
1203:2012
1180:2016
1121:2022
1113:TASS
1039:2016
1017:2016
978:2018
948:2016
922:2019
913:TASS
825:2016
782:2016
758:TASS
646:and
552:and
491:and
442:CSTS
426:NASA
343:and
323:lit.
294:lit.
269:PPTS
235:lit.
230:Орёл
222:Orel
125:18 m
22:Orel
3829:132
3778:128
3728:123
3703:118
3673:115
3570:112
3535:105
3520:100
3515:102
3485:106
2848:TMK
2791:Mir
2778:TKS
2531:LKS
2495:TMK
2446:Mir
2433:TKS
2369:ISS
1159:BBC
1142:BBC
447:ESA
418:ESA
386:to
354:or
138:TLI
134:LEO
117:4–6
4404::
3490:92
3441:,
2954:DS
2806:/
2776:/
2545:,
2533:,
2529:,
2525:,
2521:,
2517:/
2513:,
2501:,
2497:,
2485:,
2481:,
2477:,
2431:/
1859:VA
1853:/
1220:.
1129:^
1111:.
1055:.
999:^
964:.
910:.
899:^
889:.
871:.
833:^
816:.
790:^
765:^
697:.
548:,
522:.
509:$
453:.
394:.
349:US
320:,
316::
309:.
291:,
279:,
275::
255:,
251::
232:,
228::
140:,
136:,
4067:†
3417:e
3410:t
3403:v
2666:)
2620:e
2613:t
2606:v
2337:e
2330:t
2323:v
2073:)
2069:(
2059:e
2052:t
2045:v
1861:)
1857:(
1823:e
1816:t
1809:v
1278:e
1271:t
1264:v
1231:.
1205:.
1182:.
1123:.
1041:.
1019:.
980:.
950:.
924:.
857:.
849:(
827:.
784:.
271:(
247:(
224:(
205::
157::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
