321:
513:, Nigerian criminal enterprises are the most notable of all African criminal enterprises. They are considered to be among the most aggressive and expansionist international criminal groups, operating in more than 80 countries of the world and are established on all populated continents of the world. Their most profitable activity is drug trafficking, though they are more famous for their financial fraud which costs the US alone approximately US$ 1 to 2 billion annually.
41:
176:
1238:
403:. The scam typically involves promising the victim a significant share of a large sum of money, in return for a small up-front payment, which the fraudster requires in order to obtain the large sum. If a victim makes the payment, the fraudster either invents a series of further fees for the victim or simply disappears.
653:, the prostitution of Filipino women, money laundering, car theft and arranging fake marriages, amongst other crimes. Following a number of incidents at Nigerian-owned bars in which patrons were drugged and robbed, the United States embassy in Japan issued a warning to US citizens to avoid certain bars and clubs in
624:
in
Campania is considered the headquarters of the Nigerian mafia in Europe. The country is used as a hub by the Nigerian mafia for the trafficking of cocaine from South America, heroin from Asia and women from Africa. Nigerian gangs have established partnerships with indigenous organised crime groups
605:
have identified
Nigerian organised crime gangs as being responsible for trafficking children from Nigeria to Ireland for work in the sex trade. Nigerian gangs are also involved in the cannabis trade, using contacts in South Africa to smuggle the drugs into Ireland via couriers and through parcels, as
356:
Apart from the atrocities in the orbit of NBM, most members of the confraternity are involved in fraud and cyber crime. The main reason to join the confraternity is (besides the pressure and intimidation that is applied to students to join) the fact that the confraternity has infiltrated all spheres
340:
is a "registered non-partisan, non-religious and non-tribal organisation that sincerely seek to revive, retain and modify where necessary those aspects of
African culture that would provide vehicles of progress for Africa and her peoples". Nonetheless, law enforcement officials who have investigated
293:
One of the methods Area Boys use for extortion is to surround pedestrians, drivers, and passengers in vehicles, which are stuck in traffic, and force them to pay for some actual or fictitious service before letting them go. To aid in collecting money during traffic jams, the area boys place nails in
364:
In 2011, eight more members of NBM were arrested in Italy for the same offences mentioned above. They are referred to as an international criminal organisation and
Nigerian Mafia. According to internal documents, the confraternity helps members to immigrate illegally to Europe. Nigerian fraud rings
352:
are well-known, very little is known about other activities of the Neo Black
Movement. Offiong claims that the group's initial goal of promoting Black Consciousness and fighting for the dignity of Africans and their freedom from neo-colonialism has deteriorated into self-serving behaviour that is
306:, etc.) either as occasional users or addicts, or as peddlers." Of 77 respondents to a survey, 12.2% dealt drugs, while 60.3% were addicts themselves. Sale of drugs takes place both in Nigeria and abroad, and sales abroad have earned a small percentage of the sellers significant amounts of money.
360:
Investigations and a number of arrests of members of NBM by the
Italian police brought to light various crimes committed by members of NBM. NBM and other cults were found guilty of smuggling drugs, extortion, fraud, prostitution, passport falsification, credit card cloning, and various forms of
453:
Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons including forced labour and forced prostitution. There is a huge menace of
Kidnappings on Northern Highways as well as allover Nigeria, claims to be from Fulani Bandits. Trafficked
501:(ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry – are also forced to work in Nigeria, and some are subjected to hazardous jobs in Nigeria's granite mines. Nigerian women and girls are taken to Europe, especially to Italy and Russia, and to the Middle East and North Africa, for forced prostitution.
430:
In the United States, Nigerian drug traffickers are important distributors of heroin, from importing it into the country to distribution level and selling it to lower-level street gangs. These criminal groups are also known to launder drug money through domestic football clubs in the
536:
became aware of the presence of the Black Axe gang in 2013. The gang exerts influence over Canada's
Nigerian expatriate community and is predominantly involved in scamming. Authorities estimate the Black Axe's membership in the country at approximately two-hundred.
232:-type model followed by other groups. They appear to be less formal and more organised along familial and ethnic lines, thus making them less susceptible by infiltration from law enforcement. Police investigations are further hampered by the fact there are at least
1001:"Refworld | Nigeria: The Black Axe confraternity, also known as the Neo-Black Movement of Africa, including their rituals, oaths of secrecy, and use of symbols or particular signs; whether they use force to recruit individuals (2009-November 2012)"
701:
Nigerian drug trafficking organisations began operating in
Thailand as early as the late 1980s, using the nation as a base for trafficking heroin to other Asian countries, such as Hong Kong and Taiwan, and then onward to the United States and Europe.
454:
Nigerian women and children are recruited from rural areas within
Nigeria - women and girls for involuntary domestic servitude and sexual exploitation, and boys for forced labour in street vending, domestic servitude, mining, and begging.
1055:
2323:
2093:
755:
Lazarus, S., Olaigbe, O., Adeduntan, A., Dibiana, E. T., & Okolorie, G. U. (2023). Cheques or Dating Scams? Online Fraud Themes in Hip-Hop Songs Across Popular Music Apps. Journal of Economic Criminology. 100033.
742:
Lazarus, S., Olaigbe, O., Adeduntan, A., Dibiana, E. T., & Okolorie, G. U. (2023). Cheques or Dating Scams? Online Fraud Themes in Hip-Hop Songs Across Popular Music Apps. Journal of Economic Criminology. 100033.
2238:
1473:
2078:
2098:
1163:
Lazarus, S., & Okolorie, G. U. (2019). The bifurcation of the Nigerian cybercriminals: Narratives of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) agents. Telematics and Informatics, 40, 14-26.
1056:
http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-07-0-000-09-Web/T%20&%20T-07-1-000-09-Abst-PDF/T&T-07-1-017-09-175-Egbochuku-E-O/T&T-07-1-017-09-175-Egbochuku-E-O-Tt.pdf
2349:
2113:
2396:
2392:
1350:
1066:
Lazarus, S. (2024). Cybercriminal Networks and Operational Dynamics of Business Email Compromise (BEC) Scammers: Insights from the “Black Axe” Confraternity. Deviant Behavior, 1–25.
685:
in Johannesburg was a stronghold for the Nigerian mafia for many years. After arriving in Cape Town, Nigerian syndicates operated drug and prostitution rackets in the affluent suburb of
2153:
2388:
2263:
2253:
2058:
2268:
2158:
2088:
2328:
2248:
2213:
2198:
2183:
2138:
2073:
2379:
2203:
625:
and have adopted the structure and operational methods of Italian crime syndicates. The Nigerian mafia pays tribute (a percentage of its profits from criminal rackets) to the
1385:
1254:
Ibrahim, S. (2016). Social and contextual taxonomy of cybercrime: Socioeconomic theory of Nigerian cybercriminals. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 47, 44-57.
1025:
Ibrahim, S. (2016). "Causes of socioeconomic cybercrime in Nigeria," In IEEE International Conference on Cybercrime and Computer Forensic (ICCCF), Vancouver, Canada, pp. 1-9,
2303:
2278:
2128:
2123:
2103:
2068:
2053:
365:
have been exported to Europe, America, and Asia (see external links section). In 2015 a sophisticated car theft ring run by the Black Axe organised crime ring was busted in
357:
of Nigerian society and serves the main purpose of helping its members climb the career ladder and going unpunished for their crimes by means of their nepotistic structure.
2375:
2366:
2357:
2288:
2258:
2243:
2218:
2208:
2173:
2168:
2118:
2063:
2038:
2298:
2293:
2233:
2188:
2148:
2043:
835:
Simon Heap,"Their Days are Spent in Gambling and Loafing, Pimping for Prostitutes, and Picking Pockets": Male Juvenile Delinquents on Lagos Island, Nigeria, 1920s-60s’,
545:
The Nigerian mafia in France is involved in the sex trafficking of Nigerian women and girls, as well as heroin trafficking, in which they have collaborated with Chinese
806:
2353:
2273:
2223:
2178:
2163:
2143:
2133:
2108:
2048:
1492:
2283:
2193:
2083:
186:
1000:
1688:
1292:
1733:
1113:
1634:
1829:
1642:
1683:
854:
1788:
681:. Nigerians were initially involved in the crack cocaine trade, before moving into powder cocaine after establishing contacts in South America.
197:
1438:
1420:
689:
before they were forced out by the police and neighbourhood watch. They subsequently moved onto the city's northern suburbs and dominate the
1138:
1322:
1662:
963:
341:
members in recent years, for example in Canada, the UK and Italy are convinced that the movement has strayed far from its original path.
105:
58:
633:. In Palermo, a group of drug dealers linked to the Neo-Black Movement were convicted as members of a "mafialike organization" in 2018.
557:
The Nigerian mafia is responsible for the smuggling and pimping of the majority of the African women working as prostitutes in Germany.
77:
17:
840:
1927:
498:
1673:
1226:
1698:
1528:
84:
1782:
1708:
1078:
2017:
348:, the Black Axe confraternity. NBM usually state that they are not identical with Black Axe for propaganda purposes. While the
2427:
1822:
1650:
1605:
1509:
814:
1856:
1728:
1368:
91:
1876:
1334:
583:
provides an entry point of South American cocaine for Nigerian traffickers, who have come into conflict with Indian gangs.
2422:
711:
412:
349:
1621:
1403:
73:
1678:
1568:
1564:
1210:
905:
783:
328:
often claim to be entirely unrelated to Black Axe in public statements, however the symbol is shown on their posters.
215:
124:
1718:
1815:
1310:
1922:
1457:
1189:
1176:
510:
423:
from South America to Europe and South Africa. The large numbers of ethnic Nigerians in countries like India and
62:
353:"notoriously and brutally violent". He maintains that violence has in fact become the cult's official policy.
1866:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
448:
333:
325:
236:
in Nigeria. Other criminal gangs from Nigeria appear to be smaller-scale freelance operations. Groups from
1738:
665:
Nigerian organised crime groups established roots in South Africa in the mid-1990s following the end of
98:
2010:
1979:
1948:
1090:
862:
345:
315:
1723:
1351:
Ruthless and organised, Nigerians have become the biggest players in India's market for hard narcotics
369:, Canada. The ring had stolen more than 500 luxury cars in one year, valued at 30 million US dollars.
1861:
1004:
193:
1742:
1232:
1267:
190:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1974:
1943:
1838:
1461:
897:
546:
51:
1917:
497:, for the same purposes. Children from West African states like Benin, Togo, and Ghana – where
432:
1713:
885:
2003:
1969:
290:, act as informal security guards, and perform other "odd jobs" in return for compensation.
1703:
1546:
1442:
1373:
592:
344:
Behind the welfare facade of the Neo Black Movement hides indeed the most dreaded Nigerian
332:
Highly organised Nigerian confraternities/campus gangs operate worldwide. For example, the
287:
233:
162:
of the world's economies and the high level of lawlessness and corruption in the country.
372:
According to the police, the Nigerians are increasing their alliances with the Neapolitan
8:
1964:
1896:
1478:
769:
527:
380:, the alliances are most regarded to prostitution, drugs and human trafficking business.
1439:
In a ruined city on the Italian coast, the Nigerian mafia is muscling in on the old mob
1297:
642:
615:
580:
566:
1773:
1754:
1493:""The Black Axe" - investigation on the Neo-Black Movement´s international activities"
1193:
1984:
1807:
1646:
1617:
1601:
1580:
1425:
1206:
964:""The Black Axe" - invstigation on the Neo-Black Movement´s international activities"
901:
400:
241:
1663:"The Black Axe" - investigation on the Neo-Black Movement´s international activities
1386:
Crime gangs trafficking children from Nigeria to Ireland for sex trade, says Europol
894:
Identity Transformation and Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment in Nigeria
150:, bandits (such as looting and kidnappings on major highways), drug traffickers and
1901:
1638:
723:
394:
320:
294:
the road and dig up the streets. Among the Area Boys are both sellers and users of
147:
30:
1693:
1551:
1407:
1390:
621:
267:
139:
1067:
1514:
1338:
757:
744:
630:
377:
151:
1255:
2416:
1242:
1164:
1026:
598:
159:
1995:
1763:
1474:
A foreign mafia has come to Italy and further polarized the migration debate
1139:"Mafia nigeriana sempre più potente, nasce l'asse con Cosa Nostra e camorra"
411:
Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping
670:
490:
436:
399:
An advance-fee scam is a form of fraud and one of the most common types of
295:
1748:
1355:
998:
458:
279:
271:
494:
237:
690:
686:
674:
666:
303:
283:
253:
40:
1776:
1766:
1757:
1091:"GTA luxury vehicle thefts linked to Nigerian crime ring Black Axe"
682:
654:
466:
427:
give their gangs ready access to around 90% of the world's heroin.
424:
416:
155:
1453:
1451:
158:
criminal gangs rose to prominence in the 1980s, owing much to the
1842:
1241:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
626:
602:
533:
420:
373:
366:
299:
143:
942:
571:
Nigerians are among the major players in the narcotics trade in
1448:
678:
649:
647:
The Nigerian mafia in Tokyo engages in heroin dealing with the
576:
1739:"Nigeria's Cults and their Role in the Niger Delta Insurgency"
516:
1003:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Archived from
486:
478:
470:
462:
286:
money from passers-by, public transporters and traders, sell
275:
229:
1598:
This Present Darkness: A History of Nigerian Organised Crime
1370:
Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime, Volume 1
1114:"GTA Sophisticated car theft ring targeting luxury vehicles"
861:. Koinonia International. IRIN. 14 July 2005. Archived from
457:
Nigerian women and children are taken from Nigeria to other
228:
Crime organisations in Nigeria, typically do not follow the
620:
The Nigerian mafia has a strong presence throughout Italy.
482:
474:
263:
187:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1674:
Video: African Prostitution In Europe, Nigerian Connection
1667:
1335:
How the 'Nigerian mafia' exploits African women in Europe
572:
1421:
Nigerian gang linked to €15m fraud target of Garda raids
1616:. Enugu, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd.
987:
855:"Area Boys -- a growing menace on the streets of Lagos"
1837:
1293:
Shadowy Black Axe group leaves trail of tattered lives
1789:"Black Axe utmanade maffian – nu på plats i Göteborg"
1079:
Arresti in Campania per Black Axe, la mafia nigeriana
442:
435:, and are rumoured to make additional money through
361:
cybercrime such as Business Email Compromise (BEC).
274:, composed mostly of males, who roam the streets of
65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1583:Jennifer L. Patin, ThailandRoad.com (25 July 2012)
2414:
1325:Directorate-General for Internal Policies (2011)
849:
847:
1581:Nigerians in Thailand: Two Sides to Every Story
999:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
597:Nigerian dealers are credited with introducing
1614:Secret Cults in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions
1311:The Nigerian human trafficking mafia in Europe
784:"The Nigerian Connection - People & Power"
2025:
2011:
1823:
1207:National Drug Threat Assessment 2009 - Heroin
1194:Organized Crime: African Criminal Enterprises
1068:https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2024.2352049
844:
606:well as in fraud and money laundering rings.
1111:
781:
758:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100033
745:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100033
1404:Woman jailed for importing cannabis from SA
1323:Asian organized crime in the European Union
1256:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.07.002
928:
926:
798:
517:Nigerian organised crime in other countries
350:atrocities committed by campus cult members
154:, which have spread across Western Africa.
2018:
2004:
1830:
1816:
1751:: Nigerian 419 Scams—an practical overview
1547:Japan's Nigerians pay price for prosperity
1510:‘Nigerian Mafia’ running wild in Kabukicho
1165:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.04.009
1027:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCF.2016.7740439
298:. A study states "most of them use drugs (
1529:"Trying to tame Tokyo's adult playground"
1313:Bob Koigi, Fairplanet.org (18 March 2020)
499:Economic Community of West African States
461:and Central African countries, primarily
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
1565:The Nigerian drug mafia - in your suburb
1353:Sandeep Unnithan and Bhavna Vij-Aurora,
923:
319:
1684:Nigerian fraud rings in the Netherlands
1611:
877:
14:
2415:
1221:
1219:
1213:, December 208. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
804:
1999:
1811:
1600:. London: Hurst & Company, 2016.
883:
1441:Emma Alberici and Giulia Sirignani,
1337:Jan-Philipp Scholz and Andrea Lueg,
1093:. CBC News Toronto. 11 December 2015
169:
63:adding citations to reliable sources
34:
1476:Chico Harlan and Stefano Pitrelli,
1260:
1216:
712:Obafemi Awolowo University massacre
406:
24:
1774:"Anger Over Nigeria's Gang Blitz".
1764:"UK Police in Nigerian Scam Haul".
1755:"Fraud Ring Uncovered in Nigeria".
1699:Nigerian fraud ring in Los Angeles
1590:
1228:Trafficking in Persons Report 2010
439:activity within football matches.
309:
25:
2439:
1679:Women trafficking from Benin City
1656:
1274:. Federal Bureau of Investigation
1211:National Drug Intelligence Center
443:Human trafficking and kidnappings
2324:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2094:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1236:
1112:Ross, Selena (17 January 2016).
174:
39:
1923:LGBT rights in Northern Nigeria
1574:
1558:
1539:
1521:
1503:
1485:
1467:
1458:Migration of the Nigerian mafia
1432:
1414:
1397:
1379:
1362:
1344:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1286:
1248:
1199:
1190:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1183:
1169:
1157:
1131:
1105:
1083:
1072:
1060:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1019:
992:
981:
956:
935:
772:". AmericanMafia.com, May 2006.
660:
601:to Ireland in the early 2000s.
50:needs additional citations for
1928:Recognition of same-sex unions
1694:Nigerian fraud ring in the USA
1641:and Claudio Naccari, éditions
1497:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1268:"African Criminal Enterprises"
968:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
914:
829:
813:. Freedom Hall. Archived from
807:"Area Boys: Menace to Society"
775:
762:
749:
736:
13:
1:
729:
383:
240:are especially notorious for
234:250 distinct ethnic languages
2428:Student societies in Nigeria
1689:Nigerian fraud ring in Spain
1145:(in Italian). 2 January 2019
449:Human trafficking in Nigeria
338:Neo Black Movement of Africa
334:Neo Black Movement of Africa
247:
165:
74:"Organised crime in Nigeria"
7:
1612:Offiong, Daniel A. (2001).
892:. In Jega, Attahiru (ed.).
805:Ngwobo, Chris (July 2004).
705:
696:
669:, and operate primarily in
413:heroin from Asian countries
10:
2444:
2423:Organized crime in Nigeria
1555:, 19 July 2011, pp. 10-11.
640:
613:
590:
586:
564:
552:
525:
446:
392:
316:Confraternities in Nigeria
313:
251:
28:
18:Organized crime in Nigeria
2337:
2312:
2031:
2026:Organised crime in Africa
1957:
1936:
1910:
1877:Female genital mutilation
1849:
837:Journal of Family History
540:
521:
504:
258:Area Boys (also known as
2079:Central African Republic
1743:The Jamestown Foundation
1734:nigerianobservernews.com
1233:U.S. Department of State
884:Momoh, Abubakar (2000).
770:Defining Organized Crime
636:
609:
560:
388:
336:. In its own words, the
262:) are loosely organised
1839:Human rights violations
1741:by Bestman Wellington,
1462:University of Cape Town
898:Nordic Africa Institute
146:includes activities by
1918:LGBT rights in Nigeria
943:"NBM official website"
839:, 35(1), 2010, 48-70;
433:Nigeria Premier League
329:
196:by rewriting it in an
2239:São Tomé and Príncipe
2099:Republic of the Congo
447:Further information:
393:Further information:
323:
314:Further information:
252:Further information:
1374:Lawrence M. Salinger
886:"Yoruba Culture and
817:on 27 September 2007
593:Nigerians in Ireland
59:improve this article
2314:States with limited
1760:, 6 September 2007.
1479:The Washington Post
1177:"Advance Fee Scams"
1037:Offiong 2003, 69–70
1007:on 26 February 2014
528:Nigerians in Canada
1867:Child sexual abuse
1569:Independent Online
1535:. 26 January 2010.
1429:(7 September 2018)
1359:(30 November 1999)
1341:(25 December 2019)
1301:(12 November 2015)
1298:The Globe and Mail
1118:The Globe and Mail
811:This Present House
782:People and Power.
643:Nigerians in Japan
616:Nigerians in Italy
567:Nigerians in India
549:and other groups.
330:
326:Neo Black Movement
198:encyclopedic style
185:is written like a
2410:
2409:
2341:other territories
2114:Equatorial Guinea
1993:
1992:
1892:Human trafficking
1887:Girl child labour
1882:Gender inequality
1872:Domestic violence
1779:, 4 October 2007.
1769:, 4 October 2007.
1651:978-2-35910-356-4
1631:419 African Mafia
1606:978-0-19-049431-5
1571:(15 October 2003)
1545:Richard, Dreux, "
1533:Los Angeles Times
1518:(29 January 2014)
1499:. 17 August 2020.
1426:Irish Independent
1394:(19 October 2018)
1388:Conor Gallagher,
768:La Sorte, Mike. "
509:According to the
401:confidence tricks
282:in Nigeria. They
242:human trafficking
226:
225:
218:
135:
134:
127:
109:
16:(Redirected from
2435:
2402:
2401:(United Kingdom)
2397:Tristan da Cunha
2393:Ascension Island
2385:
2372:
2363:
2339:Dependencies and
2032:Sovereign states
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1793:Göteborgs-Posten
1729:nigerianmuse.com
1670:Official Website
1639:Lelio Bonaccorso
1633:, in French, by
1627:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1471:
1465:
1460:Carla Bernardo,
1455:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1418:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1348:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1235:(14 June 2010).
1223:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1143:Affaritaliani.it
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1046:Offiong 2003, 70
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
996:
990:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
939:
933:
930:
921:
918:
912:
911:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
851:
842:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
779:
773:
766:
760:
753:
747:
740:
724:Crime in Nigeria
407:Drug trafficking
395:Advance-fee scam
221:
214:
210:
207:
201:
178:
177:
170:
130:
123:
119:
116:
110:
108:
67:
43:
35:
31:Crime in Nigeria
21:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2383:
2370:
2361:
2342:
2340:
2333:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2027:
2024:
1994:
1989:
1980:Organized crime
1953:
1949:Confraternities
1932:
1906:
1845:
1836:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1783:articolotre.com
1714:campuscults.net
1659:
1643:Ankama Editions
1624:
1596:Stephen Ellis:
1593:
1591:Further reading
1588:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1552:The Japan Times
1544:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1512:Amy Takahashi,
1508:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1472:
1468:
1456:
1449:
1445:(16 March 2020)
1437:
1433:
1419:
1415:
1411:(23 April 1999)
1408:The Irish Times
1402:
1398:
1391:The Irish Times
1384:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1237:
1224:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
997:
993:
986:
982:
972:
970:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
941:
940:
936:
931:
924:
919:
915:
908:
900:. p. 184.
882:
878:
868:
866:
853:
852:
845:
834:
830:
820:
818:
803:
799:
789:
787:
780:
776:
767:
763:
754:
750:
741:
737:
732:
708:
699:
663:
645:
639:
622:Castel Volturno
618:
612:
595:
589:
579:. The coast of
569:
563:
555:
543:
530:
524:
519:
507:
451:
445:
409:
397:
391:
386:
318:
312:
310:Confraternities
268:street children
256:
250:
222:
211:
205:
202:
194:help improve it
191:
179:
175:
168:
140:Organised crime
131:
120:
114:
111:
68:
66:
56:
44:
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2386:
2373:
2364:
2350:Canary Islands
2346:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1937:Towards others
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Child marriage
1859:
1857:Baby factories
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:. 22 July 2019
1785:
1780:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1724:naijagists.com
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:newsrescue.com
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1657:External links
1655:
1654:
1653:
1628:
1623:978-9781565922
1622:
1609:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1557:
1538:
1520:
1515:Tokyo Reporter
1502:
1484:
1482:(25 June 2019)
1466:
1447:
1431:
1413:
1396:
1378:
1361:
1343:
1339:Deutsche Welle
1327:
1315:
1303:
1285:
1259:
1247:
1215:
1198:
1182:
1168:
1156:
1130:
1104:
1082:
1071:
1059:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1018:
991:
980:
955:
934:
922:
913:
906:
876:
865:on 19 May 2007
859:NEWSfromAFRICA
843:
828:
797:
774:
761:
748:
734:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
715:
714:
707:
704:
698:
695:
662:
659:
638:
635:
631:Sicilian Mafia
611:
608:
588:
585:
562:
559:
554:
551:
542:
539:
523:
520:
518:
515:
506:
503:
444:
441:
415:to Europe and
408:
405:
390:
387:
385:
382:
378:Sicilian Mafia
311:
308:
249:
246:
224:
223:
182:
180:
173:
167:
164:
133:
132:
47:
45:
38:
29:Main article:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2440:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Guinea-Bissau
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:Towards women
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1745:, 6 July 2007
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:/wikisozo.com
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:Loulou Dédola
1632:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1464:(16 May 2017)
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1295:Selena Ross,
1294:
1289:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1243:public domain
1234:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1006:
1002:
995:
989:
984:
969:
965:
959:
944:
938:
932:Momoh, p. 195
929:
927:
920:Momoh, p. 193
917:
909:
907:91-7106-456-7
903:
899:
895:
891:
889:
880:
864:
860:
856:
850:
848:
841:
838:
832:
816:
812:
808:
801:
785:
778:
771:
765:
759:
752:
746:
739:
735:
725:
722:
721:
720:
719:
713:
710:
709:
703:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
658:
656:
652:
651:
644:
634:
632:
628:
623:
617:
607:
604:
600:
599:crack cocaine
594:
584:
582:
578:
574:
568:
558:
550:
548:
538:
535:
529:
514:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
450:
440:
438:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
404:
402:
396:
381:
379:
375:
370:
368:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
342:
339:
335:
327:
322:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
296:illegal drugs
291:
289:
288:illegal drugs
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
255:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
220:
217:
209:
199:
195:
189:
188:
183:This article
181:
172:
171:
163:
161:
160:globalisation
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
126:
118:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76: –
75:
71:
70:Find sources:
64:
60:
54:
53:
48:This article
46:
42:
37:
36:
32:
27:
19:
2389:Saint Helena
2360:
2264:South Africa
2254:Sierra Leone
2228:
2059:Burkina Faso
1975:Demographics
1944:Child labour
1911:Towards LGBT
1797:. Retrieved
1792:
1772:Last, Alex.
1668:nbmarena.com
1630:
1613:
1597:
1576:
1567:Anil Singh,
1560:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1477:
1469:
1434:
1424:
1416:
1406:
1399:
1389:
1381:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1346:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1296:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1250:
1227:
1201:
1185:
1171:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1085:
1074:
1062:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:the original
994:
988:nbmarena.org
983:
971:. Retrieved
967:
958:
946:. Retrieved
937:
916:
893:
887:
879:
867:. Retrieved
863:the original
858:
836:
831:
819:. Retrieved
815:the original
810:
800:
788:. Retrieved
786:. Al Jazeera
777:
764:
751:
738:
717:
716:
700:
671:Johannesburg
664:
661:South Africa
648:
646:
619:
596:
570:
556:
544:
531:
508:
491:Burkina Faso
456:
452:
437:match fixing
429:
410:
398:
371:
363:
359:
355:
343:
337:
331:
292:
259:
257:
227:
212:
203:
184:
138:
136:
121:
115:October 2015
112:
102:
95:
88:
81:
69:
57:Please help
52:verification
49:
26:
2316:recognition
2269:South Sudan
2159:Ivory Coast
1356:India Today
1225:"Nigeria".
346:campus cult
280:Lagos State
2417:Categories
2371:(Portugal)
2329:Somaliland
2249:Seychelles
2214:Mozambique
2199:Mauritania
2184:Madagascar
2139:The Gambia
2074:Cape Verde
1970:Corruption
1278:15 October
1149:31 October
1123:18 January
1097:18 January
730:References
641:See also:
614:See also:
591:See also:
565:See also:
532:Police in
526:See also:
495:the Gambia
384:Activities
302:, heroin,
238:Benin City
152:racketeers
148:fraudsters
85:newspapers
2204:Mauritius
1749:419 Scams
1719:unhcr.org
1423:Ken Foy,
973:17 August
948:17 August
890:in Lagos"
888:Area Boys
691:Milnerton
687:Sea Point
675:Cape Town
667:apartheid
581:north Goa
304:marijuana
272:teenagers
254:Area boys
248:Area Boys
206:June 2022
166:Structure
2395: /
2391: /
2384:(France)
2378: /
2356: /
2352: /
2304:Zimbabwe
2279:Tanzania
2129:Ethiopia
2124:Eswatini
2104:Djibouti
2069:Cameroon
2054:Botswana
1965:Abortion
1958:See also
1897:Polygamy
1777:BBC News
1767:BBC News
1758:BBC News
1645:, 2014,
1443:ABC News
1011:17 April
790:17 April
718:General:
706:See also
697:Thailand
683:Hillbrow
655:Roppongi
467:Cameroon
425:Thailand
376:and the
156:Nigerian
2380:Réunion
2376:Mayotte
2367:Madeira
2362:(Spain)
2358:Melilla
2289:Tunisia
2259:Somalia
2244:Senegal
2229:Nigeria
2219:Namibia
2209:Morocco
2174:Liberia
2169:Lesotho
2119:Eritrea
2089:Comoros
2064:Burundi
2039:Algeria
1843:Nigeria
1799:22 July
869:3 March
821:4 March
627:Camorra
603:Europol
587:Ireland
553:Germany
534:Toronto
421:cocaine
417:America
374:Camorra
367:Toronto
300:cocaine
260:Agberos
192:Please
144:Nigeria
99:scholar
2399:
2382:
2369:
2299:Zambia
2294:Uganda
2234:Rwanda
2189:Malawi
2149:Guinea
2044:Angola
1985:Sharia
1649:
1620:
1604:
1376:(2005)
904:
693:area.
679:Durban
650:yakuza
577:Mumbai
547:triads
541:France
522:Canada
505:Impact
493:, and
419:; and
284:extort
101:
94:
87:
80:
72:
2354:Ceuta
2274:Sudan
2224:Niger
2179:Libya
2164:Kenya
2144:Ghana
2134:Gabon
2109:Egypt
2049:Benin
1902:Women
637:Japan
610:Italy
561:India
487:Niger
479:Benin
471:Ghana
463:Gabon
389:Fraud
276:Lagos
264:gangs
230:mafia
106:JSTOR
92:books
2284:Togo
2194:Mali
2084:Chad
1801:2019
1647:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1280:2015
1151:2019
1125:2016
1099:2016
1013:2014
975:2020
950:2020
902:ISBN
871:2007
823:2007
792:2014
677:and
629:and
575:and
483:Togo
475:Chad
459:West
324:The
270:and
78:news
1841:in
1549:",
1272:FBI
1209:".
1192:. "
573:Goa
511:FBI
266:of
142:in
61:by
2419::
1791:.
1637:,
1531:.
1495:.
1450:^
1270:.
1231:.
1218:^
1196:".
1141:.
1116:.
966:.
925:^
896:.
857:.
846:^
809:.
673:,
657:.
489:,
485:,
481:,
477:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
278:,
244:.
2019:e
2012:t
2005:v
1831:e
1824:t
1817:v
1803:.
1626:.
1608:.
1282:.
1245:.
1205:"
1179:.
1153:.
1127:.
1101:.
1015:.
977:.
952:.
910:.
873:.
825:.
794:.
219:)
213:(
208:)
204:(
200:.
128:)
122:(
117:)
113:(
103:·
96:·
89:·
82:·
55:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
