1251:
1260:
1242:
1233:
1417:
1697:
1635:
2001:
1219:, who had largely lost their military effectiveness. Selim closely followed Western military forms. It would be expensive for a new army, so a new treasury was established . The result was the Porte now had an efficient, European-trained army equipped with modern weapons. However it had fewer than 10,000 soldiers in an era when Western armies were ten to fifty times larger. Furthermore, the Sultan was upsetting the well-established traditional political powers. As a result, it was rarely used, apart from its use against Napoleon's expeditionary force at Gaza and Rosetta. The new army was dissolved by reactionary elements with the overthrow of Selim in 1807, but it became the model of the new Ottoman Army created later in the 19th century.
326:
2267:
133:
1562:
1391:'s reign. The two largest military reforms were the effective practices of indoctrination and surveillance, which dramatically changed the way the military was both conducted by the leadership and also perceived by the rest of society. New military law codes resulted in isolation, extreme surveillance, and severe punishments to enforce obedience. The Pasha's goal was to create a high regard for the law and strict obedience stemming from sincere want. This shift from direct control by bodily punishment to indirect control through strict law enforcement aimed to make the soldiers' lives predictable, thus creating a more manageable military for the Pasha.
1586:
206:
174:
1574:
1100:
1917:. The history of Ottoman military aviation dates back to June 1909 or July 1911 depending if active duty assignment is accepted as the establishment. The organisation is sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Air Force. According to Edward J. Erickson, the very term Ottoman Air Force is a gross exaggeration and the term Osmanlı Hava Kuvvetleri (Ottoman Air Force) unfortunately is often repeated in contemporary Turkish sources. The fleet size reached its greatest in December 1916, when the Ottoman aviation squadrons had 90 airplanes. The Aviation Squadrons were reorganized as the "General Inspectorate of Air Forces" (
1983:
1550:
253:
185:
1709:
1534:(1826–1858) and finally Abdulhamid II. Abdulhamid II, as early as 1880 sought, and two years later secured, German assistance, which culminated in the appointment of Lt. Col. Kohler. However. Although the consensus that Abdulhamid favored the modernization of the Ottoman army and the professionalization of the officer corps was fairly general, it seems that he neglected the military during the last fifteen years of his reign, and he also cut down the military budget. The formation of Ottoman Modern Army was a slow process with ups and downs.
1130:. The Janissary corps were originally made up of enslaved young Christian boys, generally from the western Balkans, who were forced to convert to Islam and were educated in military matters under the Ottoman Empire. During the 15th and 16th Centuries they became known as the most efficient and effective military unit in Europe. By 1570 born Muslims were accepted into the Janissaries corps and by the 17th century most would be born Muslims. According to Jason Goodwin in the 17th and 18th centuries most Janissaries were Muslim Albanians.
1882:
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1611:
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1959:
1971:
1814:
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differently primarily in that they got their income from the land that was given to them from the Sultan under the timariot system. Within these agricultural lands, the Sipahi were in charge of collecting the taxes which would serve as their salary. At the same time they were responsible for maintaining peace and order there. They were also expected to be able to serve in the military whenever the Sultan deemed their service necessary.
1458:
1290:
196:
1085:
1405:
1660:
1429:
35:
987:. The organization was twofold, central (Kapu Kulu) and peripheral (Eyalet). The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this Army was forced to disbandment by Sultan
1203:
The supply of
Ottoman forces operating in Moldavia and Wallachia was a major challenge that required well organized logistics. An army of 60,000 soldiers and 40,000 horses required a half-million kilograms of food per day. The Ottoman forces fared better than the Russians, but the expenses crippled
1133:
Aside from the
Janissary infantry, there was also the Sipahi Cavalry. They were, however, different from the Janissaries in that they had both military and administrative duties. The Janissaries were tied strictly to being able to perform military duties at any time, however the Sipahi were treated
1041:
in 1526, the
Janissaries equipped with 2000 muskets "formed 8 consecutive rows and they fired their weapons row by row," in a "kneeling or standing position without the need for additional support or rest." The Chinese attempted to adopted the Ottoman kneeling position for firing. In 1598, Chinese
2220:
commanded the different branches of the military services, for example: "azap agha", "besli agha", "janissary agha", for the commanders of azaps, beslis, and janissaries, respectively. This designation was given to commanders of smaller military units, too, for instance the "bölük agha", and the
1186:. He could only achieve limited success, however. Unfortunately it was almost impossible for him to divert soldiers from the regular army into the new units. The new ships and guns that made it into service were too few to have much of an influence on the Ottoman army and de Tott returned home.
2138:
in
Istanbul and lasted three months. The temporary course turned into a continuous education on land with the establishment of "Naval Mathematical College" in February 1776. With growing numbers of cadets, the college building at the naval shipyard was extended. On 22 October 1784 the college,
2065:
Marshal Ahmed Fevzi Pasha together with Mehmed Namık Pasha formed the academy in 1834 as the Mekteb-i
Harbiye (Ottoman Turkish: lit. "War School"), and the first class of officers graduated in 1841. This foundation occurred in the context of military reforms within the Ottoman Empire, which
1373:
army (Nizam-ı Cedid meaning New Order) in the late 18th century and early 19th century. This was the first serious attempt to transform the
Ottoman military forces into a modern army. However, the Nizam-ı Cedid was short lived, dissolving after the abdication of Selim III in 1807.
2971:(Yaya & Musellem) Yaya, light infantry, Musellem, light cavalry, over time they lost their original martial qualities and were employed only at such tasks as transportation or founding cannonballs. The organisation was totally abolished in 1582.
1518:
The main theme of this period is organizing and training the newly formed units. The change of French system to German system occurred as the German military mission was most effective during the period. The military units formed were used in the
907:. The adoption of the gunpowder weapons by the Ottomans was so rapid that they "preceded both their European and Middle Eastern adversaries in establishing centralized and permanent troops specialized in the manufacturing and handling of
930:, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world." The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing armies. The combination of artillery and
1193:
was scheduled to be sent to
Constantinople to help organize Ottoman artillery. He did not go, for just days before he was to embark for the Near East he proved himself useful to the Directory by putting down a Parisian mob at
4887:
911:." But it was their use of artillery shocked their adversaries and impelled the other two Islamic Gunpowder Empires to accelerate their weapons program. The Ottomans had artillery at least by the reign of
2040:(başıbozuk). These specialized in close combat and were sometimes mounted. Recruited from the homeless, vagrants and criminals, they became notorious for their undisciplined brutality.
995:. By the reign of Mahmud the second, the elite janissaries had become corrupt and always stood in the way of modernization efforts meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.
1377:
Sultan Mahmud II, Selim III's successor and nephew, who was a great reformer, disbanded the
Janissaries in 1826 with so-called known as "Vaka-ı Hayriye" (the auspicious incident).
711:
2879:
1250:
1259:
1350:
The main theme of this period is disbanding the
Janissary, which happened in 1826, and changing the military culture. The major event is "Vaka-ı Hayriye" translated as
4059:
Topal, Ali E. "The effects of German
Military Commission and Balkan wars on the reorganization and modernization of the Ottoman Army" (Naval Postgraduate School 2013)
1241:
1232:
4093:
2032:, was used in a number of different ways. They supported the supplies to the front-line, they dug roads and built bridges. On rare occasions they were used as
4894:
4250:
2899:
704:
2989:(Akıncı) light cavalry, the Akıncıs continued to serve until 1595 when after a major rout in Wallachia they were dissolved by Grand Vezir Koca Sinan Paşa.
4824:
1925:
on 30 October 1918, the Ottoman military aviation effectively came to an end. At the time of the armistice, the Ottoman military aviation had around 100
540:
4904:
4694:
81:
325:
4213:
4120:
1479:
1311:
697:
847:
for the most part, and only a few Turks were content to accept salaries in place of timars. Foreign mercenaries were not required to convert to
1010:
was designed and cast in bronze in 1464 by Munir Ali. The Dardanelles Gun was still present for duty more than 340 years later in 1807, when a
2135:
1749:
772:), the modernisation period covers the years between 1826 and 1858 and decline period covers the years between 1861 (enthronement of Sultan
4936:
4277:
1776:
2066:
recognized the need for more educated officers to modernize its army. The need for a new military order was part of the reforms of Sultan
2026:, and village had the duty to present a fully equipped conscript at the recruiting office. The new force of irregular infantrymen, called
5023:
4724:
335:
4829:
4287:
2180:
530:
5127:
4624:
4297:
2952:
1530:
The shift from Classical Army (1451–1606) took more than a century beginning from failed attempts of Selim III (1789) to a period of
5092:
4361:
915:
and used them in the sieges of Constantinople in 1399 and 1402. They finally proved their worth as siege engines in the successful
672:
2057:
in Istanbul was the Ottoman Empire's two-year military staff college, which aimed to educate staff officers for the Ottoman Army.
1416:
5250:
4433:
4272:
2942:
2886:, better known as the Gallipoli Star, was instituted by the Sultan Mehmed Reshad V on 1 March 1915 for gallantry in battle. The
2179:) and continued to operate in Kasımpaşa for 12 years. Then it was relocated in 1850 to Heybeliada for the last time. During the
2122:, a French officer and advisor to the Ottoman military, was appointed for the establishment of a course to provide education on
5176:
4968:
4956:
4873:
4555:
4428:
4292:
3467:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic
854:
The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century. Following that, other troop types began to appear, such as the regular
304:
2980:(Azab) light infantry, during the last quarter of the 16th century, the Azabs disappeared from the Ottoman documentary record.
5087:
4381:
3823:
3495:
Bowles, Edmund A. (2006). "The impact of Turkish military bands on European court festivals in the 17th and 18th centuries".
3412:
3204:
2947:
598:
257:
209:
2147:), started its three-year education courses in the new building. From 1795 on, the training was divided into navigation and
1150:
The Ottoman Empire made numerous efforts to recruit French experts for its modernization. The French officer and adventurer
4565:
4540:
4509:
4184:
2206:
1696:
959:
291:
17:
4351:
4172:
4113:
2000:
1745:
916:
667:
3295:
Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52.
5221:
5181:
5155:
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4597:
4245:
4050:
3998:
3942:
3858:
3603:
3479:
3437:
3385:
3257:
2017:
756:
can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the years between 1300 (Byzantine expedition) and 1453 (
685:
274:
4479:
4396:
4386:
4230:
4024:
3688:
3317:
3300:
1744:, the site of the first Ottoman naval shipyard and the nucleus of the future Navy. During its long existence, it was
1505:
1359:
1337:
888:
who threw explosives called khımbara and the soldiers who served the artillery with maintenance and powder supplies.
643:
1634:
1487:
1319:
4819:
3545:
Cleveland, William L & Martin Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East: 4th ed., Westview Press: 2009, p. 43
2898:
was created in January 1862 by Sultan Abdulaziz. This became the second highest order with the obsolescence of the
922:
The Ottoman military's regularized use of firearms proceeded ahead of the pace of their European counterparts. The
633:
3651:
1740:, was established in the early 14th century after the empire first expanded to reach the sea in 1323 by capturing
5117:
5082:
4988:
4946:
4240:
1764:
1171:
2266:
1601:
4941:
4767:
4314:
4106:
3952:
3312:
Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59, 179–181.
1483:
1381:
1315:
477:
2241:(Turkish for "soup server") was a commander of an orta (regiment), approximately corresponding to the rank of
975:, during his reorganization of the state and the military efforts. This is the major reorganization following
5214:
5160:
5010:
5000:
4494:
4282:
4137:
3353:
Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",
3927:
War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia
3012:"Dönemin Avusturya Die Neue Zeitung Gazetesi ne Göre Çanakkale Deniz Muharebesi (3 Kasım 1914–18 Mart 1915)"
1540:
1166:, creating cannon foundries, powder and musket factories and a military engineering school. Another officer
4778:
4560:
4309:
1561:
1447:
1151:
1026:, then fired them at the British ships. The British squadron suffered 28 casualties from this bombardment.
505:
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240:
178:
151:
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5150:
5132:
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4585:
2023:
132:
4845:
4150:
3471:
2111:
1949:
1906:
1900:
1753:
984:
757:
608:
603:
593:
588:
553:
205:
200:
2167:. In 1838 the naval school moved into its new building in Kasımpaşa. With the beginning (1839) of the
792:
The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a steppe-nomadic cavalry force. This was centralized by
4235:
638:
623:
613:
217:
2253:) today. In seafaring, the term was in use for the boss of a ship's crew, a role similar to that of
2119:
1167:
4993:
4752:
4741:
4223:
2927:
2172:
2140:
2092:
2054:
1650:
1585:
1531:
1468:
1363:
1300:
1279:
1204:
both national treasuries. Supplies on both sides came using fixed prices, taxes, and confiscation.
655:
455:
355:
60:
1573:
1147:
mechanism, which was not known to have been used in any European or Chinese firearms at the time.
5228:
4734:
4577:
3504:
1982:
1940:
1933:
1472:
1304:
1178:, and was instrumental in the creation of mobile artillery units. He built fortifications on the
1076:
628:
2022:
In 1389 the Ottomans introduced a system of military conscription. In times of need every town,
1099:
4802:
4403:
4189:
4165:
2191:
2130:. The course, attended also by civilian captains of the merchant marine, took place on board a
1834:
1549:
999:
964:
662:
583:
535:
77:
5048:
3960:
3582:
3465:
3371:
1037:
was later used in the production of firearms such as the musket from the 16th century. At the
4809:
4524:
4319:
3593:
3402:
2891:
2887:
2217:
1763:(Grand Admiral; literally "Captain Pasha"). This position was abolished in 1867, when it was
1388:
1183:
1054:
1015:
432:
3620:
565:
5033:
5018:
4762:
2932:
1791:
927:
781:
765:
650:
467:
3787:
Guild dynamics in seventeenth-century Istanbul: fluidity and leverage, Eunjeong Yi, p. 134
1215:" army to replace the inefficient and outmoded imperial army. The old system depended on
8:
4757:
4519:
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2184:
2152:
1922:
1351:
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3516:
3126:
3072:"Gümüşhane Sancağı: Askeri, İktisadi ve İdari Durum Üzerine Bazı Tespitler (1914–1918)"
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3200:
3178:
3130:
3052:
3037:
2895:
2883:
2306:
1819:
1790:
After the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Navy's tradition was continued under the
1708:
1042:
writer Zhao Shizhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets.
892:
760:), the classical period covers the years between 1451 (second enthronement of Sultan
3373:
Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to Medieval Society (1956)
1881:
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224:
5055:
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3508:
3224:
3153:
3116:
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3023:
2316:
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1780:
1768:
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525:
122:
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Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
3430:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
1958:
1370:
1369:
The failed efforts of a new system dates before 1826. Sultan Selim III formed the
5060:
4914:
4855:
4617:
4376:
3988:
1144:
1007:
935:
836:
417:
166:
3805:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik, p. 92, 1997
1182:
and started a naval science course that laid the foundation stone for the later
5122:
5075:
4129:
4008:
3918:
3880:
3646:
Stanford J. Shaw, "The Nizam – 1 Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III 1789–1807."
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2232:
2164:
2123:
1857:
1671:
1034:
926:
had initially been an infantry bodyguard using bows and arrows. By the time of
896:
741:
317:
233:
229:
3709:
Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm, Benjamin Lee Wren, p. 146
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5043:
4983:
4797:
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4455:
4423:
4413:
4408:
3893:
2919:
2377:
2325:
2274:
The system of ranks and insignia followed the patterns of the German Empire.
2033:
1760:
1387:
Egypt, as part of the empire, also underwent drastic military changes during
1212:
1050:
1046:
286:
189:
50:
4680:
3182:
1869:
1741:
1610:
4929:
4899:
4789:
4629:
4607:
4514:
4206:
4155:
4079:
4035:
From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389–1526
3955:(1993). "The Age of Gunpowder Empires, 1450–1800". In Adas, Michael (ed.).
3935:
Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485–91
3769:
History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 127
2364:
2335:
2331:
2312:
2302:
2238:
2160:
2078:
2037:
1914:
1910:
1804:
1733:
1727:
1163:
900:
812:
737:
518:
427:
269:
70:
3727:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik, p. 89
3633:
Virginia H. Aksan, "Feeding the Ottoman troops on the Danube, 1768–1774."
3121:
3104:
3028:
3011:
880:
773:
422:
4729:
4438:
4304:
3835:
History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, p. 129
3683:, "Appendix D The Ottoman Aviation Inspectorate and Aviation Squadrons",
3088:
3071:
2228:
2148:
2115:
2107:
1970:
1813:
1524:
1520:
1355:
1216:
1139:
923:
848:
844:
797:
350:
3901:
3512:
3105:"1828–1829 Türk-Rus Savaşı ve Bir Bürokratın Doğuşu: Mehmed Vecîhî Paşa"
3055:[Civil-Military Relations from the Ottoman Empire up to Today].
1622:
870:, literally "mounted artillery soldier"), similar to the later European
815:, armed with weapons like bows and spears. They were given fiefs called
345:
4978:
4602:
3228:
2373:
2127:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1006:
to batter the walls of the city, to the surprise of the defenders. The
947:
875:
377:
4445:
3968:
1851:
Silhouettes of the warships of the Ottoman Navy, as projected for 1914
1111:
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4746:
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3377:
3158:
3145:
2254:
2067:
1845:
1208:
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972:
931:
912:
904:
885:
855:
822:
761:
412:
4329:
3919:
Ordered to die: a history of the Ottoman army in the First World War
3681:
Ordered To Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War
3218:
2190:
After the demise of the Ottoman Empire the school renamed itself as
2091:
After the demise of the Ottoman Empire the school renamed itself as
1457:
1289:
1070:
4772:
4504:
4218:
3220:
The Yaya and Müsellem corps in the Ottoman Empire (Early centuries)
2289:
2282:
2168:
1937:
1930:
1828:
1659:
1175:
1155:
801:
482:
437:
4924:
4529:
3869:
The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present
1748:
and signed a number of maritime treaties. At its height, the Navy
768:), the reformation period covers the years between 1606 and 1826 (
4919:
4689:
4663:
4344:
4339:
4098:
3878:(April 2008). "The Armenians and Ottoman Military Policy, 1915".
2358:
2352:
2348:
2242:
2131:
1926:
1759:
For much of its history, the Navy was led by the position of the
1003:
980:
976:
908:
863:
832:
793:
392:
367:
4909:
3621:"History of Napoleon, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Etc"
1084:
5191:
4668:
4651:
4499:
3957:
Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order
2114:
founded a naval school under the name of "Naval Engineering at
2106:
The origin of the Naval Academy goes back to 1773, when Sultan
1404:
1090:
1030:
871:
442:
407:
397:
387:
382:
372:
362:
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Category:Military awards and decorations of the Ottoman Empire
2036:
to slow down an enemy advance. A branch of the Azabs were the
1687:
1159:
828:
817:
4088:
2183:, an upgraded education system was adapted in 1909 from the
1428:
4685:
3760:
2028:
979:
which organized a standing army paid by salary rather than
968:
402:
4043:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
3753:
3536:, ed. Cyril Glassé, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008, p. 129
3445:
3347:
3279:
3277:
903:. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder
862:, literally "foot artillery"); regular cavalry armed with
4067:
A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk
3816:
A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3404:
Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History
3197:
A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk
2902:. The Order of Osmanieh ranks below the Nişan-i Imtiyaz.
3175:
Foreign Influence on the Ottoman Turkish Army, 1880–1918
2231:
was a commander of a "bölük", equivalent to the rank of
3323:
3274:
1269:
1121:
3796:
The state at war in South Asia, Pradeep Barua, page 57
3730:
3712:
3548:
3335:
891:
The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic
3262:
1174:. He succeeded in having a new foundry built to make
1057:, performed by the Janissary since the 16th century.
967:
was the military structure and the founding and main
831:
organized a standing army paid by salary rather than
825:. In addition they acquired wealth during campaigns.
2909:
2101:
3842:
2894:was instituted in 1851 by Sultan Abdülmecid I. The
2882:collects the individual wards and decorations. The
1189:When they had requested French help in 1795, young
3959:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp.
2139:renamed the "Imperial Naval Engineering School" (
851:as long as they obeyed their Ottoman commanders.
76:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
5242:
3977:The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801–1922
3871:(1986 and other editions), passim and 1463–1464.
3150:History Studies International Journal of History
3109:History Studies International Journal of History
3076:History Studies International Journal of History
3016:History Studies International Journal of History
1384:was established, as a contemporary modern army.
1018:. Turkish forces loaded the ancient relics with
938:in 1444 against a force of Crusaders, and later
787:
3623:. John A.M. Duncanson – via Google Books.
3579:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
1126:The main theme of this period is reforming the
3675:
3673:
3053:"Osmanlı'dan Günümüze Ordu-Siyaset İlişkileri"
3010:Murzioğlu, Nazlı; Tuna, Ozan (1 August 2020).
2370:Birinci Ferik – commander of a corps (Kolordu)
1033:first appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465.
821:in the conquered lands, and were later called
4114:
3009:
1354:. The military units formed were used in the
953:
780:). The Ottoman army is the forerunner of the
705:
114:
734:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri
116:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri
3670:
3618:
2890:was first granted by Sultan Abdulhamid II.
2060:
2048:
1921:) on 29 July 1918. With the signing of the
1486:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1318:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4121:
4107:
3808:
3457:
3432:, Cambridge University Press, p. 24,
3146:"Osmanlı Türkiyesinde Eşkiyalık Faaliyetl"
2221:"ocak agha", the commanders of a "bölük" (
1441:
1154:(1675–1747) went in the service of Sultan
712:
698:
131:
4040:
3853:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3283:
3172:
3157:
3120:
3087:
3027:
2953:List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
2873:
2171:, the school was renamed "Naval School" (
1506:Learn how and when to remove this message
1338:Learn how and when to remove this message
983:or fiefs. This army was the force during
3874:
3189:
2265:
1999:
1943:(4 planes each); totalling 80 aircraft.
4069:(Pleager Security International, 2009).
4007:
3986:
3951:
3848:
3619:Lehmanowsky, John Jacob (5 June 1832).
3554:
3463:
3451:
3427:
3341:
3268:
3143:
2943:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
1172:reform efforts for the Ottoman military
1002:in 1453, the Ottomans had large enough
14:
5243:
3932:
3867:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy.
3665:Armies of the Ottoman Empire 1775–1820
3494:
3369:
3329:
3216:
3102:
2270:Rank insignia for officers in the army
1143:described Ottoman muskets that used a
4102:
4094:History of the Ottoman Military Music
4065:Uyar, Mesut, and Edward J. Erickson.
3400:
3250:Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774
3069:
3050:
2948:Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)
2225:) and an "ocak" (troop) respectively.
210:Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)
3144:Demirci, Süleyman (1 January 2012).
2410:(Total) Timarli Sipahi & Cebelu
2207:Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire
2176:
2144:
1919:Kuva-yı Havaiye Müfettiş-i Umumiliği
1909:were military aviation units of the
1484:adding citations to reliable sources
1451:
1316:adding citations to reliable sources
1283:
1270:Efforts for a new system (1826–1858)
1122:Reform on Classical Army (1606–1826)
991:on 15 June 1826 by what is known as
960:Army of the classical Ottoman Empire
843:s. The force was made up by foreign
292:Military ranks of the Ottoman Empire
28:
4080:"Turkey Prepares for War 1913–1914"
4013:Science & Civilisation in China
3103:Saydam, Abdullah (31 August 2019).
2425:Fortress guards, Martalos and Navy
1225:Units of Reform efforts (1606–1826)
1162:, and endeavoured to modernize the
835:or fiefs. The infantry were called
24:
4546:(reform and constitutional period)
4128:
3818:, Pleager Security International,
3199:, Pleager Security International,
2355:) – commander of a regiment (alay)
2328:(Senior Captain or Adjutant Major)
2018:Conscription in the Ottoman Empire
1397:Units of Modernization (1826–1858)
66:for transliterated languages, and
46:of its non-English content, using
25:
5262:
4434:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
4397:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
4073:
3173:MacGarity, James Madizon (1968).
2714:44,404 (1607) 50,000 est. (1609)
2390:Ottoman Army Strength, 1299–1826
2367:– commander of a division (firka)
2102:Imperial Naval Engineering School
1863:Naval Commissioned Officers (WW1)
1105:Head cook of a Janissary regiment
1014:force appeared and commenced the
4429:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
4045:. Philadelphia: Westview Press.
3843:Bibliography and further reading
3814:Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson,
3195:Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson,
2912:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1827:
1812:
1707:
1695:
1670:
1658:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1456:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1288:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1110:
1098:
1083:
1069:
324:
251:
204:
194:
183:
172:
33:
4510:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
3829:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3703:
3694:
3657:
3640:
3627:
3612:
3586:
3572:
3560:
3539:
3527:
3488:
3421:
3394:
3363:
3306:
3289:
3152:(Prof. Dr. Enver konukçu): 73.
3070:Çelik, Recep (1 January 2015).
2983:
2974:
2965:
2434:Total Strength of Ottoman Army
2380:) – commander of an army (Ordu)
2361:– commander of a brigade (liva)
2211:
2083:
2077:), continued by his son Sultan
2072:
1053:both have their origins in the
5251:Military of the Ottoman Empire
4251:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
4041:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011).
4019:, Cambridge University Press,
3242:
3210:
3166:
3137:
3096:
3063:
3044:
3003:
2261:
2145:Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyûn
2011:
1382:Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye
754:Military of the Ottoman Empire
726:military of the Ottoman Empire
109:Military of the Ottoman Empire
82:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
3595:Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte
3534:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
2996:
2717:105,339 (1607) 137,000 (1609)
1767:by the Minister of the Navy (
1360:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
934:firepower proved decisive at
839:and the cavalry was known as
800:tribesmen inhabiting western
788:Foundation period (1300–1453)
3993:. Rutgers University Press.
2110:'s Grand Vizier and Admiral
1995:
1750:extended to the Indian Ocean
1211:in 1789 to 1807 set up the "
1152:Claude-Alexandre de Bonneval
1063:Classical period (1451–1606)
7:
4695:Vassal and tributary states
3778:Rhoads Murphey, 1999, p. 42
3757:Rhoads Murphey, 1999, p. 45
3217:Mergen, Nazlı Esim (2001).
2905:
2384:
2043:
1894:
10:
5267:
3990:Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700
3983:, strong on foreign policy
3472:Cambridge University Press
3223:(MA). Bilkent University.
2204:
2112:Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha
2015:
2007:in 1526, Ottoman miniature
1950:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
1907:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
1901:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
1898:
1746:involved in many conflicts
1725:
1445:
1273:
985:rise of the Ottoman Empire
957:
954:Classical Army (1451–1606)
804:in the late 13th century.
758:Conquest of Constantinople
201:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons
5209:
5169:
5141:
5108:
5009:
4964:
4955:
4872:
4838:
4788:
4716:
4707:
4644:
4576:
4538:
4477:
4466:
4369:
4360:
4268:
4261:
4214:Decline and modernization
4136:
3608:– via Google Books.
3407:. MIT Press. p. 80.
2181:Second Constitutional Era
1628:Communication (Telephone)
811:force of raiders used as
807:These horsemen became an
285:
280:
268:
263:
246:
239:
223:
218:Hejaz Expeditionary Force
165:
157:
147:
139:
130:
113:
108:
4742:Six Divisions of Cavalry
4278:Foreign Affairs Ministry
3987:Murphey, Rhoads (1999).
3894:10.1177/0968344507087001
3700:mohammad nasiru din baba
3464:Needham, Joseph (1987).
2958:
2928:Ottoman military reforms
2200:
2093:Turkish Military Academy
2061:Ottoman Military Academy
2055:Ottoman Military College
2049:Ottoman Military College
1640:Medical (Field Hospital)
1616:Engineering (Heliograph)
1532:Ottoman military reforms
1448:Ottoman Army (1861–1922)
1364:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
1280:Ottoman military reforms
1200:and was kept in France.
356:Six Divisions of Cavalry
4735:Agha of the Janissaries
4382:List of Ottoman sultans
3849:Ágoston, Gábor (2005).
3581:Ezel Kural Shaw p. 255
3505:Oxford University Press
3428:Ágoston, Gábor (2008),
3248:Nicolle, David (1980).
1936:(4 planes each); and 3
1754:expedition to Indonesia
1721:
1442:Modern Army (1861–1918)
1077:Agha of the Janissaries
1000:siege of Constantinople
747:
4937:Science and technology
4387:Roman succession claim
3937:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
3569:William E. Watson p.11
3401:Pacey, Arnold (1991).
3370:Ayalon, David (2013).
3360:(3): 213–237 (226–228)
2874:Awards and decorations
2271:
2250:
2192:Naval Academy (Turkey)
2120:François Baron de Tott
2008:
1964:Air Base Yesilkoy 1911
1784:
1772:
1602:Non-combatant branches
1168:François Baron de Tott
965:Ottoman Classical Army
733:
115:
4810:Dragoman of the Fleet
4525:Dragoman of the Porte
4315:Armenian Constitution
4202:Stagnation and reform
4089:Turkey in World War I
3933:Har-El, Shai (1995).
3925:Hall, Richard C. ed.
3650:18.1 (1966): 168–184
3567:Tricolor and crescent
3252:. Osprey Publishing,
3122:10.9737/hist.2019.767
3051:Burak, Begüm (2011).
3029:10.9737/hist.2020.915
2892:Order of the Medjidie
2888:Iftikhar Sanayi Medal
2741:196,207–247,868 est.
2654:105,084–167,343 est.
2269:
2003:
1988:Naval Flight Squadron
1688:Commissioned Officers
1434:Commissioned Officers
1184:Turkish Naval Academy
1137:In 1621, the Chinese
1055:Ottoman military band
1016:Dardanelles Operation
4530:Outer Palace Service
4446:Inner Palace Service
3916:Erickson, Edward J.
3679:Edward J. Erickson,
3089:10.9737/historyS1560
2933:Turkish Armed Forces
2782:70,296–155,296 est.
2398:Yaya & Musellem
2153:officers of the deck
1792:Turkish Naval Forces
1736:, also known as the
1555:Artillery (Howitzer)
1480:improve this section
1312:improve this section
1170:was involved in the
782:Turkish Armed Forces
766:Peace of Zsitvatorok
44:specify the language
42:This article should
18:Ottoman Turkish Army
4725:Classic period army
4566:Chamber of Deputies
4541:Imperial Government
4033:Pálosfalvi, Tamás.
3953:McNeill, William H.
3876:Erickson, Edward J.
3598:. Forgotten Books.
3454:, pp. 449–452.
2938:Turkish Land Forces
2823:25,000–67,000 est.
2391:
2185:Royal Naval Academy
2169:reformation efforts
1923:Armistice of Mudros
1785:Donanma Komutanları
1352:Auspicious Incident
1276:Auspicious Incident
993:Auspicious Incident
878:; and bombardiers (
868:Süvari Topçu Neferi
778:Armistice of Mudros
668:Sieges and landings
473:Auspicious Incident
214:Ottoman Gendarmerie
4352:Translation Office
4236:2nd Constitutional
4224:1st Constitutional
4178:Sultanate of Women
4084:Edward J. Erickson
4017:The Gunpowder Epic
3637:13.1 (1995): 1–14.
2389:
2343:Lieutenant colonel
2272:
2196:Republic of Turkey
2157:naval architecture
2097:Republic of Turkey
2009:
1796:Republic of Turkey
1775:) and a number of
1591:Infantry (pre-war)
1541:Combatant branches
1389:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1191:Napoleon Bonaparte
566:Ahmet Ali Çelikten
247:Commander-in-Chief
5238:
5237:
5205:
5204:
5197:Star and crescent
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4703:
4702:
4640:
4639:
4392:Ottoman Caliphate
4273:Foreign relations
4015:, vol. V:7:
3975:Miller, William.
3824:978-0-275-98876-0
3635:War & Society
3513:10.1093/em/cal103
3414:978-0-262-66072-3
3355:Technikgeschichte
3332:, pp. 98–99.
3205:978-0-275-98876-0
2896:Order of Osmanieh
2884:Ottoman War Medal
2868:
2867:
2422:(Total) Kapikulu
2322:Yüzbaşı (Captain)
2307:Second lieutenant
2118:Naval Shipyard".
1820:Battle of Zonchio
1714:Uniform, standard
1665:Uniform, standard
1516:
1515:
1508:
1348:
1347:
1340:
917:siege of Salonica
893:Gunpowder Empires
884:), consisting of
722:
721:
297:
296:
104:
103:
84:may also be used.
16:(Redirected from
5258:
4969:Social structure
4962:
4961:
4815:Imperial Arsenal
4714:
4713:
4548:
4487:
4485:(classic period)
4480:Imperial Council
4475:
4474:
4367:
4366:
4266:
4265:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4056:
4029:
4004:
3972:
3948:
3913:
3864:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3758:
3755:
3728:
3725:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3677:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3590:
3584:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3367:
3361:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3310:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3214:
3208:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:10.9737/hist_498
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3115:(4): 1341–1361.
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3022:(4): 2161–2176.
3007:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2900:Nişan-i Iftikhar
2416:Kapikulu Sipahi
2392:
2388:
2317:First lieutenant
2178:
2177:Mekteb-i Bahriye
2146:
2087:
2086: 1839–1861
2085:
2076:
2075: 1808–1839
2074:
2005:Battle of Mohács
1985:
1973:
1961:
1929:; 17 land-based
1884:
1875:Seaman (pre-war)
1872:
1860:
1848:
1831:
1816:
1777:Fleet Commanders
1711:
1699:
1674:
1662:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1460:
1452:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1292:
1284:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1114:
1102:
1087:
1073:
1039:Battle of Mohács
928:Sultan Mehmed II
714:
707:
700:
526:Imperial Arsenal
500:
340:
328:
299:
298:
281:Related articles
256:
255:
254:
208:
199:
198:
197:
188:
187:
186:
177:
176:
175:
167:Service branches
135:
126:
118:
106:
105:
99:
96:
90:
75:
69:
65:
59:
55:
49:
37:
36:
29:
21:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5201:
5165:
5137:
5104:
5005:
4994:Ottoman Turkish
4951:
4860:
4834:
4784:
4779:Modernized army
4763:Sekban-i Djedid
4699:
4636:
4591:Shaykh al-Islām
4572:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4534:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4462:
4377:Ottoman dynasty
4356:
4257:
4132:
4127:
4076:
4053:
4027:
4009:Needham, Joseph
4001:
3945:
3861:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3731:
3726:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3678:
3671:
3667:(Osprey, 1998).
3663:David Nicolle,
3662:
3658:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3474:. p. 444.
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3380:. p. 126.
3368:
3364:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3311:
3307:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3215:
3211:
3194:
3190:
3171:
3167:
3142:
3138:
3101:
3097:
3068:
3064:
3049:
3045:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2876:
2704:
2419:Other Kapikulu
2407:Timarli Sipahi
2387:
2278:Nefer (Private)
2264:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2173:Ottoman Turkish
2165:naval engineers
2141:Ottoman Turkish
2104:
2082:
2071:
2063:
2051:
2046:
2020:
2014:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1702:Uniform, summer
1700:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:Uniform, winter
1675:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1477:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1309:
1293:
1282:
1274:Main articles:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1158:, converted to
1145:rack-and-pinion
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1008:Dardanelles Gun
971:established by
962:
956:
790:
750:
718:
678:
677:
579:
571:
570:
556:
546:
545:
521:
511:
510:
501:
498:
488:
487:
468:Sekban-i Djedid
458:
448:
447:
341:
338:
316:
314:Military of the
308:
252:
250:
216:
212:
203:
195:
193:
192:
184:
182:
181:
173:
171:
120:
100:
94:
91:
85:
73:
67:
63:
61:transliteration
57:
53:
47:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4794:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4758:Nizam-i Djedid
4749:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4720:
4718:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4683:
4681:Mutasarrifates
4678:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4552:
4550:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4520:Reis ül-Küttab
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4478:
4472:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4456:Palace Schools
4453:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4404:Imperial Harem
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4373:
4371:
4370:House of Osman
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4190:Decline thesis
4185:Transformation
4182:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4166:Constantinople
4163:
4158:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4130:Ottoman Empire
4126:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4075:
4074:External links
4072:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4052:978-0813313597
4051:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4005:
4000:978-0813526850
3999:
3984:
3979:(2nd ed 1927)
3973:
3949:
3944:978-9004101807
3943:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3888:(2): 141–167.
3881:War in History
3872:
3865:
3860:978-0521843133
3859:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3828:
3826:, 2009, p. 62.
3807:
3798:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3759:
3729:
3711:
3702:
3693:
3669:
3656:
3639:
3626:
3611:
3605:978-1440067365
3604:
3585:
3571:
3559:
3557:, p. 446.
3547:
3538:
3526:
3487:
3481:978-0521303583
3480:
3456:
3444:
3439:978-0521603911
3438:
3420:
3413:
3393:
3387:978-1136277320
3386:
3362:
3346:
3344:, p. 125.
3334:
3322:
3305:
3288:
3284:Streusand 2011
3273:
3261:
3258:978-0850455113
3241:
3209:
3188:
3165:
3136:
3095:
3062:
3043:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2907:
2904:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:Nizam-ı Cedid
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2339:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2297:Sergeant major
2293:
2286:
2279:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2236:
2226:
2213:
2210:
2205:Main article:
2202:
2199:
2124:plane geometry
2103:
2100:
2062:
2059:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2016:Main article:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1899:Main article:
1896:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1773:Bahriye Nazırı
1726:Main article:
1723:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1579:Infantry (WW1)
1578:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1514:
1513:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1446:Main article:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1422:Artillery unit
1421:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1346:
1345:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1271:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1197:13 Vendémiaire
1123:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1035:Damascus steel
958:Main article:
955:
952:
950:and Safavids.
897:Safavid Persia
895:, followed by
789:
786:
770:Vaka-i Hayriye
749:
746:
742:Ottoman Empire
720:
719:
717:
716:
709:
702:
694:
691:
690:
689:
688:
680:
679:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
659:
658:
648:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
557:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
538:
536:Kapudan Pashas
533:
528:
522:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
502:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
463:Nizam-i Djedid
459:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
359:
358:
353:
342:
336:Classical army
334:
333:
330:
329:
321:
320:
318:Ottoman Empire
310:
309:
302:
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
261:
260:
258:Ottoman Sultan
248:
244:
243:
237:
236:
234:Ottoman Empire
230:Constantinople
227:
221:
220:
169:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
111:
110:
102:
101:
80:. Knowledge's
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5263:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Ottoman court
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:Naval battles
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:Kapudan Pasha
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4753:Reform period
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Haseki sultan
4412:
4410:
4409:Valide sultan
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:United States
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4173:Classical Age
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Osman's Dream
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4037:(Brill, 2018)
4036:
4032:
4028:
4026:0-521-30358-3
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3706:
3697:
3690:
3689:0-313-31516-7
3686:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3318:0-8050-4081-1
3315:
3309:
3302:
3301:0-688-08093-6
3298:
3292:
3286:, p. 83.
3285:
3280:
3278:
3271:, p. 92.
3270:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3207:, 2009, p. 1.
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3059:(in Turkish).
3058:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3002:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:Turkey portal
2910:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2729:75,868 (1609)
2728:
2726:17,372 (1609)
2725:
2723:20,869 (1609)
2722:
2720:37,627 (1609)
2719:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2698:192,175 est.
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2378:Field marshal
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2069:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:cannon fodder
2031:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2006:
2002:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Kapudan Pasha
1757:
1755:
1752:, sending an
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:Ottoman Fleet
1735:
1729:
1710:
1698:
1689:
1673:
1661:
1652:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1603:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1496:November 2016
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1465:This section
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1430:
1418:
1410:Infantry unit
1406:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:Nizam-ı Cedid
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1339:
1331:
1328:November 2016
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:This section
1295:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:Nizam-i Cedid
1210:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1113:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:military band
1048:
1047:marching band
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
715:
710:
708:
703:
701:
696:
695:
693:
692:
687:
684:
683:
682:
681:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
581:
575:
574:
567:
564:
562:
561:Vecihi Hürkuş
559:
558:
555:
550:
549:
542:
541:Naval battles
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
520:
515:
514:
507:
504:
503:
497:
492:
491:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:Reform period
452:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
344:
343:
337:
332:
331:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
312:
311:
306:
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
284:
279:
276:
273:
271:
267:
262:
259:
249:
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
191:
190:Ottoman Fleet
180:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
124:
117:
112:
107:
98:
88:
83:
79:
72:
62:
52:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5227:
5222:Bibliography
5220:
5213:
5182:Coat of arms
5156:Christianity
5110:Demographics
5093:of Armenians
5034:Illumination
5019:Architecture
4900:Central bank
4851:Conscription
4777:
4768:Mansure Army
4751:
4723:
4708:
4630:Hakham Bashi
4598:Christianity
4545:
4495:Grand Vizier
4484:
4336:Civil codes
4310:Constitution
4156:Ghaza thesis
4082:by Lt. Col.
4066:
4042:
4034:
4016:
4012:
3989:
3976:
3956:
3934:
3926:
3917:
3885:
3879:
3868:
3850:
3831:
3815:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3705:
3696:
3680:
3664:
3659:
3647:
3642:
3634:
3629:
3614:
3594:
3588:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3555:Needham 1986
3550:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3466:
3459:
3452:Needham 1986
3447:
3429:
3423:
3403:
3396:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3342:McNeill 1993
3337:
3325:
3308:
3291:
3269:Ágoston 2005
3264:
3249:
3244:
3232:. Retrieved
3219:
3212:
3196:
3191:
3174:
3168:
3149:
3139:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3057:ResearchGate
3056:
3046:
3019:
3015:
3005:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2877:
2870:Notes: |||
2869:
2864:47,000 est.
2610:94,000 est.
2566:81,000 est.
2522:37,000 est.
2273:
2212:Classic Army
2189:
2161:shipbuilding
2134:anchored at
2105:
2090:
2079:Abdulmejid I
2064:
2052:
2038:bashi-bazouk
2027:
2021:
1976:Pilots, 1912
1918:
1911:Ottoman Army
1904:
1887:Seaman (WW1)
1835:
1805:Ottoman Navy
1789:
1758:
1737:
1734:Ottoman Navy
1731:
1728:Ottoman Navy
1529:
1517:
1502:
1493:
1478:Please help
1466:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1368:
1349:
1334:
1325:
1310:Please help
1298:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1164:Ottoman army
1149:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1093:horse-archer
1044:
1028:
997:
963:
946:against the
921:
901:Mughal India
890:
879:
867:
860:Piyade Topçu
859:
853:
840:
827:
816:
813:shock troops
806:
791:
776:) and 1918 (
764:) and 1606 (
753:
751:
738:armed forces
725:
723:
686:Conscription
478:Mansure Army
428:Bashi-bazouk
313:
270:Conscription
225:Headquarters
179:Ottoman Army
148:Current form
95:October 2022
92:
78:ISO 639 code
74:}}
68:{{
64:}}
58:{{
54:}}
48:{{
43:
26:
5049:Shadow play
4895:Agriculture
4888:Reformation
4884:Enlargement
4730:Janissaries
4439:Kizlar Agha
4424:Hanımefendi
4419:Kadınefendi
4231:Dissolution
4161:Interregnum
3507:: 533–560.
3497:Early Music
3330:Har-El 1995
3229:11693/15019
2858:15,000 est.
2855:15,000 est.
2852:16,000 est.
2843:15,000 est.
2817:10.000 est.
2814:15,000 est.
2811:16,000 est.
2802:15,000 est.
2776:10,000 est.
2773:25,000 est.
2758:50,000 est.
2755:22,000 est.
2735:10,000 est.
2732:25,000 est.
2689:30,000 est.
2674:90,000 est.
2671:40,000 est.
2668:15,000 est.
2665:20,000 est.
2633:12,000 est.
2630:80,000 est.
2621:20,000 est.
2598:12,000 est.
2586:40,000 est.
2583:20,000 est.
2580:10,000 est.
2577:15,000 est.
2542:40,000 est.
2539:20,000 est.
2536:10,000 est.
2533:15,000 est.
2498:10,000 est.
2492:10,000 est.
2478:6,000 est.
2262:Modern army
2229:Boluk-bashi
2149:cartography
2116:Golden Horn
2108:Mustafa III
2012:Recruitment
1525:World War I
1521:Balkan Wars
1356:Crimean War
1217:Janissaries
1140:Wu Pei Chih
1128:Janissaries
1024:projectiles
924:Janissaries
845:mercenaries
506:Modern Army
499:(1861–1922)
496:Modern army
351:Janissaries
339:(1451–1826)
5066:Literature
4979:Ottomanism
4674:Sanjakbeys
4657:Beylerbeys
4645:Provincial
4362:Government
4325:Family law
3234:7 November
3177:(Thesis).
2997:References
2840:1,000 est.
2799:1,000 est.
2662:8,000 est.
2639:7,000 est.
2636:5,000 est.
2601:9,000 est.
2595:4,000 est.
2592:2,000 est.
2574:8,000 est.
2557:6,000 est.
2554:2,000 est.
2545:1,000 est.
2530:8,000 est.
2513:4,000 est.
2510:1,000 est.
2495:5,000 est.
2489:8,000 est.
2486:4,000 est.
2448:3,500 est.
2445:1,000 est.
2442:1,000 est.
2413:Janissary
2341:Kaymakam (
2315:-ı Evvel (
2295:Başçavuş (
2194:under the
2128:navigation
2095:under the
1742:Karamürsel
1020:propellant
1012:Royal Navy
948:Aq Qoyunlu
886:grenadiers
876:carabinier
856:musketeers
736:) was the
673:Rebellions
634:Portuguese
378:Dervendjis
241:Leadership
5118:Armenians
5083:Education
5039:Miniature
4989:Languages
4974:Devshirme
4947:Transport
4747:Timariots
4613:Bulgarian
4505:Kazaskers
4467:Central (
4451:Kapi Agha
4320:Electoral
4246:Abolition
4241:Partition
3910:159817669
3691:, p. 227.
3521:159617891
3378:Routledge
3131:203539141
3082:(3): 23.
3038:230673286
2305:-ı Sani (
2255:boatswain
2136:Kasimpaşa
2068:Mahmud II
1996:Personnel
1941:companies
1934:companies
1836:Mahmudiye
1798:in 1923.
1756:in 1565.
1651:Equipment
1467:does not
1299:does not
1209:Selim III
1180:Bosphorus
1176:howitzers
989:Mahmud II
973:Mehmed II
944:Chaldoran
932:Janissary
919:in 1430.
913:Bayezid I
905:artillery
881:Humbaracı
823:timariots
809:irregular
774:Abdülaziz
762:Mehmed II
609:Hungarian
604:Moldavian
594:Bulgarian
589:Byzantine
578:Conflicts
423:Humbaracı
413:Timariots
264:Personnel
158:Disbanded
5245:Category
5229:Category
5143:Religion
5056:Clothing
4942:Taxation
4905:Currency
4846:Aviation
4820:Admirals
4773:Hamidieh
4709:Military
4690:Kadiluks
4664:Vilayets
4618:Armenian
4556:Assembly
4293:Treaties
4262:Politics
4219:Tanzimat
4011:(1986),
3902:26070763
3183:58676516
2906:See also
2849:500 est.
2846:500 est.
2837:400 est.
2808:500 est.
2805:500 est.
2796:400 est.
2551:500 est.
2548:500 est.
2507:250 est.
2504:250 est.
2501:500 est.
2454:500 est.
2451:200 est.
2385:Strength
2326:Kolağası
2290:Sergeant
2283:Corporal
2281:Onbaşı (
2044:Training
1938:seaplane
1931:airplane
1895:Aviation
1765:replaced
1156:Mahmud I
909:firearms
864:firearms
841:müsellem
802:Anatolia
798:Turkoman
639:Habsburg
624:Croatian
619:Albanian
614:Venetian
584:European
554:Aviation
483:Hamidieh
438:Martolos
346:Kapıkulu
305:a series
303:Part of
5215:Outline
5170:Symbols
5161:Judaism
5088:Schools
5061:Cuisine
5024:Mosques
5011:Culture
5001:Slavery
4957:Society
4920:Sultani
4881:By era
4874:Economy
4856:Weapons
4669:Sanjaks
4652:Eyalets
4625:Judaism
4578:Millets
4515:Nişancı
4500:Viziers
4345:Halakha
4340:Mecelle
4283:Safavid
4195:Köprülü
4138:History
3961:103–139
2428:Sekban
2404:Akıncı
2359:Mirliva
2353:Colonel
2349:Miralay
2332:Binbaşı
2313:Mülazım
2303:Mülazım
2288:Çavuş (
2247:Turkish
2243:colonel
2239:Çorbacı
2233:captain
2223:company
2132:galleon
2024:quarter
1822:in 1499
1794:of the
1781:Turkish
1769:Turkish
1567:Cavalry
1488:removed
1473:sources
1320:removed
1305:sources
1207:Sultan
1004:cannons
998:By the
977:Orhan I
940:Başkent
833:looting
794:Osman I
740:of the
730:Turkish
656:Persian
644:Russian
599:Serbian
393:Seimeni
368:Voynuks
140:Founded
123:Turkish
87:See why
5192:Tughra
5177:Anthem
5123:Greeks
5076:Poetry
4561:Senate
4330:Düstur
4061:online
4049:
4023:
3997:
3981:online
3969:544368
3967:
3941:
3929:(2014)
3922:(2001)
3908:
3900:
3857:
3822:
3687:
3652:online
3648:Oriens
3602:
3519:
3478:
3436:
3411:
3384:
3316:
3299:
3256:
3203:
3181:
3129:
3036:
2820:25,000
2770:70,296
2767:16,756
2764:14,070
2761:39,470
2686:29,175
2677:13,599
2645:23,017
2642:24,146
2627:37,741
2624:12,000
2155:, and
1927:pilots
1839:, 1829
1362:, and
1091:Sipahi
1031:musket
872:reiter
818:timars
663:Africa
629:Polish
443:Arnaut
408:Levend
398:Akinji
388:Seymen
383:Sekban
373:Yamaks
363:Sipahi
307:on the
119:
5151:Islam
5133:Women
5100:Media
5071:Prose
5044:Music
4925:Kuruş
4839:Other
4830:Ships
4686:Kazas
4608:Ullah
4586:Islam
4469:Porte
4207:Tulip
3965:JSTOR
3906:S2CID
3898:JSTOR
3517:S2CID
3503:(4).
3127:S2CID
3034:S2CID
2959:Notes
2703:1607/
2683:9,619
2680:5,957
2618:8,180
2589:6,000
2401:Azab
2395:Year
2374:Müşir
2365:Ferik
2336:Major
2251:Albay
2218:Aghas
2201:Ranks
2029:Azabs
1160:Islam
981:booty
936:Varna
849:Islam
837:yayas
829:Orhan
796:from
531:Ships
287:Ranks
5187:Flag
5128:Jews
5030:Art
4930:Lira
4915:Para
4910:Akçe
4803:List
4790:Navy
4717:Army
4298:Wars
4151:Rise
4047:ISBN
4021:ISBN
3995:ISBN
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3855:ISBN
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3297:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3236:2022
3201:ISBN
3179:OCLC
2878:The
2828:1826
2787:1807
2746:1670
2705:1609
2659:1574
2615:1528
2571:1453
2527:1402
2483:1389
2439:1350
2163:for
2159:and
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2126:and
2053:The
1915:Navy
1913:and
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1523:and
1471:any
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969:army
942:and
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752:The
748:Army
724:The
651:Asia
519:Navy
433:Deli
418:Yaya
403:Azap
161:1922
152:1861
143:1299
51:lang
4603:Rūm
4305:Law
3890:doi
3509:doi
3225:hdl
3154:doi
3117:doi
3084:doi
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