66:
476:
258:
490:
1171:
1251:
462:
50:
418:. The date when salt was first extracted from the sebkha is unknown. It is usually assumed that exploitation of the Idjil mines began after the mid 11th century as al-Bakri did not mention them. Instead he described a salt mine at a place that he called 'Tatantal'. Historians have usually assumed this corresponds to Tegahza but his description could possibly also apply to the mines at Idjil.
73:
449:
The mosque measured 24 m northâsouth at its eastern end and 17 m northâsouth at its western end where the minaret would have stood. From east to west it would have measured 15 m. The terrace was supported by five rows of horseshoe arches. At the eastern end are the remains of an
441:
Tegherbeyat, the upper ruined section of the town, is almost certainly the oldest. It would have originally contained a mosque but nothing has survived. The ruins of the lower section of the town include a mosque that was probably built in the 15th century when the town expanded. Some of the
425:
In the 16th century the
Moroccans made various attempts to take control of the trans-Saharan trade in salt and especially that in gold from the Sudan. They organised military expeditions to occupy Ouadane in 1543-44 and again in 1584. Then in 1585 they occupied
421:
According to
Pereira, in 1487 the Portuguese built an entrepĂŽt in Ouadane in an attempt to gain access to the trans-Saharan gold, salt and slave trade. The entrepĂŽt was probably short lived and is not mentioned in the detailed description provided by Fernandes.
358:
later argued in favour of a more direct route that crossed the Adrar escarpment to the east of the town. The volume of caravan traffic would have declined from the beginning of the 13th century when the oasis town of
350:. In his account al-Bakri mentioned a series of place names but these have not been identified and historians have suggested several possible routes. In 1961 the French historian
1130:
1157:
190:
1239:
1123:
1016:
355:
446:
are still standing and some walls still have the remains of clay plaster, suggesting that the mosque was abandoned sometime in the 19th century.
475:
351:
241:
2361:
410:(written in 1505-1508) described the town as having approximately "300 hearths" which would suggest between 1,500 and 1,800 people. The Idjil
2386:
2371:
1116:
489:
1206:
852:
Daveau, Suzanne (1970), "Itinéraire de
Tamadalt Ă Awdaghast selon al-Bakri", in Robert, Denise; Robert, Serge; Devisse, Jean (eds.),
97:
327:
379:
1217:
527:
765:
1232:
2366:
985:
Robert, Denise; Robert, Serge (1972), "Douze années de recherches archéologique en république islamique de
Mauritanie",
2376:
906:
887:
65:
2381:
1225:
918:
Tableau gĂ©ographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age, dâaprĂšs les sources Ă©crites, la tradition et l'archĂ©ologie
1193:
2356:
346:
on the southern edge of the Sahara. This route was used for the transport of gold during the time of the
307:, though in ruins, is still substantially intact, while a small modern settlement lies outside its gate.
926:
McDougall, E. Ann (1990), "Salts of the
Western Sahara: myths, mysteries, and historical significance",
2066:
398:
wrote a detailed account of the trade in slabs of salt from the Idjil mines and role of
Ouadane as an
450:
external mirhab and a courtyard measuring 13 by 12 meters that would have been used in hot weather.
219:
261:
Trade routes of the
Western Sahara desert c. 1000â1500. Goldfields are indicated by brown shading.
2076:
1247:
461:
1255:
1061:
Mauny, Raymond (1955), "Notes d'histoire et d'archéologie sur
Azougui, Chinguetti et Ouadane",
947:
869:(in Portuguese and French), Cénival, Pierre de; Monod, Théodore eds. and trans., Paris: Larose
403:
129:
39:
322:
The early history of
Ouadane is uncertain but it is possible that the town prospered from the
1025:
387:
141:
49:
1961:
973:
Bulletin du Comité de'études historiques et scientifiques de l'Afrique occidentale française
1375:
965:
634:
8:
2275:
1289:
1139:
867:
Description de la cÎte d'Afrique, de Ceuta au Sénégal: par
Valentim Fernandes (1506-1507)
371:
323:
304:
297:
293:
179:
1002:
Relation des voyages Ă la cĂŽte occidentale d'Afrique d'Alvise de Ca' da Mosto, 1445-1457
957:
2285:
1986:
1891:
1690:
1319:
1269:
1047:
Mauny, Raymond (1949), "L'expédition marocaine d'Ouadane (Mauritanie) vers 1543-1544",
935:
862:
826:
has a black and white photograph of the ruined mosque showing a round arch on page 223.
395:
2250:
2245:
2056:
1931:
1309:
1176:
1108:
1010:
902:
883:
761:
508:
431:
402:. He described Ouadane as a 'town' with a population of 400 inhabitants. By contrast
2335:
2260:
2255:
2091:
1956:
1901:
1585:
1410:
1380:
1299:
875:
712:
The sebkha of Idjil extends 80 km north to south and 10 km east to west,
533:
378:
in middle of the 15th century in a muddled account that confused the salt mines of
375:
311:
2176:
2051:
1981:
1946:
1415:
1405:
755:
273:
26:
1000:
2046:
1941:
443:
435:
1102:
2350:
2186:
2106:
2071:
1395:
1370:
1324:
558:
391:
335:
285:
257:
112:
99:
1032:(in French), Bourdon, Léon, trans., Dakar: Institut français d'Afrique noire
2236:
2021:
1815:
1645:
1615:
1515:
1365:
582:
347:
146:
1650:
557:, pp. 66â68. The ruins of Tamdoult are 13 km south-southwest of
414:
lies roughly 240 km northwest of Ouadane, to the west of the town of
2330:
2310:
2270:
2241:
2061:
2031:
1971:
1921:
1871:
1605:
1580:
1550:
1455:
1440:
1355:
1334:
1750:
399:
2290:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2206:
2181:
2161:
2101:
2081:
1936:
1911:
1876:
1765:
1730:
1725:
1500:
1490:
1470:
1304:
1143:
586:
364:
343:
289:
281:
134:
1339:
939:
482:
Reconstructed house of el-Hadj Ethmane, one of the founders of Ouadane
415:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2156:
2141:
2126:
2121:
2086:
2016:
1976:
1906:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1841:
1740:
1710:
1680:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1485:
1460:
1435:
1360:
1096:
529:
Statistiques DĂ©mographiques : RĂ©sultats du RGPH 2000 des Wilayas
326:
gold trade. In the middle of the 11th century, the Arabic geographer
231:
1775:
1420:
2216:
2191:
2136:
2131:
2026:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1886:
1881:
1846:
1795:
1785:
1745:
1735:
1670:
1630:
1600:
1480:
1465:
1329:
1284:
1274:
394:
region and the only one with a surrounding wall. Fifty years later
331:
1590:
1445:
2300:
2295:
2280:
2146:
2116:
2036:
1996:
1966:
1926:
1916:
1896:
1866:
1825:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1760:
1755:
1720:
1700:
1675:
1640:
1635:
1625:
1610:
1565:
1560:
1545:
1520:
1510:
1495:
1430:
1400:
578:
427:
383:
360:
339:
1695:
2320:
2151:
2111:
1991:
1820:
1780:
1685:
1660:
1655:
1620:
1595:
1570:
1555:
1450:
1425:
1390:
411:
954:, Kimble, George H.T., trans. and ed., London: Hakluyt Society
856:(in French), Paris: Arts et MĂ©tiers Graphiques, pp. 33â38
496:
New town of Ouadane: Building constructed in traditional style
2265:
2171:
2166:
2096:
2041:
1951:
1810:
1770:
1705:
1665:
1575:
1525:
1505:
1475:
1314:
1294:
1279:
723:
1075:
Tymowski, Michal (1981), "La saline d'Idjil en Mauritanie",
1385:
577:, p. 428. Mauny suggested a route that passed through
1158:
Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata
532:, La Marie de la Commune de Ain Ehel Taya, archived from
191:
Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata
735:
1138:
1097:
OUADANE: The old caravan centre World Heritage Listing
1063:
Bulletin de l'Institut Français de l'Afrique Noire (B)
604:
987:
Annales de la faculté de lettres et sciences humaines
920:(in French), Dakar: Institut français d'Afrique Noire
897:
Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000) ,
1166:
829:
801:
753:
390:
described Ouadane as the most important town of the
300:
transporting slabs of salt from the mines at Idjil.
956:. The Portuguese text is available online from the
928:
International Journal of African Historical Studies
592:
585:, Anajim, Tourine, Ouarane, Aguelt Nemadi and then
430:and finally in 1591 their victory in the battle of
1049:Bulletin de l'Institut Français de l'Afrique Noire
314:, a massive circular landmark visible from space.
280:) is a small town in the desert region of central
354:proposed a route that passed through Ouadane but
330:described a trans-Saharan route that ran between
2348:
896:
729:
562:
554:
899:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa
370:The first written reference to the town is in
1233:
1124:
367:as the southern terminus of the trade route.
1015:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
984:
823:
757:The Atlantic World and Virginia: 1550 - 1624
16:Commune and town in Adrar Region, Mauritania
747:
1240:
1226:
1207:List of World Heritage Sites in Mauritania
1131:
1117:
893:. Reprinted by Holmes & Meier in 1980.
963:
925:
861:
795:
741:
717:
685:
669:
363:located 360 km to the east replaced
874:
787:
665:
645:
622:
610:
256:
998:
946:
791:
701:
630:
284:, situated on the southern edge of the
2349:
1024:
854:Tegdaoust I: Researches sur Aoudaghost
851:
649:
598:
2362:12th-century establishments in Africa
1221:
1112:
915:
901:, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press,
835:
819:
807:
760:. UNC Press Books. pp. 149â150.
713:
697:
681:
661:
626:
574:
292:. The town was a staging post in the
999:Schefer, M. Charles, trans. (1895),
310:Ouadane is the closest town to the
277:
30:
13:
2387:Archaeological sites in Mauritania
2372:World Heritage Sites in Mauritania
1039:
14:
2398:
1090:
1249:
1169:
964:Prudhomme, (Commandant) (1925),
488:
474:
460:
71:
64:
48:
966:"La sebkha d'Ijil (Mauritanie)"
813:
781:
706:
691:
72:
1071:. Includes a plan on page 155.
993:, UniversitĂ© de Dakar: 195â233
716:, p. 327. See the map in
675:
655:
639:
616:
568:
548:
520:
1:
1005:(in French), Paris: E. Leroux
754:Peter Cooper Mancall (2007).
514:
7:
1194:Banc d'Arguin National Park
730:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
563:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
555:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
502:
434:led to the collapse of the
10:
2403:
2367:Former Portuguese colonies
1030:Chronique de Guinée (1453)
844:
453:
317:
288:, 93 km northeast of
180:UNESCO World Heritage Site
156:407 m (1,335 ft)
1834:
1348:
1262:
1202:
1186:
1164:
1150:
386:. At about the same date
251:
247:
237:
227:
212:
204:
196:
186:
177:
173:
165:
160:
152:
140:
128:
93:
59:
47:
37:
21:
2377:Communes of Adrar Region
1103:Ancient Ksour of Ouadane
824:Robert & Robert 1972
2077:Hassi Ehel Ahmed Bechna
952:Esmeraldo de situ orbis
948:Pereira, Duarte Pacheco
916:Mauny, Raymond (1961),
408:Esmeraldo de situ orbis
2382:Kingdom of the Algarve
1256:Communes of Mauritania
1026:Zurara, Gomes Eanes de
880:Ancient Ghana and Mali
404:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
262:
85:Location in Mauritania
468:Mosque of old Ouadane
388:Gomes Eanes de Zurara
260:
1140:World Heritage Sites
2357:1147 establishments
2276:Tarenguet Ehel Moul
882:, London: Methuen,
863:Fernandes, Valentim
305:World Heritage Site
294:trans-Saharan trade
109: /
1987:Edebaye Ehl Guelay
1962:Diadjibine Gandéga
1835:Rural Agricultural
1349:Urban Agricultural
798:, p. 155 n154
396:Valentim Fernandes
263:
228:Reference no.
166: âą Total
54:Old tower, Ouadane
2344:
2343:
1932:Boubacar Ben Amer
1215:
1214:
1177:Mauritania portal
1077:Africana Bulletin
876:Levtzion, Nehemia
767:978-0-8078-3159-5
509:Museum of Ouadane
432:Battle of Tondibi
255:
254:
223:
113:20.917°N 11.617°W
2394:
1902:Beileguet Litama
1586:Jidr-El Mouhguen
1263:Urban Industrial
1254:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1101:Decomentry film
1084:
1070:
1056:
1033:
1020:
1014:
1006:
994:
980:
970:
958:Internet Archive
955:
942:
921:
911:
892:
870:
857:
839:
833:
827:
817:
811:
805:
799:
790:, p. 134;
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
710:
704:
695:
689:
679:
673:
659:
653:
643:
637:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
572:
566:
552:
546:
544:
543:
541:
524:
492:
478:
464:
444:horseshoe arches
312:Richat Structure
303:The old town, a
279:
217:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
75:
74:
68:
52:
32:
19:
18:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2177:Melzem Teichett
2052:Ghlig Ehel Boye
1982:Edbaye El Hejaj
1830:
1416:Azgueilem Tiyab
1344:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1216:
1211:
1198:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1146:
1137:
1093:
1088:
1074:
1060:
1046:
1042:
1040:Further reading
1037:
1008:
1007:
968:
909:
890:
847:
842:
834:
830:
822:, p. 476.
818:
814:
806:
802:
786:
782:
772:
770:
768:
752:
748:
740:
736:
728:
724:
711:
707:
700:, p. 484;
696:
692:
684:, p. 484;
680:
676:
668:, p. 150;
664:, p. 327;
660:
656:
648:, p. 150;
644:
640:
629:, p. 327;
625:, p. 150;
621:
617:
609:
605:
597:
593:
573:
569:
553:
549:
539:
537:
536:on 9 March 2009
526:
525:
521:
517:
505:
498:
497:
493:
484:
483:
479:
470:
469:
465:
456:
320:
182:
118:20.917; -11.617
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
76:
55:
43:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Hassi Abdallah
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Gasra El Barka
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Chelkhet Tiyad
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1091:External links
1089:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1058:
1055:(1â2): 129â140
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1022:
996:
982:
961:
944:
934:(2): 231â257,
923:
913:
907:
894:
888:
872:
859:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:
838:, p. 476.
828:
812:
810:, p. 440.
800:
796:Fernandes 1938
780:
766:
746:
744:, p. 245.
742:McDougall 1990
734:
722:
720:, p. 215.
718:Prudhomme 1925
705:
690:
686:Fernandes 1938
674:
670:Fernandes 1938
654:
638:
615:
613:, p. 147.
603:
591:
567:
565:, p. 457.
547:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
504:
501:
500:
499:
495:
494:
487:
485:
481:
480:
473:
471:
467:
466:
459:
455:
452:
436:Songhay Empire
382:with those of
356:Suzanne Daveau
319:
316:
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252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
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234:
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57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
38:
35:
34:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2399:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
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2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Ksar el Barka
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Hassi Attilla
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
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1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
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1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
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1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Aoueinat Zbel
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Ain Ehel Taya
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Tevragh-Zeina
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1082:
1079:(in French),
1078:
1073:
1068:
1065:(in French),
1064:
1059:
1054:
1051:(in French),
1050:
1045:
1044:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1004:
1003:
997:
992:
989:(in French),
988:
983:
978:
975:(in French),
974:
967:
962:
959:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
919:
914:
910:
908:1-55876-241-8
904:
900:
895:
891:
889:0-8419-0431-6
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
864:
860:
855:
850:
849:
837:
832:
825:
821:
816:
809:
804:
797:
793:
789:
788:Levtzion 1973
784:
769:
763:
759:
758:
750:
743:
738:
732:, p. 76.
731:
726:
719:
715:
709:
703:
699:
694:
688:, p. 83.
687:
683:
678:
671:
667:
666:Levtzion 1973
663:
658:
652:, p. 214
651:
647:
646:Levtzion 1973
642:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:Levtzion 1973
619:
612:
611:Levtzion 1973
607:
601:, p. 35.
600:
595:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
564:
560:
556:
551:
535:
531:
530:
523:
519:
510:
507:
506:
491:
486:
477:
472:
463:
458:
457:
451:
447:
445:
439:
437:
433:
429:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
357:
353:
352:Raymond Mauny
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:trans-Saharan
315:
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Adrar Plateau
283:
275:
271:
267:
259:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
226:
221:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:Official name
185:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
122:
94:Coordinates:
92:
67:
58:
51:
46:
41:
36:
28:
20:
2237:Oum Avnadech
2022:El Mouyessar
1816:Tufunde Cive
1715:
1646:Magta-Lahjar
1616:Koumbi Saleh
1516:Dar El Barka
1366:Aghchorguitt
1105:(UNESCO/NHK)
1080:
1076:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1048:
1029:
1001:
990:
986:
979:(2): 212â216
976:
972:
951:
931:
927:
917:
898:
879:
866:
853:
831:
815:
803:
792:Pereira 1937
783:
771:. Retrieved
756:
749:
737:
725:
708:
702:Pereira 1937
693:
677:
672:, p. 79
657:
641:
631:Schefer 1895
618:
606:
594:
583:Bir Moghrein
570:
550:
538:, retrieved
534:the original
528:
522:
448:
440:
424:
420:
407:
376:Ca' de Mosto
369:
348:Ghana Empire
321:
309:
302:
269:
265:
264:
147:Adrar Region
2331:Vrea Litama
2311:Tmeimichatt
2271:Taguilalett
2242:Ou, Lahyadh
2062:Guateidoume
2032:Elb Address
1972:Dodol Cover
1922:Boeir Tores
1872:Aouleiguatt
1606:Keur-Macene
1581:Hassichegar
1551:Foum Gleita
1491:Boutilimitt
1456:Bou Lahrath
1441:Bethet Meit
1356:Adel Bagrou
1335:Toujouonine
650:Zurara 1960
633:, pp.
599:Daveau 1970
589:/Tegdaoust.
242:Arab States
116: /
2351:Categories
2291:Ten Hamadi
2232:Ouldmbouni
2227:Ould Birem
2222:Ouad Amour
2207:Nouamleine
2187:N' Savenni
2182:Modibougou
2162:Mabrouk II
2102:Kouroudjel
2082:Hassimhadi
1937:Boutalhaya
1912:Beribavatt
1877:Aweintat I
1766:Tamchekett
1731:Ould Yenge
1726:Oueid Jrid
1501:Chinguitti
1471:Boulenouar
1305:Nouadhibou
1144:Mauritania
836:Mauny 1961
820:Mauny 1961
808:Mauny 1961
714:Mauny 1961
698:Mauny 1961
682:Mauny 1961
662:Mauny 1961
627:Mauny 1961
587:Aoudaghost
575:Mauny 1961
515:References
372:Portuguese
365:Aoudaghost
344:Aoudaghost
290:Chinguetti
282:Mauritania
213:Designated
208:iii, iv, v
161:Population
135:Mauritania
2326:Voulaniya
2316:Tokomadji
2306:Tinghadej
2212:Nteichitt
2202:Nouamghar
2197:Nere Walo
2157:Mabrouk I
2142:Leweynatt
2127:Lehreijat
2122:Leghligue
2087:Hsey Tine
2017:El Melgua
1977:Doueirara
1907:Beneamane
1862:Ain Varba
1857:Ain Savra
1852:Agoueinit
1842:Agharghar
1711:Ouad Naga
1681:Moudjeria
1541:El Ghaire
1536:El Ghabra
1531:Djiguenni
1486:Bousteila
1461:Bougadoum
1436:Bassiknou
1361:Aere Mbar
1069:: 141â162
153:Elevation
2217:Ntrguent
2192:Nebaghia
2137:Lekhcheb
2132:Lehseira
2027:El Verea
2012:El Megve
2007:El Medah
2002:El Khatt
1887:Baidiyam
1882:Bagodine
1847:Aghoratt
1796:Timbedra
1786:Tidjikja
1751:SĂ©libaby
1746:Sangrave
1736:Rdheidhi
1671:Mederdra
1631:Leouossy
1601:Kankossa
1481:Boumdeid
1466:Bouhdida
1330:Teyarett
1285:Dar-Naim
1275:Benichab
1151:Cultural
1028:(1960),
1011:citation
950:(1937),
878:(1973),
865:(1938),
540:7 August
503:See also
400:entrepĂŽt
332:Tamdoult
328:al-Bakri
298:caravans
296:and for
205:Criteria
200:Cultural
42:and town
2301:Tikobra
2296:Tensigh
2281:Tektaka
2147:Lexeiba
2117:Lahrach
2037:Feireni
1997:El Aria
1967:Dielwar
1927:Bouanze
1917:Blajmil
1897:Bareina
1867:Ajoueir
1826:Woumpou
1806:Tintane
1801:Timzinn
1791:Tiguent
1761:Tachott
1756:Soudoud
1721:Oualata
1716:Ouadane
1701:Niabina
1676:Monguel
1641:Maghama
1636:Lexelba
1626:Legrane
1566:Gueller
1561:Gouraye
1546:Fassala
1521:Dionaba
1511:Daghveg
1496:Cheggar
1431:Barkeol
1401:Aoujeft
1340:Zouérat
1290:El Mina
1187:Natural
845:Sources
579:Tindouf
454:Gallery
428:Taghaza
416:FderĂźck
406:in his
384:Taghaza
361:Oualata
340:Morocco
318:History
266:Ouadane
220:session
130:Country
104:11°37âČW
101:20°55âČN
79:Ouadane
40:Commune
23:Ouadane
2321:Toutel
2286:Tenaha
2152:Maaden
2112:Laftah
1992:Egjert
1892:Bangou
1821:Wahatt
1781:Tichit
1776:TĂ©kane
1741:R' Kiz
1691:Ndiago
1686:Nbeika
1661:Mbalal
1656:Mbagne
1621:Lahraj
1611:Kobeni
1596:Kamour
1571:Guerou
1556:Ghabou
1451:Bokkol
1426:Bagrou
1421:Bababé
1391:Amourj
1320:Sebkha
1270:Arafat
1083:: 7â37
940:219336
938:
905:
886:
773:8 June
764:
412:sebkha
274:Arabic
238:Region
218:(20th
142:Region
27:Arabic
2266:Soufa
2251:Sagne
2246:Radhi
2172:Melga
2167:Megva
2097:Jreif
2057:Gogui
2042:Ganki
1952:Devaa
1811:Touil
1771:Tawaz
1706:Noual
1666:Mbout
1591:Kaédi
1576:Hamod
1526:Djeol
1506:Dafor
1476:Bouly
1446:Boghé
1376:Aioun
1315:Rosso
1310:Riyad
1295:Kiffa
1280:Choum
969:(PDF)
936:JSTOR
635:54â55
392:Adrar
380:Idjil
334:near
278:ÙۧۯۧÙ
270:WÄdÄn
216:1996
169:3,695
31:ÙۧۯۧÙ
2336:Wali
2261:Sava
2256:Sani
2092:Inal
1957:Dhar
1696:NĂ©ma
1651:Male
1411:Atar
1386:Aleg
1381:Ajar
1300:Ksar
1017:link
903:ISBN
884:ISBN
775:2013
762:ISBN
559:Akka
542:2011
336:Akka
197:Type
1947:Daw
1406:Arr
1142:in
374:by
342:to
338:in
268:or
232:750
2353::
2244:,
1081:30
1067:17
1053:11
1013:}}
1009:{{
971:,
932:23
930:,
794:;
581:,
561:,
438:.
276::
29::
1241:e
1234:t
1227:v
1132:e
1125:t
1118:v
1085:.
1057:.
1034:.
1021:.
1019:)
995:.
991:2
981:.
977:8
960:.
943:.
922:.
912:.
871:.
858:.
777:.
545:.
272:(
222:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
