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Of the hundreds of bread varieties known from cuneiform sources, unleavened tinuru bread was made by adhering bread to the side walls of a heated cylindrical oven. This type of bread is still central to rural food culture in this part of the world, reflected by the local folklore, where a young man and woman sharing fresh tandır bread is a symbol of young love, however, the culture of traditional bread baking is changing with younger generations, especially with those who reside in towns showing a preference for modern conveniences.
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toast the bread to the desired doneness, whereupon the heat elements are switched off. In most cases, the door must be opened manually, though there are also toaster ovens with doors that open automatically. Because the bread is horizontal, a toaster oven can be used to cook toast with toppings, like
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An earth oven is a pit dug into the ground and then heated, usually by rocks or smoldering debris. Historically these have been used by many cultures for cooking. Cooking times are usually long, and the process is usually cooking by slow roasting the food. Earth ovens are among the most common things
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Toaster ovens are small electric ovens with a front door, wire rack and removable baking pan. To toast bread with a toaster oven, slices of bread are placed horizontally on the rack. When the toast is done, the toaster turns off, but in most cases the door must be opened manually. Most toaster ovens
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One of the first recorded uses of a gas stove and oven referenced a dinner party in 1802 hosted by
Zachaus Winzler, where all the food was prepared either on a gas stove or in its oven compartment. In 1834, British inventor James Sharp began to commercially produce gas ovens after installing one in
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saw improvement through the addition of fire chambers that allowed better containment and release of smoke. Another recognizable oven would be the cast-iron stove. These were first used around the early 1700s when they themselves underwent several variations including the
Stewart Oberlin iron stove
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Tandır ovens used to bake unleavened flatbread were common in
Anatolia during the Seljuk and Ottoman eras, and have been found at archaeological sites distributed across the Middle East. The word tandır comes from the Akkadian tinuru, which becomes tanur in Hebrew and Arabic, and tandır in Turkish.
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are essentially small-scale ovens and can be used to cook foods other than just toasting. A frontal door is opened, horizontally-oriented bread slices (or other food items) are placed on a rack that has heat elements above and below it, and the door is closed. The controls are set and actuated to
416:. Brick ovens are also another ceramic type oven. A culture most notable for the use of brick ovens is Italy and its intimate history with pizza. However, its history also dates further back to Roman times, wherein the brick oven was used not only for commercial use but household use as well.
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Wall ovens make it easier to work with large roasting pans and Dutch ovens. A width is typically 24, 27, or 30 inches. Mounted at waist or eye level, a wall oven eliminates bending. However, it can be nested under a countertop to save space. A separate wall oven is expensive compared with a
657:. Toaster ovens are generally slower to make toast than pop-up toasters, taking 4–6 minutes as compared to 2–3 minutes. In addition to the automatic-toasting settings, toaster ovens typically have settings and temperature controls to allow use of the appliance as a small oven.
309:. The first electric ovens were invented in the very late 19th century, however, like many electrical inventions destined for commercial use, mass ownership of electrical ovens could not be a reality until better and more efficient use of electricity was available.
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Parker, Bradley J. “BREAD OVENS, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND GENDERED SPACE: AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF TANDIR OVENS IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA.” American
Antiquity, vol. 76, no. 4, 2011, pp. 603–627. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41331914. Accessed 16 Dec.
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and in pre-dynastic Egypt. By 3200 BC, each mud-brick house had an oven in settlements across the Indus Valley. Ovens were used to cook food and to make bricks. Pre-dynastic civilizations in Egypt used kilns around 5000–4000 BC to make pottery.
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became very common household ovens once gas lines were available to most houses and neighborhoods. James Sharp patented one of the first gas stoves in 1826. Other various improvements to the gas stove included the
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In the early part of the 19th century, the coal oven was developed. It was cylindrical in shape and made of heavy cast iron. The gas oven saw its first use as early as the beginning of the 19th century as well.
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Ovens usually can use a variety of methods to cook. The most common may be to heat the oven from below. This is commonly used for baking and roasting. The oven may also be able to heat from the top to provide
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More recently, ovens have become slightly more high-tech in terms of cooking strategy. The microwave as a cooking tool was discovered by Percy
Spencer in 1946, and with the help from engineers, the
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models available but not common. When an oven is contained in a complete stove, the fuel used for the oven may be the same as or different from the fuel used for the burners on top of the stove.
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287:. Following the Middle-Ages, ovens underwent many changes over time from wood, iron, coal, gas, and even electric. Each design had its own motivation and purpose. The wood-burning
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Some ovens can perform in multiple ways, sometimes at once. Combination ovens may be able to microwave and conventional heating such as baking or grilling simultaneously.
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67:, they have been used to accomplish a wide variety of tasks requiring controlled heating. Because they are used for a variety of purposes, there are many different
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which is used to expose materials to a hot environment. Ovens contain a hollow chamber and provide a means of heating the chamber in a controlled way. In use since
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The ceramic oven is an oven constructed of clay or any other ceramic material and takes different forms depending on the culture. The
Indians refer to it as a
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Roger Curtis. "Peruvian or
Polynesian: The Stone-Lined Earth Oven of Easter Island." New Zealand Archaeological Association Newsletter. 22, no.3: 1979. 92–96.
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Sopoliga, Miroslav. "Oven and Hearth in
Ukrainian Dwellings of Eastern Slovakia." Acta Ethnografica Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae. Budapest: 1982. 315–355
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which turns the oven on and off and selects the temperature at which it will operate. Set to the highest setting, this may also enable the broiler element. A
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are similar to their culinary equivalents and are used for a number of different applications that do not require the high temperatures of a kiln or furnace.
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from 20,000 BC they used pits with hot coals covered in ashes. The food was wrapped in leaves and set on top, then covered with earth. In camps found in
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1471:
Silltoe, Paul. "The Earth Oven: An
Alternative to the Barbecue from the Highlands of Papua New Guinea." The Anthropologists'Cook Book: 1997. 224–231.
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Dering, Phil (1999). "Earth-Oven Plant
Processing in Archaic Period Economies: An Example from a Semi-Arid Savannah in South Central North America".
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During the Middle Ages, instead of earth and ceramic ovens, Europeans used fireplaces in conjunction with large cauldrons. These were similar to the
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inside the heating chamber, to enhance the heating process, or, in some cases, to change the properties of the material being heated, such as in the
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that allows the heating of aqueous solutions to higher temperatures than water's boiling point in order to sterilize the contents of the autoclave.
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Heating element control options, such as a "top brown" setting that powers only the upper elements so food can be broiled without heat from below.
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Multiple shelf racks – Having options for positioning the oven shelf gives more control over the distance between food and the heating element.
427:. This stove would set the standard and basis for the modern gas oven. Notable improvements to the gas stove since include the addition of the
607:(UK/Commonwealth). A fan-assisted oven that uses a small fan to circulate the air in the cooking chamber, can be used. Both are also known as
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are significantly larger than toasters, but are capable of performing most of the functions of electric ovens, albeit on a much smaller scale.
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735:, more solid form. In the case of ceramic kilns, a shaped clay object is the final result, while cement kilns produce a substance called
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A furnace can be used either to provide heat to a building or used to melt substances such as glass or metal for further processing. A
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was patented. The microwave oven uses microwave radiation to excite the water molecules in food causing friction, thus producing heat.
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622:) may not have any controls at all; the ovens simply run continuously at various temperatures. More conventional ovens have a simple
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that is crushed to make the final cement product. (Certain types of drying ovens used in food manufacture, especially those used in
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archaeologists look for at an anthropological dig, as they are one of the key indicators of human civilization and static society.
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or similar hot-burning substance as a fuel, with air pumped in under pressure to increase the temperature of the fire. A
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may allow the oven to be turned on and off automatically at pre-set times. More sophisticated ovens may have complex,
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Takaoğlu, T. (2004). Ethnoarchaeological investigations in rural Anatolia. Cihangir, İstanbul: Ege Yayınları. (p7)
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There are many methods by which different types of ovens produce heat. Some ovens heat materials using the
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uses a temporarily blown furnace, the smith's heart to heat iron to a glowing red to yellow temperature.
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coating was added to the production of gas stoves and ovens in order to help with easier cleaning.
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71:. These types differ depending on their intended purpose and based upon how they generate heat.
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580:. In modern times, the oven is used to cook and heat food in many households around the globe.
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to automatically shut the oven off when the food is completely cooked to the desired degree.
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Roper, Frances. "Chilean Baking-Oven." Antiquity Publications. Great Britain: 1937. 355–356.
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Industrial Zanolli double hearth deck oven (left) and Sveba-Dahlen rotary rack oven (right)
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Ovens also vary in the way that they are controlled. The simplest ovens (for example, the
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482:-fired ovens were common in the 19th century. Modern masonry ovens are often fired with
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498:. In the past, however, they were also used for any cooking task that required baking.
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What's the difference between fan and fan-assisted ovens? Retrieved on 20 July 2013
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Bauhoff, Gunter. "History of Cast-Iron Oven Plate." Offa Bd. 40: 1983. 191–197.
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522:. By 1947, the first commercial microwave was in use in Boston, Massachusetts.
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his own house. In 1851, the Bower's Registered Gas Stove was displayed at the
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allegedly discovered the heating properties of microwaves while studying the
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mineral feedstock (in the form of clay or calcium or aluminum rocks) into a
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A built-in oven fixture that has either two ovens, or one oven and one
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Outside the culinary world, ovens are used for a number of purposes:
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These produce their heat electrically, often via resistive heating.
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1383:"What's the difference between fan and fan-assisted ovens? - Smeg"
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radiation (typically a fire source). Conceptualized in 1946, Dr.
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1985:
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Dales, George (1974). "Excavations at Balakot, Pakistan, 1973".
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is a particular type of furnace generally associated with metal
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Masonry ovens consist of a baking chamber made of fireproof
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Peter James; Nick Thorpe; I. J. Thorpe (31 October 1995).
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and heating. Foods normally cooked in this manner include
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An oven that cooks food using steam to provide heat.
750:is an oven-like device with features similar to a
431:which assisted in temperature regulation; also an
271:used for heating and cooking. Ovens were used by
1482:"History of the Oven from Cast Iron to Electric."
3288:
1433:
1144:"History of the Oven from Cast Iron to Electric"
391:. It is usually built into the kitchen cabinet.
965:"Mammoths roasted in prehistoric barbecue pit"
86:. Ovens are also used in the manufacturing of
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2001:
1526:
1424:Ovens Advice Centre Retrieved on 20 July 2013
1356:Bizzaco, Michael; Evon, Dan (19 March 2021).
660:Extra features on toaster ovens can include:
334:A stove bench in the living room of a German
1203:Kitchen Remodeling: What I Should Have Known
1049:. Historyworld.net. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
988:. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 302–.
583:Modern ovens are typically fueled by either
490:, and are closely associated with artisanal
210:Ancient Greek portable oven, 17th century BC
1355:
94:; these ovens are sometimes referred to as
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2008:
1994:
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292:that was smaller and had its own chimney.
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611:. An oven may also provide an integrated
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1025:. Donsmaps.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
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102:are ovens used in the manufacturing of
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273:cultures who lived in the Indus Valley
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1989:
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672:Industrial, scientific, and artisanal
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238:Traditional clay stove from Serbia (
16:Enclosed chamber for heating objects
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715:is a high-temperature oven used in
145:heat materials by exposing them to
13:
1206:. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 44.
14:
3323:
2015:
1506:
1091:(1–2). Boston University: 3–22 .
1040:History Of The Indus Civilization
963:Viegas, Jennifer (6 March 2009).
743:, are also referred to as kilns.)
247:The earliest ovens were found in
78:, where they can be used to heat
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1345:from the original on 2014-01-04.
785:
771:
267:, each mammoth bone house had a
231:
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1488:"Household Appliances-Cooking."
1486:National Academy of Engineers.
1415:from the original on 2013-10-15
1401:
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1327:
1289:
1193:
1185:The American Gas Light Journal'
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956:
942:
911:
897:
506:An oven that cooks food using
371:Interior of a modern home oven
1:
1278:"The History of Brick Ovens."
1142:Bellis, Mary (6 April 2018).
891:
240:Ethnographic Museum, Belgrade
1085:Journal of Field Archaeology
7:
1796:Instant hot water dispenser
764:
700:manufacture) using refined
10:
3328:
1459:
1358:"How do steam ovens work?"
1339:Appliances Connection Blog
1316:"Who Invented Microwaves."
1295:The Gas Museum Leicester.
967:. NBC News. Archived from
851:List of cooking appliances
841:Kitchen cabinetry cut-outs
547:
323:
176:
110:are ovens used to produce
29:
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3085:
3022:Chorleywood bread process
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2058:Food preparation utensils
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1962:
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1494:"How do Microwaves Cook."
1189:. Volume 99. 1913. p. 42.
1166:"How do Microwaves Cook."
149:while electric ovens and
74:Ovens are often used for
2694:Machine and metalworking
1335:"How to Buy a Wall Oven"
568:and baked goods such as
319:
157:. Some ovens use forced
30:Not to be confused with
2704:Measuring and alignment
2517:Salt and pepper shakers
1816:Laundry-folding machine
542:
474:. Though traditionally
379:A Japanese toaster oven
2063:Food storage container
1439:"Toaster Buying Guide"
681:
510:radiation rather than
380:
372:
364:
353:
338:
100:Metallurgical furnaces
52:
44:
25:Ovens (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
2038:Cookware and bakeware
1684:Electric water boiler
1200:Phillips, E. (2011).
1063:Hierkonpolis Online.
971:on February 21, 2014.
919:"Ovens in Prehistory"
679:
378:
370:
359:
344:
333:
324:Further information:
153:heat materials using
50:
42:
2669:Cutting and abrasive
1492:Gallawa, Carlton J.
1409:"Oven Advice Centre"
1164:Gallawa, Carlton J.
905:"Definition of Oven"
811:Convection microwave
305:invented in 1922 by
192:Jean-François Millet
137:, while many employ
19:For clay ovens, see
2138:Cake and pie server
1975:Appliance recycling
1699:Electric toothbrush
1443:consumerreports.org
1341:. 9 February 2012.
147:microwave radiation
21:Primitive clay oven
3297:Cooking appliances
2878:Calcium propanoate
2213:Mated colander pot
1831:Robotic lawn mower
1714:Evaporative cooler
1499:2010-11-18 at the
1321:2006-01-27 at the
1302:2011-03-15 at the
1283:2011-07-11 at the
1236:American Antiquity
1171:2010-11-18 at the
1070:2017-02-26 at the
1045:2006-03-09 at the
1021:2011-05-14 at the
985:Ancient inventions
950:"Ovens in History"
871:Self-cleaning oven
682:
554:kitchen appliances
552:Ovens are used as
381:
373:
365:
354:
339:
196:Woman Baking Bread
161:, the movement of
53:
45:
32:Industrial furnace
3312:Firing techniques
3284:
3283:
3200:Brand name breads
3037:Maillard reaction
2883:Dough conditioner
2728:
2727:
2552:Strawberry huller
2422:Mortar and pestle
2143:Candy thermometer
1983:
1982:
1603:Coffee percolator
1586:Immersion blender
1437:(November 2012).
1362:DigitalTrends.com
1213:978-1-4575-0777-9
1154:on July 11, 2012.
995:978-0-345-40102-1
821:Egyptian egg oven
793:Technology portal
727:manufacturing to
636:temperature probe
190:Oven depicted in
155:resistive heating
151:electric furnaces
3319:
3274:
3273:
3245:Sourdough breads
3235:Pakistani breads
3179:History of bread
3164:Baker percentage
3062:Sponge and dough
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2649:Kitchen utensils
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2624:
2385:Meat thermometer
2315:Grapefruit knife
2245:Edible tableware
2010:
2003:
1996:
1987:
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1791:Induction cooker
1761:Garbage disposer
1709:Espresso machine
1664:Electric blanket
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1453:
1451:
1449:
1435:Consumer Reports
1431:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1385:. Archived from
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1312:
1306:
1293:
1287:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1197:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:. Archived from
1139:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1080:
1074:
1065:"Pottery Kilns."
1061:
1050:
1037:
1026:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
979:
973:
972:
960:
954:
953:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
930:
924:. Archived from
923:
915:
909:
908:
901:
795:
790:
789:
781:
776:
775:
758:Industrial ovens
609:convection ovens
425:Great Exhibition
235:
219:
207:
187:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3264:
3195:American breads
3183:
3174:Bread in Europe
3142:
3081:
2999:
2993:
2989:Weighing scales
2927:
2903:Leavening agent
2856:
2847:
2764:
2759:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2613:
2572:Trussing needle
2380:Meat tenderizer
2370:Measuring spoon
2079:
2053:Eating utensils
2019:
2014:
1984:
1979:
1958:
1954:Washing machine
1949:Water dispenser
1875:Pressure cooker
1858:Convection oven
1786:Ice cream maker
1694:Electric shaver
1689:Electric heater
1674:Electric kettle
1556:Air conditioner
1544:
1542:Home appliances
1539:
1509:
1501:Wayback Machine
1462:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1323:Wayback Machine
1313:
1309:
1304:Wayback Machine
1294:
1290:
1285:Wayback Machine
1275:
1271:
1248:10.2307/2694211
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1173:Wayback Machine
1163:
1159:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1081:
1077:
1072:Wayback Machine
1062:
1053:
1047:Wayback Machine
1038:
1029:
1023:Wayback Machine
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
996:
980:
976:
961:
957:
948:
947:
943:
934:
932:
928:
921:
917:
916:
912:
903:
902:
898:
894:
886:Trivection oven
791:
784:
777:
770:
767:
752:pressure cooker
674:
651:melt sandwiches
550:
545:
328:
322:
243:
236:
227:
220:
211:
208:
199:
188:
179:
167:Bessemer method
143:Microwave ovens
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:British breads
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Bread and salt
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3077:Vienna process
3074:
3072:Straight dough
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:No-knead bread
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:Sandwich bread
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2659:Types of tools
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Weighing scale
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Poultry shears
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Pastry blender
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2350:Lemon squeezer
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2325:Gravy strainer
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Cooking vessel
2024:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1970:Appliance plug
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1922:Vacuum cleaner
1919:
1914:
1912:Television set
1909:
1904:
1902:Sewing machine
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1885:Crisper drawer
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1863:Microwave oven
1860:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1719:Food processor
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Electric knife
1676:
1671:
1669:Electric drill
1666:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1647:Domestic robot
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:drying cabinet
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1576:Barbecue grill
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1507:External links
1505:
1504:
1503:
1490:
1484:
1480:Bellis, Mary.
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1426:
1400:
1374:
1348:
1326:
1307:
1297:"Gas Cooking."
1288:
1269:
1242:(4): 659–674.
1226:
1212:
1192:
1176:
1157:
1129:
1120:
1110:
1097:10.2307/529703
1075:
1051:
1027:
1008:
994:
974:
955:
941:
910:
907:. 17 May 2023.
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
861:Reflector oven
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
796:
782:
766:
763:
762:
761:
755:
744:
709:
696:(particularly
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
655:toasted cheese
549:
546:
544:
541:
537:
536:
533:
530:
526:
523:
504:
502:Microwave oven
499:
456:
451:
447:
442:
439:
436:
420:
417:
406:
401:
397:
392:
389:microwave oven
385:
362:microwave oven
321:
318:
314:microwave oven
249:Central Europe
245:
244:
237:
230:
228:
221:
214:
212:
209:
202:
200:
189:
182:
178:
175:
108:glass furnaces
69:types of ovens
51:A ceramic oven
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3324:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3279:
3278:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Indian breads
3228:
3226:
3225:French breads
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:List articles
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Bread pudding
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:Processes and
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Dough scraper
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Bread machine
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Baker's yeast
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Slotted spoon
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Roller docker
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Potato masher
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Nutmeg grater
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Measuring cup
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Fat separator
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Egg separator
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Cutting board
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Cookie cutter
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Citrus reamer
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Cherry pitter
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Cheese slicer
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Cheese cutter
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Butter curler
2131:
2129:
2128:Browning tray
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Bottle opener
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:Kitchen tools
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
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1873:
1871:
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1859:
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1849:
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1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Kitchen stove
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
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1759:
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1750:
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1730:
1727:
1726:
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1722:
1720:
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1715:
1712:
1710:
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1700:
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1645:
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1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:Clothes dryer
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Bread machine
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1389:on 2013-05-07
1388:
1384:
1378:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:Forno Bravo.
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
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846:Kitchen stove
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642:Toaster ovens
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516:Percy Spencer
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345:A wood-fired
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326:List of ovens
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194:'s painting,
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82:to a desired
81:
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66:
62:
58:
49:
43:A double oven
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
3275:
3260:Toast dishes
3255:Swiss breads
3250:Sweet breads
3240:Quick breads
3205:Bread dishes
3118:French toast
3103:Bread pakora
3093:Bread crumbs
2938:
2643:
2626:
2592:Wooden spoon
2562:Tomato knife
2492:Potato ricer
2482:Pizza cutter
2457:Pastry wheel
2452:Pastry brush
2417:Milk watcher
2412:Milk frother
2400:Herb chopper
2390:Melon baller
2375:Meat grinder
2355:Lobster pick
2335:Honing steel
2330:Honey dipper
2310:Garlic press
2295:Flour sifter
2280:Fillet knife
2235:Crab cracker
2225:Cookie press
2173:Chef's knife
2158:Cheese knife
2092:Apple cutter
1880:Refrigerator
1852:
1826:Riding mower
1806:Kitchen hood
1630:Dehumidifier
1620:Clothes iron
1571:Air purifier
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:the original
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1351:
1338:
1329:
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1291:
1272:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1202:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1160:
1152:the original
1147:
1123:
1113:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
984:
977:
969:the original
958:
944:
933:. Retrieved
926:the original
913:
899:
866:Russian oven
801:Beehive oven
683:
659:
647:garlic bread
641:
640:
617:
597:
582:
551:
538:
454:Masonry oven
445:Toaster oven
414:Indus Valley
404:Ceramic oven
351:masonry oven
349:, a type of
311:
307:Gustaf Dalén
294:
282:
278:
246:
195:
173:production.
116:
73:
56:
54:
36:
3210:Bread rolls
3159:Breadmaking
3057:Pre-slicing
3052:Pre-ferment
2974:Stand mixer
2959:Farinograph
2861:Ingredients
2843:Whole wheat
2838:White bread
2808:Salt-rising
2778:Brown bread
2719:Woodworking
2632:Kitchenware
2512:Rolling pin
2472:Pepper mill
2285:Fish scaler
2255:Egg poacher
2250:Egg piercer
2168:Cheesecloth
2123:Bread knife
2088:Apple corer
2048:Dishwashing
2028:Kitchenware
1944:Waffle iron
1907:Slow cooker
1897:Rice cooker
1838:Leaf blower
1625:Coffeemaker
1566:Air ioniser
1314:Microtech.
1001:23 November
779:Food portal
717:wood drying
589:electricity
585:natural gas
488:electricity
484:natural gas
384:Double oven
139:electricity
135:natural gas
84:temperature
3302:Fireplaces
3291:Categories
3133:Sandwiches
3098:Bread bowl
3000:techniques
2833:Unleavened
2818:Soda bread
2793:Multigrain
2627:Categories
2497:Pot-holder
2442:Pastry bag
2437:Oven glove
2427:Nutcracker
2407:Microplane
2290:Fish slice
2265:Egg slicer
2188:Chopsticks
2148:Can opener
1821:Lawn mower
1776:Humidifier
1766:Hair dryer
1744:Fan heater
1659:Deep fryer
1652:comparison
1635:Dishwasher
1598:Bug zapper
1419:2013-07-20
1393:2013-07-20
1219:January 7,
935:2021-01-22
892:References
876:Solar oven
856:Oven glove
816:Cook stove
806:Clome oven
706:blacksmith
624:thermostat
620:AGA cooker
613:rotisserie
593:bottle gas
576:and other
566:casseroles
532:Steam oven
476:wood-fired
429:thermostat
395:Earth oven
347:pizza oven
303:AGA cooker
298:Gas stoves
285:Dutch oven
222:Classical
159:convection
125:, such as
119:combustion
3032:Leavening
3007:Autolysis
2949:Bread pan
2932:Equipment
2823:Sourdough
2803:Rye bread
2788:Flatbread
2395:Mezzaluna
2360:Mandoline
2300:Food mill
2270:Egg timer
2230:Corkscrew
2108:Blowtorch
2068:Tableware
1771:Hair iron
1734:bladeless
1561:Air fryer
1264:163182181
1148:ThoughtCo
1016:Mezhirich
748:autoclave
525:Wall oven
520:magnetron
508:microwave
336:farmhouse
265:Mezhirich
65:antiquity
3277:Category
3128:Stuffing
3113:Croutons
3067:Steaming
3047:Proofing
3027:Kneading
2828:Sprouted
2674:Forestry
2664:Cleaning
2522:Scissors
2477:Pie bird
2208:Colander
2198:Clay pot
1963:See also
1870:Pie iron
1781:Icemaker
1704:Epilator
1497:Archived
1448:17 March
1413:Archived
1367:22 March
1343:Archived
1319:Archived
1300:Archived
1281:Archived
1169:Archived
1068:Archived
1043:Archived
1019:Archived
831:Gas Mark
765:See also
733:glassier
721:ceramics
694:smelting
632:computer
605:grilling
603:(US) or
601:broiling
578:desserts
558:roasting
512:infrared
486:or even
464:concrete
419:Gas oven
106:, while
88:ceramics
2984:Toaster
2699:Masonry
2689:Kitchen
2644:Commons
2597:Scraper
2542:Spatula
2203:Cleaver
2183:Chinois
2103:Beanpot
2073:Teaware
2043:Cutlery
1937:robotic
1927:central
1917:Toaster
1843:Lighter
1756:Freezer
1739:ceiling
1581:Blender
1460:Sources
1256:2694211
881:Tandoor
741:malting
737:clinker
729:convert
591:, with
548:Cooking
410:tandoor
261:Ukraine
257:mammoth
224:Pompeii
177:History
92:pottery
76:cooking
3154:Bakery
3012:Baking
2979:Warmer
2709:Mining
2679:Garden
2609:Zester
2547:Spider
2467:Peeler
2320:Grater
2305:Funnel
2098:Baster
1932:manual
1801:Juicer
1749:window
1262:
1254:
1210:
1105:529703
1103:
992:
826:Fridge
725:cement
529:range.
433:enamel
289:stoves
269:hearth
198:(1854)
104:metals
3307:Ovens
3147:Other
3138:Toast
3123:Rusks
2923:Water
2918:Sugar
2898:Flour
2798:Quick
2770:Types
2762:Bread
2714:Power
2602:Dough
2587:Whisk
2577:Twine
2567:Tongs
2557:Tamis
2532:Sieve
2527:Scoop
2340:Ladle
1890:smart
1848:Mixer
1729:attic
1613:combo
1549:Types
1260:S2CID
1252:JSTOR
1118:2020.
1101:JSTOR
929:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
836:Horno
698:steel
653:, or
628:timer
570:bread
496:pizza
492:bread
470:, or
468:stone
460:brick
320:Types
259:. In
253:yurts
171:steel
163:gases
133:, or
121:of a
112:glass
96:kilns
59:is a
3220:Buns
3086:Uses
3017:Biga
2969:Peel
2964:Lame
2939:Oven
2913:Salt
2908:Milk
2888:Eggs
2873:Barm
2684:Hand
2462:Peel
2345:Lame
2118:Bowl
1853:Oven
1450:2014
1369:2021
1221:2017
1208:ISBN
1003:2011
990:ISBN
723:and
713:kiln
702:coke
574:cake
562:meat
556:for
543:Uses
494:and
480:coal
472:clay
226:oven
131:coal
127:wood
123:fuel
90:and
80:food
61:tool
57:oven
2893:Fat
2783:Bun
1724:Fan
1244:doi
1093:doi
746:An
587:or
169:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
