249:. This rapid extinction underscores the significant impact humans can have on native wildlife, especially in isolated ecosystems like New Zealand. The MÄori, relying on the moa as a primary food source and for resources such as feathers and bones, hunted these birds extensively. The moa's inability to fly and their size, which made them easier targets, contributed to their rapid decline. This event serves as a cautionary tale about the delicate balance between human activity and biodiversity and highlights the potential consequences of over-hunting and habitat destruction. A second wave of extinctions occurred later with European settlement. This period marked significant ecological disruption, largely due to the introduction of new species and land-use changes. European settlers brought with them animals such as rats, cats, and stoats, which preyed upon native birds and other wildlife. Additionally, deforestation for agriculture significantly altered the habitats of many endemic species. These combined factors accelerated the decline of New Zealand's unique biodiversity, leading to the extinction of several more species. The European settlement period serves as a poignant example of how human activities can drastically impact natural ecosystems.
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230:. This hypothesis suggests that these extinctions were closely linked to human migration and population growth. One of the most compelling pieces of evidence supporting this theory is that approximately 80% of North American large mammal species disappeared within just approximately a thousand years of humans arriving in the
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In 1911, when only one small group of 32 sea otters survived in a remote cove, an international treaty was signed to prevent further exploitation of the sea otters. Under heavy protection, the otters multiplied and repopulated the depleted areas, which slowly recovered. More recently, with declining
202:
bird. Crafting a single cloak required the feathers of approximately 70,000 adult mamo birds, illustrating a staggering scale of resource extraction that ultimately contributed to its extinction. This instance underscores how cultural traditions and their associated demands can sometimes precipitate
190:
The concern about overexploitation, while relatively recent in the annals of modern environmental awareness, traces back to ancient practices embedded in human history. Contrary to the notion that overexploitation is an exclusively contemporary issue, the phenomenon has been documented for millennia
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takes place. Reforestation competes with other land uses such as food production, livestock grazing, and living space for further economic growth. Historically utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water
493:
About 25% of world fisheries are now overexploited to the point where their current biomass is less than the level that maximizes their sustainable yield. These depleted fisheries can often recover if fishing pressure is reduced until the stock biomass returns to the optimal biomass. At this point,
357:
of the common is exceeded, which damages the common for all the herders. The self-interested herder receives all of the benefits of having the additional cow, while all the herders share the damage to the common. However, all herders reach the same rational decision to buy additional cows and graze
214:
provides another clear example of overexploitation. The dodo, a flightless bird, exhibited a lack of fear toward predators, including humans, making it exceptionally vulnerable to hunting. The dodo's naivety and the absence of natural defenses against human hunters and introduced species led to its
362:
Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limitāin a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons
474:
It is possible to fish the stock down further to, say, 15% of the pre-harvest biomass, and then adjust the harvest rate so the biomass remains at that level. In this case, the fishery is sustainable, but is now overexploited, because the stock has been run down to the point where the sustainable
466:
of the fish stock will decrease, since harvesting means fish are being removed. For sustainability, the rate at which the fish replenish biomass through reproduction must balance the rate at which the fish are being harvested. If the harvest rate is increased, then the stock biomass will further
757:
Species from all groups of fauna and flora are affected by overexploitation. This phenomenon is not bound by taxonomy; it spans across mammals, birds, fish, insects, and plants alike. Animals are hunted for their fur, tusks, or meat, while plants are harvested for medicinal purposes, timber, or
903:
was set up in order to control and regulate the trade in endangered animals. It currently protects, to a varying degree, some 33,000 species of animals and plants. It is estimated that a quarter of the endangered vertebrates in the United States of
America and half of the endangered mammals is
761:
All living organisms require resources to survive. Overexploitation of these resources for protracted periods can deplete natural stocks to the point where they are unable to recover within a short time frame. Humans have always harvested food and other resources they need to survive. Human
1112:
855:, firearms have become common and the breakdown of food distribution networks in such countries leaves the resources of the natural environment vulnerable. Animals are even killed as target practice, or simply to spite the government. Populations of large primates, such as
99:. Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at an unsustainable rate, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In
103:, the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves the taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in
407:
The tragedy of the commons can be avoided if it is appropriately regulated. Hardin's use of "commons" has frequently been misunderstood, leading Hardin to later remark that he should have titled his work "The tragedy of the unregulated commons".
547:, is mined or extracted at a rate that exceeds the recharge rate, that is, at a rate that exceeds the practical sustained yield. Recharge usually comes from area streams, rivers and lakes. An aquifer which has been overexploited is said to be
1154:. Starting before the 17th century and not phased out until 1911, sea otters were hunted aggressively for their exceptionally warm and valuable pelts, which could fetch up to $ 2500 US. This caused cascade effects through the
336:
published in 1833 to explain how individuals innocently acting in their own self-interest can overexploit, and destroy, a resource that they all share. Lloyd described a simplified hypothetical situation based on medieval
191:
and is not limited to human activities alone. Historical evidence reveals that various cultures and societies have engaged in practices leading to the overuse of natural resources, sometimes with drastic consequences.
467:
decrease. At a certain point, the maximum harvest yield that can be sustained will be reached, and further attempts to increase the harvest rate will result in the collapse of the fishery. This point is called the
513:(ITQs) to fishermen. In 2008, a large scale study of fisheries that used ITQs, and ones that did not, provided strong evidence that ITQs help prevent collapses and restore fisheries that appear to be in decline.
221:
has long been a vital human activity for survival, providing food, clothing, and tools. However, the history of hunting also includes episodes of overexploitation, particularly in the form of overhunting. The
215:
rapid extinction. This case offers insight into how certain species, particularly those isolated on islands, can be disproportionately affected by human activities due to their evolutionary adaptations.
566:. These debates usually centre around agriculture and suburban water usage but generation of electricity from nuclear energy or coal and tar sands mining is also water resource intensive. A modified
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stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their abrupt collapse in 1992. Even though fishing has ceased, the cod stocks have failed to recover. The absence of cod as the
770:
of many species beyond sustainable levels. In practical terms, if continued, it reduces valuable resources to such low levels that their exploitation is no longer sustainable and can lead to the
2863:
WCMC. (1992). McComb, J., Groombridge, B., Byford, E., Allan, C., Howland, J., Magin, C., Smith, H., Greenwood, V. and
Simpson, L. (1992). World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Chapman and Hall.
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applies to any resource that can be harvested faster than it can be replaced. Though
Hubbert's original analysis did not apply to renewable resources, their overexploitation can result in a
234:. This rapid disappearance indicates a significant impact of human activity on these species, underscoring the profound influence humans have had on their environment throughout history.
825:. Achatinelline snails have 15 species listed as extinct and 24 critically endangered while 60 species of partulidae are considered extinct with 14 listed as critically endangered. The
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3202:
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Jackson, D. B.; Fuller, R. J.; Campbell, S. T. (2004). "Long-term
Population Changes Among Breeding Shorebirds in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, In Relation to Introduced Hedgehogs (
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can be caused by native fauna, as shown in the upper right. However, past human overexploitation (leading to elimination of some predators) may be behind the situation.
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288:
is a wild palm tree found in
Southeast Asia. Its leaves are used for thatching and food wrapping, and overharvesting has resulted in its leaf size becoming smaller.
1147:
species can occur. In turn, the unchecked prey can then overexploit their own food resources until population numbers dwindle, possibly to the point of extinction.
840:, the population greatly expanded and took to consuming and overexploiting shorebird eggs, with drastic consequences for their breeding success. Twelve species of
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715:
One of the key health issues associated with biodiversity is drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are
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derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources. Marine ecosystems are of particular interest in this regard. However, unregulated and inappropriate
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from overexploitation, as they often exist at low densities with reduced reproductive rates. A good example of this are island snails, such as the
Hawaiian
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their cows. In Hardin's article, it is in each herder's individual interest to graze each new cow that the herder acquires on the common land, even if the
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ornamental uses. This unsustainable practice disrupts ecosystems, threatening biodiversity and leading to the potential extinction of vulnerable species.
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as well. Also, since kelp forest ecosystems are homes to many other species, the loss of the kelp caused other cascade effects of secondary extinctions.
2793:
Dowding, J. E.; Murphy, E. C. (2001). "The Impact of
Predation be Introduced Mammals on Endemic Shorebirds in New Zealand: A Conservation Perspective".
158:
in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native
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3095:
Dayton, P. K.; Tegner, M. J.; Edwards, P. B.; Riser, K. L. (1998). "Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities".
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in some locales, although generally forests are a major source of aquifer depletion. Depleted aquifers can become polluted with contaminants such as
9000:
1968:
Ostrom, E. (1992). "The rudiments of a theory of the origins, survival, and performance of common-property institutions". In
Bromley, D. W. (ed.).
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is currently overexploited. Scientists say 7,500 tons annually is the sustainable limit, yet the fishing industry continue to harvest 60,000 tons.
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Overall, 50 bird species that have become extinct since 1500 (approximately 40% of the total) have been subject to overexploitation, including:
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375:. The example of fish stocks had led some to call this the "tragedy of the fishers". A major theme running through the essay is the growth of
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to agriculture, or overexploitation of wood products, typically leads to loss of long-term income and long term biological productivity.
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Dhillion, S. S.; Svarstad, H.; Amundsen, C.; Bugge, H. C. (September 2002). "Bioprospecting: Effects on
Environment and Development".
1302:
Frank, Kenneth T.; Petrie, Brian; Choi, Jae S.; Leggett, William C. (2005). "Trophic
Cascades in a Formerly Cod-Dominated Ecosystem".
847:
Where there is substantial human migration, civil unrest, or war, controls may no longer exist. With civil unrest, for example in the
471:, and in practice, usually occurs when the fishery has been fished down to about 30% of the biomass it had before harvesting started.
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3713:
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1559:"The Silent Forest: Impact of Bird Hunting by Prehistoric Polynesians on the Decline and Disappearance of Native Avifauna in Hawai'i"
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and other mammals, may be reduced by 80% or more by hunting, and certain species may be eliminated. This decline has been called the
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Wilkie, D. S.; Carpenter, J. F. (1999). "Bushmeat hunting in the Congo Basin: An assessment of impacts and options for migration".
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populations, historically, were small, and methods of collection were limited to small quantities. With an exponential increase in
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60:. Continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. The term applies to
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and many other regions have experienced lower revenue because of overexploitation and the consequent declining timber harvests.
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1641:"The Discovery of America: The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years"
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616:. In developing countries almost three billion people rely on wood for heating and cooking. Short-term economic gains made by
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have attributed over-collecting and very low lifetime fecundity for the extreme vulnerability exhibited among these species.
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Overexploitation does not necessarily lead to the destruction of the resource, nor is it necessarily unsustainable. However,
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782:. Overexploitation often occurs rapidly as markets open, utilising previously untapped resources, or locally used species.
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Fish stocks are said to "collapse" if their biomass declines by more than 95 percent of their maximum historical biomass.
404:: a situation in which rational individuals, acting separately, collectively waste a given resource by underutilizing it.
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is sometimes used to describe aquifers which do not recharge). Overexploitation occurs if a water resource, such as the
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766:, expanding markets and increasing demand, combined with improved access and techniques for capture, are causing the
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This turns much of the world's underground water and lakes into finite resources with peak usage debates similar to
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and cultivable land. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses, and wood pulp for
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In the course of his essay, Hardin develops the theme, drawing in many examples of latter day commons, such as
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have experienced a food shortage and have been observed feeding on sea otters, again reducing their numbers.
510:
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390:, who noted that "what is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it", as well as to
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Naess, A. (1986). "Intrinsic value: Will the defenders of nature please rise?". In SoulƩ, M. E. (ed.).
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Deep Ecology for the 21st Century: Readings on the Philosophy and Practice of the New Environmentalism
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2481:"Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century"
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In more recent times, overexploitation has resulted in the gradual emergence of the concepts of
226:, which addresses the Quaternary extinction events, explains the relatively rapid extinction of
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Rhymer, Judith M.; Simberloff, Daniel (1996). "Extinction by Hybridization and Introgression".
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of sea urchin populations occurred. The sea urchins then overexploited their main food source,
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and the species that inhabit them, as islands can be viewed as the world in miniature. Island
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Lubchenco, J. (1991). "The Sustainable Biosphere Initiative: An ecological research agenda".
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899:. The Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, or
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241:. By 1500 AD, a mere 200 years after the first human settlements, ten species of the giant
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is valued at $ 10 billion per year. Industries responsible for this include the trade in
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A Rising Tide: Scientists find proof that privatising fishing stocks can avert a disaster
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Rosenberg, A.A. (2003). "Managing to the margins: the overexploitation of fisheries".
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1448:"Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications"
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Today, overexploitation and misuse of natural resources is an ever-present threat for
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Feeny, D.; et al. (1990). "The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-two years later".
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Lee, K. N. (2001). "Sustainability, concept and practice of". In Levin, S. A. (ed.).
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685:
544:
509:. One effective approach may be assigning some measure of ownership in the form of
455:
has been fished down "below the size that, on average, would support the long-term
400:. The opposite situation to a tragedy of the commons is sometimes referred to as a
376:
195:
183:
135:
61:
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487:
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77:
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1135:. This can particularly apply if, through overexploitation, a habitat loses its
246:
95:, overexploitation describes one of the five main activities threatening global
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4211:
4166:
4058:
3933:
3828:
3728:
3656:
3443:
1771:
1686:
Larkin, P. A. (1977). "An epitaph for the concept of maximum sustained yield".
1575:
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1120:
1085:
1036:
884:
802:
720:
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653:
629:
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When a fishery starts harvesting fish from a previously unexploited stock, the
444:
329:
311:
253:
5955:
2944:
2441:"Effects of climate change on global biodiversity: a review of key literature"
2250:
1488:
939:ā The only parrot species native to the eastern United States, was hunted for
9210:
9133:
9017:
8974:
8920:
8908:
8893:
8883:
8806:
8720:
8696:
8691:
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8471:
8059:
8000:
7963:
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6790:
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6448:
6334:
6284:
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5618:
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4390:
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1664:
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1215:
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567:
483:
368:
7715:
2563:
2135:
1892:
http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_tragedy_of_the_commons.html
1325:
358:
them on the common, which eventually destroys the common. Hardin concludes:
37:
stocks were severely overexploited in the 1970s and 1980s, leading to their
9159:
9093:
8825:
8811:
8666:
8476:
8444:
8434:
8337:
8183:
8081:
8027:
7936:
7795:
7462:
6908:
6866:
6642:
6593:
6529:
6385:
6289:
6034:
5613:
5523:
5508:
5165:
5135:
5080:
4963:
4928:
4805:
4304:
3609:
3604:
3592:
3552:
3537:
3225:
2712:
2661:
2518:
2485:
2388:
2143:
2012:
1672:
1484:
1333:
1182:
673:
571:
548:
540:
522:
479:
284:
the numbers or amount of the resource can change its quality. For example,
269:
147:
96:
34:
2534:"Estimated impact of global population growth on future wilderness extent"
1885:
1391:
Wilcove, D. S.; Rothstein, D.; Dubow, J.; Phillips, A.; Losos, E. (1998).
122:. However, it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as
9138:
8681:
8676:
8513:
8498:
8374:
8349:
7978:
7898:
7805:
7790:
7345:
7004:
6948:
6770:
6748:
6743:
6610:
6487:
6453:
6441:
6329:
6252:
5895:
5880:
5663:
4815:
4362:
4324:
4299:
4289:
4254:
4201:
4181:
3723:
3678:
3547:
3520:
3167:
Weāve overexploited the planet, now we need to change if weāre to survive
2577:(2006) "Molecular Pharming" GMO Compass Retrieved November 5, 2009, From
2109:
1210:
1155:
1124:
1058:
1003:
987:
968:
880:
815:
750:
665:
645:
621:
587:
452:
448:
422:
372:
346:
338:
238:
139:
131:
127:
81:
8820:
3154:
Overcoming factors of unsustainability and overexploitation in fisheries
2730:
2583:
592:
9088:
8903:
8873:
8858:
8646:
8634:
8394:
8256:
7882:
7230:
7111:
6928:
6886:
6828:
6797:
6436:
6368:
6306:
6279:
6242:
5594:
5528:
5105:
5070:
4710:
4662:
4607:
4577:
4483:
4400:
4344:
4221:
4171:
3788:
2653:
2425:
2004:
1744:
1420:
1397:
1230:
1162:
1151:
1063:
960:
810:
771:
649:
625:
575:
119:
2368:
1433:
Oxford. (1996). Oxford Dictionary of Biology. Oxford University Press.
723:
could potentially lead to overexploitation, ecosystem degradation and
332:
entitled "The Tragedy of the Commons". It was based on a parable that
8830:
8619:
8548:
8493:
8488:
8354:
8195:
8101:
7844:
7400:
6994:
6876:
6684:
6679:
6657:
6546:
6539:
6358:
6353:
6260:
6237:
5900:
5433:
5387:
5115:
4559:
4529:
4329:
4284:
4259:
4196:
4186:
4161:
4153:
4098:
4029:
3911:
3557:
1116:
896:
779:
677:
539:, are usually renewable resources which naturally recharge (the term
387:
318:
is a useful parable for understanding how overexploitation can occur.
227:
211:
108:
104:
6100:
3057:
1736:
1411:
1392:
964:
656:. Many coral reefs are overexploited; threats include coral mining,
9123:
9108:
8639:
8624:
8526:
8364:
7812:
7472:
7395:
7356:
7121:
6689:
6615:
6556:
6551:
6499:
6409:
6380:
6373:
6363:
6294:
6268:
6264:
6256:
5930:
5488:
5417:
4948:
4776:
4455:
4367:
4314:
4269:
1618:
1028:
930:
888:
868:
864:
806:
563:
85:
2194:
New Scientist: Guaranteed fish quotas halt commercial free-for-all
1533:
The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions
386:
The tragedy of the commons has intellectual roots tracing back to
9103:
8952:
8789:
8779:
8587:
8399:
8111:
8106:
6989:
6785:
6780:
6726:
6632:
6561:
6404:
6205:
5478:
5285:
5155:
5150:
4777:
4725:
4385:
4030:
3738:
3688:
1095:
1067:
1007:
856:
604:
556:
552:
536:
350:
218:
151:
126:
in the section on fisheries. In the context of fishing, the term
92:
73:
69:
65:
2727:"COHAB Initiative - on Natural Products and Medicinal Resources"
640:
9113:
9039:
7377:
6838:
6803:
6627:
6583:
6431:
6229:
3562:
1393:"Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States"
852:
600:
459:
of the fishery". However, overexploitation can be sustainable.
391:
342:
1111:
883:, as well as other groups. Excluding edible fish, the illegal
844:
are affected, with some species numbers being reduced by 39%.
745:
494:
harvesting can be resumed near the maximum sustainable yield.
431:
237:
The fastest-ever recorded extinction of megafauna occurred in
203:
the overexploitation of a species to the brink of extinction.
194:
One poignant example can be found in the ceremonial cloaks of
8784:
8543:
7199:
6871:
6711:
6637:
6424:
5563:
2632:
2629:
1390:
1099:
1024:
1020:
900:
613:
380:
163:
159:
118:
Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including
9128:
6816:
6672:
6667:
6647:
6521:
6472:
6316:
3109:
10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0309:SBGARE]2.0.CO;2
2677:"Looking for new compounds in sea is endangering ecosystem"
2646:
10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0491:beoead]2.0.co;2
2181:
10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0102:MTTMTO]2.0.CO;2
2060:
1797:
Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity
1357:
Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology
1170:
1165:. When hunters caused sea otter populations to decline, an
1144:
1016:
841:
837:
532:
207:
199:
198:, which were adorned with the feathers of the now-extinct
6775:
6419:
3149:
929:ā the penguin-like bird of the north, was hunted for its
774:
of a species, in addition to having dramatic, unforeseen
242:
182:
were overexploited to the point of extinction, the giant
179:
3094:
3033:"Chinese medicines contain traces of endangered animals"
1799:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. pp. 153ā181.
1708:
10.1577/1548-8659(1977)106<1:AEFTCO>2.0.CO;2
3058:"The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities"
2606:"Marine organisms: Potential Source for Drug Discovery"
2298:"Disappearing Lakes, Shrinking Seas: Selected Examples"
2274:. U.S. Water News Online. February 2006. Archived from
1181:
numbers of fish stocks, again due to overexploitation,
7594:
International Conference on Population and Development
3018:
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
1301:
1131:
Overexploitation of species can result in knock-on or
672:
Overexploitation is one of the main threats to global
7947:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
3056:
Estes, J. A.; Duggins, D. O.; Rathbun, G. B. (1989).
2872:
2763:
1935:
Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions, and Evolution
1158:
ecosystems along the Pacific Coast of North America.
7873:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
3010:"THE EXOTIC PET-DEMIC/UK'S TICKING TIMEBOMB EXPOSED"
2764:
Frankham, R.; Ballou, J. D.; Briscoe, D. A. (2002).
2107:
2091:
4th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
1970:
Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice and Policy
3210:
3055:
2112:(2007). "Economics of Overexploitation Revisited".
1161:One of the sea ottersā primary food sources is the
1150:A classic example of cascade effects occurred with
879:Overexploitation threatens one-third of endangered
3126:(5th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
2333:Palaniappan, Meena & Gleick, Peter H. (2008).
749:It is not just humans that overexploit resources.
501:can be avoided within the context of fisheries if
2332:
1504:
730:
9208:
9001:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2979:(3rd ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
2401:
130:can be used instead of overexploitation, as can
2999:The LUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2009).
2930:
2326:
2218:"Underlying Causes of Deforestation: UN Report"
8899:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
6004:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2322:http://www.epa.gov/cleanrgy/water_resource.htm
1688:Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
1445:
1354:
596:Clear cutting of old growth forests in Canada.
383:'s finite resources being the general common.
7904:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
7745:
7731:
7215:
6116:
5579:
4762:
4015:
3196:
2792:
2241:"Forests of eucalyptus shadowed by questions"
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1139:. Because of the loss of the top predator, a
551:or depleted. Forests enhance the recharge of
505:and practices are regulated appropriately by
260:, which has built on other concepts, such as
7952:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
7619:United Nations world population conferences
2912:Jones, R. F. (1990). "Farewell to Africa".
2438:
1843:
1841:
1536:. New York, NY, US: Scribner. p. 318.
1355:Ehrlich, Paul R.; Ehrlich, Anne H. (1972).
8055:Climate change and civilizational collapse
7738:
7724:
7532:Population and housing censuses by country
7222:
7208:
6123:
6109:
6061:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
5586:
5572:
4983:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
4769:
4755:
4022:
4008:
3203:
3189:
2432:
2232:
1897:
1509:. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press.
1441:
1439:
1377:
3714:Environmental issues in the United States
2702:
2562:
2508:
2498:
2164:
1875:
1720:
1574:
1410:
836:was introduced to the Scottish island of
801:. This is more prevalent when looking at
291:
9058:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
8996:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
7255:Estimates of historical world population
4881:Predatorāprey (LotkaāVolterra) equations
4520:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
3699:Effects of climate change on agriculture
2623:
2405:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2300:. Earth Policy Institute. Archived from
2168:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
2035:"Will commons sense dawn again in time?"
1907:Two Lectures on the Checks to Population
1838:
1819:
1557:PĆ©rez, Francisco L. (October 18, 2021).
1110:
784:
744:
639:
591:
430:
305:
186:that preyed on them also became extinct.
173:
29:
4913:Random generalized LotkaāVolterra model
3030:
2974:
2603:
1529:
1436:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
918:List of extinct bird species since 1500
245:birds were driven to extinction by the
178:When the giant flightless birds called
14:
9209:
4721:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
3704:Effects of climate change on livestock
2531:
2295:
2238:
1967:
1930:
1847:
1685:
1638:
1523:
1049:List of recently extinct invertebrates
7719:
7203:
6130:
6104:
5567:
4750:
4003:
3184:
3121:
2911:
2766:Introduction to Conservation Genetics
2085:Bolden, E.G., Robinson, W.L. (1999),
1982:
1903:
1794:
1611:
1556:
708:and the driver behind many of these,
371:, the atmosphere, oceans, rivers and
8075:Tipping points in the climate system
7688:
6085:
4736:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
3958:
3814:Tropical cyclones and climate change
2674:
2478:
2472:
2389:"Destruction of Renewable Resources"
1505:Tennyson, A.; Martinson, P. (2006).
1446:Holdaway, R. N.; Jacomb, C. (2000).
1288:
832:As another example, when the humble
8070:Extinction risk from climate change
7969:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
7624:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
6019:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
5768:Extinction risk from climate change
5186:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
3847:Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion
2369:http://atlas.aaas.org/pdf/63-66.pdf
2272:"World's largest aquifer going dry"
1765:
349:on which they are each entitled to
24:
9030:List of fictional doomsday devices
4939:Ecological effects of biodiversity
3143:
3082:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1989.tb00085.x
2977:Essentials of Conservation Biology
2335:"The World's Water 2008-2009 Ch 1"
1106:
516:
25:
9243:
8050:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
7516:Population and Development Review
4275:Generalist and specialist species
3494:pharmaceuticals and personal care
2604:Roopesh, J.; et al. (2008).
2542:Earth System Dynamics Discussions
2439:Kannan, R.; James, D. A. (2009).
1226:Exploitation of natural resources
914:List of extinct birds in the wild
574:. This has led to the concept of
9166:
9165:
9153:
8311:Decline in amphibian populations
7700:
7699:
7687:
7564:Population concern organizations
7270:Projections of population growth
7184:
7183:
6084:
6075:
6074:
6040:Decline in amphibian populations
6009:IUCN Species Survival Commission
5662:
4998:Occupancyāabundance relationship
3969:
3968:
3957:
3645:decline in amphibian populations
3350:Deforestation and climate change
1614:"Bringing the dodo back to life"
1042:
1006:: snakes, parrots, primates and
959:The international trade in fur:
954:List of recently extinct mammals
904:attributed to overexploitation.
603:are overexploited when they are
475:yield is less than it could be.
8662:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
8159:Land surface effects on climate
8132:Human impact on the environment
7763:Future of an expanding universe
7665:Human impact on the environment
7599:Population Action International
5715:Human impact on the environment
5018:Relative abundance distribution
4731:Plant defense against herbivory
4598:Competitive exclusion principle
4310:Mesopredator release hypothesis
3779:Land surface effects on climate
3236:Environmental impact assessment
3212:Human impact on the environment
3115:
3088:
3049:
3024:
3002:
2993:
2968:
2959:
2924:
2905:
2866:
2857:
2835:
2821:
2786:
2757:
2744:
2719:
2668:
2597:
2571:
2525:
2418:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83
2395:
2381:
2362:
2315:
2289:
2264:
2210:
2207:The Economist, 18th Sept, 2008.
2198:
2187:
2158:
2101:
2088:Wildlife ecology and management
2079:
2073:
2045:
2027:
1976:
1961:
1924:
1904:Lloyd, William Forster (1833).
1813:
1788:
1759:
1714:
1679:
1632:
1080:List of recently extinct plants
982:List of recently extinct fishes
635:
7614:United Nations Population Fund
7229:
5695:Climate variability and change
5593:
4603:Consumerāresource interactions
2729:. Cohabnet.org. Archived from
2479:Mora, C.; et al. (2013).
1770:. Vol. 5. San Diego, CA:
1639:Martin, Paul S. (1973-03-09).
1612:Fryer, Jonathan (2002-09-14).
1605:
1550:
1498:
1427:
1348:
1251:Overpopulation in wild animals
874:
809:populations are more prone to
731:Endangered and extinct species
511:individual transferable quotas
123:
27:Depleting a renewable resource
13:
1:
8608:Interpretations of Revelation
8410:Cosmological phase transition
8316:Decline in insect populations
7768:Ultimate fate of the universe
6045:Decline in insect populations
5988:IUCN Red List extinct species
5449:Biological data visualization
5276:Environmental niche modelling
5003:Population viability analysis
3650:decline in insect populations
2933:Biodiversity and Conservation
2899:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00289-1
2815:10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00187-7
1877:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
1597:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1477:10.1126/science.287.5461.2250
1282:
9063:Future of Humanity Institute
8460:Potentially hazardous object
8360:Interplanetary contamination
6149:Pollution / quality
4934:Density-dependent inhibition
3156:Fisheries report 782, Rome.
3031:Collins, Nick (2012-04-12).
2500:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682
1850:"The Tragedy of the Commons"
1768:Encyclopedia of Biodiversity
1657:10.1126/science.179.4077.969
1507:Extinct Birds of New Zealand
1102:and many other plant species
416:
206:Similarly, the story of the
58:point of diminishing returns
7:
8943:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
8092:Global terrestrial stilling
7639:World Population Foundation
7629:World Population Conference
7542:World population milestones
5403:Liebig's law of the minimum
5238:Resource selection function
4129:Metabolic theory of ecology
2695:10.1136/bmj.330.7504.1350-d
2108:Grafton, R.Q.; Kompas, T.;
2057:repository.library.noaa.gov
1972:. San Francisco: ICS Press.
1188:
581:
275:
113:natural resource management
10:
9248:
9222:Environmental conservation
8455:Asteroid impact prediction
8430:Heat death of the universe
7840:Mutual assured destruction
7511:Population and Environment
5609:Background extinction rate
5303:Niche apportionment models
5023:Relative species abundance
4227:Primary nutritional groups
4124:List of feeding behaviours
2770:Cambridge University Press
1941:Princeton University Press
1824:. Boston: Shambala Books.
1820:Sessions, G., ed. (1995).
1576:10.3390/geographies1030012
1276:Tyranny of small decisions
1077:
1046:
997:
979:
951:
947:
911:
819:and the French Polynesian
734:
698:uncontrolled hybridization
585:
520:
420:
411:
402:tragedy of the anticommons
295:
169:
9147:
9081:
9073:Nuclear Threat Initiative
9050:
9006:List of apocalyptic films
8983:
8849:2011 end times prediction
8841:
8581:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
8576:Abomination of desolation
8512:
8450:Asteroid impact avoidance
8387:
8298:
8280:List of extinction events
8255:
8248:
8214:
8122:Environmental degradation
8018:
8009:
7924:
7909:Technological singularity
7778:
7753:
7747:Global catastrophic risks
7683:
7647:
7572:
7524:
7503:
7421:Human population planning
7386:
7332:
7283:
7245:Demographics of the world
7237:
7179:
7120:
6985:
6978:
6859:
6720:Types / location
6719:
6710:
6520:
6315:
6228:
6198:
6147:
6138:
6070:
6027:
5996:
5973:
5931:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
5858:
5810:
5801:
5753:
5687:
5671:
5660:
5601:
5552:
5484:Ecosystem based fisheries
5426:
5326:
5251:
5124:
5096:Interspecific competition
5061:
4988:Minimum viable population
4921:
4846:Maximum sustainable yield
4831:Intraspecific competition
4826:Effective population size
4789:
4706:Anti-predator adaptations
4691:
4570:
4497:
4454:
4376:
4343:
4240:
4217:Photosynthetic efficiency
4152:
4046:
3952:
3887:Environmental engineering
3837:
3734:Environmental degradation
3625:
3511:fishing down the food web
3288:
3218:
2296:Larsen, J. (2005-04-07).
2239:Conrad, C. (2008-06-21).
2222:World Rainforest Movement
2053:"NOAA fisheries glossary"
1361:W. H. Freeman and Company
1088:: New Zealand mistletoe (
1073:
793:was hunted to extinction.
531:Water resources, such as
486:in many areas has led to
469:maximum sustainable yield
457:maximum sustainable yield
52:, refers to harvesting a
9068:Future of Life Institute
8970:Resurrection of the dead
8963:Post-tribulation rapture
8345:Colony collapse disorder
7426:Compulsory sterilization
5983:Lists of extinct species
5474:Ecological stoichiometry
5439:Alternative stable state
3892:Environmental mitigation
3749:Greenhouse gas emissions
3709:Environmental insecurity
2750:Redford 1992, Fitzgibon
1848:Hardin, Garrett (1968).
971:and numerous cat species
907:
676:. Other threats include
328:published an article by
7894:Artificial intelligence
7368:Malthusian growth model
5318:Ontogenetic niche shift
5181:Ideal free distribution
5091:Ecological facilitation
4841:Malthusian growth model
4811:Consumer-resource model
4668:Paradox of the plankton
4633:Energy systems language
4353:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
4320:Optimal foraging theory
4295:Heterotrophic nutrition
3939:Sustainable consumption
3280:Social ecology (ethics)
2975:Primack, R. B. (2002).
2945:10.1023/A:1008877309871
2879:Biological Conservation
2795:Biological Conservation
2564:10.5194/esdd-3-433-2012
2136:10.1126/science.1146017
1931:Bowles, Samuel (2004).
1530:Quammen, David (1996).
1326:10.1126/science.1113075
975:
258:sustainable development
39:abrupt collapse in 1992
9023:List of disaster films
8864:Apocalyptic literature
7964:Malthusian catastrophe
7890:Synthetic intelligence
7495:Zero population growth
7490:Sustainable population
7414:Malthusian catastrophe
7373:Overshoot (population)
7250:Demographic transition
5788:Latent extinction risk
5464:Ecological forecasting
5408:Marginal value theorem
5206:Landscape epidemiology
5141:Cross-boundary subsidy
5076:Biological interaction
4426:Microbial intelligence
4114:Green world hypothesis
3882:Ecological engineering
3662:runaway climate change
2039:The Japan Times Online
1128:
794:
754:
669:
644:The rich diversity of
607:at a rate faster than
597:
499:tragedy of the commons
447:, overexploitation or
440:
365:
319:
316:tragedy of the commons
298:Tragedy of the commons
292:Tragedy of the commons
187:
42:
8405:Coronal mass ejection
7867:Electromagnetic pulse
7828:Kinetic energy weapon
7604:Population Connection
7468:Mere addition paradox
7307:Physiological density
5745:Paradox of enrichment
5634:Functional extinction
5624:Ecological extinction
5469:Ecological humanities
5368:Ecological energetics
5313:Niche differentiation
5176:Habitat fragmentation
4944:Ecological extinction
4891:Small population size
4643:Feed conversion ratio
4623:Ecological succession
4555:San Francisco Estuary
4469:Ecological efficiency
4411:Microbial cooperation
3265:List of global issues
3122:Krebs, C. J. (2001).
2675:Cole, Andrew (2005).
1256:Paradox of enrichment
1114:
1078:Further information:
1047:Further information:
980:Further information:
952:Further information:
912:Further information:
788:
748:
735:Further information:
690:habitat fragmentation
643:
595:
586:Further information:
521:Further information:
437:Atlantic bluefin tuna
434:
421:Further information:
360:
334:William Forster Lloyd
322:In 1968, the journal
309:
296:Further information:
177:
33:
9232:Environmental issues
8807:War of Gog and Magog
8484:Near-Earth supernova
8234:Human overpopulation
8038:Mass mortality event
7932:Anthropogenic hazard
7634:World Population Day
7589:Church of Euthanasia
7478:Non-identity problem
7453:Political demography
7409:Human overpopulation
7095:remnant natural area
6732:storage and recovery
6398:habitat conservation
6216:Deforestation (REDD)
6014:Extinction Rebellion
5956:PlioceneāPleistocene
5838:CretaceousāPaleogene
5783:Hypothetical species
5773:Extinction threshold
5730:Overabundant species
5494:Evolutionary ecology
5459:Ecological footprint
5454:Ecological economics
5378:Ecological threshold
5373:Ecological indicator
5243:Sourceāsink dynamics
5196:Land change modeling
5191:Insular biogeography
5043:Species distribution
4782:Modelling ecosystems
4441:Microbial metabolism
4280:Intraguild predation
4069:Biogeochemical cycle
4035:Modelling ecosystems
3867:Community resilience
3667:in the United States
3635:Biodiversity threats
3308:cannabis cultivation
3275:Planetary boundaries
3241:Environmental issues
3231:Ecological footprint
3062:Conservation Biology
3014:Born Free Foundation
1774:. pp. 553ā568.
1261:Planetary boundaries
1236:Human overpopulation
1221:Ecosystem management
1206:Conservation biology
1201:Common-pool resource
933:, meat, fat and oil.
725:loss of biodiversity
710:human overpopulation
618:conversion of forest
507:fisheries management
363:brings ruin to all.
101:conservation biology
8879:Blood moon prophecy
8672:Number of the Beast
8270:Holocene extinction
8216:Earth Overshoot Day
8164:Ocean acidification
8127:Habitat destruction
8117:Ecological collapse
7823:Kinetic bombardment
7758:Future of the Earth
7483:Reproductive rights
7314:Population dynamics
7265:Population momentum
7049:Earth Overshoot Day
6623:Marine conservation
6604:non-timber products
5941:Cenomanian-Turonian
5886:CambrianāOrdovician
5818:OrdovicianāSilurian
5725:Mutational meltdown
5710:Habitat destruction
5629:Extinct in the wild
5544:Theoretical ecology
5519:Natural environment
5383:Ecosystem diversity
5353:Ecological collapse
5343:Bateman's principle
5298:Limiting similarity
5211:Landscape limnology
5033:Species homogeneity
4871:Population modeling
4866:Population dynamics
4683:Trophic state index
3929:Restoration ecology
3862:Climate engineering
3799:Ocean acidification
3789:Loss of green belts
3759:Holocene extinction
3754:Habitat destruction
3429:Environmental crime
3074:1989ConBi...3..252E
3038:The Daily Telegraph
2891:2004BCons.117..151J
2875:Erinaceus europaeus
2807:2001BCons..99...47D
2555:2012ESDD....3..433D
2532:Dumont, E. (2012).
2128:2007Sci...318.1601G
1997:1990HumEc..18....1F
1868:1968Sci...162.1243H
1862:(3859): 1243ā1248.
1700:1977TrAFS.106....1L
1469:2000Sci...287.2250H
1463:(5461): 2250ā2254.
1318:2005Sci...308.1621F
1312:(5728): 1621ā1623.
741:Holocene extinction
706:ocean acidification
694:habitat destruction
427:Sustainable fishery
302:Diminishing returns
224:overkill hypothesis
9194:Doomsday scenarios
8760:Beast of the Earth
8652:Book of Revelation
8440:Virtual black hole
8420:False vacuum decay
8370:Pollinator decline
8333:Biological warfare
8323:Biotechnology risk
8174:Resource depletion
7609:Population Matters
7324:Population pyramid
7302:Population density
7297:Population decline
7034:Ecosystem services
6157:Ambient standards
5555:Outline of ecology
5504:Industrial ecology
5499:Functional ecology
5363:Ecological deficit
5308:Niche construction
5271:Ecosystem engineer
5048:Speciesāarea curve
4969:Introduced species
4784:: Other components
4716:Deimatic behaviour
4618:Ecological network
4550:North Pacific Gyre
4535:hydrothermal vents
4474:Ecological pyramid
4421:Microbial food web
4232:Primary production
4177:Foundation species
3944:Waste minimization
3902:Mitigation banking
3897:Industrial ecology
3857:Cleaner production
3809:Resource depletion
3345:Corporate behavior
3303:animal agriculture
3045:on April 12, 2012.
2754:1995, CuarĆ³n 2001.
2374:2011-07-24 at the
2246:Arizona Daily Star
2005:10.1007/BF00889070
1890:Also available at
1167:ecological release
1129:
1091:Trilepidea adamsii
988:Aquarium hobbyists
795:
755:
737:Endangered species
670:
598:
441:
320:
232:Western Hemisphere
188:
156:endangered species
54:renewable resource
43:
9227:Fisheries science
9204:
9203:
9035:Zombie apocalypse
8936:Postmillennialism
8731:Great Tribulation
8504:Stellar collision
8465:Near-Earth object
8415:Geomagnetic storm
8383:
8382:
8306:Biodiversity loss
8290:Genetic pollution
8244:
8243:
8033:Biodiversity loss
7996:Societal collapse
7974:Nuclear holocaust
7959:Economic collapse
7942:Doomsday argument
7860:Antimatter weapon
7713:
7712:
7584:7 Billion Actions
7458:Population ethics
7351:Carrying capacity
7260:Population growth
7197:
7196:
7175:
7174:
6974:
6973:
6653:genetic resources
6589:genetic resources
6224:
6223:
6132:Natural resources
6098:
6097:
6050:Extinction symbol
5969:
5968:
5833:TriassicāJurassic
5803:Extinction events
5679:Extinction vortex
5639:Genetic pollution
5561:
5560:
5444:Balance of nature
5201:Landscape ecology
5086:Community ecology
5028:Species diversity
4964:Indicator species
4959:Gradient analysis
4836:Logistic function
4744:
4743:
4701:Animal coloration
4678:Trophic mutualism
4416:Microbial ecology
4207:Photoheterotrophs
4192:Myco-heterotrophy
4104:Ecosystem ecology
4089:Carrying capacity
4054:Abiotic component
3997:
3996:
3819:Water degradation
3694:Ecological crisis
3640:biodiversity loss
3439:Industrialisation
3424:Genetic pollution
3270:Impact assessment
3162:978-92-5-105449-9
3133:978-0-321-04289-7
3020:. September 2021.
2986:978-0-87893-719-6
2779:978-0-521-63014-6
2342:Pacific Institute
1954:978-0-691-09163-1
1912:Oxford University
1831:978-1-57062-049-2
1806:978-0-87893-794-3
1781:978-0-12-226864-9
1651:(4077): 969ā974.
1516:978-0-909010-21-8
1196:Carrying capacity
1141:dramatic increase
1055:Insect collectors
943:and its feathers.
937:Carolina parakeet
885:trade in wildlife
791:Carolina parakeet
572:Hubbert-like peak
377:human populations
355:carrying capacity
262:sustainable yield
144:forest management
62:natural resources
16:(Redirected from
9239:
9169:
9168:
9160:World portal
9158:
9157:
9119:Financial crisis
8948:Nibiru cataclysm
8926:Premillennialism
8770:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
8738:Son of perdition
8726:Olivet Discourse
8702:Whore of Babylon
8328:Biological agent
8275:Human extinction
8265:Extinction event
8253:
8252:
8224:Overexploitation
8154:Land consumption
8149:Land degradation
8016:
8015:
7878:Micro black hole
7786:Chemical warfare
7740:
7733:
7726:
7717:
7716:
7703:
7702:
7691:
7690:
7660:Green Revolution
7441:Two-child policy
7436:One-child policy
7359:
7319:Population model
7275:World population
7224:
7217:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7187:
7186:
7138:
7085:Natural heritage
7044:overexploitation
6983:
6982:
6717:
6716:
6663:herbal medicines
6643:FAO Plant Treaty
6183:
6160:
6145:
6144:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6088:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6055:Human extinction
5946:EoceneāOligocene
5828:PermianāTriassic
5808:
5807:
5778:Field of Bullets
5735:Overexploitation
5720:Muller's ratchet
5705:Invasive species
5666:
5654:Pseudoextinction
5649:Local extinction
5588:
5581:
5574:
5565:
5564:
5261:Ecological niche
5233:selection theory
5053:Umbrella species
5038:Species richness
4974:Invasive species
4954:Flagship species
4861:Population cycle
4856:Overexploitation
4821:Ecological yield
4771:
4764:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4653:Mesotrophic soil
4593:Climax community
4525:Marine food webs
4464:Biomagnification
4265:Chemoorganotroph
4119:Keystone species
4079:Biotic component
4024:
4017:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3794:Phosphorus cycle
3774:Land consumption
3769:Land degradation
3744:Freshwater cycle
3543:Overexploitation
3516:marine pollution
3323:cocoa production
3205:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3171:Patrick Vallance
3138:
3137:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3041:. Archived from
3028:
3022:
3021:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2582:. Archived from
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2493:(10): e1001682.
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2448:Tropical Ecology
2445:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2344:. Archived from
2339:
2330:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2249:. Archived from
2236:
2230:
2229:
2224:. Archived from
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2105:
2099:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2024:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1879:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1578:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1487:. Archived from
1452:
1443:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1359:(2nd ed.).
1352:
1346:
1345:
1299:
1246:Over-consumption
1123:which destroyed
1064:Shell collectors
1033:Asian black bear
1013:Chinese medicine
893:Chinese medicine
799:species richness
764:human population
717:natural products
545:Ogallala Aquifer
488:trophic cascades
154:management, and
136:stock management
78:medicinal plants
70:grazing pastures
46:Overexploitation
21:
9247:
9246:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9238:
9237:
9236:
9207:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9179:Future problems
9152:
9143:
9077:
9046:
9013:Climate fiction
8979:
8854:2012 phenomenon
8837:
8743:Sheep and Goats
8630:2 Thessalonians
8508:
8425:Gamma-ray burst
8379:
8294:
8285:Genetic erosion
8240:
8210:
8201:Water pollution
8169:Ozone depletion
8065:Desertification
8005:
7920:
7855:Doomsday device
7835:Nuclear warfare
7774:
7749:
7744:
7714:
7709:
7679:
7643:
7577:
7575:
7568:
7520:
7499:
7448:Overconsumption
7431:Family planning
7388:
7382:
7355:
7339:
7336:
7328:
7290:
7287:
7279:
7233:
7228:
7198:
7193:
7171:
7136:
7116:
7102:Systems ecology
7068:Natural capital
6970:
6855:
6844:reclaimed water
6706:
6668:UPOV Convention
6516:
6311:
6220:
6194:
6190:Ozone depletion
6181:
6158:
6134:
6129:
6099:
6094:
6066:
6023:
5992:
5975:Extinct species
5965:
5921:Carnian Pluvial
5866:Great Oxidation
5854:
5797:
5763:Extinction debt
5755:
5749:
5700:Genetic erosion
5683:
5667:
5658:
5597:
5592:
5562:
5557:
5548:
5534:Systems ecology
5422:
5393:Extinction debt
5358:Ecological debt
5348:Bioluminescence
5329:
5322:
5291:marine habitats
5266:Ecological trap
5247:
5127:
5120:
5063:
5057:
5013:Rapoport's rule
5008:Priority effect
4949:Endemic species
4917:
4876:Population size
4792:
4785:
4775:
4745:
4740:
4693:
4687:
4673:Trophic cascade
4583:Bioaccumulation
4566:
4493:
4450:
4372:
4339:
4236:
4148:
4109:Ecosystem model
4042:
4028:
3998:
3993:
3948:
3907:Organic farming
3833:
3824:Water pollution
3804:Ozone depletion
3784:Loss and damage
3684:Desertification
3621:
3533:Overconsumption
3454:cleaning agents
3355:Energy industry
3318:meat production
3284:
3214:
3209:
3177:. July 8, 2022.
3146:
3144:Further reading
3141:
3134:
3120:
3116:
3093:
3089:
3054:
3050:
3029:
3025:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2929:
2925:
2910:
2906:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2846:
2843:"IUCN Red List"
2841:
2840:
2836:
2829:"IUCN Red List"
2827:
2826:
2822:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2673:
2669:
2628:
2624:
2613:Current Science
2608:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2378:Forest Products
2376:Wayback Machine
2367:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2254:
2237:
2233:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2163:
2159:
2106:
2102:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1764:
1760:
1737:10.2307/2937183
1719:
1715:
1684:
1680:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1610:
1606:
1590:
1589:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1412:10.2307/1313420
1389:
1378:
1371:
1363:. p. 127.
1353:
1349:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1241:Inverse commons
1191:
1175:locally extinct
1133:cascade effects
1121:cascade effects
1115:Overexploiting
1109:
1107:Cascade effects
1086:Horticulturists
1082:
1076:
1051:
1045:
1000:
984:
978:
956:
950:
941:crop protection
920:
910:
891:, the trade in
877:
869:bushmeat crisis
743:
733:
638:
590:
584:
529:
519:
517:Water resources
429:
419:
414:
304:
294:
278:
266:eco-development
172:
124:discussed below
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9245:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9174:Apocalypticism
9163:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9032:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9018:Disaster films
9015:
9010:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8993:
8991:Alien invasion
8987:
8985:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8966:
8965:
8960:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8931:Amillennialism
8928:
8918:
8916:Millenarianism
8913:
8912:
8911:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8869:Apocalypticism
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8833:
8823:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8765:Dhu al-Qarnayn
8762:
8757:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8734:
8733:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8711:Great Apostasy
8708:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8649:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8600:
8590:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8578:
8568:
8558:
8556:Last Judgement
8553:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8529:
8518:
8516:
8514:Eschatological
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8480:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8457:
8452:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8391:
8389:
8385:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8261:
8259:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8229:Overpopulation
8226:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8206:Water scarcity
8203:
8198:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8181:
8179:Sea level rise
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8142:on marine life
8139:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8097:Global warming
8094:
8089:
8087:Global dimming
8084:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8045:Cascade effect
8042:
8041:
8040:
8030:
8024:
8022:
8020:Climate change
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7939:
7934:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7880:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7850:Doomsday Clock
7847:
7842:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7803:
7801:Cyberterrorism
7798:
7788:
7782:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7760:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7743:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7720:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7697:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7675:Sustainability
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7651:
7649:
7648:Related topics
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7580:
7578:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7539:
7537:Largest cities
7534:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7406:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7357:I = P Ć Aā Ć T
7353:
7348:
7342:
7340:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7299:
7293:
7291:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7204:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7137:(perpetuation)
7132:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7090:Nature reserve
7087:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7036:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6986:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6723:
6721:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6567:climate change
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6535:Bioprospecting
6532:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6321:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:Clean Air Act
6172:
6167:
6162:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6105:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6082:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5951:Middle Miocene
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5916:End-Capitanian
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5814:
5812:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5514:Microecosystem
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5413:Thorson's rule
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5338:Assembly rules
5334:
5332:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5223:
5221:Patch dynamics
5218:
5216:Metapopulation
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5111:Storage effect
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:Neutral theory
4990:
4985:
4980:
4978:Native species
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4851:Overpopulation
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4787:
4786:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4658:Nutrient cycle
4655:
4650:
4648:Feeding frenzy
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Energy quality
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4588:Cascade effect
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Microbial loop
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4396:Lithoautotroph
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4378:Microorganisms
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4335:Prey switching
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:Photosynthesis
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4167:Chemosynthesis
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Abiotic stress
4056:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3965:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Sustainability
3931:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3829:Water scarcity
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3764:Nitrogen cycle
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3729:Forest dieback
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3657:Climate change
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3474:nanotechnology
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3258:on marine life
3250:
3249:
3248:
3246:list of issues
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3164:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3114:
3103:(2): 309ā322.
3087:
3068:(3): 251ā264.
3048:
3023:
3001:
2992:
2985:
2967:
2958:
2939:(7): 927ā955.
2923:
2904:
2885:(2): 151ā166.
2865:
2856:
2834:
2820:
2785:
2778:
2756:
2743:
2718:
2689:(7504): 1350.
2667:
2640:(6): 491ā493.
2622:
2596:
2570:
2549:(1): 433ā452.
2524:
2471:
2431:
2394:
2380:
2361:
2325:
2314:
2288:
2263:
2231:
2228:on 2001-04-11.
2209:
2197:
2186:
2175:(2): 102ā106.
2157:
2122:(5856): 1601.
2100:
2078:
2072:
2044:
2026:
1975:
1960:
1953:
1923:
1896:
1837:
1830:
1812:
1805:
1787:
1780:
1772:Academic Press
1758:
1731:(2): 371ā412.
1713:
1678:
1631:
1604:
1569:(3): 192ā216.
1549:
1542:
1522:
1515:
1497:
1494:on 2013-05-27.
1435:
1426:
1405:(8): 607ā615.
1376:
1369:
1347:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1271:Sustainability
1268:
1266:Social dilemma
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:saiga antelope
1010:
999:
996:
995:
994:
977:
974:
973:
972:
949:
946:
945:
944:
934:
909:
906:
876:
873:
803:island ecology
732:
729:
721:bioprospecting
702:climate change
654:bioprospectors
637:
634:
630:Southeast Asia
583:
580:
527:Water scarcity
518:
515:
503:fishing effort
451:occurs when a
445:wild fisheries
418:
415:
413:
410:
369:national parks
330:Garrett Hardin
312:Selsley Common
293:
290:
286:footstool palm
277:
274:
254:sustainability
196:Hawaiian kings
171:
168:
66:water aquifers
50:overharvesting
48:, also called
26:
18:Overharvesting
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9244:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9212:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9189:Risk analysis
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9164:
9162:
9161:
9156:
9150:
9149:
9146:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9134:Social crisis
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9080:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9051:Organizations
9049:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8976:
8975:World to come
8973:
8971:
8968:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8921:Millennialism
8919:
8917:
8914:
8910:
8909:Messianic Age
8907:
8906:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8894:Gog and Magog
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8884:Earth Changes
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8840:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8795:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8748:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8721:New Jerusalem
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8697:War in Heaven
8695:
8693:
8692:Two witnesses
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8561:Second Coming
8559:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8321:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8254:
8251:
8247:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8060:Deforestation
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8002:
8001:World War III
7999:
7997:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7917:
7916:Transhumanism
7914:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:Technological
7777:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7736:
7734:
7729:
7727:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7706:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7655:Bennett's law
7653:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7576:organizations
7571:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7363:Kaya identity
7361:
7358:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7331:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7282:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7213:
7211:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7190:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7168:
7167:Non-renewable
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7107:Urban ecology
7105:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6939:Privatization
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6834:Surface water
6832:
6830:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6336:
6335:peak farmland
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6119:
6114:
6112:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6091:
6083:
6081:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:Organizations
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:Carboniferous
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5871:End-Ediacaran
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Late Devonian
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5793:Living fossil
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5644:Lazarus taxon
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:De-extinction
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5539:Urban ecology
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5398:Kleiber's law
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5171:Foster's rule
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4489:Trophic level
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4446:Phage ecology
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Microbial mat
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:Bacteriophage
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Decomposition
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Mesopredators
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Apex predator
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Biotic stress
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3917:Reforestation
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Cultured meat
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:Birth control
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Deforestation
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3449:Manufacturing
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:nuclear power
3395:
3393:
3392:fracking (US)
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2844:
2838:
2830:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2733:on 2017-10-25
2732:
2728:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2586:on 2013-05-03
2585:
2581:
2580:"GMO Compass"
2574:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2351:on 2009-03-20
2347:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2304:on 2006-09-03
2303:
2299:
2292:
2278:on 2006-09-13
2277:
2273:
2267:
2253:on 2008-12-06
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:Hilborn, R.W.
2104:
2098:
2097:0-13-840422-4
2094:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:Human Ecology
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1543:0-684-80083-7
1539:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Deforestation
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1183:killer whales
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:apex predator
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1043:Invertebrates
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
993:
992:tropical fish
989:
986:
985:
983:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:
955:
942:
938:
935:
932:
928:
925:
924:
923:
919:
915:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
823:
818:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
792:
787:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
759:
752:
747:
742:
738:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
663:
662:blast fishing
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
609:reforestation
606:
602:
594:
589:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:Hubbert curve
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
528:
524:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
491:
489:
485:
484:apex predator
481:
476:
472:
470:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
433:
428:
424:
409:
405:
403:
399:
398:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
364:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
327:
326:
317:
313:
308:
303:
299:
289:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
213:
209:
204:
201:
197:
192:
185:
184:Haast's eagle
181:
176:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
9151:
9094:Cyberwarfare
8812:Third Temple
8667:Lake of fire
8477:Rogue planet
8445:Impact event
8435:Proton decay
8388:Astronomical
8338:Bioterrorism
8223:
8184:Supervolcano
8082:Flood basalt
8028:Anoxic event
7937:Collapsology
7925:Sociological
7796:Cyberwarfare
7692:
7504:Publications
7463:Antinatalism
7401:
7378:World3 model
7238:Major topics
7165: /
7043:
7039:Exploitation
6924:Conservation
6867:Desalination
6802:
6695:conservation
6530:Biodiversity
6478:conservation
6325:Agricultural
6253:Fossil fuels
6059:
6035:Anthropocene
5876:End-Botomian
5756:and concepts
5734:
5614:Coextinction
5524:Regime shift
5509:Macroecology
5230:
5226:
5166:Edge effects
5136:Biogeography
5081:Commensalism
4929:Biodiversity
4855:
4806:Allee effect
4545:kelp forests
4498:Example webs
4363:Detritivores
4202:Organotrophs
4182:Kinetotrophs
4134:Productivity
3610:urban sprawl
3605:Urbanization
3553:Particulates
3542:
3538:Overdrafting
3253:Human impact
3226:Anthropocene
3175:The Guardian
3174:
3123:
3117:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3043:the original
3036:
3026:
3004:
2995:
2976:
2970:
2965:Hemley 1994.
2961:
2936:
2932:
2926:
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1130:
1119:resulted in
1089:
1004:Novelty pets
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878:
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820:
814:
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768:exploitation
760:
756:
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674:biodiversity
671:
636:Biodiversity
599:
561:
541:fossil water
530:
523:Overdrafting
496:
492:
480:Atlantic cod
477:
473:
461:
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395:
385:
366:
361:
323:
321:
279:
270:deep ecology
251:
236:
217:
205:
193:
189:
148:overdrafting
117:
97:biodiversity
90:
49:
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35:Atlantic cod
9170:Categories
9139:Survivalism
8826:Zoroastrian
8682:Seven seals
8677:Seven bowls
8603:Historicism
8499:Solar flare
8375:Overfishing
8350:Defaunation
8137:coral reefs
7899:AI takeover
7818:Nanoweapons
7806:Cybergeddon
7791:Cyberattack
7387:Society and
7346:Biocapacity
7158:Nationalism
7130:Common-pool
6771:Hydrosphere
6764:remediation
6749:Groundwater
6344:Degradation
5881:Dresbachian
5161:Disturbance
5064:interaction
4886:Recruitment
4816:Depensation
4608:Copiotrophs
4479:Energy flow
4401:Lithotrophy
4345:Decomposers
4325:Planktivore
4300:Insectivore
4290:Heterotroph
4255:Bacterivore
4222:Phototrophs
4172:Chemotrophs
4144:Restoration
4094:Competition
3724:Externality
3719:Coral reefs
3679:Defaunation
3548:Overgrazing
3521:overfishing
3501:Marine life
3375:electricity
3298:Agriculture
1991:(1): 1ā19.
1943:. pp.
1694:(1): 1ā11.
1563:Geographies
1211:Defaunation
1156:kelp forest
1127:ecosystems.
1125:kelp forest
1059:butterflies
969:giant otter
881:vertebrates
875:Vertebrates
861:chimpanzees
816:Achatinella
751:Overgrazing
668:in general.
666:overfishing
650:coral reefs
648:inhabiting
646:marine life
622:West Africa
588:Overlogging
549:overdrafted
449:overfishing
423:Overfishing
379:, with the
373:fish stocks
347:common land
341:in Europe.
339:land tenure
239:New Zealand
140:overlogging
132:overgrazing
128:overfishing
120:extinctions
82:fish stocks
9211:Categories
9099:Depression
9089:Ransomware
8904:Messianism
8874:Armageddon
8859:Apocalypse
8647:Antichrist
8635:Man of sin
8532:Three Ages
8395:Big Crunch
8257:Extinction
8249:Biological
8011:Ecological
7883:Strangelet
7574:Events and
7389:population
7335:Population
7286:Population
7231:Population
7153:Extraction
7112:Wilderness
7073:accounting
7056:Management
7022:ecological
7010:tragedy of
6929:Peak water
6914:Efficiency
6887:Sanitation
6829:Stormwater
6822:harvesting
6798:Irrigation
6700:management
6658:gene banks
6599:management
6577:management
6493:resilience
6459:phosphorus
6415:industrial
6393:Management
6369:soundscape
6275:Geothermal
5961:Quaternary
5595:Extinction
5529:Sexecology
5106:Parasitism
5071:Antibiosis
4906:Resistance
4901:Resilience
4791:Population
4711:Camouflage
4663:Oligotroph
4578:Ascendency
4540:intertidal
4530:cold seeps
4484:Food chain
4285:Herbivores
4260:Carnivores
4187:Mixotrophs
4162:Autotrophs
4041:components
3989:mitigation
3984:assessment
3979:by country
3877:Decoupling
3839:Mitigation
3568:Reservoirs
3489:pesticides
3434:Explosives
3412:reservoirs
3313:irrigation
3097:Ecol. Appl
2849:9 December
2737:2009-06-21
2590:2010-02-04
2465:2014-05-21
2412:: 83ā109.
2355:2009-01-31
2308:2009-01-26
2282:2010-12-30
2257:2010-02-07
2066:2021-06-13
1917:2016-03-13
1625:2006-09-07
1398:BioScience
1370:0716706954
1283:References
1231:Extinction
1163:sea urchin
1152:sea otters
1117:sea otters
961:chinchilla
895:, and the
811:extinction
772:extinction
682:introduced
626:Madagascar
576:peak water
453:fish stock
210:bird from
84:and other
8984:Fictional
8831:Saoshyant
8716:New Earth
8687:The Beast
8620:Preterism
8593:Christian
8549:Kali Yuga
8494:Micronova
8489:Hypernova
8355:Dysgenics
8196:Verneshot
8102:Hypercane
7845:Dead Hand
7670:Migration
7547:6 billion
7163:Renewable
7148:Depletion
7135:Conflict
7017:Economics
6995:enclosure
6954:Resources
6934:Pollution
6851:Watershed
6754:pollution
6685:Seed bank
6680:Rangeland
6562:Fisheries
6547:Biosphere
6540:biopiracy
6483:fertility
6359:cityscape
6354:Landscape
6261:peak coal
6248:Resources
6199:Emissions
5740:Overshoot
5602:Phenomena
5434:Allometry
5388:Emergence
5116:Symbiosis
5101:Mutualism
4896:Stability
4801:Abundance
4613:Dominance
4571:Processes
4560:tide pool
4456:Food webs
4330:Predation
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4242:Consumers
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4154:Producers
4099:Ecosystem
4064:Behaviour
3912:Recycling
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3407:petroleum
3402:oil shale
3365:biodiesel
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2460:0564-3295
1665:0036-8075
1585:2673-7086
1143:in their
1066:: Marine
1029:seahorses
927:Great Auk
897:fur trade
865:ungulates
780:ecosystem
778:, on the
688:species,
678:pollution
652:attracts
417:Fisheries
397:Leviathan
388:Aristotle
282:depleting
228:megafauna
212:Mauritius
109:hydrology
105:fisheries
9124:Pandemic
9109:Epidemic
9104:Droughts
8958:Prewrath
8889:End time
8755:Al-Qa'im
8640:Katechon
8625:2 Esdras
8615:Idealism
8598:Futurism
8527:Maitreya
8522:Buddhist
8365:Pandemic
7813:Gray goo
7705:Category
7473:Natalism
7396:Eugenics
7189:Category
7122:Resource
7061:adaptive
6959:improved
6919:Conflict
6904:Security
6899:Scarcity
6892:improved
6882:Leaching
6759:recharge
6739:Drinking
6690:Wildlife
6557:Bushmeat
6552:Bushfood
6505:planning
6410:gemstone
6405:Minerals
6386:property
6374:viewshed
6364:seascape
6295:sunlight
6269:peak oil
6265:peak gas
6080:Category
6028:See also
5926:Toarcian
5891:Ireviken
5848:Timeline
5843:Holocene
5754:Theories
5489:Endolith
5418:Xerosere
5330:networks
5146:Ecocline
4692:Defense,
4368:Detritus
4270:Foraging
4139:Resource
3974:Category
3598:shipping
3583:aviation
3469:plastics
3459:concrete
3444:Land use
3360:biofuels
3328:palm oil
3016:and the
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2831:. 2003b.
2713:15947392
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2372:Archived
2152:41738906
2144:18063793
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1619:BBC News
1485:10731144
1342:45088691
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1068:molluscs
1008:big cats
931:feathers
889:bushmeat
857:gorillas
842:avifauna
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686:invasive
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557:nitrates
553:aquifers
537:aquifers
394:and his
310:Cows on
276:Overview
86:wildlife
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8112:Ecocide
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4386:Archaea
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3627:Effects
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3387:fashion
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3219:General
3152:(2005)
3124:Ecology
3070:Bibcode
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2887:Bibcode
2845:. 2003c
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2426:2097230
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2115:Science
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998:Various
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601:Forests
464:biomass
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343:Herders
325:Science
219:Hunting
170:History
152:aquifer
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1669:PMID
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