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the pattern have changed, as the
Congress started to rely on non-base funding for larger amounts and longer periods (amounts allocated for both supplemental and designated for non-base activities in the Vietnam war averaged 6% of the DoD budget vs. 17% in the first two decades of the 21st century).
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Starting in 2012, Congress has adopted the same approach (and the OCO designation) for foreign affairs funding, sometimes with "no-year" accounts (funds available until spent), each year allocating more money than was requested. This use of OCO, arguably as just a mechanism to bypass the budget
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As of 2019, there were no procedural or statutory limits on the amounts of OCO spending, although the president must approve the spending after the appropriation bill is passed for the funds to become available.
204:) the expenses were quickly rolled into the next base DoD budget (in the case of Korean War, the supplemental appropriations in the 1951 totaled 32.8 billion dollars, and in 1952 just 1.4 billion). After the
232:(BBEDCA) to include an "Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism" designation, so that the "emergency" label was no longer needed to exclude funds from the BCA caps.
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and preparations throughout the federal government, and within each of the military branches. Contingency operations are often referred to more specifically as
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188:(DoD), that includes the routine costs of maintaining the military forces. In case of an unforeseen threat (like an actual war) Congress may consider a
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Initially, until 2010, the non-base funding was mostly provided through emergency-related supplemental appropriations. Starting in 2011, under the
129:, or as otherwise directed by appropriate authority to protect national interests. The designation is made by a finding by the discretion of the
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17:
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to increase the funding. The latter mechanism was extensively used in the 20th century, especially at the beginning of hostilities. Usually (
141:(OCO), a term which is often substituted because there has not been a recent war on United States soil. The term's best known use is in the
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216:, Congress was asked to authorize war funds as a part of the regular appropriation bill. At this point the formal use of the label
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under section 688, 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12304a, 12305, or 12406 of this title, chapter 13 of this title, section 3713 of
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579:"Foreign Affairs Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) Funding: Background and Current Status"
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Military operation in response to natural disasters, terrorism, or as otherwise directed
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101 (a)(13), the term “contingency operation” means a military operation that—
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220:(OCO) started to indicate that the authorized amounts were exempt from the
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224:(BCA) limits on discretionary spending. OCO started to replace the "
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552:"Overseas Contingency Operations Funding: Background and Status"
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494:"Definition: contingency operation from 10 USC § 101(a)(13)"
409:"Overseas Contingency Operations: The Pentagon Slush Fund"
133:, and triggers the implementation of a variety of wartime
125:, conducted in response to natural disasters, terrorists,
292:, or any other provision of law during a war or during a
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Office of the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
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hostilities against an enemy of the United States or
550:McGarry, Brendan W.; Morgenstern, Emily M. (2019).
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228:" in early 2009. BCA has specifically amended the
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230:Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act
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345:. Washington, DC: The Joint Staff. p. 47.
342:DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
145:' Overseas Contingency Operations funding, a
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314:Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse
280:(B) results in the call or order to, or
259:as an operation in which members of the
102:Authorization for Use of Military Force
14:
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577:McCabe, Emily M. (February 10, 2021).
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276:against an opposing military force; or
498:Cornell Legal Information Institute
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184:allocates the "base" budget of the
24:
121:is a military operation involving
25:
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591:from the original on 2021-07-17.
284:, active duty of members of the
190:supplemental appropriations bill
156:used originally for the wars in
74:United States Federal Government
523:"DPC | Contingency Contracting"
515:
504:from the original on 2020-07-18
419:from the original on 2015-09-10
218:Overseas Contingency Operations
139:overseas contingency operations
584:Congressional Research Service
563:Congressional Research Service
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481:McGarry & Morgenstern 2019
466:McGarry & Morgenstern 2019
454:McGarry & Morgenstern 2019
442:McGarry & Morgenstern 2019
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381:Tolliver, Sandy (2021-05-21).
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263:are or may become involved in
18:Overseas Contingency Operation
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1:
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7:
413:National Priorities Project
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320:Off-budget fund (Germany)
255:(A) is designated by the
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240:limits, ceased in 2022.
186:US Department of Defense
559:crsreports.congress.gov
226:Global War on Terrorism
143:United States Congress
50:United States Congress
119:contingency operation
35:Contingency operation
257:Secretary of Defense
214:Obama administration
206:September 11 attacks
147:discretionary budget
131:Secretary of Defense
96:Related legislation
294:national emergency
286:uniformed services
222:Budget Control Act
176:Historically, the
70:Territorial extent
267:military actions,
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16:(Redirected from
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566:. Retrieved
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200:, 1990-1991
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369:McCabe 2021
198:Vietnam War
178:US Congress
162:Afghanistan
127:subversives
64:§ 101a
532:2021-07-17
508:2021-07-17
423:2021-07-17
394:2021-07-17
326:References
194:Korean War
172:Background
154:slush fund
568:9 January
298:President
88:Commenced
600:Category
589:Archived
502:Archived
417:Archived
388:The Hill
351:58924036
308:See also
302:Congress
290:title 14
202:Gulf War
111:In force
56:Citation
544:Sources
180:in its
109:Status:
80:Enacted
349:
250:10 USC
62:
555:(PDF)
135:plans
570:2024
347:OCLC
248:Per
160:and
158:Iraq
83:2011
300:or
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473:^
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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