335:
As per overspill theory, the workforces which built these overspill areas would ideally be relocated from highly congested areas. This was not the case in many accounts, with workers being chosen to work on overspill estates based on their competency and workmanship value, regardless of where they lived prior to relocation. The 1953 Industrial
Selection Scheme was introduced by the Ministry of Labour to encourage workers to move from the congested cities of the UK to the suburban overspill areas. The scheme allowed people to have guaranteed housing and employment in the town that they were moving to prior to their relocation, as they were registered with the Ministry of Labour through their local authorities and waitlisted for housing and employment opportunities. Many expanded towns that took on overspill populations did not have the necessary employment opportunities or resources to provide opportunities to those moving into overspill estates. Through this, the Industrial Selection Scheme attempted to ensure economic security for the expanding towns involved.
75:‘Overspill theory’ aims to simultaneously support suburban growth in less densely populated areas, whilst also reducing congestion within inner city areas. It is a method of urban management which attempts to reduce the amount of “slum dwellers” in inner city areas by moving them to the periphery of the town in question. Overspill estates were intended to be self-sufficient and mostly removed industrially and economically from the capital city from which they were derived. UK authorities did not want overspill estates to become “dormitory towns”, meaning that tenants of the estates would continue to work in the main city, rather than the overspill town. This was due to one of the main reasons behind the construction of overspill estates being the aim to reduce congestion in main cities. Hence, overspill theory intends on achieving a balance between housing and employment within the overspill town.
307:
298:
Birmingham, 124,000 for
Liverpool and 31,000 for Manchester. These figures entail the number of people that the local authorities planned to relocate from the major cities into new towns or expanded towns, potentially to live in overspill estates. Considering the loss or damage to approximately 2,000,000 homes or buildings in London alone during the war, the approximately 680,000 residents who made up the difference between the forecasted population and the planned population would need to be re-homed elsewhere. This near 1,000,000 person figure of estimated official overspill populations does not include the estimates of the local councils in other provincial centres of the UK, which make up about 500,000 more residents planned to live in overspill areas.
352:
the existing residents were more reserved than the new tenants. Extended families were often split by some family members relocating to overspill estates while others stayed behind in the busier cities. For some new residents of overspill estates, this was isolating and they felt that the new homes were remote, compared with their previous living arrangements of being central to the city, as well as their families and friends. This more rural lifestyle was quite different to what was previously known to those who had relocated from the city slums. Though overcrowded, city slums often provided a sense of intimacy within its residents as families and kinship ties were strong, which was mostly lost for those living in overspill estates.
323:
were the more prominent forms of relocation at the time compared to these new towns. Overspill seemed to be an effective method of relieving housing pressure and congestion following World War II, up until 1951. As at 1951, there were an estimated 380,000 people in need of relocation from London County alone. It was also at this point that the
Conservative government of the time began to disrupt the progress of overspill estates through cuts to budgets and diminish Government Regional Offices, impeding the progression of overspill estate building. Overspill estate planning and building was further set back by the introduction of the first green belt, which negated the expansion of housing on the outskirts of busy cities.
356:
concern to some of the towns. For those residents who moved out of the slums of busy cities, it was a different experience. There were many positive aspects of moving to overspill estates, despite the desires to live in major cities. Those living in slum-like areas of major cities often experienced substandard living spaces with overcrowding issues including shared toilets for multiple families or entire families sharing one bedroom. Compared to the cities from which they were relocated, tenants in overspill estates experienced better housing and amenities, no shared living arrangements or overcrowding in housing, and a significant reduction in general congestion of the towns.
104:
20:
79:
building and building improvements being halted during the war, in the years after World War II, the UK authorities planned to demolish the derelict housing in congested cities. This would allow for people to have access to housing in which they would not have to share amenities or be crowded, as well as better utilise the spaces in congested cities for public development including new offices, housing, schools, shops and other facilities.
339:
areas for work in cities. This meant that for those workers with lower incomes, their place of residence may be determined by the amount of money that they could afford to spend on travel. This created class differences between the areas where overspill estates existed, as the upper class could afford to live in and travel from more areas than the lower class.
315:
date. Due to a lack of development in wartime, most homes were made of brick or stone, as opposed to concrete like other modern buildings of the time, and the facilities and amenities were substandard. There were very few high-rise buildings in the UK at this time, and authorities wished to better utilise space in busy cities.
351:
First-hand accounts recall a divide between overspill estate tenants and existing residents of the overspill towns. In order to make connections with people already living in the communities, those who had relocated from the inner city often found that they had to seek out the social interactions as
334:
The concept of overspill estates was to relocate people who were on housing lists due to their relatively poor living circumstances. In order to enable this relocation, industry and a workforce also needed to be established in overspill areas to create infrastructure and support the growing economy.
314:
Slum clearance programs had been planned in the UK since before the second World War. They were put on hold due to the war and were further slowed down by the impacts that bombings had on housing. During the period of and immediately following the war, the quality of most homes in the UK were out of
82:
After World War II, the construction of overspill estates in existing towns was favoured, compared to further expanding urban sprawl (Cullingworth, 1960). This was to protect the green belt, which attempted to maintain accessibility to countryside areas for those living in the inner city, as well as
78:
Improved quality of living and access to amenities were of great importance to the overspill programs throughout the UK. Most tenants of overspill estates were housed there due to their prior residences having insufficient facilities or being classed as “slums”. Due to “slum clearance” programs, new
355:
In terms of the original residents of the towns in which overspill estates were built, there were some reservations regarding the construction of overspill estates and town expansion. The loss of community and identity, and of historic features or landscapes due to new housing developments, were of
338:
In cases where workers maintained their jobs in the city from which they have relocated, the journey to work was a newfound expense. Additionally, public transport services to and from city centres became more crowded due to this phenomenon of employees travelling out of their new overspill housing
322:
Government
Regional Offices and local authorities were given the duty of managing overspill at this point. The 1946 New Towns Act, implemented in the UK, was the plan to relocate hundreds of thousands of people from congested cities into newly built towns. Overspill estates and “suburban expansion”
347:
For many people, the choice was between living in the slums of a city in which they desired to be and preferred to live, or more live-able housing on the outskirts of the city, where they did not wish to live, but had proper amenities and better quality housing. Some reasons behind families and
318:
After the second World War, authorities in the UK were determined to redevelop slums and derelict housing within highly congested cities in order to create housing areas which enabled a higher standard of living for tenants. It was a method of gentrification, allowing the authorities to access
297:
Overspill populations in the UK were mainly derived from the highly populated areas of inner-city London, Birmingham, Liverpool and
Manchester. The official estimated overspill from each area was calculated by county councils and were approximately 680,000 for inner-city London, 118,000 for
348:
individuals moving to overspill estates included the need for better housing, inability to acquire higher quality housing within the city they were living, forced removal through slum clearance schemes, and local authorities deeming housing to be inadequate.
319:
war-affected areas and utilise the spaces more economically. Compulsory purchase orders were used by authorities for slum clearance, allowing local governments to purchase areas of housing or buildings which were considered to be unsafe living spaces.
1309:
1610:
Rudlin, David; Dodd, Nick (2003). "A city of villages: David Rudlin and Nick Dodd outline the aims and outcomes of the City of
Villages research on the state of London's suburbs. (feature)".
1702:
1317:
1463:
Shapely, P., 2007. Council Wars: Manchester's
Overspill Battles. London was heavily affected by this, so was most of the country. In: B. Doyle, ed.,
1281:
763:
Cullingworth, J. B. (1959). "Some
Administrative Problems of Planned Overspill THE SELECTION OF TENANTS FOR THE NEW AND EXPANDED TOWNS FOR LONDON".
959:
963:
306:
326:
Some overspill estates still exist as housing and others have been redeveloped into more sophisticated fixtures, such as high-rise buildings.
1634:
864:
Peter
Shapely (February 2006). "Tenants Arise! Consumerism, Tenants and the Challenge to Council Authority in Manchester, 1968–92".
1707:
1527:
1486:
1126:
1032:
935:
911:
988:
472:
Housing needs and planning policy : a restatement of the problems of housing need and "overspill" in
England and Wales
56:
1586:
1227:
1090:
1570:
848:
728:
479:
577:
578:"Overspill Policy and the Glasgow Slum Clearance Project in the Twentieth Century: From One Nightmare to Another?"
1256:
272:
1171:
193:
1342:
151:
28:
67:
encouraged the expansion of neighbouring urban areas rather than the creation of satellite communities.
834:
64:
1404:
Jones, Phil (2005). "The suburban high flat in the post-war reconstruction of Birmingham, 1945–71".
1697:
1662:
209:
169:
157:
103:
843:. Cambridge Studies in Sociology. Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
642:
G. C. Dickinson (April 1962). "Overspill and Town Development: In England and Wales, 1945–1971".
32:
838:
178:: Kirkby, Halewood, Huyton, Birkenhead, Knowsley, Poulton, Seacombe, Bootle, Whiston, Runcorn
115:: Patchway, Lawrence Weston, Hartcliffe, Inns Court estate (Knowle West), Henbury, Lockleaze
1692:
519:
8:
1465:
Urban Politics and Space in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Regional Perspectives
1056:
523:
1429:
953:
873:
776:
694:
659:
612:
Planned communities, self-containment and commuting : a cross-national perspective
543:
690:
655:
1566:
1523:
1492:
1482:
1433:
1421:
1350:
1132:
1122:
1091:"Ten miles from town: Life on the Manchester overspill estate where buses "won't go""
1038:
1028:
941:
931:
907:
844:
816:
780:
734:
724:
615:
547:
535:
510:
Farmer, Elspeth; Smith, Roger (1975). "Overspill Theory: a Metropolitan Case Study".
485:
475:
408:
1380:
1150:
1558:
1515:
1413:
1282:"Consultation Hemmingwell ward in Wellingborough, Northants; Jenny Dixon, May 2013"
899:
772:
686:
651:
527:
370:
310:
The destruction of housing from bombings on a residential London street during WWII
97:
388:
260:
60:
44:
1496:
1417:
1136:
531:
1686:
1618:(1). Town and Country Planning Association – via Gale Academic OneFile.
1425:
1354:
1042:
945:
784:
738:
539:
489:
219:
199:
187:
145:
1519:
1011:
903:
820:
619:
375:
1562:
1512:
Slum Clearance: The Social And Administrative Context In England And Wales
1202:
19:
413:
230:
139:
698:
663:
877:
423:
403:
181:
52:
48:
1635:"HOME COUNTIES (LONDON OVERSPILL POPULATION) (Hansard, 15 April 1954)"
203:
175:
163:
133:
1203:"East Anglian Film Archive: Here and Now: Haverhill Overspill, 1963"
398:
393:
266:
254:
248:
224:
128:
24:
285:
242:
236:
215:
124:
112:
1479:
Mobilising housing histories : learning from London's past
418:
1467:, 1st ed. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publisher, pp.99–112.
1343:"Shelter and the slums: capturing bleak Britain 50 years ago"
365:
118:
1310:"Bomb-Damage Maps Reveal London's World War II Devastation"
813:
Social implications of overspill: the Worsley social survey
677:
H. R. Parker (January 1956). "A Change in Housing Policy".
989:"HOUSING (OVERSPILL ESTATES) (Hansard, 30 November 1973)"
1119:
Class After Industry : a Complex Realist Approach
925:
721:
Workers on the move : the sociology of relocation
893:
1510:
English, John; Madigan, Ruth; Norman, Peter (1976),
1509:
1121:. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. p. 97.
342:
329:
59:. They were created on the outskirts of most large
1684:
1587:"NEW TOWNS AND OVERSPILL (Hansard, 9 July 1956)"
898:, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp. 83–230,
840:Workers on the Move: The Sociology of Relocation
723:. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 20–197.
35:between 1947 and the 1960s as overspill housing.
1703:Town and country planning in the United Kingdom
641:
1172:"Bletchley Pioneers, Planning, & Progress"
1088:
1022:
863:
288:: Drumchapel, Castlemilk, Easterhouse, Pollok
86:
958:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
833:
810:
762:
676:
469:
70:
1027:. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 536.
894:Roberts, P; Thomas, K; Williams, G (1999),
509:
1609:
962:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
107:Abbey Farm housing estate, Thetford (2009)
16:Housing for relocated inner-city residents
1476:
1378:
305:
292:
102:
18:
1660:
1151:"Wythenshawe – A History Of Manchester"
609:
1685:
1656:
1654:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1552:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1112:
1110:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
889:
887:
474:. London: Routledge. pp. 50–157.
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1403:
1307:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1116:
1089:Halle-Richards, Sophie (2019-04-07).
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
465:
463:
461:
459:
1228:"Early days on the estate at Walcot"
1225:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
718:
714:
712:
710:
708:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
505:
503:
501:
499:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
1651:
1622:
1440:
1367:
1331:
1244:
1107:
970:
884:
96:For a more comprehensive list, see
13:
1535:
1188:
1073:
777:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1959.tb01554.x
626:
14:
1719:
791:
745:
705:
691:10.3828/tpr.26.4.k52524t741712578
656:10.3828/tpr.33.1.3x8040m7345q21p2
594:
575:
554:
496:
436:
343:Social costs of overspill estates
896:Metropolitan Planning In Britain
330:Employment and overspill estates
1603:
1579:
1555:Sustainable Urban Neighbourhood
1503:
1470:
1397:
1301:
1274:
1219:
1164:
1143:
1049:
1025:The Almanac of British Politics
1016:
1005:
926:Kynaston, David, 1951– (2014).
919:
857:
827:
63:towns in the 20th century. The
51:, often to rehouse people from
1257:"Town Expansion and Migration"
1023:Waller, R; Criddle, B (2007).
670:
1:
1708:Housing in the United Kingdom
1514:, Routledge, pp. 50–75,
429:
1553:Rudlin, David (2010-05-14).
1341:Doward, Jamie (2016-02-07).
811:Cullingworth, J. B. (1960).
470:Cullingworth, J. B. (1960).
7:
359:
279:
29:Heywood, Greater Manchester
10:
1724:
1289:S3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com
301:
148:: Borehamwood, South Oxhey
95:
91:
87:Overspill estate locations
83:foster agricultural land.
1612:Town and Country Planning
1418:10.1017/s0963926805003020
930:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
928:Family Britain, 1951–1957
532:10.1080/00420987520080261
71:Aims of overspill estates
65:Town Development Act 1952
1477:Guillery, Peter (2017).
679:The Town Planning Review
644:The Town Planning Review
610:Cervero, Robert (1995).
47:built at the edge of an
1520:10.4324/9781315105321-3
1308:Mason, B (2016-05-18).
1095:Manchester Evening News
904:10.4324/9781315000183-1
815:. Sociological Review.
719:Mann, Michael (1973).
311:
108:
36:
33:Manchester Corporation
1563:10.4324/9780080939544
1261:Thetford Town Council
1117:Byrne, David (2019).
765:Public Administration
309:
293:Overspill populations
106:
22:
1385:www.historytoday.com
1379:Quinault, R (2001).
1661:Doggett, R (n.d.).
1314:National Geographic
524:1975UrbSt..12..151F
212:: Racecourse estate
1232:Swindon Advertiser
312:
109:
37:
1667:clutch.open.ac.uk
1639:api.parliament.uk
1591:api.parliament.uk
1529:978-1-315-10532-1
1488:978-1-000-70234-7
1381:"Britain in 1950"
1176:clutch.open.ac.uk
1128:978-3-030-02644-8
1034:978-1-135-20676-5
993:api.parliament.uk
937:978-1-4088-0349-3
913:978-1-315-00018-3
409:St Helier, London
55:areas as part of
1715:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1550:
1533:
1532:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1438:
1437:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:on July 23, 2018
1316:. Archived from
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1226:Wolf, B (2010).
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1086:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1061:overspillmcr.org
1053:
1047:
1046:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
985:
968:
967:
957:
949:
923:
917:
916:
891:
882:
881:
861:
855:
854:
831:
825:
824:
808:
789:
788:
760:
743:
742:
716:
703:
702:
674:
668:
667:
639:
624:
623:
607:
592:
591:
589:
588:
573:
552:
551:
507:
494:
493:
467:
371:London overspill
227:: Chelmsley Wood
98:London overspill
41:overspill estate
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1698:Urban economics
1683:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1659:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1508:
1504:
1489:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1441:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1207:www.eafa.org.uk
1201:
1200:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1129:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1035:
1021:
1017:
1012:About Handforth
1010:
1006:
997:
995:
987:
986:
971:
951:
950:
938:
924:
920:
914:
892:
885:
862:
858:
851:
832:
828:
809:
792:
761:
746:
731:
717:
706:
675:
671:
640:
627:
608:
595:
586:
584:
574:
555:
508:
497:
482:
468:
437:
432:
362:
345:
332:
304:
295:
282:
206:): Lakes Estate
101:
94:
89:
73:
57:slum clearances
17:
12:
11:
5:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1679:
1678:
1650:
1621:
1602:
1578:
1571:
1534:
1528:
1502:
1487:
1469:
1439:
1412:(2): 308–326.
1396:
1366:
1330:
1300:
1273:
1243:
1218:
1187:
1163:
1142:
1127:
1106:
1072:
1048:
1033:
1015:
1004:
969:
936:
918:
912:
883:
866:Social History
856:
849:
826:
790:
771:(4): 343–360.
744:
729:
704:
669:
625:
593:
553:
518:(2): 151–168.
495:
480:
434:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
389:Chelmsley Wood
379:
378:
373:
368:
361:
358:
344:
341:
331:
328:
303:
300:
294:
291:
290:
289:
281:
278:
277:
276:
270:
269:: Colshaw Farm
264:
261:Wellingborough
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
213:
207:
197:
191:
185:
179:
173:
167:
161:
155:
149:
143:
142:: Outwood Road
137:
131:
122:
116:
93:
90:
88:
85:
72:
69:
45:housing estate
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1720:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1572:9780080939544
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:. Routledge.
1480:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Urban History
1400:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1008:
994:
990:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
965:
961:
955:
947:
943:
939:
933:
929:
922:
915:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
888:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
852:
850:9780521087018
846:
842:
841:
836:
830:
822:
818:
814:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
740:
736:
732:
730:0-521-08701-5
726:
722:
715:
713:
711:
709:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:(4): 211–14.
684:
680:
673:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
621:
617:
613:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
583:
582:warwick.ac.uk
579:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Urban Studies
506:
504:
502:
500:
491:
487:
483:
481:0-415-17717-0
477:
473:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
435:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
383:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
357:
353:
349:
340:
336:
327:
324:
320:
316:
308:
299:
287:
284:
283:
274:
271:
268:
265:
263:: Hemmingwell
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
221:
220:Little Hulton
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
201:
200:Milton Keynes
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:Middlesbrough
186:
184:: Wythenshawe
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:Hertfordshire
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
130:
126:
123:
121:: Harold Hill
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
99:
84:
80:
76:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
31:was built by
30:
26:
21:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1554:
1511:
1505:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1358:. Retrieved
1347:The Guardian
1346:
1322:. Retrieved
1318:the original
1313:
1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1260:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1145:
1118:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1024:
1018:
1007:
996:. Retrieved
992:
927:
921:
895:
869:
865:
859:
839:
835:Michael Mann
829:
812:
768:
764:
720:
682:
678:
672:
650:(1): 49–62.
647:
643:
611:
585:. Retrieved
581:
515:
511:
471:
381:
380:
376:Urban sprawl
354:
350:
346:
337:
333:
325:
321:
317:
313:
296:
257:: Partington
251:: Abbey Farm
160:: Hattersley
136:: Spath Lane
81:
77:
74:
40:
38:
27:estate near
1693:Urban decay
414:Wythenshawe
239:: Haverhill
233:: Carrbrook
231:Stalybridge
190:: Thorntree
172:: St Helier
166:: Longridge
140:Heald Green
1687:Categories
1672:2020-04-24
1663:"Industry"
1644:2020-04-24
1596:2020-04-24
1497:1112368088
1390:2020-05-30
1360:2020-05-29
1324:2020-04-24
1294:2022-03-05
1267:2020-04-24
1237:2020-04-24
1212:2020-05-20
1181:2020-05-20
1157:2020-04-24
1137:1125821566
1100:2020-05-18
1066:2020-06-01
1057:"Darnhill"
998:2020-04-24
587:2020-05-20
576:Paice, L.
430:References
424:Castlemilk
404:Hattersley
273:Whitefield
182:Manchester
154:: Darnhill
53:inner city
49:urban area
1434:144863180
1426:0963-9268
1355:0029-7712
1043:827210557
954:cite book
946:893296624
872:(1): 65.
785:0033-3298
739:969858360
548:154571262
540:0042-0980
490:897352574
382:Locations
275:: Hillock
204:Bletchley
196:: Langley
194:Middleton
176:Liverpool
164:Knutsford
134:Handforth
837:(1973).
821:78445068
699:40101578
664:40102328
620:84993849
399:Gamesley
394:Darnhill
360:See also
280:Scotland
267:Wilmslow
255:Trafford
249:Thetford
245:: Walcot
225:Solihull
129:Gamesley
25:Darnhill
878:4287297
520:Bibcode
302:History
286:Glasgow
243:Swindon
237:Suffolk
216:Salford
152:Heywood
125:Glossop
113:Bristol
92:England
61:British
1569:
1526:
1495:
1485:
1432:
1424:
1353:
1153:. 2016
1135:
1125:
1041:
1031:
944:
934:
910:
876:
847:
819:
783:
737:
727:
697:
662:
618:
546:
538:
488:
478:
419:Pollok
170:Merton
1430:S2CID
1285:(PDF)
1263:. n.d
874:JSTOR
695:JSTOR
660:JSTOR
544:S2CID
366:Exurb
119:Essex
43:is a
1567:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1493:OCLC
1483:ISBN
1422:ISSN
1351:ISSN
1133:OCLC
1123:ISBN
1039:OCLC
1029:ISBN
964:link
960:link
942:OCLC
932:ISBN
908:ISBN
845:ISBN
817:OCLC
781:ISSN
735:OCLC
725:ISBN
616:OCLC
536:ISSN
486:OCLC
476:ISBN
210:Sale
158:Hyde
23:The
1559:doi
1516:doi
1414:doi
900:doi
773:doi
687:doi
652:doi
528:doi
39:An
1689::
1665:.
1653:^
1637:.
1624:^
1616:72
1614:.
1589:.
1565:.
1557:.
1537:^
1522:,
1491:.
1442:^
1428:.
1420:.
1410:32
1408:.
1383:.
1369:^
1349:.
1345:.
1333:^
1312:.
1287:.
1259:.
1246:^
1230:.
1205:.
1190:^
1174:.
1131:.
1109:^
1093:.
1075:^
1059:.
1037:.
991:.
972:^
956:}}
952:{{
940:.
906:,
886:^
870:31
868:.
793:^
779:.
769:37
767:.
747:^
733:.
707:^
693:.
683:26
681:.
658:.
648:33
646:.
628:^
614:.
596:^
580:.
556:^
542:.
534:.
526:.
516:12
514:.
498:^
484:.
438:^
384::
218::
127::
1675:.
1647:.
1599:.
1575:.
1561::
1518::
1499:.
1436:.
1416::
1393:.
1363:.
1327:.
1297:.
1270:.
1240:.
1215:.
1184:.
1160:.
1139:.
1103:.
1069:.
1045:.
1001:.
966:)
948:.
902::
880:.
853:.
823:.
787:.
775::
741:.
701:.
689::
666:.
654::
622:.
590:.
550:.
530::
522::
492:.
202:(
100:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
