3456:
retrieve them from multiple pharmacies. Other provinces have proposed similar legislation, while some, such as Nova Scotia, have legislation already in effect for monitoring prescription drug use. These changes have coincided with other changes in
Ontario's legislation to target the misuse of painkillers and high addiction rates to drugs such as oxycodone. As of 29 February 2012, Ontario passed legislation delisting oxycodone from the province's public drug benefit program. This was a first for any province to delist a drug based on addictive properties. The new law prohibits prescriptions for OxyNeo except to certain patients under the Exceptional Access Program including palliative care and in other extenuating circumstances. Patients already prescribed oxycodone will receive coverage for an additional year for OxyNeo, and after that, it will be disallowed unless designated under the exceptional access program.
3464:, Ontario has committed to focusing on drug addiction, particularly in the monitoring and identification of problem opioid prescriptions, as well as the education of patients, doctors, and pharmacists. This Act, introduced in 2010, commits to the establishment of a unified database to fulfil this intention. Both the public and medical community have received the legislation positively, though concerns about the ramifications of legal changes have been expressed. Because laws are largely provincially regulated, many speculate a national strategy is needed to prevent smuggling across provincial borders from jurisdictions with looser restrictions.
1394:
1385:
924:
901:
7937:
CSA. However, formulations/products containing limited amounts of these substances in combination with an isoquinoline alkaloid or one or more active non-narcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts were included in
Schedule III or V of the CSA (Public Law 91-513, Section 202). ... It is interesting to note that no criteria were established for the differential control of the Schedule II opioid oxycodone and its combination products. Thus, oxycodone and all marketed single entity and combination products are in Schedule II.
1532:
1466:
3423:, which replaced the 1931 convention, categorized oxycodone in Schedule I. Global restrictions on Schedule I drugs include "limit exclusively to medical and scientific purposes the production, manufacture, export, import, distribution of, trade in, use and possession of" these drugs; "requir medical prescriptions for the supply or dispensation of drugs to individuals"; and "prevent the accumulation" of quantities of these drugs "in excess of those required for the normal conduct of business".
1520:
3566:
for 13% of consumption in 2007. In 2010, 1.3 short tons (1.2 t) of oxycodone were illegally manufactured using a fake pill imprint. This accounted for 0.8% of consumption. These illicit tablets were later seized by the U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration, according to the International Narcotics Control Board. The board also reported 122.5 short tons (111.1 t) manufactured in 2010. This number had decreased from a record high of 135.9 short tons (123.3 t) in 2009.
47:
1874:
3536:. For Class A drugs, which are "considered to be the most likely to cause harm", possession without a prescription is punishable by up to seven years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both. Dealing of the drug illegally is punishable by up to life imprisonment, an unlimited fine, or both. Oxycodone is a Schedule 2 drug per the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 which "provide certain exemptions from the provisions of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971".
2571:-opioid receptor agonist. However, this conclusion has been disputed, primarily on the basis that oxycodone produces effects that are typical of MOR agonists. In 2006, research by a Japanese group suggested the effect of oxycodone is mediated by different receptors in different situations. Specifically in diabetic mice, the KOR appears to be involved in the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone, while in nondiabetic mice, the μ
2919:, claimed in their 1992 patent application that the duration of action of OxyContin is 12 hours in "90% of patients". It has never performed any clinical studies in which OxyContin was given at more frequent intervals. In a separate filing, Purdue claims that controlled-release oxycodone "provides pain relief in said patient for at least 12 hours after administration". However, in 2016 an investigation by the
2871:, resulting in polymorphism-dependent alterations in relative analgesia and toxicity. While higher CYP2D6 activity increases the effects of oxycodone (owing to increased conversion into oxymorphone), higher CYP3A4 activity has the opposite effect and decreases the effects of oxycodone (owing to increased metabolism into noroxycodone and noroxymorphone). The dose of oxycodone must be reduced in patients with
2934:
not to deviate from a 12-hour dosing schedule. One such memo read, "There is no Q8 dosing with OxyContin... needs to be nipped in the bud. NOW!!" The journalists who covered the investigation argued that Purdue Pharma has insisted on a 12-hour duration of action for nearly all patients, despite evidence to the contrary, to protect the reputation of OxyContin as a 12-hour drug and the willingness of
38:
17524:
3448:
3301:– claiming that Purdue Pharma and members of the Sackler family knew that high doses of OxyContin over long periods would increase the risk of serious side effects, including addiction. Despite Purdue Pharma's proposal for a US$ 12 billion settlement of the lawsuit, the attorneys general of 23 states, including Massachusetts, rejected the settlement offer in September 2019.
1323:, with fewer side effects than morphine. The author concluded that the controlled-release form is a valid alternative to morphine and a first-line treatment for cancer pain. In 2014, the European Association for Palliative Care recommended oxycodone by mouth as a second-line alternative to morphine by mouth for cancer pain.
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7936:
The CSA as enacted in 1970 provides examples of specifically listed substances in one schedule and formulations containing them in different schedules. The CSA also provides a mechanism to exempt certain formulations and products from regulations. ... Each of these substances is in
Schedule II of the
3523:
of 5 strokes of the cane, and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or 30 years of imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane. The minimum and maximum penalties for unauthorized trafficking in the drug are respectively 5 years of imprisonment and 5 strokes of the cane, and 20 years of imprisonment and
3318:
Opioid-related deaths in
Ontario had increased by 242% from 1969 to 2014. By 2009 in Ontario there were more deaths from oxycodone overdoses than from cocaine overdoses. Deaths from opioid pain relievers had increased from 13.7 deaths per million residents in 1991 to 27.2 deaths per million residents
3565:
estimated 11.5 short tons (10.4 t) of oxycodone were manufactured worldwide in 1998; by 2007 this figure had grown to 75.2 short tons (68.2 t). United States accounted for 82% of consumption in 2007 at 51.6 short tons (46.8 t). Canada, Germany, Australia, and France combined accounted
3467:
In 2015, Purdue Pharma's abuse-resistant OxyNEO and six generic versions of OxyContin had been on the Canada-wide approved list for prescriptions since 2012. In June 2015, then federal
Minister of Health Rona Ambrose announced that within three years, all oxycodone products sold in Canada would need
3459:
Much of the legislative activity has stemmed from Purdue Pharma's decision in 2011 to begin a modification of
Oxycontin's composition to make it more difficult to crush for snorting or injecting. The new formulation, OxyNeo, is intended to be preventive in this regard and retain its effectiveness as
3455:
In
February 2012, Ontario passed legislation to allow the expansion of an already existing drug-tracking system for publicly funded drugs to include those that are privately insured. This database will function to identify and monitor patient's attempts to seek prescriptions from multiple doctors or
3431:
Oxycodone is in
Schedule I (derived from the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs) of the Commonwealth's Narcotic Drugs Act 1967. In addition, it is in Schedule 8 of the Australian Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons ("Poisons Standard"), meaning it is a "controlled drug... which
3278:
regarding their ties to the production and manipulation of the oxycodone markets. The article links
Raymond and Arthur Sackler's business practices with the rise of direct pharmaceutical marketing and eventually to the rise of addiction to oxycodone in the United States. The article implies that the
1659:
symptoms is high if a patient has become physically dependent and discontinues oxycodone abruptly. Medically, when the drug has been taken regularly over an extended period, it is withdrawn gradually rather than abruptly. People who regularly use oxycodone recreationally or at higher than prescribed
3548:
whether by itself or part of a multi-ingredient medication. The DEA lists oxycodone both for sale and for use in manufacturing other opioids as ACSCN 9143 and in 2013 approved the following annual aggregate manufacturing quotas: 131.5 metric tons for sale, down from 153.75 in 2012, and 10.25 metric
3398:
manufactures a preparation of short-acting oxycodone, marketed as Oxecta, which contains inactive ingredients, referred to as tamper-resistant Aversion Technology. Approved by the FDA in the U.S. in June 2011, the new formulation, while not being able to deter oral recreational use, makes crushing,
3346:
The recent formulations of oxycodone, particularly Purdue Pharma's crush-, chew-, injection- and dissolve-resistant OxyNEO which replaced the banned OxyContin product in Canada in early 2012, have led to a decline in the recreational use of this opiate but have increased the recreational use of the
3199:
at the time, later said of the approval of OxyContin: "No doubt it was a mistake. It was certainly one of the worst medical mistakes, a major mistake." Upon its release in 1995, OxyContin was hailed as a medical breakthrough, a long-lasting narcotic that could help patients with moderate to severe
2945:
Purdue sales representatives were instructed to encourage doctors to write prescriptions for larger 12-hour doses instead of more frequent dosing. An August 1996 memo to Purdue sales representatives in Tennessee entitled "$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ It's Bonus Time in the Neighborhood!" reminded the
2537:
activity of some of its metabolites, it has been determined that oxycodone itself is responsible for 83.0% and 94.8% of its analgesic effect following oral and intravenous administration, respectively. Oxymorphone plays only a minor role, being responsible for 15.8% and 4.5% of the analgesic effect
3502:
Oxycodone is a restricted drug in Japan. Its import and export are strictly restricted to specially designated organizations having a prior permit to import it. In a high-profile case an American who was a top Toyota executive living in Tokyo, who claimed to be unaware of the law, was arrested for
2933:
Purdue strongly discouraged the practice: Purdue's medical director Robert Reder wrote to one doctor in 1995 that "OxyContin has been developed for dosing...I request that you not use a dosing regimen." Purdue repeatedly released memos to its sales representatives ordering them to remind doctors
3471:
Several class-action suits across Canada have been launched against the Purdue group of companies and affiliates. Claimants argue the pharmaceutical manufacturers did not meet a standard of care and were negligent in doing so. These lawsuits reference earlier judgments in the United States, which
3240:
deaths in the U.S. in 2017. In 2007, about 42,800 emergency room visits occurred due to "episodes" involving oxycodone. In 2008, recreational use of oxycodone and hydrocodone was involved in 14,800 deaths. Some of the cases were due to overdoses of the acetaminophen component, resulting in fatal
3214:
Oxycodone, like other opioid analgesics, tends to induce feelings of euphoria, relaxation and reduced anxiety in those who are occasional users. These effects make it one of the most commonly abused pharmaceutical drugs in the United States. The abuse of Oxycodone, as well as related opioids more
1326:
In children between 11 and 16, the extended-release formulation is FDA-approved for the relief of cancer pain, trauma pain, or pain due to major surgery (for those already treated with opioids, who can tolerate at least 20 mg per day of oxycodone) - this provides an alternative to Duragesic
3248:
released new labeling guidelines for long-acting and extended-release opioids requiring manufacturers to remove moderate pain as indication for use, instead stating the drug is for "pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long term opioid treatment". The updated labeling will not
2776:
In humans, N-demethylation of oxycodone to noroxycodone by CYP3A4 is the major metabolic pathway, accounting for 45% ± 21% of a dose of oxycodone, while O-demethylation of oxycodone into oxymorphone by CYP2D6 and 6-ketoreduction of oxycodone into 6-oxycodols represent relatively minor metabolic
2929:
and intense cravings for OxyContin. One doctor, Lawrence Robbins, told journalists that over 70% of his patients would report that OxyContin would only provide 4–7 hours of relief. Doctors in the 1990s often would switch their patients to a dosing schedule of once every eight hours when they
2675:, and brain. At equilibrium the unbound concentration in the brain is threefold higher than the unbound concentration in blood. Conventional oral preparations start to reduce pain within 10 to 15 minutes on an empty stomach; in contrast, OxyContin starts to reduce pain within one hour.
2839:
The first pathway of the above three accounts for 40% of the metabolism of oxymorphone, making oxymorphone-3-glucuronide the main metabolite of oxymorphone, while the latter two pathways account for less than 10% of the metabolism of oxymorphone. After N-demethylation of oxymorphone,
2549:
result in differential rates of oxymorphone formation, the unchanged parent compound remains the major contributor to the overall analgesic effect of oxycodone. In contrast to oxycodone and oxymorphone, noroxycodone and noroxymorphone, while also potent MOR agonists, poorly cross the
3391:
reformulated their long-acting oxycodone line, marketed as OxyContin, using a polymer, Intac, to make the pills more difficult to crush or dissolve in water to reduce non-medical use of OxyContin. The FDA approved relabeling the reformulated version as abuse-resistant in April 2013.
3073:, non-medical use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Many commercial opiate screening tests cross-react appreciably with oxycodone and its metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish oxycodone from other opiates.
1618:
Most side effects generally become less intense over time, although issues related to constipation are likely to continue for the duration of use. Chronic use of this compound and associated constipation issues can become very serious, and have been implicated in life-threatening
3143:
useful for surgery and battlefield wounding cases. Oxycodone was allegedly chosen over other common opiates for this product because it had been shown to produce less sedation at equianalgesic doses compared to morphine, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), and hydrocodone (Dicodid).
5499:
Simpson K, Leyendecker P, Hopp M, Müller-Lissner S, Löwenstein O, De Andrés J, et al. (December 2008). "Fixed-ratio combination oxycodone/naloxone compared with oxycodone alone for the relief of opioid-induced constipation in moderate-to-severe noncancer pain".
5101:
3297:, the son of Raymond Sackler, told company officials in 2008 to "measure our performance by Rx's by strength, giving higher measures to higher strengths". This was verified with documents tied to a lawsuit – which was filed by the Massachusetts attorney general,
8840:
2373:
possess one-third of and 3-fold higher affinity for the MOR, respectively, and MOR activation is 5- to 10-fold less with noroxycodone but 2-fold higher with noroxymorphone relative to oxycodone. Noroxycodone, noroxymorphone, and oxymorphone also have longer
3139:'s choice for a battlefield analgesic for a time. The drug was expressly designed to provide what the patent application and package insert referred to as "very deep analgesia and profound and intense euphoria" as well as tranquillisation and
12864:
8751:
3195:, a privately held company based in Stamford, Connecticut, developed the prescription painkiller OxyContin. It was approved by the FDA in 1995 after no long-term studies and no assessment of its addictive capabilities. David Kessler,
8283:
3408:
2566:
In 1997, a group of Australian researchers proposed (based on a study in rats) that oxycodone acts on KORs, unlike morphine, which acts upon MORs. Further research by this group indicated the drug appears to be a high-affinity
3378:
Prescriptions of Oxycodone rose in Scotland by 430% between 2002 and 2008, prompting fears of usage problems that would mirror those of the United States. The first known death due to overdose in the UK occurred in 2002.
8851:
3309:
The non-medical use of oxycodone existed from the early 1970s, but by 2015, 91% of a national sample of injecting drug users in Australia had reported using oxycodone, and 27% had injected it in the last six months.
7028:
Boström E, Simonsson US, Hammarlund-Udenaes M (September 2006). "In vivo blood-brain barrier transport of oxycodone in the rat: indications for active influx and implications for pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics".
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Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions
9203:
6367:
Lalovic B, Kharasch E, Hoffer C, Risler L, Liu-Chen LY, Shen DD (May 2006). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral oxycodone in healthy human subjects: role of circulating active metabolites".
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8757:
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8207:
2950:
journalists argue using interviews from opioid addiction experts that such high doses of OxyContin spaced 12 hours apart create a combination of agony during opiate withdrawal (lower lows) and a
3472:
held that Purdue was liable for wrongful marketing practices and misbranding. Since 2007, the Purdue companies have paid over CAN$ 650 million in settling litigation or facing criminal fines.
15816:
15811:
15806:
15134:
14052:
14047:
14042:
8280:
3468:
to be tamper-resistant. Some experts warned that the generic product manufacturers may not have the technology to achieve that goal, possibly giving Purdue Pharma a monopoly on this opiate.
6889:
Data indicate that after buccal and sublingual administration of oxycodone 0.1 mg/kg, the rate and extent of absorption is appropriate for clinical use. After transmucosal administration, C
1304:
in certain types of pain. Numerous studies have been completed, and the appropriate use of this compound does improve the quality of life of patients with long term chronic pain syndromes.
14532:
9652:
9376:
16389:
8972:
9398:
15515:
8519:
2651:
is 10 to 30 minutes, and peak plasma levels of the drug are attained within roughly 30 to 60 minutes; in contrast, after a dose of OxyContin (an oral controlled-release formulation),
3574:
Expanded expressions for the compound oxycodone in the academic literature include "dihydrohydroxycodeinone", "Eucodal", "Eukodal", "14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone", and "Nucodan". In a
3486:
or BtMG). The law allows only physicians, dentists, and veterinarians to prescribe oxycodone and the federal government to regulate the prescriptions (e.g., by requiring reporting).
390:
15249:
990:
3135:", with ephedrine added to reduce circulatory and respiratory effects. The drug became known as the "Miracle Drug of the 1930s" in Continental Europe and elsewhere and it was the
9262:
4843:
16660:
9605:
8389:
3432:
should be available for use but require restriction of manufacture, supply, distribution, possession and use to reduce abuse, misuse and physical or psychological dependence".
3123:
under the German initials for the ingredients SEE, which was later renamed Scophedal (SCOpolamine, ePHEDrine, and eukodAL) in 1942. It was last manufactured in 1987 but can be
2845:
8695:
14527:
9285:
16840:
14943:
9129:
8488:
5102:"FDA Approves Troxyca® ER (Oxycodone Hydrochloride and Naltrexone Hydrochloride) Extended-release Capsules CII with Abuse-deterrent Properties for the Management of Pain"
16873:
16141:
15389:
14432:
3354:
In Alberta, the Blood Tribe police claimed that from the fall of 2014 through January 2015, oxycodone pills or a lethal fake variation referred to as Oxy 80s containing
3111:
The first clinical use of the drug was documented in 1917, the year after it was first developed. It was first introduced to the U.S. market in May 1939. In early 1928,
2813:
2636:
previously reported as 47% for nasal spray administration due to the solution in the study exceeding the 0.3- to 0.4-mL nasal mucosa limit. Buccal bioavailability ~55%,
8236:
1860:, a CYP3A4 inducer, dramatically reducing the analgesic effects of oxycodone in a chronic pain patient. Dosage or medication adjustments may be necessary in each case.
6419:
Klimas R, Witticke D, El Fallah S, Mikus G (May 2013). "Contribution of oxycodone and its metabolites to the overall analgesic effect after oxycodone administration".
4123:
Sunshine A, Olson NZ, Colon A, Rivera J, Kaiko RF, Fitzmartin RD, et al. (July 1996). "Analgesic efficacy of controlled-release oxycodone in postoperative pain".
16655:
15560:
15269:
12884:
8481:"Opioid deaths soaring, study finds Opioid-related deaths in Ontario jumped by a whopping 242 per cent over two decades, according to a study by ICES and St. Mike's"
3515:
of Singapore, which means offences concerning the drug attract the most severe level of punishment. A conviction for unauthorized manufacture of the drug attracts a
8787:
8443:
8319:
8019:
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426:
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12452:
10214:
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2655:
of oxycodone occur in about three hours. The duration of instant-release oxycodone is 3 to 6 hours, although this can be variable depending on the individual.
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439:
295:
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Oxycodone is the most widely recreationally used opioid in America. In the United States, more than 12 million people use opioid drugs recreationally. The
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8358:
2793:
2789:
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13842:
9685:
University of Wisconsin Pain & Policy Studies Group/World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Policy and Communications in Cancer Care
3407:
Oxycodone is subject to international conventions on narcotic drugs. In addition, oxycodone is subject to national laws that differ by country. The 1931
3089:
2770:
8721:
8215:
4873:
1118:
typically begins within fifteen minutes and lasts for up to six hours with the immediate-release formulation. In the United Kingdom, it is available by
16878:
13620:
9222:
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1477:
formulations of oxycodone (brand name OxyNorm) are also available in other parts of the world, however, and are widely used in the European Union. In
403:
14517:
13982:
13134:
9771:
May EL, Jacobson AE (June 1989). "The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence: a legacy of the National Academy of Sciences. A historical account".
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9106:
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15003:
12879:
7245:"Genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions modulating CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities have a major effect on oxycodone analgesic efficacy and safety"
4272:"Managing severe pain and abuse potential: the potential impact of a new abuse-deterrent formulation oxycodone/naltrexone extended-release product"
1834:
in these enzymes can also influence the clearance of oxycodone, which may be related to the wide inter-individual variability in its half-life and
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2756:
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9842:
MEDMARX data report. A report on the relationship of drug names and medication errors in response to the Institute of Medicine's call for action
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Riley J, Eisenberg E, Müller-Schwefe G, Drewes AM, Arendt-Nielsen L (January 2008). "Oxycodone: a review of its use in the management of pain".
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InChI=1S/C18H21NO4/c1-19-8-7-17-14-10-3-4-12(22-2)15(14)23-16(17)11(20)5-6-18(17,21)13(19)9-10/h3-4,13,16,21H,5-9H2,1-2H3/t13-,16+,17+,18-/m1/s1
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3327:, where its non-medical use is prevalent in rural towns and in many smaller to medium-sized cities. Oxycodone is also widely available across
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The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023)
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Withdrawal symptoms have also been reported in newborns whose mothers had been either injecting or orally taking oxycodone during pregnancy.
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representatives that their commissions would dramatically increase if they were successful in convincing doctors to prescribe larger doses.
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16853:
16804:
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13405:
9909:
9452:
8908:
6946:"Slow drug delivery decreased total body clearance and altered bioavailability of immediate- and controlled-release oxycodone formulations"
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Kinnunen M, Piirainen P, Kokki H, Lammi P, Kokki M (June 2019). "Updated Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxycodone".
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is for diprenorphine displacement. (Note that diprenorphine is a non-selective opioid receptor ligand, so this is not MOR-specific.) EC
1660:
doses are at even higher risk of severe withdrawal symptoms. The symptoms of oxycodone withdrawal, as with other opioids, may include "
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4157:
Treatment with CR oxycodone was safe and effective in this study, and its characteristics will be beneficial in the treatment of pain.
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Ross FB, Smith MT (November 1997). "The intrinsic antinociceptive effects of oxycodone appear to be kappa-opioid receptor mediated".
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415:
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5804:
4609:"Quality of life under oxycodone/naloxone, oxycodone, or morphine treatment for chronic low back pain in routine clinical practice"
120:
Eukodal, eucodal; dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone, 6-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6-oxomorphine
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Applied Ecology & Environmental Research. 2005;3(2):29–38. Jakubska A, Przado D, Steininger M, Aniol-Kwiatkowska A, Kadej M.
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Remillard D, Kaye AD, McAnally H (February 2019). "Oxycodone's Unparalleled Addictive Potential: Is it Time for a Moratorium?".
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3166:, indicate Hitler received repeated injections of "Eukodal" (oxycodone; produced by Merck) and Scophedal, as well as Dolantin (
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Pon D, Hwang J, Lo T, Zyl CV (2015). "Decreased responsiveness to oxycodone: A case of a pharmacokinetic drug interaction?".
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tons for conversion, unchanged from the previous year. In 2020, oxycodone possession was decriminalized in the U.S. state of
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7305:
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Nozaki C, Kamei J (April 2007). "Involvement of mu1-opioid receptor on oxycodone-induced antinociception in diabetic mice".
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Opioids in medicine a comprehensive review on the mode of action and the use of analgesics in different clinical pain states
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Nozaki C, Saitoh A, Kamei J (March 2006). "Characterization of the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone in diabetic mice".
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9570:
7200:
Otton SV, Wu D, Joffe RT, Cheung SW, Sellers EM (April 1993). "Inhibition by fluoxetine of cytochrome P450 2D6 activity".
14497:
13899:
13485:
12854:
10972:
10533:
10501:
8779:
8753:
Police believe organized crime is flooding the Blood Tribe reserve with an illegal drug that has been linked to 10 deaths
8462:
3441:
3416:
3339:
are more serious problems in larger cities, while oxycodone is more common in rural towns. Oxycodone is diverted through
8301:
8009:
6801:"Pharmacokinetics of intranasal crushed OxyContin and intravenous oxycodone in nondependent prescription opioid abusers"
17569:
13580:
12954:
12235:
11412:
9127:
7881:
6246:
5382:
Ordóñez Gallego A, González Barón M, Espinosa Arranz E (May 2007). "Oxycodone: a pharmacological and clinical review".
4991:
3151:, Skophedal was also reportedly injected in massive overdose into the prisoners dressed in Polish Army uniforms in the
2851:
Because oxycodone is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system in the liver, its pharmacokinetics can be influenced by
8917:
8249:
7427:"Why do pollinators become 'sluggish'? Nectar chemical constituents from Epipactis helleborine L. Crantz Orchidaceae".
17089:
13600:
13585:
13555:
13410:
13320:
13006:
12971:
12323:
12074:
11511:
9248:
8656:
7722:
3758:
3020:; together along with another opioid: 3-{2-{3-{3-benzyloxypropyl}-3-indol, 7,8-didehydro- 4,5-epoxy-3,6-d-morphinan.
1856:
greatly reduces plasma concentrations of oxycodone due to strong induction of CYP3A4. There is also a case report of
1069:
1044:
176:
9879:
9678:"Availability of Opioid Analgesics in the World and Asia, With a special focus on: Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand"
7802:
3319:
in 2004. The non-medical use of oxycodone in Canada became a problem. Areas where oxycodone is most problematic are
17495:
16261:
13570:
13475:
13390:
13335:
13144:
12976:
12964:
11373:
9034:
7006:
3943:
3870:
3186:
2293:
to the analgesic and rewarding effects of opioids is complex and occurs due to receptor-level tolerance (e.g., MOR
9540:
9076:
6847:
Analgesic Expert Group. Therapeutic Guidelines: Analgesic. Version 4. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd, 2007.
2312:
to 30 mg of morphine, while extended release oxycodone is considered to be twice as potent as oral morphine.
16256:
13809:
13733:
13635:
13330:
13294:
13129:
13036:
12397:
8412:
8177:
7869:
3512:
2294:
654:
375:
157:
9219:
8877:
7497:"Faculty Opinions recommendation of A microbial biomanufacturing platform for natural and semisynthetic opioids"
4529:
Dart RC, Iwanicki JL, Dasgupta N, Cicero TJ, Schnoll SH (2017). "Do abuse deterrent opioid formulations work?".
17584:
16181:
13855:
13610:
13595:
13575:
13550:
13535:
13495:
13435:
13385:
13021:
8342:
8041:
3196:
3185:
on 27 October 1970. The passing of the CSA resulted in all products containing oxycodone to be classified as a
3031:
compound manufacturing system for compounds including oxycodone. The Thodey platform produces both natural and
2247:
8729:
1891:
741:
13789:
13738:
13510:
13505:
13500:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13355:
13066:
11911:
2903:-demethylated metabolites (oxymorphone, oxymorphols), and 8% ± 6% as 6-keto-reduced metabolites (oxycodols).
8541:
3200:
pain. The drug became a blockbuster and has reportedly generated some US$ 35 billion in revenue for Purdue.
1709:
As with other opioids, chronic use of oxycodone (particularly with higher doses) can often cause concurrent
1311:
tablet. A 2006 review found that controlled-release oxycodone is comparable to immediate-release oxycodone,
17554:
17082:
15379:
13615:
13605:
13560:
13545:
13525:
13515:
13490:
13470:
13400:
13360:
13350:
13340:
10828:
10471:
8950:
8071:
7782:
William S Burroughs 1952 letter to Allen Ginsburg concerning Eukodal, in Collected Correspondance, pp 141–2
5805:"Oxycodone concentrations are greatly increased by the concomitant use of ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir"
3359:
3245:
2266:
919:
792:
8618:
16949:
13711:
13647:
13590:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13440:
13430:
13380:
13375:
13365:
13345:
13325:
13284:
12735:
9102:
3835:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
2624:
of oxycodone averages within a range of 60 to 87%, with rectal administration yielding the same results;
2258:. Opioids like oxycodone are thought to produce their analgesic effects via activation of the MOR in the
880:
3494:
Oxycodone is regulated under Part I of Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance.
17564:
17514:
16359:
16354:
15746:
15089:
14177:
13819:
13794:
13520:
13480:
13450:
13395:
11809:
10491:
7856:
7468:
4383:
3399:
chewing, snorting, or injecting the opioid impractical because of a change in its chemical properties.
3014:
In terms of biosynthesis, oxycodone has been found naturally in nectar extracts from the orchid family
2892:
2704:
2353:
of oxycodone have also been found to be active as MOR agonists, some of which notably have much higher
541:
268:
7899:
1505:, both IV and IM administrations of oxycodone were commonly used for postoperative pain management of
1276:. In 2022, it was the 60th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11
1250:
869:
621:
16379:
15369:
15094:
14412:
13824:
13071:
12805:
12750:
11883:
11494:
9688:
9128:
Australian Government. Department of Health and Aging. Therapeutic Goods Administration (June 2008).
4446:
3834:
3545:
3178:
2951:
2703:. Around 10% (range 8–14%) of a dose of oxycodone is excreted essentially unchanged (unconjugated or
2274:
1539:
Most common side effects of oxycodone include reduced sensitivity to pain, delayed gastric emptying,
1413:
260:
248:
3482:
3233:
estimates that about 11 million people in the U.S. consume oxycodone in a non-medical way annually.
17544:
17211:
16349:
16291:
15751:
15510:
14755:
12442:
11206:
11167:
9957:
9344:
8093:
5803:
Nieminen TH, Hagelberg NM, Saari TI, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Laine K, et al. (October 2010).
3533:
3037:
2613:
1807:
896:
606:
8810:
8585:
17483:
17118:
16929:
16344:
14968:
14750:
13124:
13091:
13081:
13031:
13026:
12651:
11970:
11965:
11361:
11077:
10481:
10137:
8164:
8118:
5856:
Nieminen TH, Hagelberg NM, Saari TI, Pertovaara A, Neuvonen M, Laine K, et al. (June 2009).
5253:
3097:
2942:
companies to cover OxyContin despite its high cost relative to generic opiates such as morphine.
2930:
complained that the duration of action for OxyContin was too short to be taken only twice a day.
2551:
2546:
2354:
2223:
2037:
1764:
In 2011, it was the leading cause of drug-related deaths in the U.S. However, from 2012 onwards,
1548:
1494:
1473:
In the US, oxycodone is only approved for use by mouth, available as tablets and oral solutions.
1393:
1308:
276:
252:
237:
107:
13114:
9932:
9635:
Narcotic drugs: estimated world requirements for 2009; statistics for 2007. Report E/INCB/2008/2
9459:
9070:"United Nations conference for the adoption of a single convention on narcotic drugs. Final act"
8921:
7714:
3944:"Roxicodone, OxyContin (oxycodone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
3871:"Roxicodone, OxyContin (oxycodone) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more"
1852:
concentrations of oxycodone in healthy human volunteers due to inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.
1241:
may also be allergic to oxycodone. Use of oxycodone in early pregnancy appears relatively safe.
15756:
14770:
14745:
14644:
13205:
12641:
12636:
12372:
12173:
11977:
11906:
11405:
11125:
10081:
9011:
7655:
6551:
2664:
2597:
2555:
2278:
1835:
1350:
494:
264:
12533:
8910:
Findings from Purdue's Post-Marketing Epidemiology Studies of Reformulated OxyContin's Effects
7331:
7121:
6524:
6318:
6220:
6154:
6043:
6004:
5977:
5935:
Corbett AD, Paterson SJ, Kosterlitz HW (1993). "Selectivity of Ligands for Opioid Receptors".
5723:
5287:
5139:
5063:
5024:
4953:
4349:
4086:
4052:
4013:
3748:
3709:
17549:
15911:
14207:
13086:
13041:
13001:
12457:
11699:
11535:
11421:
10884:
10578:
10496:
10486:
10198:
10141:
7426:
6193:
6115:
5214:
5187:
4926:
4899:
3912:
3347:
more potent drug fentanyl. According to a Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse study quoted in
3116:
3016:
2609:
1775:
Oxycodone overdose has also been described to cause spinal cord infarction in high doses and
1384:
1362:
1127:
849:
781:
732:
272:
256:
9491:
7647:
5357:
17559:
13987:
13967:
13814:
13706:
13119:
13076:
13016:
12944:
12917:
12437:
12412:
12382:
12377:
12203:
12004:
11095:
11056:
10889:
10879:
10874:
10701:
10506:
10422:
10064:
9807:
9805:
9319:
9178:
9035:"Convention for limiting the manufacture and regulating the distribution of narcotic drugs"
8343:"Sackler Scion's Email Reveals Push for High-Dose OxyContin, New Lawsuit Disclosures Claim"
8146:
Girioin L, Haely M (11 September 2013). "FDA to require stricter labeling for pain drugs".
8005:
7506:
5427:"Opioid drugs and stercoral perforation of the colon: Case report and review of literature"
4710:
3516:
3370:. Province-wide, approximately 120 Albertans died from fentanyl-related overdoses in 2014.
3351:
magazine, there were at least 655 fentanyl-related deaths in Canada in a five-year period.
3070:
2852:
2375:
1750:
1194:
1119:
801:
594:
585:
213:
15724:
15067:
13933:
9840:
7748:
Defalque RJ, Wright AJ (October 2003). "Scophedal (SEE) was it a fad or a miracle drug?".
7243:
Samer CF, Daali Y, Wagner M, Hopfgartner G, Eap CB, Rebsamen MC, et al. (June 2010).
5761:"Clinical Reasoning: A young woman with respiratory failure, hearing loss, and paraplegia"
3358:
made in illegal labs by members of organized crime were responsible for ten deaths on the
2231:
2227:
2204:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1280:
million prescriptions. A number of abuse-deterrent formulations are available, such as in
1246:
8:
17388:
17105:
17052:
16638:
16484:
16444:
15771:
15590:
15570:
14868:
14830:
14785:
13784:
13721:
13289:
13225:
12959:
12661:
12583:
12030:
12014:
11960:
11844:
10844:
10476:
10305:
10206:
10145:
10032:
10021:
9950:
6469:"Pharmacological characterization of noroxymorphone as a new opioid for spinal analgesia"
3520:
3409:
Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs
3140:
3128:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2416:
2328:
2297:), cellular-level tolerance (e.g., cAMP upregulation), and system-level tolerance (e.g.,
2262:
2197:
2042:
1845:
1490:
1409:
1370:
1131:
1103:
687:
244:
12480:
7477:
7456:
7159:
Gasche Y, Daali Y, Fathi M, Chiappe A, Cottini S, Dayer P, et al. (December 2004).
5313:
3069:
Oxycodone and/or its major metabolites may be measured in blood or urine to monitor for
923:
900:
696:
16584:
15891:
15580:
15314:
15204:
14858:
14538:
14322:
14162:
14122:
13925:
13728:
13315:
12934:
12790:
12745:
12725:
12684:
11802:
11670:
11622:
11472:
11282:
10849:
10747:
10418:
10276:
10210:
8947:"Press Announcements; FDA approves abuse-deterrent labeling for reformulated OxyContin"
7707:
7576:
7563:
7534:
7520:
7269:
7244:
7225:
7054:
6970:
6945:
6825:
6800:
6708:
6665:
6640:
Smith MT (October 2008). "Differences between and combinations of opioids re-visited".
6622:
6498:
6444:
6392:
5835:
5662:
5635:
5616:
5525:
5451:
5426:
5407:
4820:
4795:
4771:
4744:
4686:
4659:
4635:
4608:
4589:
4298:
4271:
4194:
4148:
4136:
3289:
3100:. Speyer, born to a Jewish family in Frankfurt am Main in 1878, became a victim of the
3053:
3047:
2912:
2883:
The clearance of oxycodone is 0.8 L/min. Oxycodone and its metabolites are mainly
2872:
2652:
2390:
2358:
1929:
1754:
1630:
1588:
1374:
1281:
1273:
1166:
1135:
1111:
572:
187:
16369:
15525:
14765:
7761:
6610:
5858:"Rifampin greatly reduces the plasma concentrations of intravenous and oral oxycodone"
4423:
4406:
3811:
3794:
2752:
1704:
17286:
17281:
17191:
16374:
15766:
15761:
15535:
14780:
14342:
13977:
13799:
13779:
13370:
13175:
13046:
12907:
12704:
12671:
12646:
12158:
11891:
11564:
11398:
11066:
10921:
10909:
10796:
10202:
9924:
9788:
9784:
9642:
9138:
8452:
8350:
8311:
7927:
7919:
7915:
7837:
7765:
7718:
7659:
7648:
7568:
7524:
7482:
7337:
7274:
7260:
7217:
7182:
7127:
7095:
7046:
6975:
6926:
6880:
6830:
6781:
6746:
6700:
6657:
6614:
6567:
6557:
6530:
6490:
6436:
6384:
6324:
6285:
6226:
6199:
6160:
6121:
6049:
6010:
5983:
5958:
5948:
5917:
5879:
5827:
5782:
5702:
5667:
5608:
5547:
5517:
5456:
5399:
5293:
5220:
5193:
5145:
5069:
5030:
4959:
4932:
4905:
4825:
4776:
4722:
4691:
4640:
4581:
4546:
4428:
4355:
4325:
4303:
4186:
4140:
4092:
4058:
4019:
3918:
3816:
3754:
3715:
3658:
3412:
3152:
3148:
2926:
2921:
2696:
2324:
2282:
2255:
2208:
1831:
1780:
1730:
1689:
1650:
1620:
1604:
1366:
1242:
1206:
1143:
1107:
149:
8451:. Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales.
7580:
7367:
7229:
6712:
6669:
6626:
6502:
6467:
Lemberg KK, Siiskonen AO, Kontinen VK, Yli-Kauhaluoma JT, Kalso EA (February 2008).
6448:
6396:
5839:
5620:
5529:
5411:
4794:
Hanks GW, Conno F, Cherny N, Hanna M, Kalso E, McQuay HJ, et al. (March 2001).
4198:
4152:
3215:
broadly, is not unique to the United States and is a common drug of abuse globally.
2777:
pathways, accounting for 11% ± 6% and 8% ± 6% of a dose of oxycodone, respectively.
721:
17574:
16774:
16711:
16534:
16250:
16176:
15901:
15630:
15384:
15224:
14938:
14197:
13716:
13299:
13215:
12996:
12939:
12927:
12626:
12505:
12447:
12407:
12364:
12265:
12168:
12129:
12112:
12050:
11947:
11143:
10617:
9780:
9350:
8445:
Australian drug trends 2007. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS)
7911:
7865:
7757:
7688:
7625:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7510:
7501:
7472:
7397:
7264:
7256:
7209:
7172:
7085:
7038:
6965:
6957:
6918:
6870:
6820:
6812:
6773:
6738:
6692:
6649:
6606:
6480:
6428:
6376:
6094:
6003:
Chestnut DH, Wong CA, Tsen LC, Ngan Kee WD, Beilin YM, Mhyre J (28 February 2014).
5940:
5909:
5869:
5819:
5772:
5694:
5657:
5649:
5600:
5509:
5446:
5438:
5391:
4815:
4807:
4766:
4756:
4681:
4671:
4630:
4620:
4593:
4573:
4538:
4454:
4418:
4293:
4283:
4178:
4132:
3806:
3271:
2935:
2899:-demethylated metabolites (noroxycodone, noroxymorphone, noroxycodols), 11 ± 6% as
2868:
2864:
2856:
2780:
Several of the immediate metabolites of oxycodone are subsequently conjugated with
2538:
of oxycodone after oral and intravenous administration, respectively. Although the
2286:
2243:
1925:
1811:
1123:
1011:
936:
476:
358:
348:
338:
328:
318:
308:
64:
7515:
7496:
7058:
5724:"Drugs Most Frequently Involved in Drug Overdose Deaths: United States, 2011–2016"
4474:
17528:
16424:
15951:
15906:
15254:
15229:
14272:
14202:
14057:
13948:
13922:
13804:
13753:
13691:
13190:
13165:
13011:
12795:
12709:
12631:
12621:
12392:
12387:
12270:
12208:
12185:
11829:
11819:
11327:
11246:
11228:
11041:
10806:
10791:
10732:
10115:
10016:
9910:"Oxycodone. Pharmacological profile and clinical data in chronic pain management"
9731:
9226:
9207:
8287:
7885:
7433:
7297:
6777:
6742:
6653:
6485:
6468:
6432:
6277:
6099:
6082:
5944:
5874:
5857:
5777:
5760:
5698:
4504:
4237:
3678:
3340:
3332:
3320:
3294:
3209:
3124:
2963:
2925:
found that "the drug wears off hours early in many people", inducing symptoms of
2805:
2781:
2692:
2668:
2648:
2617:
2298:
2251:
1681:
1656:
1587:(5%). Less common side effects (experienced by less than 5% of patients) include
1552:
1531:
1301:
1222:
1198:
562:
557:
504:
484:
135:
17109:
16364:
15520:
14760:
9981:
9977:
9574:
9513:
5442:
2915:. The manufacturer of OxyContin, a controlled-release preparation of oxycodone,
17489:
17296:
17176:
17171:
16726:
16051:
15349:
15329:
15324:
15129:
14387:
14347:
14337:
14297:
14192:
14157:
14062:
14037:
13992:
13701:
13667:
13642:
13232:
12949:
12775:
12765:
12679:
12588:
12528:
12472:
12225:
12180:
12080:
11467:
11457:
11367:
11322:
11085:
10965:
10940:
10816:
10801:
10271:
10151:
10102:
10069:
9263:"Ontario OxyContin Rules: New Restrictions Applauded But National Rules Needed"
8306:
8014:
6922:
6875:
6858:
6696:
6380:
5685:
Brennan MJ (March 2013). "The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function".
3420:
3328:
3280:
3266:
3163:
3132:
2991:
2860:
2841:
2833:
2716:
2490:
2370:
2290:
1815:
1776:
1596:
1524:
1506:
1486:
537:
9848:. Rockville, MD: Center for the Advancement of Patient Safety, US Pharmacopeia
9286:"New oxycodone rules would give drug maker a monopoly in Canada, experts warn"
7601:(11th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 1604–1607.
6153:
Squire L, Berg D, Bloom FE, du Lac S, Ghosh A, Spitzer NC (17 December 2012).
5823:
5653:
5513:
5395:
4761:
4660:"CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016"
4182:
2365:
possesses 3- to 5-fold higher affinity for the MOR than does oxycodone, while
2219:
1637:
in managed-release tablets has been formulated to both deter abuse and reduce
1465:
17538:
17406:
17367:
17271:
17196:
17181:
17141:
17074:
17042:
16701:
16479:
16434:
16384:
16307:
16295:
16001:
15916:
15896:
15881:
15876:
15821:
15595:
15585:
15289:
15209:
14933:
14873:
14863:
14800:
14775:
14569:
14512:
14302:
14247:
14237:
14232:
14212:
14147:
14097:
14082:
13997:
13891:
13774:
13748:
13743:
13657:
13220:
13180:
12800:
12780:
12689:
12616:
12543:
12538:
12523:
12319:
12119:
12102:
12070:
11849:
11790:
11655:
11587:
11569:
11540:
11507:
11489:
11256:
11251:
11241:
11171:
11133:
10591:
10366:
10296:
10156:
10125:
10074:
9725:
Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2012 and Statistics for 2010
9713:
Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2012 and Statistics for 2010
8973:"Pfizer and Acura Announce FDA Approval of Oxectatm (Oxycodone HCL, USP) CII"
8354:
8315:
8281:
Reformulated OxyContin reduces abuse but many addicts have switched to heroin
7923:
7692:
7629:
7535:"A microbial biomanufacturing platform for natural and semisynthetic opioids"
6816:
5962:
5251:
4676:
4577:
3388:
3275:
3237:
3192:
3182:
3085:
3081:
3032:
2977:
2916:
2728:
2593:
2332:
2309:
2270:
2094:
2079:
1884:
1822:, respectively. (For lists of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitors and inducers, see
1346:
1316:
1226:
1218:
1001:
912:
451:
12518:
8413:"Maura Healey explains why she refused to join the Purdue Pharma settlement"
5381:
2788:. 6α-Oxycodol and 6β-oxycodol are further metabolized by N-demethylation to
2308:
Taken orally, 20 mg of immediate-release oxycodone is considered to be
1638:
1519:
17439:
17421:
17372:
17266:
17261:
17131:
17037:
16972:
16898:
16706:
16281:
16246:
16046:
15851:
15710:
15304:
15299:
15194:
15169:
15164:
14988:
14913:
14659:
14614:
14467:
14462:
14417:
14317:
14152:
14117:
14112:
13662:
13210:
12912:
12598:
12417:
12352:
12297:
12245:
12124:
12090:
12042:
11938:
11756:
11612:
11525:
11261:
11236:
10994:
10899:
10783:
10570:
10558:
10548:
10523:
10391:
10381:
10311:
10186:
10181:
10092:
9928:
8250:"ER/LA Opioid Analgesic Class Labeling Changes and Postmarket Requirements"
7931:
7769:
7572:
7486:
7278:
7186:
7099:
7090:
7073:
7050:
7042:
6979:
6930:
6884:
6834:
6785:
6750:
6704:
6661:
6494:
6440:
6388:
5921:
5883:
5831:
5786:
5759:
Ntranos A, Shoirah H, Dhamoon MS, Hahn D, Naidich TP, Shin S (March 2017).
5706:
5671:
5612:
5591:
Rao R, Desai NS (June 2002). "OxyContin and neonatal abstinence syndrome".
5521:
5460:
5403:
4829:
4811:
4796:"Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: the EAPC recommendations"
4780:
4726:
4695:
4644:
4585:
4550:
4432:
4307:
4190:
3820:
3348:
3298:
3249:
restrict physicians from prescribing opioids for moderate pain, as needed.
3159:
2939:
2732:
2712:
2471:
2366:
2320:
2216:
2200:
1857:
1849:
1710:
1665:
1556:
1202:
1186:
1154:
531:
353:
343:
333:
323:
313:
303:
9942:
9792:
9753:
The National Research Council involvement in the opiate problem, 1928–1971
9514:"Statutory instrument 2001 No. 3998. The Misuse of Drugs regulations 2001"
9453:"List of drugs currently controlled under the Misuse of Drugs legislation"
9201:"Ontario delisting OxyContin and its substitute from drug benefit program"
8841:"New Abuse Deterrent Formulation Technology for Immediate-Release Opioids"
7709:
The Holocaust: a history of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War
7554:
7221:
6618:
5939:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 104. pp. 645–679.
5913:
5604:
4542:
4144:
3181:
was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President
3174:
less frequently; oxycodone could not be obtained after late January 1945.
1423:
Controlled-release oxycodone (OxyContin, Xtampza ER) – 10–12 hour duration
46:
29:
17352:
17347:
17319:
17256:
17248:
17233:
17186:
16967:
16944:
16858:
16784:
16751:
16731:
16609:
16594:
16589:
16579:
16569:
16489:
16459:
16454:
16299:
16271:
16266:
16236:
16221:
16211:
16191:
16186:
16146:
16111:
16101:
16056:
16036:
16021:
16016:
15986:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15866:
15841:
15826:
15801:
15791:
15781:
15776:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15665:
15605:
15600:
15575:
15434:
15424:
15404:
15364:
15359:
15334:
15319:
15284:
15279:
15179:
15154:
15048:
15043:
15033:
15023:
15013:
14948:
14878:
14835:
14679:
14609:
14579:
14564:
14549:
14522:
14487:
14472:
14457:
14442:
14407:
14397:
14367:
14352:
14327:
14292:
14287:
14277:
14267:
14227:
14222:
14182:
14172:
14107:
14092:
14067:
14027:
14012:
14002:
13109:
13056:
12902:
12740:
12608:
12563:
12485:
12462:
12195:
12153:
11861:
11724:
11650:
11605:
11452:
11307:
11287:
11196:
11105:
11036:
11028:
10989:
10914:
10864:
10859:
10758:
10694:
10622:
10466:
10451:
10442:
10376:
10361:
10356:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10286:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10225:
10220:
10176:
10161:
10130:
10109:
10087:
7213:
7177:
7160:
6550:
Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR (21 June 2016).
3609:
3112:
3105:
3003:
2984:
2742:
2720:
2640:~60 min. Sublingual bioavailability 20% (non alkalized) ~55% (alkalized)
2601:
2589:
2452:
2362:
2180:
2165:
2064:
1742:
1734:
1714:
1677:
1502:
1482:
1430:
1320:
1261:
1234:
1230:
1115:
547:
143:
11390:
9548:
8611:"Health Canada – Misuse and Abuse of Oxycodone-based Prescription Drugs"
7873:
7074:"Tentative identification of novel oxycodone metabolites in human urine"
6998:
4625:
4459:
4288:
761:
17460:
17434:
17429:
17411:
17396:
17378:
17362:
17166:
17136:
17126:
17062:
17032:
17007:
16888:
16799:
16779:
16756:
16599:
16574:
16564:
16519:
16509:
16494:
16409:
16303:
16231:
16226:
16201:
16171:
16161:
16136:
16121:
16096:
16066:
16041:
16031:
15991:
15971:
15961:
15941:
15871:
15856:
15675:
15655:
15650:
15625:
15555:
15494:
15474:
15429:
15419:
15414:
15354:
15344:
15274:
15189:
15038:
15028:
15018:
15008:
14973:
14963:
14928:
14898:
14888:
14883:
14820:
14664:
14639:
14634:
14629:
14619:
14604:
14574:
14492:
14482:
14477:
14427:
14382:
14362:
14332:
14282:
14262:
14217:
14142:
14032:
14022:
13185:
12922:
12656:
12548:
12021:
11866:
11814:
11444:
11337:
11332:
11277:
11214:
11157:
11138:
11115:
11110:
11100:
11090:
11051:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10955:
10950:
10932:
10869:
10854:
10839:
10773:
10753:
10684:
10674:
10643:
10597:
10584:
10553:
10518:
10401:
10396:
10371:
10321:
10316:
10291:
10246:
10171:
8239:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
7836:(First U.S. ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 194.
3617:
3363:
3252:
Reformulated OxyContin is causing some recreational users to change to
2827:
2823:
2700:
2684:
2625:
2605:
2350:
2212:
1853:
1827:
1823:
1792:
1568:
1544:
1474:
1458:
1285:
1182:
1170:
1139:
1099:
1090:(which is the extended-release form) among others, is a semi-synthetic
966:
772:
525:
283:
9806:
United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (2005).
7900:"Abuse deterrent formulations and the Controlled Substances Act (CSA)"
6683:
Kalso E (December 2007). "How different is oxycodone from morphine?".
6466:
3096:
in 1916. When Freund died, in 1920, Speyer wrote his obituary for the
2575:-opioid receptor seems to be primarily responsible for these effects.
1268:
in 1916. It was first used medically in Germany in 1917. It is on the
17455:
17314:
17304:
17276:
17161:
17156:
17146:
17017:
17012:
16962:
16934:
16863:
16824:
16819:
16794:
16789:
16716:
16624:
16614:
16504:
16414:
16328:
16286:
16276:
16216:
16196:
16166:
16156:
16151:
16106:
16076:
15956:
15936:
15836:
15831:
15786:
15705:
15700:
15660:
15645:
15620:
15550:
15489:
15459:
15409:
15394:
15259:
15149:
15114:
15109:
15053:
14978:
14958:
14953:
14923:
14853:
14815:
14795:
14790:
14730:
14714:
14704:
14649:
14559:
14502:
14437:
14392:
14372:
14252:
14242:
14087:
13696:
13652:
13200:
13195:
12770:
12755:
12730:
12578:
12573:
12558:
12553:
12513:
12490:
12427:
12284:
12257:
12141:
11999:
11982:
11955:
11871:
11834:
11824:
11797:
11768:
11729:
11716:
11665:
11462:
11342:
11302:
11297:
11151:
10999:
10960:
10904:
10834:
10768:
10763:
10740:
10722:
10707:
10679:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10607:
10563:
10351:
10326:
10120:
10048:
9973:
9631:
9430:
9345:
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.
8640:
Kirkey S (23 May 2012). "OxyNEO another prescription for disaster?".
7713:(1st American ed.). Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 1986. pp.
6961:
6859:"Updated Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxycodone"
3167:
3136:
3120:
3101:
3042:
2884:
2766:
2723:(5%). The immediate metabolism of oxycodone in humans is as follows:
2647:
After a dose of conventional (immediate-release) oral oxycodone, the
2629:
2316:
2239:
1894:
and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
1841:
1819:
1624:
1580:
1572:
1444:
1335:
1190:
1174:
707:
633:
225:
129:
7614:"Über die Umwandlung von Thebain in Oxycodeinon und dessen Derivate"
7613:
5498:
5065:
Controlled Substance Management in Chronic Pain: A Balanced Approach
4931:. QWIK-CODE (6th ed.). LawTech Publishing Group. pp. 99–.
4901:
Understanding Pain: What It Is, Why It Happens, and How It's Managed
2628:
administration of oxycodone has a bioavailability of ~77%, the same
17401:
17357:
17337:
17309:
17238:
17228:
17151:
17022:
16814:
16559:
16469:
16449:
16439:
16394:
16323:
16116:
16026:
16011:
15976:
15966:
15846:
15670:
15565:
15540:
15479:
15464:
15374:
15294:
15264:
15244:
15214:
15159:
15139:
15104:
14993:
14918:
14903:
14825:
14805:
14674:
14669:
14654:
14624:
14594:
14554:
14422:
14312:
14257:
14167:
14102:
14072:
13957:
12699:
12593:
12495:
12218:
12149:
12107:
12097:
12065:
12060:
12025:
11839:
11746:
11706:
11682:
11635:
11530:
11499:
11312:
11191:
11186:
11046:
10945:
10717:
10712:
10689:
10638:
10612:
10602:
10411:
10406:
10386:
10301:
10281:
10230:
10043:
10028:
8545:
7161:"Codeine intoxication associated with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism"
5356:. Stamfbord, CT: Purdue Pharma L.P. 5 November 2007. Archived from
3621:
3613:
3355:
3171:
3093:
3058:
2972:. The chemical structures are very similar, differing only in that
2542:
2337:
2259:
2124:
2109:
1769:
1726:
1673:
1634:
1600:
1584:
1576:
1564:
1540:
1451:
1342:
1341:
Oxycodone, in its extended-release form and/or in combination with
1328:
1312:
1296:
Oxycodone is used for managing moderate to severe acute or chronic
1265:
1254:
1214:
1162:
1150:
829:
821:
752:
171:
20:
9373:"Toyota's American PR chief arrested for suspected drug violation"
9317:
8382:"Mass. AG Implicates Family Behind Purdue Pharma In Opioid Deaths"
7027:
6571:
4563:
2911:
Oral oxycodone has a half-life of 4.5 hours. It is available as a
2558:, and for this reason are only minimally analgesic in comparison.
2302:
1729:, or in some persons not tolerant to opioids, oxycodone can cause
989:
17220:
16987:
16868:
16746:
16429:
16313:
16091:
16081:
15309:
15239:
15174:
15124:
14983:
14735:
14709:
14699:
14684:
14589:
14402:
14377:
14127:
14007:
12810:
12329:
12312:
12307:
12292:
12240:
12230:
12213:
12085:
11926:
11921:
11854:
11780:
11600:
11520:
11317:
11292:
11162:
11147:
10894:
10824:
10456:
10428:
10251:
10166:
10011:
5546:. Center for Substance Abuse Research. 2 May 2005. Archived from
4607:
Ueberall MA, Eberhardt A, Mueller-Schwefe GH (24 February 2016).
3750:
Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures
3711:
Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and Administrative Procedures
3625:
3367:
3324:
3104:. He died on 5 May 1942, the second day of deportations from the
3028:
2969:
2695:
system and is extensive (about 95%) and complex, with many minor
2235:
2049:
1661:
1612:
1608:
1592:
1498:
1437:
1420:
Immediate-release oxycodone (OxyFast, OxyIR, OxyNorm, Roxicodone)
1238:
6857:
Kinnunen M, Piirainen P, Kokki H, Lammi P, Kokki M (June 2019).
6799:
Lofwall MR, Moody DE, Fang WB, Nuzzo PA, Walsh SL (April 2012).
5855:
4606:
17329:
16997:
16982:
16977:
16848:
16741:
16404:
16071:
15886:
15545:
15469:
15454:
15444:
15219:
14810:
14689:
14307:
14187:
12760:
12694:
12163:
12009:
11989:
11751:
11675:
11640:
11579:
10097:
9999:
9990:
9131:
Standard for the uniform scheduling of drugs and poisons no. 23
7953:
7681:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)
6006:
Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice E-Book
5636:"Testosterone deficiency in non-cancer opioid-treated patients"
5252:
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (23 March 2009).
4324:(74 ed.). British Medical Association. 2017. p. 442.
4088:
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
3578:
3575:
3550:
3395:
3336:
3253:
3006:, differing only in that it has a hydroxyl group at carbon-14.
2995:
2817:
2808:
as well). Oxymorphone is also further metabolized, as follows:
2746:
2736:
2672:
2583:
2539:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1765:
1746:
1669:
1560:
1332:
1245:
may occur if rapidly stopped. Oxycodone acts by activating the
1158:
1091:
860:
517:
288:
7368:"You want a description of hell?' OxyContin's 12-hour problem"
7072:
Moore KA, Ramcharitar V, Levine B, Fowler D (September 2003).
6323:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media B.V. p. 371.
5802:
3343:, prescription forgery, pharmacy theft, and overprescription.
17201:
17002:
16604:
16499:
16241:
15996:
15861:
15234:
15184:
15144:
14908:
14599:
14543:
14452:
14137:
14132:
11896:
11734:
11687:
11550:
10331:
10038:
10003:
8688:"Fentanyl: The King of all Opiates, and a Killer Drug Crisis"
8119:"WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: forty-third report"
6219:
Sinatra RS, Jahr JS, Watkins-Pitchford JM (14 October 2010).
4505:"Oxycodone Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022"
2888:
2785:
2708:
2688:
1758:
1738:
1685:
1478:
1210:
980:
840:
638:
513:
509:
13943:
9320:"Act on the circulation of narcotics (Narcotics Act – BtMG)"
9172:
7071:
6418:
6218:
4269:
3440:
Oxycodone is a controlled substance under Schedule I of the
2887:
in urine. Therefore, oxycodone accumulates in patients with
2404:
1627:
have been developed to address opioid induced constipation.
885:
37:
16006:
12785:
12302:
11916:
11785:
11773:
11741:
11559:
11482:
11477:
7242:
6908:
6856:
6549:
6366:
5475:"Movantik for the Treatment of Opioid-Induced Constipation"
3447:
3092:
in Germany published the first synthesis of oxycodone from
1297:
1178:
1095:
812:
91:
85:
76:
8756:, Alberta: Calgary Herald, 23 January 2015, archived from
4528:
2341:); the clinical relevance of this has not been clarified.
678:)-4,5α-Epoxy-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one
67:
12885:
Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs
12568:
11994:
11761:
9403:
9399:"Toyota: American exec did not intend to break Japan law"
8293:
7877:
5934:
5758:
5634:
Coluzzi F, Billeci D, Maggi M, Corona G (December 2018).
5633:
5016:
4955:
Mosby's Drug Guide for Nursing Students, with 2016 Update
4445:
3842:
3746:
3707:
3657:(14th ed.). Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co.
2588:
Oxycodone can be administered orally, intravenously, via
1300:
when other treatments are not sufficient. It may improve
7977:"How the FDA helped pave the way for an opioid epidemic"
7446:
7444:
7442:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
6002:
5851:
5849:
5798:
5796:
5022:
4745:"Oxycodone controlled release in cancer pain management"
4709:
Roth AR, Lazris A, Haskell H, James J (September 2020).
4122:
1408:
Oxycodone is available in a variety of formulations for
9349:. Hong Kong Legal Information Institute. Archived from
7158:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6185:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
4738:
4736:
2980:
at carbon-14 (codeine has just a hydrogen in its place)
1772:
have become more common causes of drug-related deaths.
1270:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
9318:
German Federal Ministry of Justice (19 January 2009).
9313:
9311:
8811:"Epidemic fear as 'hillbilly heroin' hits the streets"
8068:"Top 10 Most Commonly Abused Prescription Medications"
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6275:
4708:
4270:
Pergolizzi JV, Taylor R, LeQuang JA, Raffa RB (2018).
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
2895:
in the urine 10% as unchanged oxycodone, 45% ± 21% as
1469:
A liquid solution containing 10mg of oxycodone per 1ml
17512:
9100:
7439:
7106:
6798:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6152:
5846:
5793:
4793:
4168:
2315:
Similarly to most other opioids, oxycodone increases
94:
82:
73:
70:
9598:"Oregon leads the way in decriminalizing hard drugs"
9064:
9062:
8744:
7803:"A fresh light on the Nazis' wartime drug addiction"
7641:
7639:
6455:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5292:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 198–.
5272:
4733:
4343:
4341:
3544:
Under the Controlled Substances Act, oxycodone is a
3451:
Canadian oxycodone HCL/acetaminophen 5/325 mg tablet
2323:
levels is unknown. Unlike morphine, oxycodone lacks
2242:-complex is released, which inhibits the release of
1535:
Two tablets (10 mg) of oxycodone and safety blisters
1249:. When taken by mouth, it has roughly 1.5 times the
520:(~5%); 95% metabolized (i.e., 5% excreted unchanged)
88:
9308:
9175:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996, c. 19)"
7950:"Confirmation Hearing for FDA Commissioner Nominee"
7532:
6349:
6191:
6117:
Opioids in Pain Control: Basic and Clinical Aspects
5928:
5895:
5893:
5424:
5055:
4657:
4348:Talley NJ, Frankum B, Currow D (10 February 2015).
4347:
4071:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3827:
2983:Oxycodone has a 7,8-dihydro feature. Codeine has a
1454:(Targin, Targiniq, Targinact) – 10–12 hour duration
1433:(acetaminophen) (Percocet, Endocet, Roxicet, Tylox)
1094:used medically for treatment of moderate to severe
740:
79:
9838:
9808:"International convention against doping in sport"
9547:. Drug Enforcerment Administration. Archived from
8850:. Grünenthal Group Worldwide. 2010. Archived from
8685:
7857:
7706:
7333:Smith's Anesthesia for Infants and Children E-Book
7325:
7323:
7199:
6944:Li Y, Sun D, Palmisano M, Zhou S (February 2016).
6943:
6421:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
6403:
5982:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 332–.
5256:. U.S. National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus.
5023:Sinatra RS, de Leon-Cassasola OA (27 April 2009).
4057:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 695–.
4051:Yarbro CH, Wujcik D, Gobel BH (15 November 2010).
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3671:
3608:The word "oxycodone" should not be confused with "
3480:The drug is in Appendix III of the Narcotics Act (
3236:Opioids were responsible for 49,000 of the 72,000
2185:
2155:
2129:
2099:
9173:Canada Department of Justice (27 February 2009).
9059:
9032:
8237:Policy Impact: Prescription Pain Killer Overdoses
8161:Now a counselor, she went from stoned to straight
7636:
7302:The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
7119:
6728:
6543:
6269:
5425:Poitras R, Warren D, Oyogoa S (7 December 2017).
5332:
5206:
4945:
4338:
4050:
3108:; his death was noted in the ghetto's chronicle.
3064:
2417:
19:For the naturally occurring peptide hormone, see
17536:
17065:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
8379:
7791:Merck 1930 package insert for Skophedal (German)
7365:
5996:
5890:
5285:
4044:
2196:Oxycodone, a semi-synthetic opioid, is a highly
720:
607:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9734:. International Narcotics Control Board (2011).
9715:. International Narcotics Control Board (2011).
8512:"Oxycodone found to be more deadly than heroin"
7599:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
7533:Thodey K, Galanie S, Smolke CD (October 2014).
7320:
6724:
6722:
6553:Kelley and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology
6212:
5718:
5716:
5061:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4084:
3966:
3893:
3631:Other brand names include Longtec and Shortec.
3127:. This combination is essentially an oxycodone
2526:and AUC levels are for 20 mg CR oxycodone.
2273:and addiction via activation of the MOR in the
2269:(RVM). Conversely, they are thought to produce
2238:similarly. After oxycodone binds to the MOR, a
1917:Oxycodone (and metabolite) at opioid receptors
695:
17104:
13921:
12433:Legal history of cannabis in the United States
9839:Hicks RW, Becker SC, Cousins DD, eds. (2008).
9632:International Narcotics Control Board (2009).
9482:
9480:
9442:Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore), section 5(1).
9229:. 2010. Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.
8878:"How Do You Make a Painkiller Addiction-Proof"
8503:
8472:
7831:
7747:
7743:
7741:
7390:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7236:
6310:
6146:
4018:. Oxford University Press USA. pp. 195–.
2954:that relieves this agony fostering addiction.
2667:of 2.6L/kg, in the blood it is distributed to
17590:World Health Organization essential medicines
17090:
13907:
11406:
9958:
9907:
9670:
8715:
8713:
8657:"Death of OxyContin behind rise of fentanyl?"
8410:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6225:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–.
5899:
5431:International Journal of Surgery Case Reports
5212:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5029:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–.
4951:
4711:"Appropriate Use of Opioids for Chronic Pain"
4658:Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (March 2016).
3747:Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012).
3708:Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012).
3511:Oxycodone is listed as a Class A drug in the
3035:opioids including this one. This system uses
1623:, a number of specific medications including
11433:
9876:Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
9759:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9338:
9283:
9105:. Australasian Legal Information Institute.
8569:
8567:
8290:, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 16 March 2015.
8170:
8145:
7611:
7454:
7152:
7065:
6757:
6719:
6676:
6556:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1080–.
6282:Pain Assessment and Pharmacologic Management
6120:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–.
5713:
5678:
5627:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
4787:
4380:Stanford School of Medicine, Palliative Care
4232:
4230:
4228:
4105:
3910:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3231:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
3115:introduced a combination product containing
2998:) in place of the hydroxyl group of codeine.
2584:Instant-release absorption profiles and Tmax
2427:
2412:Tooltip Half-maximal effective concentration
1818:of these enzymes, increasing and decreasing
1644:
595:
175:
9972:
9770:
9755:. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
9516:. UK. Office of Public Sector Information.
9477:
9166:
8542:"Study finds huge rise in oxycodone deaths"
8141:
8139:
7800:
7738:
7350:
7336:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 234–.
7329:
7193:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6763:
6048:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 933–.
6035:
6009:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 611–.
5975:
4958:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 789–.
4742:
4354:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 491–.
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4091:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 336–.
4011:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
2170:
2142:
2114:
2084:
2069:
2054:
1555:. Common side effects of oxycodone include
1402:Both sides of a single 10mg OxyContin pill.
1260:Oxycodone was originally produced from the
1098:. It is highly addictive and is a commonly
17097:
17083:
13914:
13900:
13161:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
11413:
11399:
9965:
9951:
9573:. US Dept of Justice – DEA. Archived from
9238:
9103:"Narcotic Drugs Act 1967 – first schedule"
8710:
8380:Bebinger M, Willmsen C (15 January 2019).
7366:Ryan H, Girion L, Glover S (7 July 2016).
6509:
6316:
6276:Ferrell BR, Pasero C, McCaffery M (2010).
5306:
5286:Fitzgibbon DR, Loeser JD (28 March 2012).
5216:Practical Prescribing for Medical Students
5170:
5094:
4918:
4904:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 71–.
4874:"Restless Legs Syndrome | Baylor Medicine"
4844:"FDA approves OxyContin for kids 11 to 16"
4265:
4263:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3652:
2968:Oxycodone's chemical name is derived from
2391:
2382:Pharmacology of oxycodone and metabolites
1930:
1426:Oxycodone tamper-resistant (OxyContin OTR)
1349:in the treatment of severe and refractory
922:
899:
780:
573:
11420:
9866:
9737:
9620:
9563:
9347:"Dangerous drugs ordinance – chapter 134"
8780:"Huge rise in Scots misuse of painkiller"
8719:
8686:Gatehouse J, Macdonald N (22 June 2015).
8564:
8302:"The Family That Built an Empire of Pain"
8010:"The Family That Built an Empire of Pain"
7562:
7514:
7476:
7268:
7176:
7123:Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics
7089:
6969:
6874:
6824:
6596:
6484:
6198:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–.
6107:
6098:
5873:
5812:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5776:
5661:
5641:Journal of Endocrinological Investigation
5536:
5450:
5120:
4897:
4819:
4770:
4760:
4749:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
4685:
4675:
4634:
4624:
4613:International Journal of General Medicine
4557:
4458:
4422:
4297:
4287:
4085:McPherson RA, Pincus MR (31 March 2016).
3810:
3753:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571.
3714:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571.
3641:
3256:, which is cheaper and easier to obtain.
2711:. The major metabolites of oxycodone are
1974:
1964:
1954:
800:
13135:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.
12832:
9908:Coluzzi F, Mattia C (July–August 2005).
9832:
8808:
8722:"Fentanyl brings tragedy to Blood Tribe"
8136:
7974:
7906:. Drug Formulation and Abuse Liability.
7897:
7126:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 420–.
7120:Anzenbacher P, Zanger UM (29 May 2012).
6986:
6950:Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
5969:
5590:
5213:Bradbury H, Hodge BS (8 November 2013).
4322:British national formulary : BNF 74
4205:
3779:
3446:
2719:("relatively high concentrations"), and
2246:by the cell by decreasing the amount of
1873:
1530:
1518:
1464:
13171:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
12226:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids
9506:
9458:. UK. Home Office. 2009. Archived from
9137:. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
8509:
8000:
7998:
7645:
7612:Freund M, Speyer E (24 November 1916).
7494:
7330:Davis PJ, Cladis FP (15 October 2016).
7292:
7290:
7288:
6897:was 60 min, and bioavailability was 55%
6222:The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics
6041:
5976:King TL, Brucker MC (25 October 2010).
5684:
5062:Staats PS, Silverman SM (28 May 2016).
4891:
4439:
4376:"Opioid Conversion / Equivalency Table"
4260:
4238:"Oxycodone Monograph for Professionals"
4054:Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice
3931:
1440:(Endodan, Oxycodan, Percodan, Roxiprin)
895:
760:
563:
148:
17537:
13062:Office of National Drug Control Policy
12850:International drug control conventions
9658:from the original on 30 September 2020
9595:
9445:
9004:"FDA Okays New Abuse-Resistant Opioid"
8906:
8777:
8654:
8639:
8262:from the original on 18 September 2013
7596:
7202:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
6529:. Elsevier Science. pp. 462–464.
6522:
6369:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
5185:
5108:from the original on 25 September 2020
4924:
4411:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
3911:Elliott JA, Smith HS (19 April 2016).
3799:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
3581:, the translations of "oxycodone" are
3532:Oxycodone is a Class A drug under the
3382:
3061:input into other opiates and opioids.
2859:concerning this system, as well as by
2796:, respectively, and by N-oxidation to
1547:(a reduction in anxiety), feelings of
913:
460:
433:
17078:
13895:
13253:
12831:
12403:List of cannabis rights organizations
12350:
11432:
11394:
9946:
9431:Cap. 185, 2008 Rev. Ed.
9296:from the original on 22 December 2015
9239:Dhalla I, Born K (22 February 2012).
9001:
8949:. US Government – FDA. Archived from
8920:. Scottsdale, Arizona. Archived from
8888:from the original on 14 December 2019
8698:from the original on 15 December 2015
8478:
8441:
8411:DeCosta-Klipa N (17 September 2019).
8340:
8299:
8188:from the original on 28 November 2015
8004:
7457:"Engineering of Secondary Metabolism"
7308:from the original on 28 December 2018
6682:
6639:
6278:"Table 16-1 Equianalgesic Dose Chart"
6239:
6113:
6080:
5740:from the original on 13 December 2018
5384:Clinical & Translational Oncology
5137:
5004:from the original on 12 February 2017
4453:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
4404:
4314:
4248:from the original on 28 December 2018
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3792:
3563:International Narcotics Control Board
2906:
2687:of oxycodone in humans occurs in the
2632:as oral oxycodone, along with faster
2344:
868:
848:
445:
166:
134:
112:Roxicodone, OxyContin, Endone, others
9750:
9284:Weeks C, Howlett K (4 August 2015).
8875:
8790:from the original on 10 October 2022
8667:from the original on 9 February 2019
8522:from the original on 23 January 2015
8491:from the original on 23 January 2015
8423:from the original on 17 October 2019
8419:. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC.
8392:from the original on 16 October 2019
8361:from the original on 2 February 2019
8322:from the original on 22 January 2018
8048:from the original on 24 October 2017
8022:from the original on 22 January 2018
7995:
7285:
7009:from the original on 25 January 2019
6192:Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC (2010).
5570:"Tapering off opioids: When and how"
5502:Current Medical Research and Opinion
4566:Current Medical Research and Opinion
3767:from the original on 10 January 2023
3460:a painkiller. Since introducing its
3285:opioid epidemic in the United States
3225:Opioid epidemic in the United States
2561:
1867:
1705:Opioid § Low sex hormone levels
1319:in management of moderate to severe
1032:O=C45Oc1c2c(ccc1OC)C3N(CC253(O)CC4)C
429:(Special prescription form required)
357:
347:
337:
327:
317:
307:
9869:"Oxycodone Longtec Patient Leaflet"
9608:from the original on 13 August 2021
8821:from the original on 26 August 2013
7478:10.1146/annurev-genet-120213-092053
7165:The New England Journal of Medicine
7140:from the original on 7 October 2022
6578:from the original on 7 October 2022
6337:from the original on 7 October 2022
6298:from the original on 7 October 2022
6173:from the original on 7 October 2022
6134:from the original on 7 October 2022
6062:from the original on 6 October 2022
6023:from the original on 6 October 2022
5233:from the original on 7 October 2022
5219:. SAGE Publications. pp. 93–.
5158:from the original on 7 October 2022
5082:from the original on 7 October 2022
5043:from the original on 7 October 2022
4972:from the original on 7 October 2022
4485:from the original on 30 August 2024
4032:from the original on 7 October 2022
4012:Smith H, Passik S (25 April 2008).
3728:from the original on 6 October 2022
3527:
3442:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
3417:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
3155:which opened the Second World War.
3153:staged incident on 1 September 1939
2578:
1911:
1881:This section's equianalgesic table
1497:(IM) use. When first introduced in
1331:), the only other extended-release
828:
820:
711:
13:
12955:Law Enforcement Action Partnership
9901:
9520:from the original on 18 April 2009
9379:from the original on 24 April 2016
9269:. 20 February 2012. Archived from
9220:Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act
9154:from the original on 19 April 2009
8728:. Calgary, Alberta. Archived from
8042:"OxyContin: Pain Relief vs. Abuse"
7862:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
7813:from the original on 25 April 2016
7801:Breitenbach D (9 September 2015).
7408:from the original on 21 April 2018
6251:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
5260:from the original on 24 March 2009
4351:Essentials of Internal Medicine 3e
4137:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04223.x
3954:from the original on 13 April 2014
3881:from the original on 13 April 2014
3856:
3539:
3462:Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act
3283:bears some responsibility for the
3203:
2671:, liver, intestinal tract, lungs,
1883:appears to contradict the article
1457:Controlled-release oxycodone with
1450:Controlled-release oxycodone with
1356:
552:• Others (e.g., minor metabolites)
14:
17601:
15882:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
15210:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
14163:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
14148:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
12972:Students for Sensible Drug Policy
11057:Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)
9541:"Controlled substance scheduling"
9490:. UK. Home Office. Archived from
9326:from the original on 1 March 2009
9109:from the original on 24 June 2010
8617:. 11 January 2010. Archived from
8552:from the original on 28 June 2012
7834:Blitzed: drugs in the Third Reich
6642:Current Opinion in Anesthesiology
6159:. Academic Press. pp. 884–.
5320:from the original on 21 June 2013
4898:Gould III HJ (11 December 2006).
4664:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
4424:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.01.010
4171:Current Pain and Headache Reports
3914:Handbook of Acute Pain Management
3812:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.01.010
3689:from the original on 19 June 2020
3373:
1946:
1698:
1443:Immediate-release oxycodone with
1436:Immediate-release oxycodone with
1429:Immediate-release oxycodone with
384:
198:
17522:
16262:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
12977:Transform Drug Policy Foundation
12871:Other treaties addressing drugs
12351:
9860:
9820:from the original on 4 July 2010
9799:
9718:
9706:
9687:. United Nations. Archived from
9589:
9532:
9436:
9423:
9391:
9365:
9277:
9255:
9232:
9213:
9193:
9121:
9094:
9047:from the original on 3 June 2012
9026:
8995:
8965:
8939:
8900:
8869:
8833:
8802:
8771:
8679:
8648:
8633:
8603:
8534:
8435:
8404:
8373:
8334:
8274:
8242:
8230:
8200:
8154:
8111:
8086:
8060:
8034:
7968:
7942:
7916:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.028
7891:
7850:
7825:
7794:
7785:
7776:
7699:
7672:
7605:
7590:
7378:from the original on 1 July 2018
7261:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00709.x
7078:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
6805:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
6766:European Journal of Pharmacology
6731:European Journal of Pharmacology
6479:(2): 463–70, table of contents.
5687:The American Journal of Medicine
5144:. OUP Oxford. pp. 155–158.
4952:Skidmore-Roth L (16 July 2015).
4743:Biancofiore G (September 2006).
4125:Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
3679:"Oxycodone Use During Pregnancy"
3546:Schedule II controlled substance
3519:of 10 years of imprisonment and
3503:importing oxycodone into Japan.
3362:, which is located southwest of
3218:
3187:Schedule II controlled substance
2319:secretion, but its influence on
1872:
1655:The risk of experiencing severe
1392:
1383:
1189:. Side effects may also include
953:
947:
612:Tooltip routes of administration
516:, and, to a much lesser extent,
63:
45:
36:
16257:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
13810:Regulation of therapeutic goods
13734:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
13295:Opium production in Afghanistan
9545:Drug information and scheduling
9538:
9267:Huffington Post. Canadian Press
9210:Toronto Star (17 February 2012)
8720:Southwick R (2 December 2015).
8070:. 28 April 2014. Archived from
7420:
7249:British Journal of Pharmacology
7031:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
7021:
6937:
6902:
6850:
6841:
6792:
6633:
6590:
6257:from the original on 3 May 2016
6074:
6045:Havard's Nursing Guide to Drugs
5979:Pharmacology for Women's Health
5752:
5584:
5562:
5492:
5467:
5418:
5375:
5245:
4984:
4866:
4836:
4702:
4651:
4600:
4522:
4497:
4467:
4398:
4382:. 20 April 2013. Archived from
4368:
4162:
3402:
3179:Controlled Substances Act (CSA)
3009:
2867:of oxycodone, while others are
2658:
2506:
2501:
1863:
1786:
1512:
1461:(Troxyca) – 10–12 hour duration
1291:
1251:effect of the equivalent amount
1057:Key:BRUQQQPBMZOVGD-XFKAJCMBSA-N
421:
16182:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
13758:of tobacco or other substances
10825:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
8510:Donovan K (10 February 2009).
7975:Mitchell J (26 January 2018).
7750:Bulletin of Anesthesia History
7654:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p.
6893:was between 16 and 22 ng/mL, T
6083:"Opioids- mechanism of action"
5192:. OUP Oxford. pp. 64–65.
4925:Graves K (29 September 2015).
3740:
3701:
3426:
3065:Detection in biological fluids
2987:between those two carbons; and
2878:
2310:equivalent in analgesic effect
956:
941:
410:
397:
1:
16157:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
15350:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
14959:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
14388:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
13790:Needle and syringe programmes
13739:Long-term effects of cannabis
13140:Psilocybin mushrooms legality
13067:School district drug policies
7832:Ohler N, Whiteside S (2017).
7762:10.1016/S1522-8649(03)50051-8
7618:Journal für Praktische Chemie
7516:10.3410/f.718541729.793511628
6611:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00093-6
5186:Forbes K (29 November 2007).
4928:Drug I.D. & Symptom Guide
3634:
3415:included oxycodone. The 1961
2844:is further glucuronidated to
2678:
2533:However, despite the greater
2522:is for hMOR1 GTPyS binding. C
593:By mouth (IR): 2–3 hrs (same
15380:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
12860:1971 Psychotropic Substances
9785:10.1016/0376-8716(89)90083-5
9641:. New York: United Nations.
9596:Selsky A (4 November 2020).
9433:) (Singapore), section 6(1).
8979:. Pfizer Inc. Archived from
8809:Thompson T (24 March 2002).
8300:Keefe PR (23 October 2017).
6778:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.021
6743:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.002
6654:10.1097/ACO.0b013e32830a4c4a
6486:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181605a15
6433:10.1517/17425255.2013.779669
6284:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
6100:10.18773/austprescr.1996.063
5945:10.1007/978-3-642-77460-7_26
5902:Journal of Opioid Management
5875:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819faa54
5778:10.1212/WNL.0000000000003684
5699:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.12.001
4531:Journal of Opioid Management
4015:Pain and Chemical Dependency
3556:
3506:
3489:
3304:
3293:ran a piece confirming that
2957:
2846:noroxymorphone-3-glucuronide
2267:rostral ventromedial medulla
1777:ischemic damage to the brain
1489:, oxycodone is approved for
1307:Oxycodone is available as a
1149:Common side effects include
1082:, sold under the brand name
603:Tooltip biological half-life
7:
17580:Mu-opioid receptor agonists
17033:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
16661:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
16042:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
14528:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
13648:Pharmaceutical distribution
13285:Coca production in Colombia
12736:Counterculture of the 1960s
10467:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
9773:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
9571:"DEA Diversion Control CSA"
9101:Commonwealth of Australia.
8655:Criger E (17 August 2015).
8341:Meier B (31 January 2019).
7904:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
6523:Preedy VR (25 April 2016).
5443:10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.11.060
5350:1. Package insert Oxycontin
5068:. Springer. pp. 172–.
3917:. CRC Press. pp. 82–.
3435:
3259:
2804:(which can subsequently be
2361:at) the MOR in comparison.
1783:from suppressed breathing.
1720:
1639:opioid-induced constipation
10:
17606:
17053:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
16673:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
15777:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
14944:Methylsamidorphan chloride
14178:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
14003:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
13820:Substance abuse prevention
13795:Opioid replacement therapy
9033:League of Nations (1931).
8778:Gordon T (30 March 2008).
7687:(5): A53–A79. 7 May 1921.
6923:10.1007/s40262-018-00731-3
6876:10.1007/s40262-018-00731-3
6697:10.1016/j.pain.2007.09.027
6381:10.1016/j.clpt.2006.01.009
6317:Levy EF, Victor J (2007).
6042:Tiziani AP (1 June 2013).
4463:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
3475:
3222:
3207:
3177:In the United States, the
3076:
2961:
2399:Tooltip Inhibitor constant
1938:Tooltip Inhibitor constant
1702:
1648:
1360:
931:Chemical and physical data
578:Tooltip controlled release
18:
17570:Drugs developed by Pfizer
17473:
17448:
17420:
17387:
17328:
17295:
17247:
17219:
17210:
17117:
16973:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
16921:
16833:
16648:
16637:
16380:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
16337:
16292:Tricyclic antidepressants
15734:
15723:
15503:
15370:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
15077:
15066:
14723:
14413:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
13932:
13833:
13825:Supervised injection site
13767:
13682:
13308:
13275:
13264:
13260:
13254:
13249:
13153:
13115:Anabolic steroid legality
13102:
12987:
12895:
12880:Convention Against Doping
12875:Law of the Sea Convention
12842:
12838:
12827:
12806:Urban legends about drugs
12718:
12670:
12607:
12504:
12471:
12363:
12359:
12346:
12283:
12256:
12194:
12140:
12041:
11946:
11937:
11882:
11715:
11578:
11443:
11439:
11428:
11351:
11270:
11227:
11205:
11168:Tricyclic antidepressants
11124:
11076:
11065:
11027:
10982:
10931:
10815:
10782:
10731:
10667:
10631:
10541:
10532:
10441:
10239:
10057:
9998:
9989:
9429:Misuse of Drugs Act (
8208:"Oxycontin and Addiction"
8123:World Health Organization
8098:World Health Organization
7898:Sapienza FL (June 2006).
7650:Drug discovery: a history
7461:Annual Review of Genetics
6911:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
6863:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
5824:10.1007/s00228-010-0879-1
5654:10.1007/s40618-018-0964-3
5514:10.1185/03007990802584454
5396:10.1007/s12094-007-0057-9
4800:British Journal of Cancer
4762:10.2147/tcrm.2006.2.3.229
4715:American Family Physician
4447:World Health Organization
4183:10.1007/s11916-019-0751-7
3594:
3313:
2952:schedule of reinforcement
2891:impairment. Oxycodone is
2814:oxymorphone-3-glucuronide
2512:
2275:mesolimbic reward pathway
1979:Tooltip κ-Opioid receptor
1969:Tooltip δ-Opioid receptor
1959:Tooltip μ-Opioid receptor
1945:
1924:
1921:
1830:, respectively.) Natural
1645:Dependence and withdrawal
1282:combination with naloxone
1065:
1040:
1020:
1010:
1006:219 °C (426 °F)
1000:
978:
965:
935:
930:
911:
879:
859:
839:
811:
791:
771:
751:
731:
706:
686:
650:
645:
632:
620:
584:
556:
524:
503:
493:
483:
475:
374:
369:
294:
282:
236:
224:
212:
186:
156:
142:
124:
116:
106:
58:
53:
44:
35:
16958:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
16930:Enkephalinase inhibitors
16859:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
16841:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
16757:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
13621:Turks and Caicos Islands
13130:Methamphetamine legality
12443:Marijuana Policy Project
11434:Major recreational drugs
10502:+propyphenazone/caffeine
9488:"Class A, B and C drugs"
9002:Fiore K (20 June 2011).
8663:. Rogers Digital Media.
8286:20 November 2017 at the
7693:10.1002/cber.19210540533
7630:10.1002/prac.19160940112
6817:10.1177/0091270011401620
6473:Anesthesia and Analgesia
6156:Fundamental Neuroscience
5314:"Oxycodone Side Effects"
5138:Davis MP (28 May 2009).
4677:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1er
4578:10.1185/030079908X253708
4276:Journal of Pain Research
3569:
3534:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
3524:15 strokes of the cane.
3497:
3038:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2614:intranasal drug delivery
2207:(MOR). This is the main
1631:Oxycodone in combination
1126:are also available with
628:By mouth (CR): 10–12 hrs
467:Narcotic Schedule I
16656:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
15927:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
14969:Nalorphine dinicotinate
12398:Cannabis rights leaders
9917:Minerva Anestesiologica
8884:. Bonnier Corporation.
8479:Boyle T (7 July 2014).
8165:San Francisco Chronicle
7539:Nature Chemical Biology
7432:8 November 2020 at the
7398:"'Q12' Workshops, 2001"
5593:Journal of Perinatology
3653:O'Neil MJ, ed. (2006).
3244:In September 2013, the
3131:of the morphine-based "
3098:German Chemical Society
3090:University of Frankfurt
2547:route of administration
2485:233 ± 102 ng/h/mL
2466:12.3 ± 12 ng/h/mL
2447:236 ± 102 ng/h/mL
2357:for (as well as higher
1338:approved for children.
1272:. It is available as a
1114:formulations. Onset of
568:Tooltip Instant release
16272:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
16217:Pethidine (meperidine)
15410:Pethidine (meperidine)
15100:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
14746:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
14645:Tetrahydropapaveroline
14560:Pethidine (meperidine)
13206:Politics of drug abuse
12174:Mandragora officinarum
10352:Pethidine (meperidine)
9075:. 1961. Archived from
8918:NASCSA 2012 Conference
8876:Diep F (13 May 2013).
8575:"OxyContin Fact Sheet"
8212:consumer.healthday.com
8178:"Overdose Death Rates"
7495:Deng Z, Liu T (2015).
7043:10.1124/dmd.106.009746
6195:Pleasures of the Brain
5693:(3 Suppl 1): S12–S18.
5189:Opioids in Cancer Pain
5141:Opioids in Cancer Pain
4812:10.1054/bjoc.2001.1680
3483:Betäubungsmittelgesetz
3452:
3158:The personal notes of
3051:(the opium poppy) and
3002:It is also similar to
2873:reduced liver function
2665:volume of distribution
2598:subcutaneous injection
2556:central nervous system
2463:0.82 ± 0.85 ng/mL
2327:activity (measured by
2279:ventral tegmental area
2234:(KOR), where it is an
1890:Please discuss at the
1553:respiratory depression
1536:
1528:
1470:
1351:restless legs syndrome
1106:, and is available in
1102:. It is usually taken
626:By mouth (IR): 3–6 hrs
616:By mouth (CR): 4.5 hrs
17585:Semisynthetic opioids
16963:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
16450:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
16350:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
15912:Dinalbuphine sebacate
15787:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
15511:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
15470:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
15110:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
14756:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
14736:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
14208:Dinalbuphine sebacate
13566:Saint Kitts and Nevis
12865:1988 Drug Trafficking
12458:Cannabis and religion
11422:Recreational drug use
10973:+paracetamol/caffeine
10951:Metamizole (dipyrone)
10885:Morpholine salicylate
10829:+paracetamol/caffeine
9273:on 23 September 2020.
8977:Pfizer News and Media
8784:Sunday Times (London)
8150:. pp. A1 and A9.
7555:10.1038/nchembio.1613
5914:10.5055/jom.2015.0284
5605:10.1038/sj.jp.7210744
5479:Clinical Trials Arena
5026:Acute Pain Management
4543:10.5055/jom.2017.0415
4475:"The Top 300 of 2022"
3450:
3270:published a story on
3017:Epipactis helleborine
2853:genetic polymorphisms
2812:3-Glucuronidation to
2482:15.2 ± 4.5 ng/mL
2444:23.2 ± 8.6 ng/mL
2376:biological half-lives
1534:
1522:
1468:
1363:Oxycodone/paracetamol
17422:Neuroactive steroids
17389:Arylcyclohexylamines
16820:Sunobinop (S-117957)
16555:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
15887:Diamorphine (heroin)
15220:Diamorphine (heroin)
14188:Diamorphine (heroin)
13988:Acetyldihydrocodeine
13968:7-Hydroxymitragynine
13963:7-Acetoxymitragynine
13815:Responsible drug use
13626:United Arab Emirates
12945:Drug Policy Alliance
12833:Legality of drug use
12438:Legality of cannabis
12413:Cannabis Social Club
12383:Cannabis cultivation
12378:Cannabis consumption
12209:Cannabis (Marijuana)
12031:Psilocybin mushrooms
11096:Gabapentin enacarbil
10890:Potassium salicylate
10880:Magnesium salicylate
10875:Imidazole salicylate
10702:Indometacin farnesil
10098:Diamorphine (heroin)
10065:Acetyldihydrocodeine
9730:13 July 2020 at the
9602:The Associated Press
9292:. Toronto, Ontario.
9206:23 June 2012 at the
8518:. Toronto, Ontario.
8487:. Toronto, Ontario.
7507:Faculty Opinions Ltd
7455:O'Connor SE (2015).
7214:10.1038/clpt.1993.43
7178:10.1056/NEJMoa041888
7091:10.1093/jat/27.6.346
5733:. 12 December 2018.
4992:"accessdata.fda.gov"
4417:(5 Suppl): S47–S56.
4405:Kalso E (May 2005).
3805:(5 Suppl): S47–S56.
3793:Kalso E (May 2005).
3027:, 2014 introduces a
2784:and excreted in the
2301:due to induction of
2222:. Oxycodone has low
2029:Equianalgesic doses
1751:circulatory collapse
1737:, cold/clammy skin,
1345:, is sometimes used
1237:. Those allergic to
1124:Combination products
17555:4,5-Epoxymorphinans
17106:General anesthetics
17023:Ubenimex (bestatin)
16767:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
16375:β-Chlornaltrexamine
16345:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
15767:β-Chlornaltrexamine
15641:N-Benzylnaltrindole
15536:β-Chlornaltrexamine
15455:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
15120:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
14781:β-Chlornaltrexamine
14751:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
13978:α-Chlornaltrexamine
13873:Tobacco consumption
13843:Alcohol consumption
13785:Drug rehabilitation
13722:Effects of cannabis
13446:Indian Ocean region
13226:Philippine drug war
12855:1961 Narcotic Drugs
11536:nail polish remover
10845:Carbasalate calcium
9551:on 21 November 2015
9353:on 15 December 2007
9225:7 June 2020 at the
9014:on 22 December 2015
8983:on 22 December 2015
8857:on 22 December 2015
8732:on 22 December 2015
8644:. Toronto, Ontario.
8621:on 26 November 2011
8591:on 17 November 2008
8184:. 29 January 2019.
8167:, 2 November. 2015.
8008:(23 October 2017).
7531: •
7493: •
7453: •
6247:"Treatment of Pain"
4626:10.2147/IJGM.S94685
4386:on 9 September 2020
4289:10.2147/JPR.S127602
3685:. 14 October 2019.
3521:corporal punishment
3513:Misuse of Drugs Act
3383:Preventive measures
3141:anterograde amnesia
2832:N-Demethylation to
2822:6-Ketoreduction to
2802:6β-oxycodol-N-oxide
2798:6α-oxycodol-N-oxide
2741:O-Demethylation to
2622:oral administration
2552:blood–brain barrier
2383:
2329:natural killer cell
2277:, including in the
2263:periaqueductal gray
2030:
1918:
1846:lopinavir/ritonavir
1779:, due to prolonged
1739:pauses in breathing
1371:Oxycodone/ibuprofen
1012:Solubility in water
32:
17500:Never to phase III
16585:Norbinaltorphimine
15892:Diacetylnalorphine
15581:Diacetylnalorphine
15205:Desmethylclozapine
14859:Diacetylnalorphine
14539:Papaver somniferum
14123:Chloroxymorphamine
13729:Drug-related crime
13406:Dominican Republic
13316:Illegal drug trade
12791:Religion and drugs
12746:Drug paraphernalia
12726:Chasing the dragon
12685:Fashion cigarettes
12266:Calea zacatechichi
11961:Psychoactive toads
11671:Mitragyna speciosa
11623:Dextropropoxyphene
11565:Nonbenzodiazepines
11473:Alcoholic beverage
11378:Never to phase III
11283:Analgesic adjuvant
11184:1.7/1.8-selective:
10850:Choline salicylate
10277:Dextropropoxyphene
9465:on 5 February 2007
8760:on 24 January 2016
8347:The New York Times
7956:. 14 December 2021
7646:Sneader W (2005).
5104:. 19 August 2016.
3948:Medscape Reference
3875:Medscape Reference
3597: (Arabic),
3453:
3290:The New York Times
3054:Pseudomonas putida
3048:Papaver somniferum
2913:generic medication
2907:Duration of action
2863:. Some people are
2816:predominantly via
2745:predominantly via
2735:predominantly via
2653:peak plasma levels
2381:
2345:Active metabolites
2256:potassium channels
2250:produced, closing
2027:
1916:
1810:can be altered by
1755:respiratory arrest
1747:constricted pupils
1743:low blood pressure
1621:bowel perforations
1537:
1529:
1471:
1375:Oxycodone/naloxone
1309:controlled-release
1274:generic medication
1112:controlled-release
622:Duration of action
28:
17565:German inventions
17510:
17509:
17469:
17468:
17287:Thiotetrabarbital
17192:Trichloroethylene
17072:
17071:
16917:
16916:
16762:Nociceptin (1-11)
16633:
16632:
15762:14-Methoxymetopon
15719:
15718:
15636:Methylnaltrindole
15062:
15061:
14731:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
14343:Levacetylmethadol
13889:
13888:
13885:
13884:
13881:
13880:
13800:Pharmacovigilance
13780:Drug legalization
13678:
13677:
13245:
13244:
13241:
13240:
13176:Cognitive liberty
13120:Cannabis legality
12908:Decriminalization
12823:
12822:
12819:
12818:
12705:Smoking fetishism
12342:
12341:
12338:
12337:
12279:
12278:
12159:Atropa belladonna
11526:contact adhesives
11468:Ethanol (alcohol)
11388:
11387:
11223:
11222:
11207:Potassium openers
11144:Local anesthetics
11086:Alcohol (ethanol)
11023:
11022:
10922:methyl salicylate
10910:Sodium salicylate
10797:Meclofenamic acid
10472:+aspirin/caffeine
10437:
10436:
9867:Postlethwaite J.
9648:978-92-1-048124-3
9251:on 21 March 2015.
9199:Olgilvie, Megan.
9144:978-1-74186-596-7
9082:on 17 August 2011
8907:Coplan P (2012).
8458:978-0-7334-2625-4
8182:www.drugabuse.gov
8148:Los Angeles Times
8094:"Opioid overdose"
8074:on 2 January 2018
7843:978-1-328-66379-5
7679:"Martin Freund".
7665:978-0-471-89980-8
7597:Baselt R (2017).
7402:Los Angeles Times
7372:Los Angeles Times
7343:978-0-323-38869-6
7171:(27): 2827–2831.
7133:978-3-527-32903-8
6563:978-0-323-31696-5
6536:978-0-12-800677-1
6330:978-1-4020-5947-6
6291:978-0-323-08263-1
6232:978-1-139-49198-3
6205:978-0-19-533102-8
6166:978-0-12-385871-9
6127:978-0-521-62269-1
6055:978-0-7295-8162-2
6016:978-0-323-11374-8
5989:978-1-4496-1073-9
5954:978-3-642-77462-1
5648:(12): 1377–1388.
5508:(12): 3503–3512.
5299:978-1-4511-5279-1
5226:978-1-4462-9753-7
5199:978-0-19-921880-6
5151:978-0-19-923664-0
5075:978-3-319-30964-4
5036:978-0-521-87491-5
4965:978-0-323-17297-4
4938:978-1-56325-225-9
4911:978-1-934559-82-6
4361:978-0-7295-8081-6
4331:978-0-85711-298-9
4098:978-0-323-41315-2
4064:978-1-4496-1829-2
4025:978-0-19-530055-0
3924:978-1-4665-9635-1
3721:978-1-4557-0150-6
3664:978-0-911910-00-1
3413:League of Nations
3264:In October 2017,
3149:Operation Himmler
3119:, oxycodone, and
2948:Los Angeles Times
2927:opiate withdrawal
2922:Los Angeles Times
2869:slow metabolizers
2865:fast metabolizers
2857:drug interactions
2771:oxycodone-N-oxide
2562:κ-opioid receptor
2531:
2530:
2325:immunosuppressive
2299:neural adaptation
2283:nucleus accumbens
2244:neurotransmitters
2232:κ-opioid receptor
2228:δ-opioid receptor
2209:biological target
2205:μ-opioid receptor
2194:
2193:
2025:
2024:
1909:
1908:
1848:greatly increase
1832:genetic variation
1806:. Therefore, its
1735:slowed heart rate
1731:shallow breathing
1690:flu-like symptoms
1651:Opioid dependence
1605:urinary retention
1367:Oxycodone/aspirin
1247:μ-opioid receptor
1243:Opioid withdrawal
1130:(acetaminophen),
1108:immediate-release
1077:
1076:
991:Interactive image
881:CompTox Dashboard
550:(11%, conjugated)
464:
449:
437:
424:
413:
401:
393:(Controlled drug)
388:
202:
169:
16:Opioid medication
17597:
17527:
17526:
17525:
17518:
17217:
17216:
17099:
17092:
17085:
17076:
17075:
16952:
16879:Nociceptin (1-7)
16775:Norbuprenorphine
16712:Dihydroetorphine
16646:
16645:
16535:Methylnaltrexone
16445:Catechin gallate
16177:Norbuprenorphine
15902:Dihydroetorphine
15772:β-Funaltrexamine
15732:
15731:
15631:Methylnaltrexone
15571:Catechin gallate
15385:Norbuprenorphine
15225:Dihydroetorphine
15075:
15074:
14939:Methylnaltrexone
14831:Catechin gallate
14786:β-Funaltrexamine
14198:Dihydroetorphine
13941:
13940:
13916:
13909:
13902:
13893:
13892:
13717:Drug harmfulness
13712:Driving impaired
13531:Papua New Guinea
13300:Rolling meth lab
13273:
13272:
13262:
13261:
13251:
13250:
13216:Mexican drug war
13125:Cocaine legality
13110:Alcohol legality
12940:Demand reduction
12928:Supply reduction
12840:
12839:
12829:
12828:
12506:Drinking culture
12448:Medical cannabis
12408:Cannabis smoking
12365:Cannabis culture
12361:
12360:
12348:
12347:
12324:recreational use
12169:Hyoscyamus niger
12130:Salvia divinorum
12113:Amanita muscaria
12075:recreational use
12055:recreational use
11944:
11943:
11512:recreational use
11441:
11440:
11430:
11429:
11415:
11408:
11401:
11392:
11391:
11078:Calcium blockers
11074:
11073:
10970:
10919:
10745:
10733:COX-2 inhibitors
10699:
10618:Tiaprofenic acid
10589:
10576:
10568:
10539:
10538:
10416:
10196:
10135:
10107:
10079:
9996:
9995:
9967:
9960:
9953:
9944:
9943:
9939:
9938:on 9 March 2006.
9937:
9931:. Archived from
9923:(7–8): 451–460.
9914:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9885:on 23 March 2019
9884:
9878:. Archived from
9873:
9864:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9847:
9836:
9830:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9819:
9812:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9768:
9757:
9756:
9751:Eddy NB (1973).
9748:
9735:
9722:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9703:
9701:
9699:
9694:on 26 April 2012
9693:
9682:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9657:
9640:
9629:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9593:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9582:
9567:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9510:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9499:
9494:on 4 August 2007
9484:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9464:
9457:
9449:
9443:
9440:
9434:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9407:. Archived from
9395:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9384:
9375:. 19 June 2015.
9369:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9315:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9281:
9275:
9274:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9247:. Archived from
9245:healthydebate.ca
9236:
9230:
9217:
9211:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9177:. Archived from
9170:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9153:
9136:
9125:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9098:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9074:
9066:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9046:
9039:
9030:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9010:. Archived from
8999:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8969:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8943:
8937:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8926:
8915:
8904:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8862:
8856:
8848:Grünenthal Group
8845:
8837:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8815:Society Guardian
8806:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8717:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8694:. Rogers Media.
8683:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8590:
8584:. Archived from
8579:
8571:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8468:on 21 July 2008.
8467:
8461:. Archived from
8450:
8442:Black E (2008).
8439:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8428:
8408:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8366:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8297:
8291:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8261:
8254:
8246:
8240:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8218:on 15 April 2016
8214:. Archived from
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8174:
8168:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8143:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8064:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8002:
7993:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7895:
7889:
7879:
7878:October 27, 1970
7863:
7859:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7783:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7745:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7712:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7653:
7643:
7634:
7633:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7594:
7588:
7584:
7566:
7547:Nature Portfolio
7528:
7518:
7502:Faculty Opinions
7490:
7480:
7448:
7437:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7363:
7348:
7347:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7294:
7283:
7282:
7272:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7180:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7117:
7104:
7103:
7093:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7037:(9): 1624–1631.
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
6995:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6962:10.1002/prp2.210
6941:
6935:
6934:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6878:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6828:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6772:(2–3): 160–162.
6761:
6755:
6754:
6737:(1–3): 145–151.
6726:
6717:
6716:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6520:
6507:
6506:
6488:
6464:
6453:
6452:
6416:
6401:
6400:
6364:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6114:Stein C (1999).
6111:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6081:Chahl L (1996).
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5897:
5888:
5887:
5877:
5868:(6): 1371–1378.
5853:
5844:
5843:
5809:
5800:
5791:
5790:
5780:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5739:
5728:
5720:
5711:
5710:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5665:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5454:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5363:on 26 March 2009
5362:
5355:
5345:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5283:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5183:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5135:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4850:. Archived from
4840:
4834:
4833:
4823:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4764:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4628:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4291:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4234:
4203:
4202:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4120:
4103:
4102:
4082:
4069:
4068:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4009:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3940:
3929:
3928:
3908:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3867:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3839:nctr-crs.fda.gov
3831:
3825:
3824:
3814:
3790:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3650:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3517:minimum sentence
3387:In August 2010,
3272:Mortimer Sackler
3197:FDA commissioner
2990:Oxycodone has a
2976:Oxycodone has a
2936:health insurance
2663:Oxycodone has a
2579:Pharmacokinetics
2527:
2508:
2503:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2384:
2380:
2378:than oxycodone.
2287:ventral pallidum
2252:calcium channels
2187:
2172:
2157:
2144:
2131:
2116:
2101:
2086:
2071:
2056:
2031:
2026:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1912:Pharmacodynamics
1904:
1901:
1895:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1589:loss of appetite
1414:under the tongue
1396:
1387:
1279:
1264:opiate alkaloid
1167:loss of appetite
1073:
1072:
993:
973:
958:
955:
949:
943:
926:
915:
904:
903:
889:
887:
872:
852:
832:
824:
804:
784:
764:
744:
724:
714:
713:
699:
613:
609:
604:
600:
589:
579:
575:
569:
565:
489:By mouth: 60–87%
462:
459:
454:
447:
444:
435:
432:
423:
420:
412:
409:
406:(Narcotic drugs)
399:
396:
386:
383:
361:
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
200:
197:
179:
168:
165:
152:
138:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
49:
40:
33:
31:
27:
17605:
17604:
17600:
17599:
17598:
17596:
17595:
17594:
17545:Catechol ethers
17535:
17534:
17533:
17523:
17521:
17513:
17511:
17506:
17505:
17490:Clinical trials
17465:
17444:
17416:
17383:
17324:
17297:Benzodiazepines
17291:
17243:
17206:
17113:
17103:
17073:
17068:
16950:
16913:
16844:
16829:
16770:
16692:
16684:
16676:
16672:
16664:
16641:
16629:
16425:Binaltorphimine
16370:6β-Naltrexol-d4
16333:
15952:Ethylketazocine
15907:Dihydromorphine
15727:
15715:
15526:6β-Naltrexol-d4
15499:
15255:Ethylketazocine
15230:Dihydromorphine
15070:
15058:
14766:6β-Naltrexol-d4
14719:
14518:Oxymorphonazine
14273:Furanylfentanyl
14203:Dihydromorphine
14058:Benzhydrocodone
13947:
13945:
13936:
13928:
13923:Opioid receptor
13920:
13890:
13877:
13835:
13829:
13805:Reagent testing
13763:
13754:Passive smoking
13684:
13674:
13304:
13290:Drug precursors
13277:
13268:
13266:
13256:
13237:
13191:Drug possession
13166:Cannabis rights
13149:
13145:Salvia legality
13098:
12989:
12983:
12891:
12834:
12815:
12796:Self-medication
12714:
12710:Tobacco smoking
12672:Smoking culture
12666:
12603:
12500:
12467:
12423:Cannabis vaping
12393:Cannabis rights
12388:Cannabis edible
12355:
12334:
12275:
12271:Silene capensis
12252:
12190:
12186:Diphenhydramine
12136:
12037:
11933:
11878:
11830:Methylphenidate
11820:Methamphetamine
11711:
11574:
11458:Benzodiazepines
11435:
11424:
11419:
11389:
11384:
11383:
11368:Clinical trials
11347:
11328:Phenazopyridine
11266:
11247:Cyclobenzaprine
11219:
11201:
11183:
11126:Sodium blockers
11120:
11068:
11061:
11019:
10978:
10968:
10927:
10917:
10811:
10807:Tolfenamic acid
10792:Flufenamic acid
10778:
10743:
10727:
10697:
10663:
10627:
10587:
10574:
10566:
10528:
10492:+metoclopramide
10433:
10414:
10235:
10194:
10133:
10116:Dihydromorphine
10105:
10077:
10053:
9985:
9971:
9935:
9912:
9904:
9902:Further reading
9899:
9898:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9871:
9865:
9861:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9837:
9833:
9823:
9821:
9817:
9810:
9804:
9800:
9769:
9760:
9749:
9738:
9732:Wayback Machine
9723:
9719:
9711:
9707:
9697:
9695:
9691:
9680:
9676:
9675:
9671:
9661:
9659:
9655:
9649:
9638:
9630:
9621:
9611:
9609:
9594:
9590:
9580:
9578:
9569:
9568:
9564:
9554:
9552:
9537:
9533:
9523:
9521:
9512:
9511:
9507:
9497:
9495:
9486:
9485:
9478:
9468:
9466:
9462:
9455:
9451:
9450:
9446:
9441:
9437:
9428:
9424:
9414:
9412:
9411:on 19 June 2015
9397:
9396:
9392:
9382:
9380:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9356:
9354:
9343:
9339:
9329:
9327:
9316:
9309:
9299:
9297:
9282:
9278:
9261:
9260:
9256:
9237:
9233:
9227:Wayback Machine
9218:
9214:
9208:Wayback Machine
9198:
9194:
9184:
9182:
9171:
9167:
9157:
9155:
9151:
9145:
9134:
9126:
9122:
9112:
9110:
9099:
9095:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9060:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9037:
9031:
9027:
9017:
9015:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8984:
8971:
8970:
8966:
8956:
8954:
8945:
8944:
8940:
8930:
8928:
8927:on 14 June 2013
8924:
8913:
8905:
8901:
8891:
8889:
8882:Popular Science
8874:
8870:
8860:
8858:
8854:
8843:
8839:
8838:
8834:
8824:
8822:
8807:
8803:
8793:
8791:
8776:
8772:
8763:
8761:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8735:
8733:
8718:
8711:
8701:
8699:
8684:
8680:
8670:
8668:
8653:
8649:
8638:
8634:
8624:
8622:
8609:
8608:
8604:
8594:
8592:
8588:
8577:
8573:
8572:
8565:
8555:
8553:
8540:
8539:
8535:
8525:
8523:
8508:
8504:
8494:
8492:
8477:
8473:
8465:
8459:
8448:
8440:
8436:
8426:
8424:
8409:
8405:
8395:
8393:
8378:
8374:
8364:
8362:
8339:
8335:
8325:
8323:
8298:
8294:
8288:Wayback Machine
8279:
8275:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8235:
8231:
8221:
8219:
8206:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8189:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8159:
8155:
8144:
8137:
8127:
8125:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8102:
8100:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8077:
8075:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8051:
8049:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8025:
8023:
8003:
7996:
7986:
7984:
7973:
7969:
7959:
7957:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7896:
7892:
7861:
7855:
7851:
7844:
7830:
7826:
7816:
7814:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7746:
7739:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7666:
7644:
7637:
7610:
7606:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7449:
7440:
7434:Wayback Machine
7425:
7421:
7411:
7409:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7381:
7379:
7364:
7351:
7344:
7328:
7321:
7311:
7309:
7296:
7295:
7286:
7241:
7237:
7198:
7194:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7134:
7118:
7107:
7070:
7066:
7026:
7022:
7012:
7010:
7003:www.drugbank.ca
6997:
6996:
6987:
6942:
6938:
6907:
6903:
6896:
6892:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6797:
6793:
6762:
6758:
6727:
6720:
6681:
6677:
6638:
6634:
6595:
6591:
6581:
6579:
6564:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6521:
6510:
6465:
6456:
6417:
6404:
6365:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6331:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6292:
6274:
6270:
6260:
6258:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6190:
6186:
6176:
6174:
6167:
6151:
6147:
6137:
6135:
6128:
6112:
6108:
6079:
6075:
6065:
6063:
6056:
6040:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6017:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5974:
5970:
5955:
5933:
5929:
5898:
5891:
5854:
5847:
5818:(10): 977–985.
5807:
5801:
5794:
5771:(10): e78–e84.
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5714:
5683:
5679:
5632:
5628:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5550:on 6 April 2009
5542:
5541:
5537:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5481:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5423:
5419:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5284:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5227:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5184:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5152:
5136:
5121:
5111:
5109:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5076:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4923:
4919:
4912:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4880:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4854:on 30 June 2017
4842:
4841:
4837:
4792:
4788:
4741:
4734:
4707:
4703:
4656:
4652:
4605:
4601:
4562:
4558:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4444:
4440:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4268:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4236:
4235:
4206:
4167:
4163:
4121:
4106:
4099:
4083:
4072:
4065:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4010:
3967:
3957:
3955:
3942:
3941:
3932:
3925:
3909:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3791:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3761:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3655:The Merck index
3651:
3642:
3637:
3602:
3601:(Chinese), and
3598:
3572:
3559:
3542:
3530:
3509:
3500:
3492:
3478:
3438:
3429:
3405:
3385:
3376:
3341:doctor shopping
3333:methamphetamine
3321:Atlantic Canada
3316:
3307:
3295:Richard Sackler
3262:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3210:Opioid epidemic
3206:
3204:Opioid epidemic
3170:) codeine, and
3079:
3067:
3012:
2966:
2964:List of opioids
2960:
2909:
2881:
2794:nor-6β-oxycodol
2790:nor-6α-oxycodol
2782:glucuronic acid
2693:cytochrome P450
2691:mainly via the
2681:
2669:skeletal muscle
2661:
2649:onset of action
2618:bioavailability
2586:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2421:
2411:
2408:
2398:
2395:
2347:
2028:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1937:
1934:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1877:
1866:
1789:
1725:In high doses,
1723:
1707:
1701:
1682:muscle weakness
1653:
1647:
1515:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1359:
1357:Available forms
1302:quality of life
1294:
1277:
1223:hypoventilation
1199:substance abuse
1068:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1027:
996:
971:
961:
952:
946:
907:
883:
875:
855:
835:
807:
787:
767:
747:
727:
710:
702:
682:
679:
658:
657:
627:
615:
611:
602:
599:
587:
577:
571:
570:: 10–30 minutes
567:
558:Onset of action
551:
545:
540:(15%, free and
535:
495:Protein binding
485:Bioavailability
477:Pharmacokinetic
471:
452:
365:
239:
227:
215:
208:
189:
182:
66:
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17603:
17593:
17592:
17587:
17582:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17562:
17557:
17552:
17547:
17532:
17531:
17508:
17507:
17504:
17503:
17502:
17501:
17498:
17487:
17481:
17475:
17474:
17471:
17470:
17467:
17466:
17464:
17463:
17458:
17452:
17450:
17446:
17445:
17443:
17442:
17437:
17432:
17426:
17424:
17418:
17417:
17415:
17414:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17393:
17391:
17385:
17384:
17382:
17381:
17376:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17334:
17332:
17326:
17325:
17323:
17322:
17317:
17312:
17307:
17301:
17299:
17293:
17292:
17290:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17253:
17251:
17245:
17244:
17242:
17241:
17236:
17231:
17225:
17223:
17214:
17208:
17207:
17205:
17204:
17199:
17194:
17189:
17184:
17179:
17177:Methoxypropane
17174:
17172:Methoxyflurane
17169:
17164:
17159:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17123:
17121:
17115:
17114:
17102:
17101:
17094:
17087:
17079:
17070:
17069:
17067:
17066:
17056:
17055:
17050:
17045:
17040:
17035:
17026:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17010:
17005:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16975:
16970:
16965:
16960:
16955:
16953:-Phenylalanine
16947:
16942:
16937:
16925:
16923:
16919:
16918:
16915:
16914:
16912:
16911:
16906:
16901:
16896:
16891:
16886:
16881:
16876:
16871:
16866:
16861:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16842:
16837:
16835:
16831:
16830:
16828:
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16780:Racemethorphan
16777:
16772:
16768:
16764:
16759:
16754:
16749:
16744:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16727:Levomethorphan
16724:
16719:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16690:
16686:
16682:
16678:
16674:
16670:
16666:
16662:
16658:
16652:
16650:
16643:
16635:
16634:
16631:
16630:
16628:
16627:
16622:
16617:
16612:
16607:
16602:
16597:
16592:
16587:
16582:
16577:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16552:
16547:
16542:
16537:
16532:
16527:
16522:
16517:
16512:
16507:
16502:
16497:
16492:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16382:
16377:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16347:
16341:
16339:
16335:
16334:
16332:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16269:
16264:
16259:
16254:
16244:
16239:
16234:
16232:Racemethorphan
16229:
16224:
16219:
16214:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16134:
16129:
16124:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16074:
16069:
16064:
16059:
16054:
16052:Levomethorphan
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16024:
16019:
16014:
16009:
16004:
15999:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15979:
15974:
15969:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15944:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15784:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15749:
15744:
15738:
15736:
15729:
15721:
15720:
15717:
15716:
15714:
15713:
15708:
15703:
15698:
15693:
15688:
15683:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15507:
15505:
15501:
15500:
15498:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15482:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15432:
15427:
15422:
15420:Racemethorphan
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15330:Levomethorphan
15327:
15325:Leu-enkephalin
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15192:
15187:
15182:
15177:
15172:
15167:
15162:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15081:
15079:
15072:
15064:
15063:
15060:
15059:
15057:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15004:Naltrexonazine
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14916:
14911:
14906:
14901:
14896:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14876:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14856:
14851:
14846:
14841:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14823:
14818:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14727:
14725:
14721:
14720:
14718:
14717:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14662:
14657:
14652:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14605:Racemethorphan
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14557:
14552:
14547:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14348:Levomethorphan
14345:
14340:
14338:Leu-enkephalin
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14298:Hydromorphinol
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14193:Dihydrocodeine
14190:
14185:
14180:
14175:
14170:
14165:
14160:
14158:Dextromoramide
14155:
14150:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14125:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14063:Benzylmorphine
14060:
14055:
14050:
14045:
14040:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14020:
14015:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13993:Acetylfentanyl
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13970:
13965:
13960:
13954:
13952:
13938:
13930:
13929:
13919:
13918:
13911:
13904:
13896:
13887:
13886:
13883:
13882:
13879:
13878:
13876:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13864:
13863:
13858:
13850:
13845:
13839:
13837:
13831:
13830:
13828:
13827:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13771:
13769:
13768:Harm reduction
13765:
13764:
13762:
13761:
13760:
13759:
13751:
13746:
13741:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13725:
13724:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13702:Date rape drug
13699:
13694:
13688:
13686:
13680:
13679:
13676:
13675:
13673:
13672:
13671:
13670:
13668:Liquor license
13665:
13660:
13655:
13645:
13643:Darknet market
13640:
13639:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13583:
13578:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13312:
13310:
13306:
13305:
13303:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13287:
13281:
13279:
13270:
13258:
13257:
13247:
13246:
13243:
13242:
13239:
13238:
13236:
13235:
13233:Zero tolerance
13230:
13229:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13208:
13203:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13157:
13155:
13151:
13150:
13148:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13106:
13104:
13100:
13099:
13097:
13096:
13095:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13007:Czech Republic
13004:
12999:
12993:
12991:
12985:
12984:
12982:
12981:
12980:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12968:
12967:
12960:Liberalization
12957:
12952:
12950:Harm reduction
12947:
12942:
12932:
12931:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12899:
12897:
12893:
12892:
12890:
12889:
12888:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12869:
12868:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12846:
12844:
12836:
12835:
12825:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12817:
12816:
12814:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12776:Party and play
12773:
12768:
12766:Needle sharing
12763:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12722:
12720:
12716:
12715:
12713:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12680:Cigarette card
12676:
12674:
12668:
12667:
12665:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12613:
12611:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12589:Tailgate party
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12539:Drinking games
12536:
12531:
12529:Binge drinking
12526:
12521:
12516:
12510:
12508:
12502:
12501:
12499:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12477:
12475:
12473:Coffee culture
12469:
12468:
12466:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12369:
12367:
12357:
12356:
12344:
12343:
12340:
12339:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12332:
12327:
12317:
12316:
12315:
12310:
12300:
12295:
12289:
12287:
12281:
12280:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12273:
12268:
12262:
12260:
12254:
12253:
12251:
12250:
12249:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12223:
12222:
12221:
12216:
12211:
12200:
12198:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12188:
12183:
12181:Dimenhydrinate
12178:
12177:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12146:
12144:
12138:
12137:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12132:
12122:
12117:
12116:
12115:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12094:
12093:
12088:
12083:
12081:alkyl nitrites
12078:
12063:
12058:
12047:
12045:
12039:
12038:
12036:
12035:
12034:
12033:
12019:
12018:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12005:Peruvian torch
11997:
11992:
11987:
11986:
11985:
11975:
11974:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11952:
11950:
11941:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11931:
11930:
11929:
11924:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11903:
11902:
11894:
11888:
11886:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11876:
11875:
11874:
11869:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11806:
11805:
11795:
11794:
11793:
11788:
11778:
11777:
11776:
11766:
11765:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11744:
11739:
11738:
11737:
11727:
11721:
11719:
11713:
11712:
11710:
11709:
11704:
11703:
11702:
11692:
11691:
11690:
11680:
11679:
11678:
11668:
11663:
11662:
11661:
11653:
11648:
11647:
11646:
11638:
11633:
11632:
11631:
11628:
11620:
11619:
11618:
11610:
11609:
11608:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11593:
11584:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11572:
11570:Quinazolinones
11567:
11562:
11557:
11556:
11555:
11554:
11553:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11517:
11516:
11515:
11497:
11492:
11490:Gabapentinoids
11487:
11486:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11449:
11447:
11437:
11436:
11426:
11425:
11418:
11417:
11410:
11403:
11395:
11386:
11385:
11382:
11381:
11380:
11379:
11376:
11365:
11359:
11353:
11352:
11349:
11348:
11346:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11323:Methoxyflurane
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11233:
11231:
11225:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11211:
11209:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11181:
11176:
11175:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11141:
11136:
11130:
11128:
11122:
11121:
11119:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11082:
11080:
11071:
11063:
11062:
11060:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11039:
11033:
11031:
11025:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10986:
10984:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10976:
10966:Propyphenazone
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10941:Aminophenazone
10937:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10925:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10821:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10809:
10804:
10802:Mefenamic acid
10799:
10794:
10788:
10786:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10737:
10735:
10729:
10728:
10726:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10671:
10669:
10665:
10664:
10662:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10635:
10633:
10629:
10628:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10582:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10545:
10543:
10536:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10510:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10448:
10446:
10439:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10432:
10431:
10426:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10272:Dextromoramide
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10243:
10241:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10152:Hydromorphinol
10149:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10103:Dihydrocodeine
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10072:
10070:Benzylmorphine
10067:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10026:
10025:
10024:
10019:
10008:
10006:
9993:
9987:
9986:
9970:
9969:
9962:
9955:
9947:
9941:
9940:
9903:
9900:
9897:
9896:
9859:
9831:
9798:
9779:(3): 183–218.
9758:
9736:
9717:
9705:
9669:
9647:
9619:
9588:
9577:on 16 May 2013
9562:
9531:
9505:
9476:
9444:
9435:
9422:
9390:
9364:
9337:
9307:
9290:Globe and Mail
9276:
9254:
9231:
9212:
9192:
9181:on 5 June 2011
9165:
9143:
9120:
9093:
9058:
9025:
8994:
8964:
8953:on 20 May 2013
8938:
8899:
8868:
8832:
8801:
8770:
8743:
8726:Calgary Herald
8709:
8678:
8647:
8642:Globe and Mail
8632:
8602:
8563:
8533:
8502:
8471:
8457:
8434:
8403:
8372:
8333:
8307:The New Yorker
8292:
8273:
8241:
8229:
8199:
8169:
8153:
8135:
8110:
8085:
8059:
8033:
8015:The New Yorker
7994:
7981:Clarion Ledger
7967:
7941:
7890:
7882:21 U.S.C.
7880:, codified at
7849:
7842:
7824:
7807:Deutsche Welle
7793:
7784:
7775:
7737:
7723:
7698:
7671:
7664:
7635:
7624:(1): 135–178.
7604:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7529:
7491:
7469:Annual Reviews
7450:
7438:
7419:
7389:
7349:
7342:
7319:
7284:
7255:(4): 919–930.
7235:
7208:(4): 401–409.
7192:
7151:
7132:
7105:
7084:(6): 346–352.
7064:
7020:
6985:
6936:
6917:(6): 705–725.
6901:
6894:
6890:
6869:(6): 705–725.
6849:
6840:
6811:(4): 600–606.
6791:
6756:
6718:
6691:(3): 227–228.
6675:
6648:(5): 596–601.
6632:
6605:(2): 151–157.
6589:
6562:
6542:
6535:
6508:
6454:
6427:(5): 517–528.
6402:
6375:(5): 461–479.
6348:
6329:
6309:
6290:
6268:
6238:
6231:
6211:
6204:
6184:
6165:
6145:
6126:
6106:
6073:
6054:
6034:
6015:
5995:
5988:
5968:
5953:
5927:
5908:(4): 357–361.
5889:
5862:Anesthesiology
5845:
5792:
5751:
5712:
5677:
5626:
5599:(4): 324–325.
5583:
5561:
5535:
5491:
5466:
5417:
5390:(5): 298–307.
5374:
5331:
5305:
5298:
5271:
5244:
5225:
5205:
5198:
5169:
5150:
5119:
5093:
5074:
5054:
5035:
5015:
4983:
4964:
4944:
4937:
4917:
4910:
4890:
4865:
4835:
4806:(5): 587–593.
4786:
4755:(3): 229–234.
4732:
4721:(6): 335–337.
4701:
4650:
4599:
4572:(1): 175–192.
4556:
4537:(6): 365–378.
4521:
4496:
4466:
4438:
4397:
4367:
4360:
4337:
4330:
4313:
4259:
4204:
4161:
4131:(7): 595–603.
4104:
4097:
4070:
4063:
4043:
4024:
3965:
3930:
3923:
3892:
3855:
3826:
3778:
3759:
3739:
3720:
3700:
3670:
3663:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3571:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3541:
3538:
3529:
3528:United Kingdom
3526:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3477:
3474:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3421:United Nations
3404:
3401:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3374:United Kingdom
3372:
3329:Western Canada
3315:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3281:Sackler family
3267:The New Yorker
3261:
3258:
3241:liver damage.
3220:
3217:
3205:
3202:
3164:Theodor Morell
3162:'s physician,
3133:twilight sleep
3078:
3075:
3066:
3063:
3011:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2992:carbonyl group
2988:
2981:
2959:
2956:
2908:
2905:
2880:
2877:
2861:liver function
2842:noroxymorphone
2837:
2836:
2834:noroxymorphone
2830:
2820:
2806:glucuronidated
2774:
2773:
2763:
2749:
2739:
2717:noroxymorphone
2699:and resulting
2680:
2677:
2660:
2657:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:Noroxymorphone
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2371:noroxymorphone
2346:
2343:
2295:downregulation
2254:, and opening
2230:(DOR) and the
2192:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2074:20–30 mg
2072:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1788:
1785:
1722:
1719:
1700:
1699:Hormone levels
1697:
1646:
1643:
1597:abdominal pain
1514:
1511:
1507:Central Powers
1487:United Kingdom
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1358:
1355:
1293:
1290:
1219:hallucinations
1075:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:166 (HCl)
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
986:
984:
976:
975:
969:
963:
962:
959:
950:
944:
939:
933:
932:
928:
927:
917:
909:
908:
906:
905:
892:
890:
877:
876:
874:
873:
865:
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
845:
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
825:
817:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
797:
795:
789:
788:
786:
785:
777:
775:
769:
768:
766:
765:
757:
755:
749:
748:
746:
745:
737:
735:
729:
728:
726:
725:
717:
715:
704:
703:
701:
700:
692:
690:
684:
683:
681:
680:
661:
653:
652:
651:
648:
647:
643:
642:
636:
630:
629:
624:
618:
617:
597:
591:
582:
581:
560:
554:
553:
538:Noroxymorphone
528:
522:
521:
507:
501:
500:
497:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
473:
472:
470:
469:
457:
442:
430:
418:
407:
394:
380:
378:
372:
371:
367:
366:
364:
363:
300:
298:
292:
291:
286:
280:
279:
242:
240:administration
234:
233:
230:
222:
221:
218:
210:
209:
207:
206:
204:
194:
192:
184:
183:
181:
180:
162:
160:
154:
153:
146:
140:
139:
132:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17602:
17591:
17588:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17542:
17540:
17530:
17520:
17519:
17516:
17499:
17497:
17494:
17493:
17491:
17488:
17485:
17482:
17480:
17477:
17476:
17472:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17453:
17451:
17447:
17441:
17438:
17436:
17433:
17431:
17428:
17427:
17425:
17423:
17419:
17413:
17410:
17408:
17407:Phencyclidine
17405:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17395:
17394:
17392:
17390:
17386:
17380:
17377:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17368:Phenoperidine
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17335:
17333:
17331:
17327:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17302:
17300:
17298:
17294:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17272:Narcobarbital
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17258:
17255:
17254:
17252:
17250:
17246:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17226:
17224:
17222:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17209:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17182:Nitrous oxide
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17142:Diethyl ether
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17124:
17122:
17120:
17116:
17111:
17107:
17100:
17095:
17093:
17088:
17086:
17081:
17080:
17077:
17064:
17061:
17058:
17057:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17048:Pronociceptin
17046:
17044:
17043:Proenkephalin
17041:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17028:
17027:
17024:
17021:
17019:
17016:
17014:
17011:
17009:
17006:
17004:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16974:
16971:
16969:
16966:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16956:
16954:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16927:
16926:
16924:
16920:
16910:
16907:
16905:
16902:
16900:
16897:
16895:
16892:
16890:
16887:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16875:
16872:
16870:
16867:
16865:
16862:
16860:
16857:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16839:
16838:
16836:
16832:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16781:
16778:
16776:
16773:
16771:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16702:Buprenorphine
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16687:
16685:
16679:
16677:
16667:
16665:
16659:
16657:
16654:
16653:
16651:
16647:
16644:
16640:
16636:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16533:
16531:
16528:
16526:
16523:
16521:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16511:
16508:
16506:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16435:Buprenorphine
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16385:Amentoflavone
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16336:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16309:
16308:nortriptyline
16305:
16301:
16297:
16296:amitriptyline
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16265:
16263:
16260:
16258:
16255:
16252:
16248:
16245:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16128:
16125:
16123:
16120:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16002:Hydromorphone
16000:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15958:
15955:
15953:
15950:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15938:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15918:
15917:Diprenorphine
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15897:Difelikefalin
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15877:Cyprenorphine
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15822:Big dynorphin
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15742:3CS-nalmefene
15740:
15739:
15737:
15733:
15730:
15726:
15722:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15586:Diprenorphine
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15508:
15506:
15502:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15486:
15483:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15456:
15453:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15290:Hydromorphone
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15200:Deltorphin II
15198:
15196:
15193:
15191:
15188:
15186:
15183:
15181:
15178:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15085:3CS-nalmefene
15083:
15082:
15080:
15076:
15073:
15069:
15065:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14940:
14937:
14935:
14934:Methocinnamox
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14905:
14902:
14900:
14897:
14895:
14894:Ginsenoside R
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14864:Diprenorphine
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14741:3CS-nalmefene
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14728:
14726:
14722:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14570:Phencyclidine
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14545:
14541:
14540:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14513:Oxymorphazone
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14303:Hydromorphone
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14248:Ethylmorphine
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14238:Endomorphin-2
14236:
14234:
14233:Endomorphin-1
14231:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14213:Diphenoxylate
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14149:
14146:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14098:Butyrfentanyl
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14083:Buprenorphine
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13998:Acrylfentanyl
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13973:ψ-Akuammigine
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13959:
13956:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13942:
13939:
13935:
13931:
13927:
13924:
13917:
13912:
13910:
13905:
13903:
13898:
13897:
13894:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13853:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13834:Countries by
13832:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13775:Drug checking
13773:
13772:
13770:
13766:
13757:
13756:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13744:Neurotoxicity
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13723:
13720:
13719:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13689:
13687:
13681:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13658:Cannabis shop
13656:
13654:
13651:
13650:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13631:United States
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13582:
13579:
13577:
13574:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13486:Latin America
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13318:
13317:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13307:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13282:
13280:
13274:
13271:
13263:
13259:
13252:
13248:
13234:
13231:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13221:Plan Colombia
13219:
13217:
13214:
13213:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13181:Designer drug
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13158:
13156:
13152:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13107:
13105:
13103:Drug legality
13101:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13054:
13053:
13052:United States
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12986:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12966:
12965:Latin America
12963:
12962:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12951:
12948:
12946:
12943:
12941:
12938:
12937:
12936:
12935:Policy reform
12933:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12905:
12904:
12901:
12900:
12898:
12894:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12872:
12870:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12852:
12851:
12848:
12847:
12845:
12843:International
12841:
12837:
12830:
12826:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12801:Sex and drugs
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12781:Poly drug use
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12723:
12721:
12717:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12690:Cloud-chasing
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12677:
12675:
12673:
12669:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12617:Psychonautics
12615:
12614:
12612:
12610:
12606:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12544:Drinking song
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12534:Diethyl ether
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12524:Beer festival
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12511:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
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12470:
12464:
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12436:
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12426:
12424:
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12419:
12416:
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12370:
12368:
12366:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12349:
12345:
12331:
12328:
12325:
12321:
12320:Nitrous oxide
12318:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12305:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12290:
12288:
12286:
12282:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12263:
12261:
12259:
12255:
12247:
12244:
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12234:
12232:
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12224:
12220:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12206:
12205:
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12201:
12199:
12197:
12193:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12156:
12155:
12151:
12148:
12147:
12145:
12143:
12139:
12131:
12128:
12127:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12114:
12111:
12110:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12092:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12076:
12072:
12071:Nitrous oxide
12069:
12068:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12056:
12052:
12049:
12048:
12046:
12044:
12043:Dissociatives
12040:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12027:
12023:
12020:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11984:
11981:
11980:
11979:
11976:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11958:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11949:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11939:Hallucinogens
11936:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11919:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11900:
11899:
11898:
11895:
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11890:
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11887:
11885:
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11870:
11868:
11865:
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11860:
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11853:
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11848:
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11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
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11811:
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11799:
11796:
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11783:
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11779:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11767:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11757:Energy drinks
11755:
11753:
11750:
11749:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11736:
11733:
11732:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11722:
11720:
11718:
11714:
11708:
11705:
11701:
11698:
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11681:
11677:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11659:
11658:
11657:
11656:Hydromorphone
11654:
11652:
11649:
11644:
11643:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11629:
11626:
11625:
11624:
11621:
11616:
11615:
11614:
11611:
11607:
11604:
11603:
11602:
11599:
11594:
11591:
11590:
11589:
11588:Buprenorphine
11586:
11585:
11583:
11581:
11577:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11542:
11541:Paint thinner
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11518:
11513:
11509:
11508:Nitrous oxide
11506:
11505:
11503:
11502:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11484:
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11331:
11329:
11326:
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11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
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11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11257:Methocarbamol
11255:
11253:
11252:Mephenoxalone
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11242:Chlorzoxazone
11240:
11238:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11230:
11226:
11216:
11213:
11212:
11210:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11178:
11177:
11173:
11172:amitriptyline
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11134:Carbamazepine
11132:
11131:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11079:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11064:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11030:
11026:
11016:
11013:
11011:
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11006:
11003:
11001:
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10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10987:
10985:
10981:
10974:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10923:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
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10868:
10866:
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10861:
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10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10830:
10826:
10823:
10822:
10820:
10818:
10814:
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10805:
10803:
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10793:
10790:
10789:
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10760:
10757:
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10752:
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10739:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10730:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10703:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
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10672:
10670:
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10660:
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10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10630:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10593:
10592:Dexketoprofen
10586:
10583:
10580:
10572:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10508:
10505:
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10500:
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10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
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10473:
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10469:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10449:
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10444:
10440:
10430:
10427:
10424:
10420:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
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10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10367:Phenoperidine
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10297:Ethoheptazine
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
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10248:
10245:
10244:
10242:
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10232:
10229:
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10224:
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10219:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10193:
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10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
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10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10157:Hydromorphone
10155:
10153:
10150:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10126:Ethylmorphine
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10111:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10083:
10076:
10075:Buprenorphine
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10058:Semisynthetic
10056:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10030:
10027:
10023:
10020:
10018:
10015:
10014:
10013:
10010:
10009:
10007:
10005:
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9686:
9679:
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9650:
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9636:
9628:
9626:
9624:
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9603:
9599:
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9550:
9546:
9542:
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9509:
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9426:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9394:
9378:
9374:
9368:
9352:
9348:
9341:
9325:
9322:(in German).
9321:
9314:
9312:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9280:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9258:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9235:
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9224:
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9216:
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9202:
9196:
9180:
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9108:
9104:
9097:
9078:
9071:
9065:
9063:
9043:
9036:
9029:
9013:
9009:
9008:MedPage Today
9005:
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7726:
7724:0-03-062416-9
7720:
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7702:
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3389:Purdue Pharma
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3360:Blood Reserve
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3276:Purdue Pharma
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3238:drug overdose
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3219:United States
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3193:Purdue Pharma
3190:
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3183:Richard Nixon
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3086:Edmund Speyer
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3082:Martin Freund
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3033:semisynthetic
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3019:
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3005:
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2978:hydroxy group
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2829:
2828:6β-oxymorphol
2825:
2824:6α-oxymorphol
2821:
2819:
2815:
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2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
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2758:
2754:
2753:Ketoreduction
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2729:Demethylation
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2645:
2644:~60 minutes.
2643:
2639:
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2631:
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2623:
2619:
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2607:
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2600:. Along with
2599:
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2594:intramuscular
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2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:A few of the
2342:
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2339:
2334:
2333:interleukin 2
2331:activity and
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2305:expression).
2304:
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2199:
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2159:
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2138:
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2133:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2095:Hydromorphone
2093:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:Hydromorphone
2078:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
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2033:
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2018:
2015:
2012:
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1962:
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1885:Equianalgesic
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1837:
1833:
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1791:Oxycodone is
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1778:
1773:
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1748:
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1546:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1517:
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1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:intramuscular
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1476:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1453:
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1376:
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1364:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:hydromorphone
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:gastroparesis
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
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1117:
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1097:
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1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:Melting point
999:
992:
988:
987:
985:
982:
977:
970:
968:
964:
940:
938:
934:
929:
925:
921:
918:
916:
914:ECHA InfoCard
910:
902:
898:
897:DTXSID5023407
894:
893:
891:
882:
878:
871:
867:
866:
864:
862:
858:
851:
847:
846:
844:
842:
838:
831:
827:as HCl:
826:
823:
819:
818:
816:
814:
810:
803:
799:
798:
796:
794:
790:
783:
779:
778:
776:
774:
770:
763:
759:
758:
756:
754:
750:
743:
739:
738:
736:
734:
730:
723:
719:
718:
716:
709:
705:
698:
694:
693:
691:
689:
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
659:
656:
649:
644:
640:
637:
635:
631:
625:
623:
619:
610:
601:
592:
590:
583:
576:
566:
561:
559:
555:
549:
543:
539:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
506:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
468:
458:
455:
443:
441:
431:
428:
419:
417:
408:
405:
395:
392:
382:
381:
379:
377:
373:
368:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
302:
301:
299:
297:
293:
290:
287:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:intramuscular
250:
246:
243:
241:
235:
231:
229:
223:
219:
217:
211:
205:
196:
195:
193:
191:
185:
178:
173:
164:
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
99:
61:
59:Pronunciation
57:
54:Clinical data
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
26:
22:
17550:Drug culture
17440:Hydroxydione
17373:Remifentanil
17342:
17267:Methohexital
17262:Hexobarbital
17249:Barbiturates
17132:Cyclopropane
17119:Inhalational
17059:
17038:Prodynorphin
17030:Propeptides:
17029:
16928:
16899:Thienorphine
16722:JNJ-19385899
16707:Cebranopadol
16689:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
16681:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
16365:6β-Naltrexol
16282:Thienorphine
16247:Salvinorin A
16206:
16047:Levallorphan
15852:Cebranopadol
15711:Thienorphine
15521:6β-Naltrexol
15399:
15305:JNJ-20788560
15300:Isomethadone
15195:Deltorphin I
15190:Deltorphin A
15170:Cebranopadol
15165:Casokefamide
14999:Naltrexazone
14989:Naloxonazine
14914:Levallorphan
14761:6β-Naltrexol
14660:Thienorphine
14615:Remifentanil
14537:
14507:
14468:Nicomorphine
14463:Nicodicodine
14418:Morphiceptin
14318:Ketobemidone
14153:Desomorphine
14138:DAMGO (DAGO)
14118:Cebranopadol
14113:Casokefamide
13861:Lifetime use
13663:Liquor store
13581:South Africa
13211:War on drugs
13037:Soviet Union
12913:Legalization
12751:Drug tourism
12599:Wine tasting
12519:Beer culture
12481:Coffee break
12418:Cannabis tea
12353:Drug culture
12196:Cannabinoids
12125:Salvinorin A
12091:amyl nitrite
11948:Psychedelics
11700:/paracetamol
11694:
11613:Desomorphine
11453:Barbiturates
11262:Orphenadrine
11237:Carisoprodol
11229:Myorelaxants
11179:
11029:Cannabinoids
10995:Floctafenine
10900:Salicylamide
10579:+paracetamol
10571:Dexibuprofen
10559:Flurbiprofen
10549:Benoxaprofen
10524:Propacetamol
10514:Parapropamol
10482:+hydrocodone
10423:+paracetamol
10392:Remifentanil
10382:Proheptazine
10312:Ketobemidone
10252:Alphaprodine
10199:+paracetamol
10191:
10187:Nicomorphine
10182:Nicodicodine
10138:+paracetamol
10110:+paracetamol
10093:Desomorphine
10022:+paracetamol
9933:the original
9920:
9916:
9887:. Retrieved
9880:the original
9875:
9862:
9850:. Retrieved
9841:
9834:
9822:. Retrieved
9801:
9776:
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9752:
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9708:
9696:. Retrieved
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9591:
9579:. Retrieved
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9565:
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9096:
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9028:
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8909:
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8859:. Retrieved
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8847:
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8814:
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8792:. Retrieved
8783:
8773:
8762:, retrieved
8758:the original
8752:
8746:
8734:. Retrieved
8730:the original
8725:
8700:. Retrieved
8691:
8681:
8669:. Retrieved
8660:
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8641:
8635:
8623:. Retrieved
8619:the original
8614:
8605:
8593:. Retrieved
8586:the original
8581:
8554:. Retrieved
8536:
8524:. Retrieved
8515:
8505:
8493:. Retrieved
8484:
8474:
8463:the original
8444:
8437:
8427:19 September
8425:. Retrieved
8416:
8406:
8396:19 September
8394:. Retrieved
8385:
8375:
8363:. Retrieved
8346:
8336:
8324:. Retrieved
8305:
8295:
8276:
8266:12 September
8264:. Retrieved
8244:
8232:
8220:. Retrieved
8216:the original
8211:
8202:
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8181:
8172:
8156:
8147:
8126:. Retrieved
8122:
8113:
8101:. Retrieved
8097:
8088:
8076:. Retrieved
8072:the original
8062:
8050:. Retrieved
8036:
8024:. Retrieved
8013:
7985:. Retrieved
7983:. Jackson MS
7980:
7970:
7958:. Retrieved
7944:
7935:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7852:
7833:
7827:
7815:. Retrieved
7806:
7796:
7787:
7778:
7756:(4): 12–14.
7753:
7749:
7728:. Retrieved
7708:
7701:
7684:
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7674:
7649:
7621:
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7607:
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7401:
7392:
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7371:
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7301:
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7142:. Retrieved
7122:
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7002:
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6552:
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6424:
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6372:
6368:
6339:. Retrieved
6319:
6312:
6300:. Retrieved
6281:
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6250:
6241:
6221:
6214:
6194:
6187:
6175:. Retrieved
6155:
6148:
6136:. Retrieved
6116:
6109:
6093:(3): 63–65.
6090:
6086:
6076:
6064:. Retrieved
6044:
6037:
6025:. Retrieved
6005:
5998:
5978:
5971:
5936:
5930:
5905:
5901:
5865:
5861:
5815:
5811:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5742:. Retrieved
5730:
5690:
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5680:
5645:
5639:
5629:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5574:. Retrieved
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5548:the original
5538:
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5494:
5482:. Retrieved
5478:
5469:
5434:
5430:
5420:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5365:. Retrieved
5358:the original
5349:
5322:. Retrieved
5308:
5288:
5262:. Retrieved
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5215:
5208:
5188:
5160:. Retrieved
5140:
5110:. Retrieved
5096:
5084:. Retrieved
5064:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5025:
5018:
5006:. Retrieved
4986:
4974:. Retrieved
4954:
4947:
4927:
4920:
4900:
4893:
4881:. Retrieved
4877:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4852:the original
4847:
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4714:
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4667:
4663:
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4602:
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4565:
4559:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4512:. Retrieved
4508:
4499:
4487:. Retrieved
4478:
4469:
4460:10665/371090
4450:
4441:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4384:the original
4379:
4370:
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4279:
4275:
4250:. Retrieved
4241:
4174:
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4128:
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4087:
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4046:
4034:. Retrieved
4014:
3956:. Retrieved
3947:
3913:
3883:. Retrieved
3874:
3846:. Retrieved
3838:
3829:
3802:
3798:
3769:. Retrieved
3749:
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3710:
3703:
3691:. Retrieved
3682:
3673:
3654:
3630:
3607:
3595:الأوكسيكودون
3590:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3560:
3543:
3531:
3510:
3501:
3493:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3439:
3430:
3406:
3403:Legal status
3394:
3386:
3377:
3353:
3345:
3317:
3308:
3299:Maura Healey
3288:
3265:
3263:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3228:
3213:
3191:
3176:
3160:Adolf Hitler
3157:
3146:
3110:
3084:and (Jakob)
3080:
3068:
3052:
3046:
3036:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3010:Biosynthesis
3001:
2967:
2947:
2944:
2940:managed care
2932:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2896:
2882:
2850:
2838:
2779:
2775:
2733:noroxycodone
2713:noroxycodone
2682:
2662:
2659:Distribution
2646:
2587:
2565:
2534:
2532:
2472:Noroxycodone
2367:noroxycodone
2348:
2336:
2321:testosterone
2314:
2307:
2217:neuropeptide
2201:full agonist
2195:
2104:1.5 mg
2089:7.5 mg
2059:200 mg
1983:MOR:DOR:KOR
1900:October 2023
1897:
1882:
1864:Pharmacology
1858:fosphenytoin
1840:
1790:
1787:Interactions
1774:
1763:
1724:
1711:hypogonadism
1708:
1694:
1688:, and other
1666:panic attack
1654:
1629:
1617:
1557:constipation
1538:
1527:of oxycodone
1525:side effects
1516:
1513:Side effects
1472:
1407:
1340:
1325:
1306:
1295:
1292:Medical uses
1259:
1203:irritability
1155:constipation
1148:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1067:
675:
671:
667:
663:
586:Elimination
532:Noroxycodone
376:Legal status
370:Legal status
265:subcutaneous
158:License data
25:
17560:Euphoriants
17486:from market
17353:Embutramide
17348:Anileridine
17320:Remimazolam
17257:Amobarbital
17234:Fospropofol
17197:Vinyl ether
17187:Sevoflurane
16968:Kelatorphan
16945:Candoxatril
16834:Antagonists
16785:Racemorphan
16752:NNC 63-0532
16737:Lexanopadol
16732:Levorphanol
16610:Quadazocine
16595:Pawhuskin A
16590:Noribogaine
16580:Navacaprant
16570:Naltrindole
16490:Epicatechin
16455:Clocinnamox
16338:Antagonists
16300:desipramine
16267:Samidorphan
16237:Racemorphan
16222:Phenazocine
16212:Pentazocine
16192:Norketamine
16187:Noribogaine
16147:Nalfurafine
16112:Mirtazapine
16102:Metkefamide
16062:Lexanopadol
16057:Levorphanol
16037:Laudanosine
16022:ICI-204,448
16017:ICI-199,441
15987:Hemorphin-4
15947:Erinacine E
15932:Eluxadoline
15922:Dynorphin A
15867:Cyclazocine
15842:Butorphanol
15827:Bremazocine
15802:Asimadoline
15792:Allomatrine
15782:Akuammicine
15691:Quadazocine
15686:Pawhuskin A
15681:Noribogaine
15666:Naltrindole
15606:Epicatechin
15601:Eluxadoline
15576:Clocinnamox
15504:Antagonists
15435:Samidorphan
15425:Racemorphan
15405:Oxymorphone
15365:Mitragynine
15360:Metkefamide
15340:Lexanopadol
15335:Levorphanol
15320:Laudanosine
15285:Hydrocodone
15280:Hemorphin-4
15180:Cyclazocine
15155:Butorphanol
15130:β-Endorphin
15049:Samidorphan
15044:Quadazocine
15034:Pawhuskin A
15024:Noribogaine
15014:Naltrindole
14949:Naldemedine
14879:Epicatechin
14836:Clocinnamox
14724:Antagonists
14695:Tubotaiwine
14680:Trimebutine
14610:Racemorphan
14580:Piritramide
14565:Phenazocine
14550:Pentazocine
14523:Oxymorphone
14488:Oliceridine
14473:Norketamine
14458:Nicocodeine
14443:Naltalimide
14408:Mitragynine
14398:Metkefamide
14368:Loxicodegol
14358:Lexanopadol
14353:Levorphanol
14328:Laudanosine
14293:Hydrocodone
14288:Hodgkinsine
14278:Hemorphin-4
14268:Frakefamide
14228:Embutramide
14223:Dynorphin A
14183:Eluxadoline
14173:Dimenoxadol
14108:Carfentanil
14093:Butorphanol
14068:Bezitramide
14038:β-Endorphin
14028:Anileridine
14018:Akuammidine
14013:Akuammicine
13983:α-Narcotine
13868:Opiates use
13848:Cocaine use
13683:Issues with
13601:Switzerland
13586:South Korea
13556:Puerto Rico
13541:Philippines
13411:El Salvador
13321:Afghanistan
13057:Just Say No
13047:Switzerland
13022:Netherlands
12988:Drug policy
12918:Prohibition
12903:Drug policy
12896:State level
12741:Dance party
12652:Microdosing
12609:Psychedelia
12564:Oktoberfest
12486:Coffeehouse
12463:Stoner film
12154:Scopolamine
11884:Entactogens
11862:Theobromine
11725:Amphetamine
11651:Hydrocodone
11641:Diamorphine
11445:Depressants
11364:from market
11308:Frunevetmab
11288:Bedinvetmab
11197:PF-05089771
11106:Mirogabalin
11067:Ion channel
11037:Cannabidiol
10990:Benzydamine
10933:Pyrazolones
10915:Wintergreen
10865:Ethenzamide
10860:Dipyrocetyl
10817:Salicylates
10759:Lumiracoxib
10695:Indometacin
10623:Zaltoprofen
10542:Propionates
10452:Acetanilide
10443:Paracetamol
10377:Piritramide
10362:Phenazocine
10357:Phenadoxone
10347:Pentazocine
10342:Oliceridine
10337:Norpipanone
10306:+fluanisone
10287:Dimenoxadol
10267:Carfentanil
10262:Bezitramide
10257:Anileridine
10226:Papaveretum
10221:Oxymorphone
10215:+naltrexone
10177:Nicocodeine
10162:Levorphanol
10131:Hydrocodone
10088:Butorphanol
10033:+naltrexone
9698:27 November
9555:23 November
9415:11 February
9383:11 February
9300:15 December
9018:15 December
8987:15 December
8861:15 December
8736:15 December
8702:15 December
8615:Hc-sc.gc.ca
8386:WBUR Boston
8326:18 November
8128:11 November
8103:11 November
8078:11 February
8052:11 February
7987:12 December
7960:12 December
7910:: S23–S30.
7549:: 837–844.
7298:"Oxycodone"
6999:"Oxycodone"
6087:Aust Prescr
5744:21 December
5544:"Oxycodone"
5484:11 November
5289:Cancer Pain
5254:"Oxycodone"
5008:11 February
4878:www.bcm.edu
4858:11 February
4848:www.msn.com
4670:(1): 1–49.
4407:"Oxycodone"
4282:: 301–311.
4252:28 December
3795:"Oxycodone"
3610:oxandrolone
3605:(Russian).
3593:(Spanish),
3287:. In 2019,
3117:scopolamine
3106:Lodz Ghetto
3004:hydrocodone
2985:double bond
2879:Elimination
2761:6β-oxycodol
2743:oxymorphone
2721:oxymorphone
2701:metabolites
2590:intravenous
2453:Oxymorphone
2363:Oxymorphone
2351:metabolites
2335:production
2220:β-endorphin
2181:Oxymorphone
2175:10 mg
2166:Oxymorphone
2160:10 mg
2147:20 mg
2134:10 mg
2119:30 mg
2065:Hydrocodone
2007:Oxymorphone
1793:metabolized
1715:sex hormone
1678:muscle pain
1593:nervousness
1503:World War I
1491:intravenous
1483:Netherlands
1431:paracetamol
1321:cancer pain
1262:opium poppy
1235:hypotension
1231:bradycardia
1128:paracetamol
1116:pain relief
1100:abused drug
974: g·mol
920:100.000.874
646:Identifiers
548:Oxymorphone
526:Metabolites
456:Schedule II
269:transdermal
257:intravenous
144:MedlinePlus
117:Other names
108:Trade names
17539:Categories
17461:Propanidid
17435:Alfaxalone
17430:Alfadolone
17412:Tiletamine
17397:Esketamine
17379:Sufentanil
17363:Alfentanil
17282:Thiopental
17167:Isoflurane
17137:Desflurane
17127:Chloroform
17063:Kyotorphin
17008:Spinorphin
16889:SB-612,111
16884:Nocistatin
16854:BAN-ORL-24
16805:SCH-486757
16800:SCH-221510
16639:Nociceptin
16600:PF-4455242
16575:Naringenin
16565:Naltrexone
16525:LY-2795050
16520:LY-2459989
16515:LY-2444296
16510:LY-2196044
16495:Hyperoside
16410:Aticaprant
16304:imipramine
16227:Proxorphan
16202:Oxilorphan
16172:Niravoline
16162:Nalorphine
16137:Nalbuphine
16122:Moxazocine
16097:Metazocine
16067:Lofentanil
16032:Ketazocine
15992:Herkinorin
15972:Gemazocine
15962:Fedotozine
15942:Eptazocine
15872:Cyclorphan
15857:Ciprefadol
15676:Naringenin
15656:Naltrexone
15651:Nalorphine
15626:LY-2196044
15616:ICI-174864
15611:ICI-154129
15556:Bevenopran
15531:α-Santolol
15495:Zenazocine
15475:Tonazocine
15430:RWJ-394674
15415:Proglumide
15355:Metazocine
15345:Lofentanil
15275:Fluorophen
15039:Rimonabant
15029:Oxilorphan
15019:Naringenin
15009:Naltrexone
14974:Naloxazone
14964:Nalorphine
14929:LY-2196044
14899:Hyperoside
14889:Gemazocine
14884:Eptazocine
14821:Bevenopran
14665:Tianeptine
14640:Tapentadol
14635:Sufentanil
14630:Sinomenine
14620:Salsolinol
14575:Piminodine
14493:Oxycodegol
14483:Octreotide
14478:Nufenoxole
14428:Nalbuphine
14383:Meptazinol
14363:Loperamide
14333:Lefetamine
14283:Herkinorin
14263:Fluorophen
14218:Dipipanone
14143:Dermorphin
14033:Apparicine
14023:Alfentanil
13946:(abridged;
13926:modulators
13856:Annual use
13707:Dependence
13571:Seychelles
13476:Kyrgyzstan
13391:Costa Rica
13336:Bangladesh
13309:Drug trade
13278:production
13267:production
13186:Drug court
13072:California
12990:by country
12923:Regulation
12657:Smart shop
12642:Literature
12637:Experience
12584:Sports bar
12549:Happy hour
12514:Bartending
12285:Club drugs
12258:Oneirogens
12142:Deliriants
12022:Psilocybin
11845:Polacrilex
11815:Mephedrone
11717:Stimulants
11519:Hazardous
11463:Carbamates
11338:Rimazolium
11333:Proglumide
11278:Analgecine
11215:Flupirtine
11158:Mexiletine
11139:Lacosamide
11116:Ziconotide
11111:Pregabalin
11101:Leconotide
11091:Gabapentin
11069:modulators
11052:Nabiximols
11015:Proquazone
11010:Nimesulide
11005:Nabumetone
10956:Nifenazone
10870:Guacetisal
10855:Diflunisal
10840:Benorylate
10774:Valdecoxib
10754:Etoricoxib
10685:Diclofenac
10675:Acemetacin
10644:Lornoxicam
10598:Loxoprofen
10585:Ketoprofen
10554:Fenoprofen
10519:Phenacetin
10497:+oxycodone
10487:+ibuprofen
10419:+celecoxib
10402:Tapentadol
10397:Sufentanil
10372:Piminodine
10322:Meptazinol
10317:Lofentanil
10292:Dipipanone
10247:Alfentanil
10207:+ibuprofen
10172:Nalbuphine
10142:+ibuprofen
9974:Analgesics
9612:7 November
8892:30 January
8764:23 January
8671:7 February
8556:7 December
8526:23 January
8495:23 January
8417:Boston.com
8365:3 February
8026:2 February
7886:§ 801
7876:, enacted
7868:, 84
7013:24 January
6572:2016009254
6341:1 February
5576:10 October
4883:6 November
4390:27 October
3848:22 October
3635:References
3618:oxybutynin
3589:(French),
3579:convention
3364:Lethbridge
3223:See also:
3208:See also:
3125:compounded
3057:to turn a
3043:transgenes
2962:See also:
2893:eliminated
2705:conjugated
2685:metabolism
2679:Metabolism
2626:Intranasal
2606:sublingual
2265:(PAG) and
2213:endogenous
2190:1 mg
1926:Affinities
1854:Rifampicin
1812:inhibitors
1703:See also:
1657:withdrawal
1649:See also:
1583:(6%), and
1569:somnolence
1549:relaxation
1545:anxiolysis
1509:soldiers.
1475:Parenteral
1459:naltrexone
1447:(Combunox)
1361:See also:
1286:naltrexone
1207:depression
1195:dependence
1171:drowsiness
1140:naltrexone
1084:Roxicodone
979:3D model (
967:Molar mass
850:CHEBI:7852
802:CD35PMG570
773:ChemSpider
733:IUPHAR/BPS
688:CAS Number
655:IUPAC name
542:conjugated
505:Metabolism
427:Anlage III
416:Schedule I
284:Drug class
261:intranasal
249:sublingual
214:Dependence
17496:Phase III
17484:Withdrawn
17456:Etomidate
17343:Oxycodone
17315:Lorazepam
17305:Midazolam
17277:Thiamylal
17212:Injection
17162:Halothane
17157:Fluroxene
17147:Enflurane
17018:Tynorphin
17013:Thiorphan
16993:Opiorphan
16935:Amastatin
16864:J-113,397
16825:TH-030418
16795:Ro65-6570
16790:Ro64-6198
16717:Etorphine
16625:Zyklophin
16615:Taxifolin
16505:LY-255582
16465:Cyclofoxy
16415:Axelopran
16329:Xorphanol
16319:U-54,494A
16287:Tifluadom
16277:TH-030418
16207:Oxycodone
16197:Oripavine
16167:Naltriben
16152:Nalmefene
16107:Mianserin
16077:Lufuradom
15982:GR-103545
15957:Etorphine
15937:Enadoline
15837:Butorphan
15832:BRL-52537
15797:Apadoline
15706:Taxifolin
15701:SoRI-9409
15661:Naltriben
15646:Nalmefene
15621:LY-255582
15551:Axelopran
15490:Xorphanol
15460:TH-030418
15440:SB-235863
15400:Oxycodone
15395:Oripavine
15260:Etorphine
15150:Butorphan
15115:Amoxapine
15054:Taxifolin
14979:Naloxegol
14954:Nalmefene
14924:LY-255582
14854:Cyprodime
14849:Cyclofoxy
14816:Axelopran
14796:Alvimopan
14791:Akuammine
14776:α-Gliadin
14715:Xorphanol
14705:Valorphin
14650:TH-030418
14508:Oxycodone
14503:Oripavine
14438:Nalmexone
14393:Methadone
14373:LS-115509
14253:Etorphine
14243:Eseroline
14088:Butorphan
13949:full list
13852:Cannabis
13697:Addiction
13653:Beer shop
13636:Venezuela
13501:Mauritius
13331:Australia
13269:and trade
13196:Drug test
12997:Australia
12771:Nootropic
12756:Entheogen
12731:Club drug
12579:Sommelier
12574:Pub crawl
12559:Nightclub
12554:Hip flask
12491:Latte art
12428:Head shop
12298:Quaaludes
12066:Inhalants
12015:San Pedro
12000:Mescaline
11983:Ayahuasca
11956:Bufotenin
11901:Benzofury
11892:2C series
11872:Chocolate
11835:Modafinil
11825:Methylone
11798:Ephedrine
11769:Cathinone
11730:Arecoline
11695:Oxycodone
11666:Methadone
11500:Inhalants
11374:Phase III
11362:Withdrawn
11343:Tanezumab
11303:Clonidine
11298:Capsaicin
11152:lidocaine
11000:Glafenine
10961:Phenazone
10905:Salsalate
10835:Aloxiprin
10784:Fenamates
10769:Rofecoxib
10764:Parecoxib
10748:+tramadol
10741:Celecoxib
10723:Zomepirac
10708:Ketorolac
10680:Bromfenac
10659:Tenoxicam
10654:Piroxicam
10649:Meloxicam
10608:Oxaprozin
10564:Ibuprofen
10507:+tramadol
10462:Butacetin
10327:Methadone
10240:Synthetic
10211:+naloxone
10192:Oxycodone
10121:Etorphine
10082:+naloxone
10049:Paregoric
9241:"Opioids"
8692:Maclean's
8355:0362-4331
8316:0028-792X
7924:0376-8716
7525:222595431
7471:: 71–94.
7144:5 October
6582:5 October
5963:0171-2004
5765:Neurology
5437:: 94–97.
5237:5 October
5162:5 October
5086:5 October
5047:5 October
4976:5 October
4619:: 39–51.
4514:30 August
4489:30 August
4242:Drugs.com
4177:(2): 15.
4036:5 October
3958:4 January
3950:. WebMD.
3877:. WebMD.
3771:20 August
3732:20 August
3683:Drugs.com
3603:оксикодон
3591:oxicodona
3587:oxycodone
3585:(Dutch),
3557:Economics
3507:Singapore
3490:Hong Kong
3427:Australia
3349:Maclean's
3305:Australia
3168:pethidine
3137:Wehrmacht
3121:ephedrine
3102:Holocaust
3071:clearance
3029:microbial
2958:Chemistry
2767:Oxidation
2707:) in the
2630:half life
2554:into the
2435:Oxycodone
2317:prolactin
2291:Tolerance
2240:G protein
2198:selective
2152:Oxycodone
2139:Oxycodone
1988:Oxycodone
1892:talk page
1842:Ritonavir
1820:half-life
1808:clearance
1727:overdoses
1717:levels).
1625:naloxegol
1581:dry mouth
1573:dizziness
1493:(IV) and
1445:ibuprofen
1347:off-label
1336:analgesic
1191:addiction
1183:dry mouth
1175:dizziness
1132:ibuprofen
1120:injection
1088:OxyContin
1080:Oxycodone
870:ChEMBL656
634:Excretion
588:half-life
512:: mainly
238:Routes of
228:liability
226:Addiction
216:liability
188:Pregnancy
177:Oxycodone
136:Monograph
130:Drugs.com
30:Oxycodone
17529:Medicine
17402:Ketamine
17358:Fentanyl
17338:Morphine
17310:Diazepam
17239:Propofol
17229:Ciprofol
17152:Ethylene
16904:Trap-101
16894:SR-16430
16815:SR-16435
16669:(PheΨ(CH
16649:Agonists
16560:Naloxone
16470:Dezocine
16440:Catechin
16395:Apigenin
16324:U-69,593
16117:Morphine
16087:MB-1C-OH
16027:Ketamine
16012:Ibogaine
15977:GR-89696
15967:Fentanyl
15847:BW373U86
15735:Agonists
15725:κ-opioid
15671:Naloxone
15566:Catechin
15541:Apigenin
15480:Tramadol
15465:Thebaine
15375:Morphine
15295:Ibogaine
15265:Fentanyl
15245:DPI-3290
15215:Dezocine
15160:BW373U86
15140:Biphalin
15105:ADL-5859
15078:Agonists
15068:δ-opioid
14994:Naloxone
14919:Lobeline
14904:Ibogaine
14826:Catechin
14806:Apigenin
14675:Tramadol
14670:Tilidine
14655:Thebaine
14625:SC-17599
14595:Propiram
14555:Pericine
14498:OM-3-MNZ
14423:Morphine
14313:Ketamine
14258:Fentanyl
14168:Dezocine
14103:BW373U86
14073:Biphalin
13958:3-HO-PCP
13944:Agonists
13934:μ-opioid
13836:drug use
13749:Overdose
13685:drug use
13611:Thailand
13596:Suriname
13576:Slovakia
13551:Portugal
13536:Paraguay
13496:Malaysia
13436:Honduras
13386:Colombia
13371:Cambodia
13092:Virginia
13082:Maryland
13077:Colorado
13032:Slovakia
13027:Portugal
12700:Smokeasy
12594:Wine bar
12496:Teahouse
12219:Hash oil
12150:Atropine
12108:Muscimol
12098:Ketamine
12061:Glaucine
12026:Psilocin
11840:Nicotine
11747:Caffeine
11707:Tramadol
11683:Morphine
11660:Dilaudid
11636:Fentanyl
11627:Darvocet
11617:Krokodil
11592:Suboxone
11531:Gasoline
11521:solvents
11504:Medical
11313:Ketamine
11192:Funapide
11187:DSP-2230
11047:Nabilone
11042:Cannabis
10946:Ampyrone
10718:Tolmetin
10713:Sulindac
10690:Etodolac
10668:Acetates
10639:Isoxicam
10613:Suprofen
10603:Naproxen
10477:+codeine
10412:Tramadol
10407:Tilidine
10387:Propiram
10302:Fentanyl
10282:Dezocine
10231:Thebacon
10203:+aspirin
10146:+aspirin
10044:Laudanum
10029:Morphine
10017:+aspirin
9929:16012419
9889:23 March
9815:Archived
9728:Archived
9653:Archived
9606:Archived
9518:Archived
9377:Archived
9324:Archived
9294:Archived
9223:Archived
9204:Archived
9185:23 March
9149:Archived
9107:Archived
9042:Archived
8886:Archived
8825:16 April
8819:Archived
8794:12 April
8788:Archived
8696:Archived
8665:Archived
8661:CityNews
8550:Archived
8546:CTV News
8520:Archived
8516:The Star
8489:Archived
8485:The Star
8421:Archived
8390:Archived
8359:Archived
8320:Archived
8284:Archived
8257:Archived
8222:24 April
8186:Archived
8046:Archived
8020:Archived
8006:Keefe PR
7932:16529882
7888:et. seq.
7817:24 April
7811:Archived
7809:. Bonn.
7770:17494237
7581:38478470
7573:25151135
7487:26393965
7430:Archived
7406:Archived
7376:Archived
7306:Archived
7279:20590588
7230:39724277
7187:15625333
7138:Archived
7100:14516487
7051:16763013
7007:Archived
6980:26977300
6931:30652261
6885:30652261
6835:21610203
6786:17292346
6751:16533506
6713:45689872
6705:17961923
6670:14293344
6662:18784485
6627:53165907
6576:Archived
6503:16524280
6495:18227301
6449:22857902
6441:23488585
6397:21372271
6389:16678548
6335:Archived
6302:24 April
6296:Archived
6261:24 April
6255:Archived
6171:Archived
6132:Archived
6060:Archived
6021:Archived
5922:26312962
5884:19417618
5840:25770818
5832:20697700
5787:28265044
5735:Archived
5707:23414717
5672:30343356
5621:22539877
5613:12032797
5554:25 March
5530:73061000
5522:19032132
5461:29232630
5412:44986791
5404:17525040
5367:23 March
5318:Archived
5264:27 March
5258:Archived
5231:Archived
5156:Archived
5106:Archived
5080:Archived
5041:Archived
4999:Archived
4970:Archived
4830:11237376
4781:18360598
4727:32931211
4696:26987082
4645:26966387
4586:18039433
4551:29308584
4509:ClinCalc
4483:Archived
4479:ClinCalc
4449:(2023).
4433:15907646
4308:29445297
4246:Archived
4244:. AHFS.
4199:73488265
4191:30820686
4153:35076787
4030:Archived
3952:Archived
3879:Archived
3821:15907646
3765:Archived
3726:Archived
3693:12 April
3687:Archived
3622:oxytocin
3614:oxazepam
3583:oxycodon
3444:(CDSA).
3356:fentanyl
3260:Lawsuits
3172:morphine
3129:analogue
3094:thebaine
3059:thebaine
2885:excreted
2697:pathways
2545:and the
2543:genotype
2535:in vitro
2387:Compound
2359:efficacy
2355:affinity
2338:in vitro
2260:midbrain
2226:for the
2224:affinity
2125:Morphine
2110:Morphine
2034:Compound
2019:1:64:176
1922:Compound
1816:inducers
1770:fentanyl
1721:Overdose
1674:insomnia
1635:naloxone
1601:diarrhea
1585:sweating
1565:vomiting
1541:euphoria
1485:and the
1452:naloxone
1410:by mouth
1343:naloxone
1329:fentanyl
1313:morphine
1266:thebaine
1255:morphine
1215:delirium
1187:sweating
1163:vomiting
1151:euphoria
1136:naloxone
1104:by mouth
1070:(verify)
753:DrugBank
605:for all
580:: 1 hour
404:Class A1
312:) ,
296:ATC code
277:epidural
245:By mouth
190:category
172:DailyMed
21:Oxytocin
17575:Opioids
17330:Opioids
17221:Phenols
17060:Others:
16988:RB-3007
16940:BL-2401
16909:UFP-101
16874:NalBzOH
16869:JTC-801
16810:SR-8993
16747:MT-7716
16697:BU08070
16550:MR-2266
16530:MeJDTic
16460:CVL-354
16430:BU09059
16420:AZ-MTAB
16400:Arodyne
16360:6'-GNTI
16355:5'-GNTI
16314:U-50488
16294:(e.g.,
16142:NalBzOH
16127:MR-2034
16092:Menthol
16082:Matrine
15817:BAM-22P
15812:BAM-18P
15807:BAM-12P
15747:6'-GNTI
15516:5'-NTII
15450:SNC-162
15390:NalBzOH
15310:KNT-127
15240:DPI-221
15175:Codeine
15135:BAM-18P
15125:AZD2327
15090:6'-GNTI
14984:Naloxol
14710:Viminol
14700:U-47700
14685:TRIMU 5
14590:Prodine
14533:OxyPNPH
14448:Neopine
14433:NalBzOH
14403:Metopon
14378:Matrine
14128:Codeine
14078:BU08070
14053:BAM-22P
14048:BAM-18P
14043:BAM-12P
14008:AH-7921
13511:Nigeria
13506:Moldova
13426:Germany
13421:Finland
13416:Estonia
13356:Bolivia
13012:Germany
12811:Whoonga
12662:Therapy
12330:Poppers
12308:Ecstasy
12293:Cocaine
12241:APINACA
12231:JWH-018
12214:Hashish
12086:poppers
11922:Ecstasy
11855:Tobacco
11803:Ephedra
11781:Cocaine
11601:Codeine
11595:Subutex
11580:Opioids
11318:Menthol
11293:Camphor
11170:(e.g.,
11163:Nefopam
11148:cocaine
11146:(e.g.,
10895:Salicin
10632:Oxicams
10457:Bucetin
10429:Viminol
10167:Metopon
10012:Codeine
10000:Opiates
9991:Opioids
9852:4 April
9824:4 April
9793:2666074
9524:8 April
9498:8 April
9469:8 April
9357:8 April
9330:6 April
9158:6 April
9113:6 April
9086:4 April
9051:4 April
8582:ccsa.ca
8255:. FDA.
7858:Pub. L.
7564:4167936
7312:3 April
7270:2935998
7222:8477556
6971:4777261
6826:4006196
6619:9415500
6177:21 June
6138:21 June
6066:22 June
6027:22 June
5937:Opioids
5663:6244554
5452:5730425
5112:21 June
4821:2363790
4772:1936259
4687:6390846
4636:4771398
4594:9099037
4299:5810535
4145:8844441
3885:8 April
3626:Roxanol
3624:", or "
3476:Germany
3419:of the
3411:of the
3368:Alberta
3325:Ontario
3147:During
3088:of the
3077:History
3023:Thodey
2996:ketones
2994:(as in
2970:codeine
2715:(70%),
2495:5.69 nM
2479:1930 nM
2476:57.1 nM
2460:42.8 nM
2457:0.36 nM
2438:16.0 nM
2236:agonist
2215:opioid
2211:of the
2203:of the
2050:Codeine
2010:0.78 nM
2000:1:53:38
1836:potency
1797:enzymes
1795:by the
1781:hypoxia
1662:anxiety
1613:hiccups
1609:dyspnea
1579:(13%),
1577:itching
1575:(13%),
1571:(23%),
1567:(12%),
1563:(23%),
1559:(23%),
1501:during
1499:Germany
1438:aspirin
1239:codeine
1179:itching
1144:aspirin
972:315.369
937:Formula
782:4447649
762:DB00497
722:5284603
708:PubChem
697:76-42-6
453:WARNING
440:Class A
425::
414::
356: (
354:N02AA56
346: (
344:N02AA55
336: (
334:N02AJ19
326: (
324:N02AJ18
316: (
314:N02AJ17
306: (
304:N02AA05
203: C
174::
150:a682132
17515:Portal
17479:WHO-EM
17449:Others
16998:Selank
16983:RB-120
16978:RB-101
16922:Others
16849:AT-076
16742:MCOPPB
16405:AT-076
16251:salvia
16132:N-MPPP
16072:LPK-26
15696:SDM25N
15546:AT-076
15485:TRV250
15445:SNC-80
15315:Kratom
15095:7-SIOM
14811:AT-076
14801:AM-251
14690:TRV734
14585:PL-017
14323:Kratom
14308:IBNtxA
13616:Turkey
13606:Taiwan
13561:Russia
13546:Poland
13526:Panama
13516:Norway
13491:Latvia
13471:Kosovo
13401:Cyprus
13361:Brazil
13351:Bhutan
13341:Belize
13087:Oregon
13042:Sweden
13002:Canada
12761:Hippie
12695:Loosie
12164:Datura
12010:Peyote
11995:LSD-25
11752:Coffee
11676:Kratom
11645:Heroin
11630:Darvon
11547:Other
11357:WHO-EM
11271:Others
10983:Others
10969:
10918:
10744:
10698:
10588:
10575:
10567:
10534:NSAIDs
10415:
10195:
10134:
10106:
10078:
9927:
9791:
9662:22 May
9645:
9581:23 May
9141:
8957:23 May
8931:23 May
8625:10 May
8595:10 May
8455:
8353:
8314:
8192:11 May
7954:C-SPAN
7930:
7922:
7884:
7872:
7866:91–513
7864:
7840:
7768:
7730:3 June
7721:
7662:
7579:
7571:
7561:
7545:(10).
7523:
7485:
7412:8 July
7382:8 July
7340:
7277:
7267:
7228:
7220:
7185:
7130:
7098:
7059:772550
7057:
7049:
6978:
6968:
6929:
6883:
6833:
6823:
6784:
6749:
6711:
6703:
6668:
6660:
6625:
6617:
6570:
6560:
6533:
6501:
6493:
6447:
6439:
6395:
6387:
6327:
6288:
6229:
6202:
6163:
6124:
6052:
6013:
5986:
5961:
5951:
5920:
5882:
5838:
5830:
5785:
5705:
5670:
5660:
5619:
5611:
5528:
5520:
5459:
5449:
5410:
5402:
5324:22 May
5296:
5223:
5196:
5148:
5072:
5033:
4962:
4935:
4908:
4828:
4818:
4779:
4769:
4725:
4694:
4684:
4643:
4633:
4592:
4584:
4549:
4431:
4358:
4328:
4306:
4296:
4197:
4189:
4151:
4143:
4095:
4061:
4022:
3921:
3819:
3757:
3718:
3661:
3576:UNESCO
3551:Oregon
3436:Canada
3396:Pfizer
3337:heroin
3331:, but
3314:Canada
3254:heroin
3025:et al.
2889:kidney
2818:UGT2B7
2747:CYP2D6
2737:CYP3A4
2673:spleen
2616:. The
2610:buccal
2602:rectal
2540:CYP2D6
2498:167 nM
2441:343 nM
2285:, and
2271:reward
2016:137 nM
1997:677 nM
1994:958 nM
1850:plasma
1804:CYP2D6
1800:CYP3A4
1766:heroin
1757:, and
1686:fevers
1670:nausea
1611:, and
1561:nausea
1551:, and
1481:, the
1373:, and
1333:opioid
1315:, and
1278:
1233:, and
1185:, and
1159:nausea
1142:, and
1092:opioid
1025:SMILES
861:ChEMBL
830:D00847
822:D05312
518:CYP2D6
465:
450:
438:
402:
389:
289:Opioid
273:rectal
170:
102:
17202:Xenon
17003:Semax
16642:(NOP)
16620:UPHIT
16605:RB-64
16545:ML350
16540:ML190
16500:JDTic
16475:DIPPA
16242:RB-64
15997:HS665
15862:CR665
15757:18-MC
15752:8-CAC
15728:(KOR)
15250:DSLET
15235:DPDPE
15185:DADLE
15145:BU-48
15071:(DOR)
14909:JDTic
14771:18-MC
14600:PZM21
14544:opium
14453:NFEPP
14133:DADLE
13937:(MOR)
13692:Abuse
13591:Spain
13466:Kenya
13461:Japan
13456:Italy
13441:India
13431:Haiti
13381:China
13376:Chile
13366:Burma
13346:Benin
13326:Aruba
13255:Other
13154:Other
13017:India
12719:Other
12647:Music
12453:NORML
12313:Molly
12246:Spice
12236:APICA
11966:Vilca
11927:Molly
11897:6-APB
11867:Cocoa
11791:Crack
11742:Betel
11735:Areca
11688:Opium
11551:Freon
10445:-type
10332:NFEPP
10039:Opium
10004:opium
9936:(PDF)
9913:(PDF)
9883:(PDF)
9872:(PDF)
9846:(PDF)
9818:(PDF)
9811:(PDF)
9692:(PDF)
9681:(PDF)
9656:(PDF)
9639:(PDF)
9539:DEA.
9463:(PDF)
9456:(PDF)
9152:(PDF)
9135:(PDF)
9080:(PDF)
9073:(PDF)
9045:(PDF)
9038:(PDF)
8925:(PDF)
8914:(PDF)
8855:(PDF)
8844:(PDF)
8589:(PDF)
8578:(PDF)
8466:(PDF)
8449:(PDF)
8260:(PDF)
8253:(PDF)
7870:Stat.
7577:S2CID
7521:S2CID
7467:(1).
7226:S2CID
7055:S2CID
6709:S2CID
6666:S2CID
6623:S2CID
6499:S2CID
6445:S2CID
6393:S2CID
5836:S2CID
5808:(PDF)
5738:(PDF)
5727:(PDF)
5617:S2CID
5526:S2CID
5408:S2CID
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