385:
membrane. The performance of the membrane depends on permeability and selectivity. Permeability is affected by the penetrant size. Larger gas molecules have a lower diffusion coefficient. The polymer chain flexibility and free volume in the polymer of the membrane material influence the diffusion coefficient, as the space within the permeable membrane must be large enough for the gas molecules to diffuse across. The solubility is expressed as the ratio of the concentration of the gas in the polymer to the pressure of the gas in contact with it. Permeability is the ability of the membrane to allow the permeating gas to diffuse through the material of the membrane as a consequence of the pressure difference over the membrane, and can be measured in terms of the permeate flow rate, membrane thickness and area, and the pressure difference across the membrane. The selectivity of a membrane is a measure of the ratio of permeability of the relevant gases for the membrane. It can be calculated as the ratio of permeability of two gases in binary separation.
299:, and other minor atmospheric components) in the first half-cycle, a valve opens and the oxygen-enriched gas flows to the pressure-equalizing reservoir, which connects to the patient's oxygen hose. At the end of the first half of the cycle, there is another valve position change so that the air from the compressor is directed to the second cylinder. The pressure in the first cylinder drops as the enriched oxygen moves into the reservoir, allowing the nitrogen to be desorbed back into gas. Partway through the second half of the cycle, there is another valve position change to vent the gas in the first cylinder back into the ambient atmosphere, keeping the concentration of oxygen in the pressure-equalizing reservoir from falling below about 90%. The pressure in the hose delivering oxygen from the equalizing reservoir is kept steady by a pressure-reducing valve.
482:
205:
2508:
241:
79:
membrane. The performance of the membrane depends on permeability and selectivity. Permeability is affected by the penetrant size. Larger gas molecules have a lower diffusion coefficient. The membrane gas separation equipment typically pumps gas into the membrane module and the targeted gases are separated based on difference in diffusivity and solubility. For example, oxygen will be separated from the ambient air and collected at the upstream side, and nitrogen at the downstream side. As of 2016, membrane technology was reported as capable of producing 10 to 25 tonnes of 25 to 40% oxygen per day.
96:
Medicare switched from fee-for-service payment to a flat monthly rate for home oxygen therapy in the mid-1980s, causing the durable medical equipment (DME) industry to rapidly embrace concentrators as a way to control costs. This reimbursement change dramatically decreased the number of primary high pressure and liquid oxygen delivery systems in use in homes in the United States at that time. Oxygen concentrators became the preferred and most common means of delivering home oxygen. The number of manufacturers entering the oxygen concentrator market increased greatly as a result of this change.
306:
960 L/min can be produced. The ramp-up time — the elapsed time until a multi-bed concentrator is producing oxygen at >90% concentration — is often less than 2 minutes, much faster than simple two-bed concentrators. This is a big advantage in mobile emergencies. The option to fill standard oxygen cylinders (e.g., 50 L at 200 bar = 10,000 L each) with high-pressure boosters, to ensure automatic failover to previously filled reserve cylinders and to ensure the oxygen supply chain, e.g., in case of power failure, is given with those systems.
340:
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2015:
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minerals at high pressure. This type of adsorption system is therefore functionally a nitrogen scrubber, allowing the other atmospheric gases to pass through, leaving oxygen as the primary gas remaining. PSA technology is a reliable and economical technique for small- to mid-scale oxygen generation.
191:
An oxygen concentrator takes in air and removes nitrogen from it, leaving an oxygen-enriched gas for use by people requiring medical oxygen due to low oxygen levels in their blood. Oxygen concentrators provide an economical source of oxygen in industrial processes, where they are also known as oxygen
74:
minerals at high pressure. This type of adsorption system is therefore functionally a nitrogen scrubber, allowing the other atmospheric gases to pass through, leaving oxygen as the primary gas remaining. PSA technology is a reliable and economical technique for small to mid-scale oxygen generation.
95:
were both early manufacturers. Before that era, home medical oxygen therapy required the use of heavy high-pressure oxygen cylinders or small cryogenic liquid oxygen systems. Both of these delivery systems required frequent home visits by suppliers to replenish oxygen supplies. In the United States,
42:
Oxygen concentrators are used widely for oxygen provision in healthcare applications, especially where liquid or pressurized oxygen is too dangerous or inconvenient, such as in homes or portable clinics, and can also provide an economical source of oxygen in industrial processes, where they are also
438:
Since the early 2000s, many companies have produced portable oxygen concentrators. Typically, these devices produce the equivalent of one to five liters per minute of continuous oxygen flow and they use some version of pulse flow or "demand flow" to deliver oxygen only when the patient is inhaling.
290:
An oxygen concentrator has an air compressor, two cylinders filled with zeolite pellets, a pressure-equalizing reservoir, and some valves and tubes. In the first half-cycle, the first cylinder receives air from the compressor, which lasts about 3 seconds. During that time, the pressure in the first
305:
Classic oxygen concentrators use two-bed molecular sieves; newer concentrators use multi-bed molecular sieves. The advantage of the multi-bed technology is the increased availability and redundancy, as the 10 L/min molecular sieves are staggered and multiplied on several platforms. With this, over
525:
Oxygen is needed for the oxidation of different chemicals to form the desired chemical substances. Waste chemical products are burnt down and destroyed in the incinerator with the help of oxygen; thus, the continuous supply of a bulk amount of oxygen is essential, which is possible only by a PSA
388:
The membrane gas separation equipment typically pumps gas into the membrane module, and the targeted gases are separated based on difference in diffusivity and solubility. For example, oxygen will be separated from the ambient air and collected at the upstream side and nitrogen at the downstream
236:
large quantities of nitrogen because of its large surface area and chemical characteristics. The oxygen concentrator compresses air and passes it over zeolite, causing the zeolite to adsorb the nitrogen from the air. It then collects the remaining gas, which is mostly oxygen, and the nitrogen
384:
Gas separation across a membrane is a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the
78:
Gas separation across a membrane is a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the
454:
Usually, "demand," or pulse-flow, oxygen concentrators are not used by patients while they sleep. There have been problems with the oxygen concentrators not being able to detect when the sleeping patient is inhaling. Some larger portable oxygen concentrators are designed to operate in a
442:
Research into oxygen concentration is ongoing, and modern techniques suggest that the amount of adsorbent required by medical oxygen concentrators can be potentially "reduced by a factor of three while offering ~10–20% higher oxygen recovery compared to a typical commercial unit."
494:
Oxygen is widely needed for the oxidation of different chemicals for industrial purposes. Previously, these industries purchased oxygen cylinders in large numbers to meet their requirements. but it was very expensive, and oxygen cylinders were not always available in the market.
446:
The FAA has approved the use of portable oxygen concentrators on commercial airlines. However, users of these devices should check in advance as to whether a particular brand or model is permitted on a particular airline. Unlike in commercial airlines, users of aircraft without
291:
cylinder rises from atmospheric to about 2.5 times normal atmospheric pressure (typically 20 psi/138 kPa gauge, or 2.36 atmospheres absolute) and the zeolite becomes saturated with nitrogen. As the first cylinder reaches near pure oxygen (there are small amounts of argon, CO
376:
can be used for separating gas mixtures, where they act as a permeable barrier through which different compounds move across at different rates or don't move at all. The membranes can be nanoporous, polymer, etc., and the gas molecules penetrate according to their size,
184:(PSA) technology are used widely for oxygen provision in healthcare applications, especially where liquid or pressurized oxygen is too dangerous or inconvenient, such as in homes or portable clinics. For other purposes, there are also concentrators based on
401:. They are a safer, less expensive, and more convenient alternative to tanks of cryogenic oxygen or pressurised cylinders. They can be used in various industries, including medical, pharmaceutical production, water treatment, and glass manufacture.
347:
While polymeric membranes are economical and technologically useful, they are bound by their performance, known as the
Robeson limit (permeability must be sacrificed for selectivity and vice versa). This limit affects polymeric membrane use for
1281:
688:
Non-medical oxygen concentrators can be used as feed gas to a medical oxygen system, such as the oxygen system in a hospital, though governmental approval is required, such as by the FDA, and additional filtering is generally required.
508:
Oxygen is needed here for the bleaching of paper pulp with the help of the oxidation process to make the paper white. Moreover, lignin present in the wood is removed by the delignification process, which also needs oxygen.
650:. This process uses a single low-pressure blower and a valve that reverses the flow through the blower so that the regeneration phase occurs under a vacuum. Generators using this process are being marketed to the
899:
Jang, Kwang-Suk; Kim, Hyung-Ju; Johnson, J.R.; Kim, Wun-gwi; Koros, William J.; Jones, Christopher W.; Nair, Sankar (2011-06-28). "Modified
Mesoporous Silica Gas Separation Membranes on Polymeric Hollow Fibers".
960:
Duke, T.; Wandi, F.; Jonathan, M.; Matai, S.; Kaupa, M.; Saavu, M.; Subhi, R.; Peel, D. (2008). "Improved oxygen systems for childhood pneumonia: A multihospital effectiveness study in Papua New Guinea".
302:
Older units cycled for a period of about 20 seconds and supplied up to 5 litres per minute of 90+% oxygen. Since about 1999, units capable of supplying up to 10 L/min have been available.
549:
Oxygen concentrators are considered sufficiently foolproof to be supplied to individual patients as a prescription item for use in their homes. Typically they are used as an adjunct to
517:
Huge furnaces are needed to melt the raw materials that combine to form glass. Oxygen flares up the furnace's fire to burn at a higher temperature needed for the production of glass.
2053:
372:, due to their strong thermal and chemical resistance as well as high tunability (ability to be modified and functionalized), leading to increased permeability and selectivity.
2899:
673:(FDA) and they are not suitable for use as bedside medical concentrators. However, applying the oxygen generator nomenclature can lead to confusion. The term oxygen
27:
from a gas supply (typically ambient air) by selectively removing nitrogen to supply an oxygen-enriched product gas stream. They are used industrially, to provide
1306:
1150:
Rama Rao, V.; Kothare, M. V.; Sircar, S. (2014). "Novel design and performance of a medical oxygen concentrator using a rapid pressure swing adsorption concept".
2046:
1530:
1206:
397:
Medical oxygen concentrators are used in hospitals or at home to concentrate oxygen for patients. PSA generators provide a cost-efficient source of
538:, which can, if ruptured or leaking, greatly increase the combustion rate of fire. As such, oxygen concentrators are particularly advantageous in
2125:
2039:
1542:
87:
Home medical oxygen concentrators were invented in the early 1970s, with the manufacturing output of these devices increasing in the late 1970s.
1350:
1434:
2019:
104:
in the 1950s, which made these devices possible. It also invented the first cryogenic liquid home medical oxygen systems in the 1960s.
1257:
1045:
564:
People who depend upon oxygen concentrators for home care may have life-threatening emergencies if the electricity fails during a
481:
455:
continuous-flow mode in addition to pulse-flow mode. Continuous-flow mode is considered safe for night use when coupled with a
705:
oxygen concentrators were developed, locally manufactured – with prices below imported products – and used, especially during
654:
industry. Industrial oxygen concentrators are often available in a much wider range of capacities than medical concentrators.
858:
790:
642:
Industrial processes may use much higher pressures and flows than medical units. To meet that need, another process, called
2007:
599:
229:
Cryogenic separation is more suitable at higher volumes, and external delivery generally more suitable for small volumes.
145:
2410:
1863:
1586:
456:
321:, membranes act as a permeable barrier, which different compounds move across at different rates or do not cross at all.
389:
side. As of 2016, membrane technology was reported as capable of producing 10 to 25 tonnes of 25 to 40% oxygen per day.
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In both clinical and emergency-care situations, oxygen concentrators have the advantage of not being as dangerous as
167:
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439:
They can also provide pulses of oxygen either to provide higher intermittent flows or to reduce power consumption.
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1231:
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separation becomes very expensive due to low permeabilities. Membrane materials have expanded into the realm of
2993:
2491:
1722:
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603:
217:
149:
63:
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Repurposed medical oxygen concentrators or specialized industrial oxygen concentrators can be made to operate
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1995:
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185:
1282:"Indian tech cos join hands to make open source based oxygen concentrators; to be priced at around Rs 40k"
1210:
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Animation of pressure swing adsorption (1) and (2), showing alternating adsorption and desorption.
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52:
665:. The distinction is used in an attempt to clarify that industrial oxygen concentrators are not
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2213:
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1507:
404:
PSA generators are particularly useful in remote or inaccessible parts of the world or mobile
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2500:
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need oxygen concentrators that are able to deliver enough flowrate even at high altitudes.
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8:
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Pressure swing adsorption medical oxygen generator "R-OXY" by RIFAIR Technical
Systems.
405:
92:
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1972:
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59:
1065:"The oxygen concentrator is a suitable alternative to oxygen cylinders in Nepal"
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1477:
723:
666:
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within the oxygen and ozone industries to distinguish them from medical oxygen
36:
32:
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separation from flue gas streams, since mass transport becomes limiting and CO
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1945:
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1686:
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1581:
813:"Recent progress of oxygen/nitrogen separation using membrane technology"
651:
554:
475:
557:. There also are other medical uses for oxygen concentrators, including
2854:
2816:
2787:
2347:
2321:
2183:
1935:
1608:
1502:
1425:
1081:
1064:
1022:
1005:
606: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
369:
233:
152: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1328:
1235:
1171:
913:
489:
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2316:
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2158:
1883:
1823:
1613:
1482:
1307:"Open Source Oxygen Concentrators Reference Designs | Three Examples"
425:
329:
811:
Chong, K.C.; Lai, S.O.; Thiam, H.S.; Teoh, H.C.; Heng, S.L. (2016).
657:
Industrial oxygen concentrators are sometimes referred to as oxygen
581:
208:
Modern Fritz
Stephan GmbH multi-molecular sieve oxygen concentrator.
127:
2968:
2957:
2749:
2729:
2724:
2698:
2642:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2223:
2188:
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2115:
1443:
1063:
Shrestha, B. M.; Singh, B. B.; Gautam, M. P.; Chand, M. B. (2002).
781:
Ruthven, Douglas M.; Farooq, Shamsuzzman; Knaebel, Kent S. (1993).
701:
increased the demand for oxygen concentrators. During the pandemic
543:
539:
373:
221:
67:
237:
desorbs from the zeolite under the reduced pressure to be vented.
2754:
2683:
2622:
2567:
2562:
2530:
2370:
2326:
2203:
849:
Ruthven, Douglas M.; Shamsuzzman Farooq, Kent S. Knaebel (1993).
361:
225:
71:
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2664:
2577:
2397:
2308:
2198:
2163:
2150:
738: – Technology for splitting specific gases out of mixtures
546:
situations, where oxygen tanks may be dangerous or unfeasible.
398:
24:
2632:
2357:
2259:
2218:
2097:
296:
558:
58:
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) oxygen concentrators use a
2380:
2061:
428:
patient's house. The model shown is the DeVILBISS LT 4000.
2496:
2441:
499:
Industries that need PSA oxygen generators for production
75:
Cryogenic separation is more suitable at higher volumes.
1062:
876:
Industrial Gas
Handbook: Gas Separation and Purification
1207:"List of Airlines that allow portable oxygen machines"
1006:"Oxygen concentrators: A primary oxygen supply source"
959:
1371:
1149:
1413:
1258:"The People in Danger the Minute the Power Goes Out"
1004:
Friesen, R. M.; Raber, M. B.; Reimer, D. H. (1999).
780:
490:
Application of a PSA Oxygen
Generator in Industries
1721:
1003:
806:
804:
802:
571:
1105:"The Rise of Portable Concentrator Manufacturers"
898:
810:
2985:
415:
216:to adsorb gases and operate on the principle of
107:
62:to adsorb gases and operate on the principle of
1564:
799:
692:
1803:
1127:"16 Benefits of Portable Oxygen Concentrators"
892:
685:, but rather it is concentrated from the air.
2047:
1344:
820:Journal of Engineering Science and Technology
732: – Device used to provide oxygen therapy
485:Philips Respironics Home Oxygen Concentrator.
324:Gas mixtures can be effectively separated by
1186:"FAA Approved Portable Oxygen Concentrators"
839:. oxygentimes.com Retrieved 10 August 2021.
726: – Use of oxygen as a medical treatment
199:
774:
2054:
2040:
2014:
1351:
1337:
936:"How to use oxygen concentrators at home?"
749:
1080:
1021:
622:Learn how and when to remove this message
462:
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
677:is a misnomer in that the oxygen is not
633:
480:
474:or other fuel gas cutting, welding, and
419:
338:
239:
203:
1358:
867:
757:"How does an Oxygen Concentrator Work?"
2986:
520:
312:
2035:
1847:
1802:
1720:
1563:
1412:
1370:
1332:
1124:
873:
837:How does an Oxygen Concentrator Work?
254:
232:At high pressure, the porous zeolite
212:These oxygen concentrators utilize a
16:Device that removes nitrogen from air
2002:
1255:
604:adding citations to reliable sources
575:
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
2411:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
1864:Breathing performance of regulators
1587:Continuous positive airway pressure
13:
2675:
2613:
2506:
1461:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1396:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
43:known as oxygen gas generators or
23:is a device that concentrates the
14:
3030:
1754:Surface-supplied diving equipment
1466:Self-contained self-rescue device
1373:High altitude breathing apparatus
707:a COVID-19 pandemic wave in India
512:
503:
424:A home oxygen concentrator in an
2853:
2379:
2140:
2134:
2013:
2001:
1990:
1989:
1914:Respiratory protective equipment
1899:Open circuit breathing apparatus
1488:Powered air-purifying respirator
1414:Occupational breathing apparatus
580:
561:and other respiratory diseases.
126:
47:. Two methods in common use are
1299:
1274:
1249:
1224:
1209:. Inogen Oxygen. Archived from
1199:
1178:
1143:
1118:
1097:
1056:
1046:"CO2CRC Research – Storing CO2"
1038:
997:
878:. CRC Press. pp. 275–280.
591:needs additional citations for
572:Industrial oxygen concentrators
392:
218:rapid pressure swing adsorption
137:needs additional citations for
64:rapid pressure swing adsorption
1723:Underwater breathing apparatus
1650:Respiratory gas humidification
1424:
1256:Huff, Charlotte (2021-05-12).
1069:Canadian Journal of Anesthesia
1010:Canadian Journal of Anesthesia
953:
928:
842:
830:
1:
2179:Effervescent powder or tablet
1107:. Oxygen Concentrator Ratings
975:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61164-2
742:
646:(VSA), has been developed by
416:Portable oxygen concentrators
336:, or from ceramic materials.
108:How oxygen concentrators work
2963:Patient-controlled analgesia
2268:Orally disintegrating tablet
1384:Aviation breathing apparatus
853:. Wiley-VCH. p. 6,304.
785:. Wiley-VCH. p. 6,304.
730:Portable oxygen concentrator
719:Nitrogen separation membrane
693:During the COVID-19 pandemic
671:Food and Drug Administration
434:Portable oxygen concentrator
186:nitrogen separation membrane
7:
1909:Positive pressure breathing
1894:Negative pressure breathing
1848:
1566:Medical breathing apparatus
712:
328:made from polymers such as
180:Oxygen concentrators using
10:
3035:
2474:Relative analgesia machine
1879:Escape breathing apparatus
1805:User respiratory interface
1543:GB2626 (China), and others
1125:Flynn, Andy (2022-05-28).
431:
111:
82:
31:at high altitudes, and as
2918:
2890:
2862:
2851:
2815:
2782:
2663:
2601:
2554:
2490:
2440:
2396:
2377:
2356:
2342:
2307:
2258:
2236:
2149:
2132:
2096:
2082:
2073:
1985:
1941:Closed circuit rebreather
1854:
1843:
1811:
1798:
1729:
1716:
1636:Built-in breathing system
1572:
1559:
1538:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
1526:42 CFR 84 (United States)
1518:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1408:
1379:
1366:
851:Pressure Swing Adsorption
783:Pressure Swing Adsorption
683:chemical oxygen generator
529:
200:Pressure swing adsorption
182:pressure swing adsorption
114:Pressure swing adsorption
100:Corporation invented the
49:pressure swing adsorption
2063:Routes of administration
1645:Positive airway pressure
1619:Non-invasive ventilation
412:, disaster facilities).
366:metal-organic frameworks
194:oxygen generation plants
45:oxygen generation plants
2589:Extra-amniotic infusion
2194:Molecular encapsulation
2126:Osmotic delivery system
2121:Time release technology
1956:Carbon dioxide scrubber
1924:Constant flow regulator
1776:Atmospheric diving suit
1692:Partial rebreather mask
1456:Supplied-air respirator
1389:Emergency oxygen system
736:Membrane gas separation
644:vacuum swing adsorption
319:membrane gas separation
118:Membrane gas separation
53:membrane gas separation
2892:Central nervous system
2680:
2618:
2546:Mucoadhesive microdisc
2511:
1508:Elastomeric respirator
1473:Particulate respirator
1052:on September 28, 2013.
902:Chemistry of Materials
639:
486:
463:Alternate applications
429:
344:
287:
209:
2994:Drug delivery devices
2735:Transfersome vesicles
2679:
2617:
2594:Intravesical infusion
2510:
1786:Helium reclaim system
1764:Helicopter escape set
1749:Full-face diving mask
874:Kerry, Frank (2007).
637:
484:
423:
342:
252:compressed air input
243:
207:
112:Further information:
2421:Metered-dose inhaler
2406:Anesthetic vaporizer
1874:Emergency gas supply
1769:Submarine escape set
940:www.primehealers.com
600:improve this article
553:treatment of severe
449:cabin pressurization
146:improve this article
2846:Transdermal implant
2806:(into tissue/blood)
2583:Intrauterine device
2464:Anaesthetic machine
2459:Oxygen concentrator
1961:Semi-closed circuit
1904:Oxygen concentrator
1672:Non-rebreather mask
1655:Supplemental oxygen
1631:Hyperbaric medicine
1577:Anaesthetic machine
1360:Breathing apparatus
1311:Electronics For You
1164:2014AIChE..60.3330R
969:(9646): 1328–1333.
521:Chemical industries
343:Membrane cartridge.
326:synthetic membranes
313:Membrane separation
29:supplemental oxygen
21:oxygen concentrator
2958:Nanocell injection
2681:
2619:
2512:
2366:Dry-powder inhaler
1919:Pressure regulator
1734:Open-circuit scuba
1495:Chemical cartridge
1286:The Economic Times
1082:10.1007/BF03020412
1023:10.1007/BF03015531
640:
526:oxygen generator.
487:
430:
410:military hospitals
406:medical facilities
345:
288:
210:
192:gas generators or
93:Bendix Corporation
2999:Medical equipment
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2808:
2770:Transdermal spray
2765:Transdermal patch
2755:Medicated shampoo
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2469:Medical inhalants
2416:Medical inhalants
2344:Respiratory tract
2338:
2337:
2232:
2231:
2029:
2028:
1981:
1980:
1973:Escape respirator
1968:Work of breathing
1951:Oxygen rebreather
1839:
1838:
1794:
1793:
1744:Diving rebreather
1712:
1711:
1665:Reservoir cannula
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1404:
1403:
1172:10.1002/aic.14518
1016:(12): 1185–1190.
914:10.1021/cm200939d
908:(12): 3025–3028.
860:978-0-471-18818-6
792:978-0-471-18818-6
699:COVID-19 pandemic
632:
631:
624:
381:, or solubility.
334:cellulose acetate
286:
285:
178:
177:
170:
3026:
3019:Gas technologies
3014:Industrial gases
2857:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2354:
2353:
2283:Sublingual drops
2256:
2255:
2144:
2138:
2094:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2017:
2016:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1845:
1844:
1800:
1799:
1718:
1717:
1697:Simple face mask
1561:
1560:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1234:. Archived from
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1158:(9): 3330–3335.
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1048:. Archived from
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1001:
995:
994:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
932:
926:
925:
896:
890:
889:
871:
865:
864:
846:
840:
834:
828:
827:
817:
808:
797:
796:
778:
772:
771:
769:
767:
753:
681:as it is with a
669:approved by the
627:
620:
616:
613:
607:
584:
576:
566:natural disaster
536:oxygen cylinders
295:, water vapour,
246:
245:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
130:
122:
91:Corporation and
3034:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2953:Intraperitoneal
2925:musculoskeletal
2923:
2914:
2886:
2882:Intra-articular
2858:
2849:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2778:
2659:
2597:
2550:
2495:
2478:
2436:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2334:
2303:
2228:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2084:Digestive tract
2069:
2060:
2030:
2025:
1977:
1850:
1835:
1815:Breathing mask
1807:
1790:
1725:
1708:
1568:
1547:
1531:ANSI K13.1-1973
1514:
1428:
1415:
1400:
1375:
1362:
1357:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1238:on July 7, 2007
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1061:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1002:
998:
958:
954:
945:
943:
934:
933:
929:
897:
893:
886:
872:
868:
861:
847:
843:
835:
831:
826:(7): 1016–1030.
815:
809:
800:
793:
779:
775:
765:
763:
761:oxygentimes.com
755:
754:
750:
745:
715:
695:
667:medical devices
628:
617:
611:
608:
597:
585:
574:
532:
523:
515:
506:
501:
492:
465:
436:
418:
395:
355:
351:
315:
309:
294:
220:of atmospheric
214:molecular sieve
202:
174:
163:
157:
154:
143:
131:
120:
110:
102:molecular sieve
85:
66:of atmospheric
60:molecular sieve
33:medical devices
17:
12:
11:
5:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:Oxygen therapy
3001:
2996:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Intracavernous
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2674:
2672:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2655:Nutrient enema
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Full facepiece
1812:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1626:Oxygen therapy
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:Bag valve mask
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:N95 respirator
1470:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1298:
1273:
1262:Slate Magazine
1248:
1232:"Testimonials"
1223:
1198:
1177:
1142:
1117:
1096:
1055:
1037:
996:
952:
942:. 25 June 2022
927:
891:
884:
866:
859:
841:
829:
798:
791:
773:
747:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
733:
727:
724:Oxygen therapy
721:
714:
711:
694:
691:
630:
629:
588:
586:
579:
573:
570:
531:
528:
522:
519:
514:
513:Glass industry
511:
505:
504:Paper industry
502:
500:
497:
491:
488:
464:
461:
432:Main article:
417:
414:
394:
391:
353:
349:
314:
311:
292:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:oxygen output
266:
262:
261:
258:
255:
253:
250:
201:
198:
176:
175:
134:
132:
125:
109:
106:
84:
81:
37:oxygen therapy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3031:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Intramuscular
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Intracerebral
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Iontophoresis
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Topical cream
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Nasal cannula
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2382:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:Breathing gas
1857:
1856:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1830:
1829:orinasal mask
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:Diving helmet
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:Nasal cannula
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:Regulated by
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1213:on 2014-07-14
1212:
1208:
1202:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:AIChE Journal
1146:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
941:
937:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
887:
885:9780849390050
881:
877:
870:
862:
856:
852:
845:
838:
833:
825:
821:
814:
807:
805:
803:
794:
788:
784:
777:
762:
758:
752:
748:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:concentrators
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
636:
626:
623:
615:
605:
601:
595:
594:
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98:Union Carbide
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89:Union Carbide
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3009:Dosage forms
2948:Intraosseous
2938:Intracardiac
2877:Intravitreal
2839:Injector pen
2834:Subcutaneous
2805:
2775:Jet injector
2760:Dermal patch
2573:Vaginal ring
2541:Insufflation
2458:
2293:Effervescent
2067:dosage forms
2018:
2006:
1994:
1929:Demand valve
1903:
1781:Gas extender
1702:Venturi mask
1592:Resuscitator
1315:. Retrieved
1313:. 2021-05-11
1310:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:
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1261:
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1236:the original
1226:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1201:
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648:Air Products
641:
618:
612:October 2013
609:
598:Please help
593:verification
590:
563:
548:
533:
524:
516:
507:
493:
472:oxyacetylene
468:
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393:Applications
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188:technology.
179:
164:
158:October 2013
155:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
86:
77:
57:
41:
20:
18:
2933:Intravenous
2920:Circulatory
2905:Intrathecal
2829:Intradermal
2821:transdermal
2788:Parenterals
2694:Topical gel
2650:Murphy drip
2628:Suppository
2516:Nasal spray
2450:Oxygen mask
2299:Chewing gum
2238:Oral mucosa
1946:Counterlung
1889:Hazmat suit
1687:Oxygen tent
1682:Oxygen mask
1677:Oxygen hood
1602:Pocket mask
1582:Bubble CPAP
1519:Regulations
1499:Facepieces
1075:(1): 8–12.
703:open source
652:aquaculture
555:sleep apnea
476:lampworking
379:diffusivity
370:perovskites
274:desorption
260:adsorption
2988:Categories
2793:Injections
2556:Urogenital
2492:Ophthalmic
2348:inhalation
2322:Toothpaste
2250:sublingual
2214:Suspension
2184:Herbal tea
1936:Rebreather
1869:Dead space
1609:Ventilator
1503:Smoke hood
1437:and others
1426:Respirator
1267:2021-05-18
1242:2013-09-18
1217:2014-03-26
1192:2012-03-09
1136:2022-08-08
1111:2013-10-12
963:The Lancet
946:2023-02-19
743:References
659:generators
2798:infusions
2730:Liposomes
2526:Eye drops
2521:Ear drops
2432:Vaporizer
2427:Nebulizer
2317:Mouthwash
2246:sublabial
2169:Electuary
2159:Decoction
1884:Facepiece
1824:Half mask
1614:Iron lung
1483:Dust mask
922:0897-4756
766:10 August
679:generated
675:generator
459:machine.
426:emphysema
374:Membranes
330:polyamide
2969:PIC line
2910:Epidural
2750:Lip balm
2725:Hydrogel
2716:solution
2699:Liniment
2684:Ointment
2643:Hydrogel
2638:Solution
2623:Ointment
2563:Ointment
2536:Hydrogel
2531:Ointment
2327:Ointment
2288:Lozenges
2278:Lollipop
2224:Tincture
2209:Solution
2189:Hydrogel
2174:Emulsion
2116:Pastille
2020:Glossary
1996:Category
1449:Canister
1444:Gas mask
1131:SpryLyfe
1091:11782322
1032:10608216
991:38396918
983:18708248
713:See also
544:disaster
540:military
478:torches.
362:zeolites
282:exhaust
222:nitrogen
68:nitrogen
2669:topical
2607:enteral
2568:Pessary
2398:Liquids
2371:Smoking
2309:Liquids
2204:Softgel
2151:Liquids
2111:Capsule
2088:enteral
2008:Commons
1849:General
1759:Snorkel
1317:13 June
1291:13 June
1160:Bibcode
234:adsorbs
226:zeolite
83:History
72:zeolite
2864:Organs
2745:Lotion
2665:Dermal
2603:Rectal
2578:Douche
2358:Solids
2295:tablet
2260:Solids
2242:buccal
2199:Powder
2164:Elixir
2106:Tablet
2098:Solids
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989:
981:
920:
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857:
789:
530:Safety
399:oxygen
368:, and
358:silica
25:oxygen
2740:Cream
2704:Paste
2633:Enema
2585:(IUD)
2501:nasal
2423:(MDI)
2331:Spray
2219:Syrup
1435:NIOSH
1188:. FAA
987:S2CID
816:(PDF)
469:small
297:radon
224:onto
70:onto
2965:pump
2817:Skin
2714:DMSO
2709:Film
2497:otic
2452:and
2273:Film
2075:Oral
1319:2021
1293:2021
1087:PMID
1028:PMID
979:PMID
918:ISSN
880:ISBN
855:ISBN
787:ISBN
768:2021
697:The
559:COPD
551:CPAP
457:CPAP
116:and
51:and
35:for
2442:Gas
1168:doi
1077:doi
1018:doi
971:doi
967:372
910:doi
602:by
542:or
332:or
317:In
148:by
55:.
19:An
2990::
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