2208:, 600 of these stop-gap Lightnings with an improved 20 mm cannon and a bomb capacity of 3,200 lb (1,500 kg) were produced on one line beginning in May 1943 while the near-definitive P-38J began production on the second line in August 1943. The Eighth Air Force was experiencing high-altitude and cold-weather issues which, while not unique to the aircraft, were perhaps more severe as the turbosuperchargers upgrading the Allisons were having their own reliability issues, making the aircraft more unpopular with senior officers out of the line. This was a situation unduplicated on all other fronts where the commands were clamoring for as many P-38s as they could get. Both the P-38G and P-38H models' performances were restricted by an intercooler system integral to the wing's leading edge, which had been designed for the YP-38's less powerful engines. At the higher boost levels, the new engine's charge air temperature would increase above the limits recommended by Allison and would be subject to detonation if operated at high power for extended periods of time. Reliability was not the only issue, either. For example, the reduced power settings required by the P-38H did not allow the maneuvering flap to be used to good advantage at high altitude. All these problems really came to a head in the unplanned P-38H and sped the Lightning's eventual replacement in the 8th Air Force; fortunately, the 15th Air Force was glad to get them.
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spring-loaded servo tabs on the elevator trailing edge designed to aid the pilot when control yoke forces rose over 30 pounds-force (130 N), as would be expected in a high-speed dive. At that point, the tabs would begin to multiply the effort of the pilot's actions. Expert test pilot Ralph Virden was given a specific high-altitude test sequence to follow and was told to restrict his speed and fast maneuvering in denser air at low altitudes, since the new mechanism could exert tremendous leverage under those conditions. A note was taped to the instrument panel of the test craft underscoring this instruction. On 4 November 1941, Virden climbed into YP-38 #1 and completed the test sequence successfully, but 15 minutes later, was seen in a steep dive followed by a high-G pullout. The tail unit of the aircraft failed at about 3,500 ft (1,000 m) during the high-speed dive recovery; Virden was killed in the subsequent crash. The
Lockheed design office was justifiably upset, but their design engineers could only conclude that servo tabs were
2280:. In tests, the P-38K-1 achieved 432 mph (695 km/h) at military power and was predicted to exceed 450 mph (720 km/h) at War Emergency Power with a similar increase in load and range. The initial climb rate was 4,800 ft (1,500 m)/min and the ceiling was 46,000 ft (14,000 m). It reached 20,000 ft (6,100 m) in five minutes flat; this with a coat of camouflage paint, which added weight and drag. Although it was judged superior in climb and speed to the latest and best fighters from all AAF manufacturers, the War Production Board refused to authorize P-38K production due to the two- to three-week interruption in production necessary to implement cowling modifications for the revised spinners and higher thrust line. Some had also doubted Allison's ability to deliver the F15 engine in quantity. As promising as it had looked, the P-38K project came to a halt.
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2193:, using more powerful Allisons of 1,400 hp (1,000 kW) each and equipped with a better radio. A dozen of the planned P-38G production were set aside to serve as prototypes for what became the P-38J with further uprated Allison V-1710F-17 engines (1,425 hp (1,063 kW) each) in redesigned booms, which featured chin-mounted intercoolers in place of the original system in the leading edge of the wings and more efficient radiators. Lockheed subcontractors, however, were initially unable to supply both of Burbank's twin production lines with a sufficient quantity of new core intercoolers and radiators. War Production Board planners were unwilling to sacrifice production, and one of the two remaining prototypes received the new engines, but retained the old leading-edge intercoolers and radiators.
809:. British displeasure with the Lockheed order came to the fore in July, and on 5 August 1941, they modified the contract such that 143 aircraft would be delivered as previously ordered, to be known as "Lightning (Mark) I", and 524 would be upgraded to US-standard P-38E specifications with a top speed of 415 mph (668 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) guaranteed, to be called "Lightning II", for British service. Later that summer, an RAF test pilot reported back from Burbank with a poor assessment of the "tail flutter" situation, and the British cancelled all but three of the 143 Lightning Is. As a loss around US$ 15M was involved, Lockheed reviewed their contracts and decided to hold the British to the original order. Negotiations grew bitter and stalled. Everything changed after Japanese
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fighters also targeted transport aircraft, and later in the campaign, they were sometimes tasked with ground-attack missions. When tied to bomber-escort duties, the P-38 squadrons were vulnerable to attack from above by German fighters, who selected the most advantageous position and timing. The initial tactical doctrine of the
American units was for the P-38s to fly near the bombers at all times rather than to defend aggressively or to fly ahead and clear the airspace for the bombers, and many American pilots were downed because of this limitation. Losses mounted, and all available P-38s in the UK were flown over to North Africa to restore squadron strength. After this painful experience, the American leadership changed tactics, and in February 1943, the P-38s were given free rein in their battles.
1557:, in which eight Japanese troop transports and four escorting destroyers were sunk. Two P-38 aces from the 39th Fighter Squadron were killed on the second day of the battle: Bob Faurot and Hoyt "Curley" Eason (a veteran with five victories who had trained hundreds of pilots, including Dick Bong). In one notable engagement on 3 March 1943, P-38s escorted 13 B-17s (part of an attack including B-25 Mitchells and Beaufighters) as they bombed the Japanese convoy from a medium altitude of 7,000 ft (2,100 m), which dispersed the convoy formation and reduced their concentrated antiaircraft firepower. A B-17 was shot down and when Japanese Zero fighters machine-gunned some of the B-17 crew members who bailed out in parachutes, three P-38s promptly dived into action, claiming five Zeros.
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it could enter an unrecoverable dive due to a sonic surface effect at high subsonic speeds. The 527 P-38Fs were heavier, with more powerful engines that used more fuel, and were unpopular in the air war in
Northern Europe. Since the heavier engines were having reliability problems and with them, without external fuel tanks, the range of the P-38F was reduced, and since drop tanks themselves were in short supply as the fortunes in the Battle of the Atlantic had not yet swung the Allies' way, the aircraft became relatively unpopular in minds of the bomber command planning staffs despite being the longest-ranged fighter first available to the 8th Air Force in sufficient numbers for long-range escort duties. Nonetheless,
522:, commander of the USAAC, approved of the record attempt and recommended a cross-country flight to New York. The flight set a speed record by flying from California to New York in seven hours and two minutes, not counting two refueling stops. Kelsey flew conservatively for most of the way, working the engines gently, even throttling back during descent to remove the associated speed advantage. Bundled up against the cold, Arnold congratulated Kelsey at Wright Field during his final refueling stop, and said, "don't spare the horses" on the next leg. After climbing out of Wright Field and reaching altitude, Kelsey pushed the XP-38 to 420 miles per hour (680 km/h). Nearing his destination, Kelsey was ordered by
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sideplane area to augment the vertical rudders. This arrangement was removed and a final third version was fabricated that had the booms returned to normal length but the tail raised 33 in (84 cm). All three tail modifications were designed by George H. "Bert" Estabrook. The final version was used for a quick series of dive tests on 7 December 1942 in which Milo
Burcham performed the test maneuvers and Kelly Johnson observed from the rear seat. Johnson concluded that the raised floatplane tail gave no advantage in solving the problem of compressibility. At no time was this P-38E testbed airframe actually fitted with floats, and the idea was quickly abandoned, as the U.S. Navy proved to have enough
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Corps requirement for pursuit aircraft to carry no more than 500 lb (230 kg) of armament including ammunition, and to bypass the USAAC restriction of single-seat aircraft to one engine. Kelsey was looking for a minimum of 1,000 lb (450 kg) of armament. Kelsey and
Saville aimed to get a more capable fighter, better at dog fighting and at high-altitude combat. Specifications called for a maximum airspeed of at least 360 mph (580 km/h) at altitude, and a climb to 20,000 ft (6,100 m) within six minutes, the toughest set of specifications USAAC had ever presented. The unbuilt
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462:. The P-38 cannon used heavier 20 mm rounds, creating a different trajectory, so it was inclined upward slightly more than the four machine guns such that the trajectories of the cannon rounds and .50-caliber bullets came together between 350 and 400 yards. Nose-mounted guns did not suffer as much from having their useful ranges limited by pattern convergence, meaning that good pilots could shoot much farther. A Lightning could reliably hit targets at any range up to 1,000 yd (910 m), whereas the wing guns of other fighters were optimized for a specific range. The
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1016:. The fighter's long range made it well-suited to the campaign over the almost 1,200-mile (1,900 km)-long island chain, and it was flown there for the rest of the war. The Aleutians were some of the most rugged environments available for testing the new aircraft under combat conditions. More Lightnings were lost due to severe weather and other conditions than enemy action; cases occurred where Lightning pilots, mesmerized by flying for hours over gray seas under gray skies, simply flew into the water. On 9 August 1942, two P-38Es of the 343rd Fighter Group,
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intercooler radiator between the oil coolers, forming a "chin" that visually distinguished the J model from its predecessors. While the P-38J used the same V-1710-89/91 engines as the H model, the new core-type intercooler more efficiently lowered intake manifold temperatures and permitted a substantial increase in rated power. The leading edge of the outer wing was fitted with 55 US gal (210 L) fuel tanks, filling the space formerly occupied by intercooler tunnels, but these were omitted on early P-38J blocks due to limited availability.
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600 mph (970 km/h), although the indicated air speed was later corrected for compressibility error, and the actual dive speed was lower. Lockheed manufactured over 200 retrofit modification kits to be installed on P-38J-10-LO and J-20-LO already in Europe, but the USAAF C-54 carrying them was shot down by an RAF pilot who mistook the
Douglas transport for a German Focke-Wulf Condor. Unfortunately, the loss of the kits came during Lockheed test pilot Tony LeVier's four-month morale-boosting tour of P-38 bases. Flying a new Lightning named
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1170:, an ace with 28 kills, flew Bf 109s against the P-38 in North Africa. Stigler said the Lightning "could turn inside us with ease and they could go from level flight to climb almost instantaneously. We lost quite a few pilots who tried to make an attack and then pull up... One cardinal rule we never forgot was to avoid fighting the P-38 head on. That was suicide." Stigler said the best defense was to flick-roll the Bf 109 and dive, as the Lightning was slow in the first 10° of roll, and it was not as fast in a dive.
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691:) taking the shipment to England. Back in Burbank, P-38Js coming off the assembly line in spring 1944 were towed out to the ramp and modified in the open air. The flaps were finally incorporated into the production line in June 1944 on the last 210 P-38Js. Despite testing having proved the dive flaps effective in improving tactical maneuvers, a 14-month delay in production limited their implementation, with only the final half of all Lightnings built having the dive flaps installed as an assembly-line sequence.
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969:. Other P-38s followed this route with some lost in mishaps, usually due to poor weather, low visibility, radio difficulties, and navigational errors. Nearly 200 of the P-38Fs (and a few modified Es) were successfully flown across the Atlantic in July–August 1942, making the P-38 the first USAAF fighter to reach Britain and the first fighter ever to be delivered across the Atlantic under its own power. Kelsey himself piloted one of the Lightnings, landing in Scotland on 25 July.
585:. The first YP-38 was not completed until September 1940, with its maiden flight on 17 September. The 13th and final YP-38 was delivered to the USAAC in June 1941; 12 aircraft were retained for flight testing and one for destructive stress testing. The YPs were substantially redesigned and differed greatly in detail from the hand-built XP-38. They were lighter and included changes in engine fit. The propeller rotation was reversed, with the blades spinning outward (away from the
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613:), steepening the dive. Once caught in this dive, the fighter would enter a high-speed compressibility stall and the controls would lock up, leaving the pilot no option but to bail out (if possible) or remain with the aircraft until it got down to denser air, where he might have a chance to pull out. During a test flight in May 1941, USAAC Major Signa Gilkey managed to stay with a YP-38 in a compressibility lockup, riding it out until he recovered gradually using
1665:, flying reconnaissance over the Balkans, ground attack, naval cooperation, and air-superiority missions. Due to old engines, pilot errors, and lack of experience in operations, large numbers of P-38s were lost in at least 30 accidents, many of them fatal. Despite this, many Italian pilots liked the P-38 because of its excellent visibility on the ground and stability on takeoff. The Italian P-38s were phased out in 1956; none survived the scrapyard.
2170:. When deployed at the 8° maneuver setting, the flaps allowed the P-38 to out-turn many contemporary single-engined fighters at the cost of some added drag. However, early variants were hampered by high aileron control forces and a low initial rate of roll, and all such features required a pilot to gain experience with the aircraft, which in part was an additional reason Lockheed sent its representative to England, and later to the Pacific Theater.
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530:) into a slow landing pattern behind other aircraft. Carburetor icing caused it to be brought down short of the Mitchel runway, and it was wrecked. However, on the basis of the record flight, the Air Corps ordered 13 YP-38s on 27 April 1939 for US$ 134,284 (~$ 2.31 million in 2023) each. (The "Y" in "YP" was the USAAC's designation for service test, i.e. small numbers of early production aircraft, while the "X" in "XP" was for
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2515:. The Model 822 would have featured folding wings, an arresting hook, and stronger undercarriage for carrier operations. The navy was not interested, as they regarded the Lightning as too big for carrier operations and did not like liquid-cooled engines, anyway, and the Model 822 never went beyond the paper stage. However, the navy did operate four land-based F-5Bs in North Africa, inherited from the USAAF and redesignated
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dangerously steep test flights were flown to document their performance. Explaining to Wolfe in Report No. 2414, Kelly
Johnson wrote, "the violence of the vibration was unchanged and the diving tendency was naturally the same for all conditions." The external mass balances did not help at all. Nonetheless, at Wolfe's insistence, the additional external balances were a feature of every P-38 built from then on.
1250:, while six airmen parachuted out. According to US sources, he also damaged three more bombers on that occasion. On 4 September, the 301st BG reported the loss of B-17 "The Lady Evelyn," 42–30344, downed by "an enemy P-38". War missions for that plane were limited, as the Italian petrol was too corrosive for the Lockheed's tanks. Other Lightnings were eventually acquired by Italy for postwar service.
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air superiority in Europe, when pilots fought against a very determined and skilled enemy. Lieutenant
Colonel Mark Hubbard, a vocal critic of the aircraft, rated it the third-best Allied fighter in Europe. The Lightning's greatest virtues were long range, heavy payload, high speed, fast climb, and concentrated firepower. The P-38 was a formidable fighter, interceptor, and attack aircraft.
830:. The A&AEE example was unarmed, lacked turbochargers and restricted to 300 mph (480 km/h); though the undercarriage was praised and flight on one engine described as comfortable. These three were subsequently returned to the USAAF; one in December 1942 and the others in July 1943. Of the remaining 140 Lightning Is, 19 were not modified and were designated by the USAAF as
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the result of subcontractor production variation. Arnold ordered further tests with larger drop tanks in the range of 300 to 310 US gal (1,100 to 1,200 L); the results were reported by Kelsey as providing the P-38 with a 2,500-mile (4,000 km) ferrying range. Because of available supply, the smaller drop tanks were used to fly
Lightnings to the UK, the plan called
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toward six attacking Bf 109s to shoot one of them down. Known for his maverick style, Sloan racked up 12 victories by July 1943. After another heavy toll in
January 1943, 14th FG had to be withdrawn from the front to reorganize, with surviving pilots sent home and the few remaining Lightnings transferred to the 82nd. The 14th was out of action for three months, returning in May.
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3249:. His health, both physically and mentally, had been deteriorating. Saint-Exupéry was said to be intermittently subject to depression and talk had arisen of taking him off flying status. He was on a flight over the Mediterranean, from Corsica to mainland France, in an unarmed F-5B photo-reconnaissance variant of the P-38J, described as being a "war-weary, nonairworthy craft".
3096:. Hit by cannon and machine-gun fire, the "Sonia's" propeller visibly slowed, but Shimada held his course. Lindbergh pulled up at the last moment to avoid collision as the damaged "Sonia" went into a steep dive, hit the ocean, and sank. The unofficial kill was not entered in the 475th's war record. On 12 August 1944, Lindbergh left Hollandia to return to the United States.
1182:, third-highest scoring German pilot on the Western front with 112 victories, recalled: "The P-38 fighter (and the B-24) were easy to burn. Once in Africa, we were six, and met eight P-38s and shot down seven. One sees a great distance in Africa and our observers and flak people called in sightings and we could get altitude first and they were low and slow."
2666:: This production variant was built in 1943 with improvements to each batch, notably an increase of Hp that came with an improved turbocharger. It also included chin radiators, flat bullet-proof windshields, power-boosted ailerons, and increased fuel capacity* 2970 were built. Some were modified to pathfinder configuration and to F-5C, F-5E, and F-5F.
1522:, the United States' highest-scoring World War II air ace (40 victories in P-38s), flew directly at his targets to ensure he hit them, in some cases flying through the debris of his target (and on one occasion colliding with an enemy aircraft, which was claimed as a "probable" victory). The twin Allison engines performed admirably in the Pacific.
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18,000–25,000 ft (5,500–7,600 m). The P-38 was credited with destroying more Japanese aircraft than any other USAAF fighter. Freezing cockpit temperatures were not a problem at low altitude in the tropics. In fact, the cockpit was often too hot since opening a window while in flight caused buffeting by setting up turbulence through the
1340:, and three IAR.81C in the air. Eleven enemy locomotives were strafed and left burning, and flak emplacements were destroyed, along with fuel trucks and other targets. Results of the bombing were not observed by the USAAF pilots because of the smoke. The dive-bombing mission profile was not repeated, though the 82nd Fighter Group was awarded the
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4,000 rpm with roughly every sixth projectile a 20 mm shell. The duration of sustained firing for the 20 mm cannon was about 14 seconds, while the .50-caliber machine guns worked for 35 seconds if each magazine were fully loaded with 500 rounds, or for 21 seconds if 300 rounds were loaded to save weight for long-distance flying.
2255:, modified to full P-38J-25-LO specifications at Lockheed's modification center near Belfast, LeVier captured the pilots' full attention by routinely performing maneuvers during March 1944 that common 8th Air Force wisdom held to be suicidal. It proved too little, too late, because the decision had already been made to re-equip with Mustangs.
2306:(HVARs) on pylons were placed beneath each wing, and later, five rockets were on each wing on "Christmas tree" launch racks, which added 1,365 lb (619 kg) to the aircraft. The P-38L also had strengthened stores pylons to allow carriage of 2,000 lb (900 kg) bombs or 300 US gal (1,100 L) drop tanks.
542:, angrily characterized the accident as an unnecessary publicity stunt, but according to Kelsey, the loss of the prototype, rather than hampering the program, sped the process by cutting short the initial test series. The success of the aircraft design contributed to Kelsey's promotion to captain in May 1939.
2590:: Former Armée de l'air order for 667 aircraft (being reduced to 143 Lighting Is), it was taken by the Royal Air Force, three delivered to RAF, and the remainder of the order was delivered to USAAF. It used C-series V-1710-33 engines without turbochargers, and right-hand propeller rotation (not counter).
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P-38 J and L had tremendous success flying out of Italy into Germany at all altitudes. Until the -J-25 variant, P-38s were easily avoided by German fighters because of the lack of dive flaps to counter compressibility in dives. German fighter pilots not wishing to fight would perform the first half of a
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Mediterranean for the rest of the war, continuing to deliver and receive damage in combat. On 30 August 1943, 13 P-38s were shot down by German and Italian fighters while escorting B-26 and B-17 bombers on raids against targets in Italy. On 2 September, 10 P-38s were shot down in combat with Bf 109s of
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Saint-Exupéry suffered recurring pain and immobility from previous injuries due to his numerous aircraft crashes, to the extent that he could not dress himself in his own flight suit. After his death, vague suggestions were made that his disappearance was the result of suicide rather than an aircraft
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In 1981 and also in 2008, two Luftwaffe fighter pilots, respectively Robert Heichele and Horst Rippert, separately claimed to have shot down Saint-Exupéry's P-38. Both claims were unverifiable and possibly self-promotional, as neither of their units' combat records of action from that period made any
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One of the initial production P-38s had its turbosuperchargers removed, with a secondary cockpit placed in one of the booms to examine how flight crews would respond to such an "asymmetric" cockpit layout. One P-38E was fitted with an extended central nacelle to accommodate a tandem-seat cockpit with
2166:. Early variants did not enjoy a high reputation for maneuverability, though they could be agile at low altitudes if flown by a capable pilot, using the P-38's forgiving stall characteristics to their best advantage. From the P-38F-15 model onwards, a "combat maneuver" setting was added to the P-38's
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and a few aircraft in 82nd Fighter Group were to fly cover, and all fighters were to strafe targets of opportunity on the return trip; a distance of some 1,255 miles (2,020 km), including a circuitous outward route made in an attempt to achieve surprise. Some 85 or 86 fighters arrived in Romania
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and the rest of the 12th Air Force. P-38s were first involved in North African combat operations on 11 November 1942. The first North African P-38 kill was on 22 November, when Lieutenant Mark Shipman of the 14th downed an Italian airplane with twin engines. Shipman later made two more kills – a
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Many of the British order of 524 Lightning IIs were fitted with stronger F-10 Allison engines as they became available, and all were given wing pylons for fuel tanks or bombs. The upgraded aircraft were deployed to the Pacific as USAAC F-5A reconnaissance or P-38G fighter models, the latter used with
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turbosuperchargers on the twin Allison V12s. Early problems with cockpit temperature regulation occurred; pilots were often too hot in the tropical sun as the canopy could not be fully opened without severe buffeting, and were often too cold in Northern Europe and at high altitude, as the distance of
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to do model tests in its wind tunnel. They already had experience of models thrashing around violently at speeds approaching those requested and did not want to risk damaging their tunnel. Gen. Arnold, head of Army Air Forces, ordered them to run the tests, which were done up to Mach 0.74. The P-38's
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The final 210 J models, designated P-38J-25-LO, alleviated the compressibility problem through the addition of a set of electrically actuated dive recovery flaps just outboard of the engines on the bottom centerline of the wings. With these improvements, a USAAF pilot reported a dive speed of almost
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The aircraft was still experiencing extensive teething troubles, as well as being victimized by "urban legends", mostly involving inapplicable twin-engined factors which had been designed out of the aircraft by Lockheed. In addition to these, the early versions had a reputation as a "widow maker" as
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and 15 retained by China. Six F-5s and two unarmed black two-seater P-38s were operated by the Dominican Air Force based in San Isidro Airbase, Dominican Republic, in 1947. Most of the wartime Lightnings present in the continental U.S. at the end of the war were put up for sale for US$ 1,200 apiece;
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In the European Theater, P-38s made 130,000 sorties with a loss of 1.3% overall, comparing favorably with P-51s, which posted a 1.1% loss, considering that the P-38s were vastly outnumbered and suffered from poorly thought-out tactics. Most of the P-38 sorties were made in the period prior to Allied
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of the 35th Fighter Group, joined his assorted P-39s and P-40s. The Lightnings established local air superiority with their first combat action on 27 December 1942. Kenney sent repeated requests to Arnold for more P-38s, and was rewarded with occasional shipments, but Europe was a higher priority in
1518:, making multiple high-speed passes at its target. In addition, its tightly grouped guns were even more deadly to lightly armored Japanese warplanes than to German aircraft. The concentrated, parallel stream of bullets allowed aerial victory at much longer distances than fighters carrying wing guns.
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We had found out that the Bf 109 and the FW 190 could fight up to a Mach of 0.75, three-quarters the speed of sound. We checked the Lightning and it couldn't fly in combat faster than 0.68. So, it was useless. We told Doolittle that all it was good for was photoreconnaissance and had to be
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pressed the point, emphasizing his interest in the solution. Arnold was likely aware of the flying radius extension work being done on the P-38, which by this time had seen success with small drop tanks in the range of 150 to 165 US gal (570 to 620 L), the difference in capacity being
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force produced a sudden, uncontrollable yawing roll, and the aircraft would flip over and crash. Eventually, procedures were taught to allow a pilot to deal with the situation by reducing power on the running engine, feathering the prop on the failed engine, and then increasing power gradually until
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I broke an ulcer over compressibility on the P-38 because we flew into a speed range where no one had ever been before, and we had difficulty convincing people that it wasn't the funny-looking airplane itself, but a fundamental physical problem. We found out what happened when the Lightning shed its
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for US$ 163,000, though Lockheed's own costs on the prototype would add up to US$ 761,000. Construction began in July 1938 in an old bourbon distillery purchased by Lockheed to house expanding operations. This secure and remote site was later identified by Johnson as the first of five Lockheed Skunk
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in production) with 15 rounds replaced the 23 mm T1. The 15 rounds were in three five-round clips, an unsatisfactory arrangement according to Kelsey, and the T9/M4 did not perform reliably in flight. Further armament experiments from March to June 1941 resulted in the P-38E combat configuration
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filled the news wires of the world. Because of the versatility, redundant engines, and especially high-speed and high-altitude characteristics of the aircraft, as with later variants, over a hundred P-38Es were completed in the factory or converted in the field to a photoreconnaissance variant, the
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In the Pacific Theater, the P-38 downed over 1,800 Japanese aircraft, with more than 100 pilots becoming aces by downing five or more enemy aircraft. American fuel supplies contributed to a better engine performance and maintenance record, and range was increased with leaner mixtures. In the second
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were mixed. Some P-38 pilots scored multiple kills to become aces, while many others were shot down due to inexperience or tactical strictures. Overall, the P-38 suffered its highest losses in the Mediterranean Theater. The primary function of the P-38 in North Africa was to escort bombers, but the
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between the wing, cockpit, and engine nacelles. Air-tunnel test number 15 solved the buffeting completely and its fillet solution was fitted to every subsequent P-38 airframe. Fillet kits were sent out to every squadron flying Lightnings. The problem was traced to a 40% increase in air speed at the
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in the South Pacific area. He received preferential treatment as if a visiting colonel. In Hollandia, Lindbergh attached himself to the 475th Fighter Group which was flying P-38s. Although new to the aircraft, Lindbergh was instrumental in extending the range of the P-38 through improved throttle
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Standard Lightnings were used as crew and cargo transports in the South Pacific. They were fitted with pods attached to the underwing pylons, replacing drop tanks or bombs, that could carry a single passenger in a lying-down position, or cargo. This was a very uncomfortable way to fly. Some of the
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While the machine guns had been arranged symmetrically in the nose on the P-38D, they were "staggered" in the P-38E and later versions, with the muzzles protruding from the nose in the relative lengths of roughly 1:4:6:2. This was done to ensure a straight ammunition-belt feed into the weapons, as
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led the group of P-38H pilots, arriving with only half his force after flak damage and engine trouble took their toll. On the way into Berlin, Jenkins reported one rough-running engine, causing him to wonder if he would ever make it back. The B-17s he was supposed to escort never showed up, having
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The two squadrons of the 14th Fighter Group were reduced so badly in December 1942 that the 82nd FG was flown from the UK to North Africa to cover the shortage. The first kill by the 82nd was during a bomber-escort mission on 7 January 1943, when William J. "Dixie" Sloan broke formation and turned
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by their ideological opponents, had established in the early 1930s a policy against research to create long-range fighters, which they thought would not be practical; this kind of research was not to compete for bomber resources. Aircraft manufacturers understood that they would not be rewarded if
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Late in 1943, a few hundred dive flap field-modification kits were assembled to give North African, European, and Pacific P-38s a chance to withstand compressibility and expand their combat tactics. The kits did not always reach their destination. In March 1944, 200 dive flap kits intended for the
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Turbosuperchargers were not secret nor restricted by the United States government. Related designs were known from French and Swiss firms. France and the UK did not want turbosuperchargers; they had never employed them and they knew the American ones were in short supply and did not want delivery
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The P-38J-25-LO production block also introduced hydraulically boosted ailerons, one of the first times such a system was fitted to a fighter. This significantly improved the Lightning's rate of roll and reduced control forces for the pilot. This production block and the following P-38L model are
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The P-38's service record shows mixed results, which may reflect more on its employment than on flaws with the aircraft. The P-38's engine troubles at high altitudes only occurred with the Eighth Air Force. One reason for this was the inadequate cooling systems of the G and H models; the improved
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After evaluation tests at Farnborough, the P-38 was kept in fighting service in Europe for a while longer. Although many failings were remedied with the introduction of the P-38J, by September 1944, all but one of the Lightning groups in the Eighth Air Force had converted to the P-51 Mustang. The
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specifying some P-38Es be produced with guns replaced by photoreconnaissance cameras, to be designated the F-4-1-LO, Lockheed began working out the problems of drop-tank design and incorporation. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, eventually about 100 P-38Es were sent to a modification center near
727:
aircraft on takeoff creates sudden drag, yawing the nose toward the dead engine and rolling the wingtip down on the side of the dead engine. Normal training in flying twin-engined aircraft when losing an engine on takeoff is to push the remaining engine to full throttle to maintain airspeed; if a
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Kenneth B. Wolfe (head of Army Production Engineering) asked Lockheed to try external mass balances above and below the elevator, although the P-38 already had large mass balances elegantly placed within each vertical stabilizer. Various configurations of external mass balances were equipped, and
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was completely skinned in aluminum rather than fabric and was quite rigid. At no time did the P-38 suffer from true flutter. To prove a point, one elevator and its vertical stabilizers were skinned with metal 63% thicker than standard, but the increase in rigidity made no difference in vibration.
4359:
Grahame says the Lightning shoots 168 rounds per second (combined cannon and MG), the weight of fire being 547 lb/minute (9.1 lb/second). The 20 mm cannon fires at 2850 ft/sec muzzle velocity, projectile weight 0.29 lb (130 grams), at 650 rpm (10.8 rps). The .50 caliber machine gun fires at 2900
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was modified with a tailplane raised some 16–18 in (41–46 cm), booms lengthened by 2 ft, and a rearward-facing second seat added for an observer to monitor the effectiveness of the new arrangement. A second version was crafted on the same airframe with the twin booms given greater
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The 12th G model originally set aside as a P-38J prototype was redesignated P-38K-1-LO and fitted with the aforementioned paddle-blade propellers and new Allison V-1710-75/77 (F15R/L) powerplants rated at 1,875 bhp (1,398 kW) at War Emergency Power. These engines were geared 2.36 to 1,
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magazine in August 1943. However, the reliability of this attribution is doubtful as the clear intent of the article was to rehabilitate the P-38's reputation in the minds of the American public. No earlier independent or German attestation exists for this claim. The P-38s remained active in the
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was another early aerodynamic problem. Distinguishing it from compressibility was difficult, as both were reported by test pilots as "tail shake". Buffeting came about from airflow disturbances ahead of the tail; the airplane would shake at high speed. Leading-edge wing slots were tried, as were
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for a twin-engined, high-altitude "interceptor" having "the tactical mission of interception and attack of hostile aircraft at high altitude." Forty years later, Kelsey explained that Saville and he drew up the specification using the word "interceptor" as a way to bypass the inflexible Army Air
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On 20 September 1939, before the YP-38s had been built and flight tested, the USAAC ordered 66 initial-production P-38 Lightnings, 30 of which were delivered to the (renamed) USAAF in mid-1941, but not all these aircraft were armed. The unarmed aircraft were subsequently fitted with four .50 in
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moving back toward the tail when in high-speed airflow. The solution was to change the geometry of the wing's lower surface when diving to keep lift within bounds of the top of the wing. In February 1943, quick-acting dive flaps were tried and proven by Lockheed test pilots. The dive flaps were
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was about 650 rounds per minute for the 20×110 mm cannon round (130-gram shell) at a muzzle velocity of about 2,850 ft/s (870 m/s), and for the .50-caliber machine guns (43-gram rounds), about 850 rpm at 2,900 ft/s (880 m/s) velocity. Combined rate of fire was over
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system on previous variants had been housed in the leading edges of the wings and had proven vulnerable to combat damage and could burst if the wrong series of controls was mistakenly activated. In the P-38J series, the streamlined engine nacelles of previous Lightnings were changed to fit the
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Over 10,000 Lightnings were manufactured, becoming the only U.S. combat aircraft that remained in continuous production throughout the duration of American participation in World War II. The Lightning had a major effect on other aircraft; its wing, in a scaled-up form, was used on the Lockheed
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s were developed from 1942 to 1943, one official and one an internal Lockheed experiment. The first was actually a battered RP-38E "piggyback" test mule previously used by Lockheed to test the P-38J chin intercooler installation, now fitted with paddle-bladed "high activity" Hamilton Standard
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wing-fuselage junction where the thickness/chord ratio was highest. An airspeed of 500 mph (800 km/h) at 25,000 ft (7,600 m) could push airflow at the wing-fuselage junction close to the speed of sound. Filleting solved the buffeting problem for the P-38E and later models.
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Captain Saburo Shimada. In an extended, twisting dogfight in which many of the participants ran out of ammunition, Shimada turned his aircraft directly toward Lindbergh, who was just approaching the combat area. Lindbergh fired in a defensive reaction brought on by Shimada's apparent head-on
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The P-38L-5, the most common subvariant of the P-38L, had a modified cockpit heating system consisting of a plug-socket in the cockpit into which the pilot could plug his heat-suit wire for improved comfort. These Lightnings also received the uprated V-1710-112/113 (F30R/L) engines, and this
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The end of the war left the USAAF with thousands of P-38s rendered obsolete by the jet age. Orders for 1,887 more were cancelled. The last P-38s in service with the United States Air Force were retired in 1949. One-hundred late-model P-38L and F-5 Lightnings were acquired by Italy through an
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On the positive side, having two engines was a built-in insurance policy. Many pilots arrived safely back to base after having an engine failure en route or in combat. On 3 March 1944, the first Allied fighters reached Berlin on a frustrated escort mission. Lieutenant Colonel Jack Jenkins of
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of greater diameter, and the mule's crude, hand-formed sheet steel cowlings were further stretched to blend the spinners into the nacelles. It retained its "piggyback" configuration that allowed an observer to ride behind the pilot. With Lockheed's AAF representative as a passenger and the
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to provide more fuel for extended range. Lieutenant Kelsey, acting against this policy, risked his career in late 1941 when he convinced Lockheed to incorporate such subsystems in the P-38E model, without putting his request in writing. It is possible that Kelsey was responding to Colonel
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By November 1941, many of the initial assembly-line challenges had been met, which freed up time for the engineering team to tackle the problem of frozen controls in a dive. Lockheed had a few ideas for tests that would help them find an answer. The first solution tried was the fitting of
3036:, after accumulating 38 confirmed kills, making him the second-ranking American ace. Bong was rotated back to the United States as America's ace of aces, after making 40 kills, becoming a test pilot. He was killed on 6 August 1945, the day the atomic bomb was dropped on Japan, when his
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Very early in the Pacific War, a scheme was proposed to fit Lightnings with floats to allow them to make long-range ferry flights. The floats would be removed before the aircraft went into combat. Concerns arose that saltwater spray would corrode the tailplane, so in March 1942, P-38E
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The P-38 was used most extensively and successfully in the Pacific Theater, where it proved more suited, combining exceptional range with the reliability of two engines for long missions over water. The P-38 was used in a variety of roles, especially escorting bombers at altitudes of
478:, with the turbochargers positioned behind the engines, the exhaust side of the units exposed along the dorsal surfaces of the booms. Counter-rotation was achieved by the use of "handed" engines; the crankshafts of the engines turned in opposite directions, a relatively easy task for
2526:, in which the fighter snagged a drop tank trailed on a cable from a bomber. The USAAF managed to make this work, but decided it was not practical. A P-38J was also fitted with experimental retractable snow-ski landing gear, but this idea never reached operational service, either.
1594:"Betty" fast bomber transports and six escorting Zeros just as they arrived at the island. The first Betty crashed in the jungle and the second ditched near the coast. The Americans lost one P-38. Japanese search parties found Yamamoto's body at the jungle crash site the next day.
1174:, eventually a 68-kill ace, shot down his first P-38 in January 1943. Kaiser said that the P-38 should be respected as a formidable opponent, that it was faster and more maneuverable than the Bf 109G-6 model he flew, especially since the G-6 was slowed by underwing cannon pods.
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maneuvering flap deployed to offset Army Hot Day conditions, the old "K-Mule" still climbed to 45,000 feet (14,000 m). With a fresh coat of paint covering its crude, hand-formed steel cowlings, this RP-38E acts as stand-in for the "P-38K-1-LO" in the model's only picture.
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already contained a detailed drawing and a close-up photograph of this prototype along with detailed information on the engines, and indicated that its maximum speed was supposed to be 640–680 km/h (400–420 mph). Dimensions, equipment, and weaponry were indicated as
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Late-model Lightnings were delivered unpainted, per USAAF policy established in 1944. At first, field units tried to paint them, since pilots worried about being too visible to the enemy, but the reduction in weight and drag turned out to be a minor advantage in combat.
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Robin Olds was the last P-38 ace in the 8th Air Force and the last in the ETO. Flying a P-38J, he downed five German fighters on two separate missions over France and Germany. He subsequently transitioned to P-51s and scored seven more kills. After World War II, he flew
2299:. Lockheed production of the Lightning was distinguished by a suffix consisting of a production block number followed by "LO," for example "P-38L-1-LO", while Consolidated-Vultee production was distinguished by a block number followed by "VN," for example "P-38L-5-VN."
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Another P-38L was modified after the war as a "super strafer", with eight .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in the nose and a pod under each wing with two .50 in (12.7 mm) guns, for a total of 12 machine guns. Nothing came of this conversion, either.
2596:: The Royal Air Force designation for a cancelled order of 524 aircraft using F-series V-1710 engines, the only one built was retained by the USAAF for testing. The rest of the order was completed as P-38F-13-LO, P-38F-15-LO, P-38G-13-LO, and P-38G-15-LO aircraft.
556:
Manufacture of YP-38s fell behind schedule, at least partly because of changes to meet the need for mass production, making them substantially different in construction from the prototype. Another factor was the sudden required expansion of Lockheed's facility in
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The Mediterranean Theater had the first aerial combat between German fighters and P-38s. German fighter pilot appraisal of the P-38 was mixed. Some observers dismissed the P-38 as an easy kill, while others gave it high praise, a deadly enemy worthy of respect.
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At that time, Lockheed did not as yet have a formal engineering building, and so Johnson and his staff improvised a development plant using unoccupied corners in hangars and an old distillery. The results of this 'skunk works' approach was the legendary P-38
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on the guns, an AN/APS-6 radar pod below the nose, and a second cockpit with a raised canopy behind the pilot's canopy for the radar operator. The headroom in the rear cockpit was limited, requiring radar operators who were preferably short in stature.
1324:. However, the outnumbered 71st Fighter Squadron took more damage than it dished out, losing nine aircraft. In all, the USAAF lost 22 aircraft on the mission. The Americans claimed 23 aerial victories. The Romanians and Germans lost five Bf 110s, four
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in North Africa, said that the unit's old Bf 109s were "perhaps, a little faster" than the P-38, but a dogfight with the twin-engined fighter was daunting because its turning radius was much smaller, and it could quickly get on the tail of the Bf 109.
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fighters capable of performing well at high altitudes. The turbosuperchargers also muffled the exhaust, making the P-38's operation relatively quiet. The Lightning was extremely forgiving in flight and could be mishandled in many ways, but the initial
842:; a few were still serving that role in 1945. A few RP-322s were later used as test modification platforms such as for smoke-laying canisters. The RP-322 was a fairly fast aircraft below 16,000 ft (4,900 m) and well-behaved as a trainer.
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both nations had on order, so they ordered the aircraft fitted with two right-handed engines (not counter-rotating) without turbosuperchargers. Performance was supposed to be 400 mph (640 km/h) at 16,900 ft (5,200 m). After the
485:
The P-38 was the first American fighter to make extensive use of stainless steel and smooth, flush-riveted, butt-jointed aluminum skin panels. It was also the first military airplane to fly faster than 400 mph (640 km/h) in level flight.
3256:. In April 2004, the recovered component serial numbers were confirmed as being from Saint-Exupéry's F-5B Lightning. Only a small amount of the aircraft's wreckage was recovered. In June 2004, the recovered parts and fragments were given to the
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over the Atlantic. Shaffer, flying either a P-40C or a P-39, scored the first hit, causing a fire on the Condor; Shahan in his P-38F finished it off with a high-speed gunnery pass. This was the first Luftwaffe aircraft destroyed by the USAAF.
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XP1015 design was offered to fill this requirement, but was not advanced enough to merit further investigation. A similar proposal for a single-engined fighter was issued at the same time, Circular Proposal X-609, in response to which the
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was very heavy, seven Lightnings were lost to antiaircraft fire at the target, and two more during strafing attacks on the return flight. German Bf 109 fighters from I./JG 53 and 2./JG 77 fought the Americans. Sixteen P-38s, called
430:. The Lockheed team chose twin booms to accommodate the tail assembly, engines, and turbosuperchargers, with a central nacelle for the pilot and armament. The XP-38 gondola mockup was designed to mount two .50-caliber (12.7 mm)
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In a particular case when faced by more agile fighters at low altitudes in a constricted valley, Lightnings suffered heavy losses. On the morning of 10 June 1944, 96 P-38Js of the 1st and 82nd Fighter Groups took off from Italy for
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defense; subsequently all British Lightnings were delivered to the USAAF starting in January 1942. The USAAF lent the RAF three of the aircraft, which were delivered by sea in March 1942 and were test flown no earlier than May at
1398:, was looking elsewhere and failed to notice Doolittle's quick maneuver, leaving Doolittle to continue on alone on his survey of the crucial battle. Of the P-38, Doolittle said that it was "the sweetest-flying plane in the sky".
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cameras. All of these aircraft were also modified to be able to carry drop tanks. P-38Fs were modified, as well. Every Lightning from the P-38G onward was capable of being fitted with drop tanks straight off the assembly line.
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in March, which he mistakenly claimed as a destroyer sunk. Murray "Jim" Shubin used a less powerful F model he named "Oriole" to down five confirmed and possibly six Zeros over Guadalcanal in June 1943 to become ace in a day.
2178:, then commander of the 8th Air Force in the UK, said of the P-38F: "I'd rather have an airplane that goes like hell and has a few things wrong with it, than one that won't go like hell and has a few things wrong with it."
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s were delivered to the government as the USAAF allocated the 'D' suffix to all aircraft with self-sealing fuel tanks and armor. Many secondary but still initial teething tests were conducted using the earliest D variants.
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claimed seven Lightnings for no loss of their own. Further one-sided German victories were noted on several occasions through January 1943. The first P-38 pilots to achieve ace status were Virgil Smith of the 14th FG and
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installed outboard of the engine nacelles, and in action, they extended downward 35° in 1.5 seconds. The flaps did not act as a speed brake; they affected the pressure distribution in a way that retained the wing's lift.
2672:: With 1425 hp engines, larger Hamilton Standard Paddle-bladed propellers were added to compensate for increased power, one was built* a single P-38E was additionally converted to the same propeller as the P-38K.
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The Lightning was modified for other roles. In addition to the F-4 and F-5 reconnaissance variants, a number of P-38Js and P-38Ls were field modified as formation bombing "pathfinders" or "droopsnoots", fitted with a
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Gun, Automatic 37-mm T9- The T2 gun was modified... until eventually a gun designated T9 was ready for test. In September 1939 this gun was mounted... in P-38 and P-39 fighter planes... which was standardized as the
2529:
After the war, a P-38L was experimentally fitted with armament of three .60 in (15.2 mm) machine guns. The .60 in (15.2 mm) caliber cartridge had been developed early in the war for an infantry
2345:
familiarization trainers. During and after June 1948, the remaining J and L variants were designated ZF-38J and ZF-38L, with the "ZF" designator (meaning "obsolete fighter") replacing the "P for Pursuit" category.
834:('R' for 'Restricted', because noncounter-rotating propellers were considered more dangerous on takeoff), while 121 were converted to counter-rotating V-1710F-2 engines without turbosuperchargers and designated
350:
The Lockheed Corporation designed the P-38 in response to a February 1937 specification from the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Circular Proposal X-608 was a set of aircraft performance goals authored by
2150:, in which the guns were replaced by four cameras. Most of these early reconnaissance Lightnings were retained stateside for training, but the F-4 was the first Lightning to be used in action in April 1942.
749:(12.7 mm) machine guns (instead of the two .50 in/12.7 mm and two .30 in/7.62 mm of their predecessors) and a 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon. They also had armored glass, cockpit armor, and
3076:, which reduced fuel consumption to 70 gal/h, about 2.6 mpg. This combination of settings had been considered dangerous as it was believed this would upset the fuel mixture, causing an explosion.
1751:
companies and employed for mapping. From the 1950s on, the use of the Lightning steadily declined, and only a few more than two dozen still exist, with few still flying. One example is a P-38L owned by the
723:
Another issue with the P-38 arose from its unique design feature of outwardly rotating (at the "tops" of the propeller arcs) counter-rotating propellers. Losing one of two engines in any twin-engined, non-
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painted on the underside of the wings in large white letters, as well as the signatures of hundreds of factory workers. This and other aircraft were used by a handful of Lockheed test pilots including
278:
by the USAAC, the P-38 filled those roles and more; unlike German heavy fighters crewed by two or three airmen, the P-38 with its lone pilot was nimble enough to compete with single-engine fighters.
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the solution for loss of control in a dive. Lockheed still had to find the problem; the Army Air Forces personnel were sure it was flutter and ordered Lockheed to look more closely at the tail.
1786:, was recovered from the Greenland ice cap in 1992, 50 years after she crashed there on a ferry flight to the UK, and after a complete restoration, flew once again 10 years after her recovery.
4114:
2429:
system. Such pathfinders would lead a formation of other P-38s, each loaded with two 2,000 lb (907 kg) bombs; the entire formation releasing their ordnance when the pathfinder did.
2602:: 22 Lightning Is of the 143 built were retained by the USAAF for training and testing. Most were unarmed, although some retained the Lighting I armament of two .50 cal and two .30 cal guns.
1120:
of the 1st FG, both credited with five wins by 26 December. Smith got a sixth enemy aircraft on 28 December, but was killed two days later in a crash landing, likely after taking fire from
391:
12041:
1056:, the USAAF began redeploying fighter groups to Britain as part of Operation Bolero and Lightnings of the 1st Fighter Group were flown across the Atlantic via Iceland. On 14 August 1942,
470:
The Lockheed design incorporated tricycle undercarriage and a bubble canopy, and featured two 1,000 hp (750 kW) turbosupercharged 12-cylinder Allison V-1710 engines fitted with
6682:
3 January 2012. Quote: "The sound of a Speeder Bike was achieved by mixing together the recorded sounds of a P-51 Mustang airplane, a P-38 Lockheed Interceptor, and then recording them."
1278:, USAAF planning had determined that a dive-bombing surprise attack, beginning at about 7,000 feet (2,100 m) with bomb release at or below 3,000 feet (900 m), performed by 46
1640:
half of 1944, the P-38L pilots out of Dutch New Guinea were flying 950 mi (1,530 km), fighting for 15 minutes and returning to base. Such long legs were invaluable until the
4038:
1413:
A little-known role of the P-38 in the European theater was that of fighter-bomber during the invasion of Normandy and the Allied advance across France into Germany. Assigned to the
1740:
was severely damaged in a crash landing following an engine fire on a transit flight, and was bought and restored with a brilliant polished-aluminum finish by the company that owns
1571:
Because of its ability to fly long distances, the Lightning figured in one of the most significant operations in the Pacific Theater – the interception, on 18 April 1943, of
699:
tail and we worked during the whole war to get 15 more kn of speed out of the P-38. We saw compressibility as a brick wall for a long time. Then we learned how to get through it.
981:
Cocooned Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and North American Aviation P-51 Mustangs line the decks of a U.S. Navy Escort "Jeep" Carrier (CVE) ready for shipment to Europe from New York.
5772:
458:
Clustering all the armament in the nose was unusual in U.S. aircraft, which typically used wing-mounted guns with trajectories set up to crisscross at one or more points in a
7934:
3438:
414 mph (666 km/h, 360 kn) on Military Power: 1,425 hp (1,063 kW) at 54 inHg (1.829 bar), 3,000 rpm and 25,000 ft (7,620 m)
3072:
settings, or engine-leaning techniques, notably by reducing engine speed to 1,600 rpm, setting the carburetors for auto-lean and flying at 185 mph (298 km/h)
2130:
duraluminum propellers. The definitive (and now famous) armament configuration was settled upon, featuring four .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns with 500 rpg, and a
1484:
withdrawn from escort duties. And the funny thing is that the Americans had great difficulty understanding this because the Lightning had the two top aces in the Far East.
1134:
On 5 April 1943, 26 P-38Fs of the 82nd claimed 31 enemy aircraft destroyed, helping to establish air superiority in the area and allegedly earning it the German nickname "
446:
aircraft autocannon specified by Kelsey and Saville. In the prototype YP-38s, an Army Ordnance Department T9 37 mm (1.46 in) autocannon (later designated as the
997:
The first Lightning to see active service was the F-4 version, a P-38E in which the guns were replaced by four K17 cameras. They joined the 8th Photographic Squadron in
12513:
10325:
7956:
4102:
2978:
in remarkable flight demonstrations, performing such stunts as slow rolls at treetop level with one prop feathered to dispel the myth that the P-38 was unmanageable.
2259:
considered the definitive Lightnings, and Lockheed ramped up production, working with subcontractors across the country to produce hundreds of Lightnings each month.
609:. During high-speed flight approaching Mach 0.68, especially during dives, the aircraft's tail would begin to shake violently and the nose would tuck under (see
6393:
745:
the engines from the cockpit prevented easy heat transfer. Later variants received modifications (such as electrically heated flight suits) to solve these problems.
5826:
1390:, so he could watch the progress of the air offensive over France. At one point in the mission, Doolittle flick-rolled through a hole in the cloud cover, but his
1699:. In 1957, five Honduran P-38s bombed and strafed a village occupied by Nicaraguan forces during a border dispute between these two countries concerning part of
3252:
In 2000, a French scuba diver found the partial remnants of a Lightning spread over several thousand square meters of the Mediterranean seabed off the coast of
13866:
12577:
8781:
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2638:: A proposed floatplane variant of the P-38E with upswept tail booms and fitted with droppable and fuel-filled floats, one prototype was converted from P-38E
1514:
and most other Japanese fighters when flying below 200 mph (320 km/h), its superior speed coupled with a good rate of climb meant that it could use
11470:
3651:
arranged for several of his designers to view a YP-38 prototype shortly before World War II, and its design directly inspired the tail fins of the 1948–1949
3110:
The third-ranking American ace of the Pacific theater, Charles H. MacDonald, flew a Lightning against the Japanese and scored 27 kills in his aircraft, the
12499:
12477:
9903:
788:
for the British. The aircraft was a variant of the P-38E. The overseas Allies wished for complete commonality of Allison engines with the large numbers of
1316:. The fight took place below 300 feet (100 m) in a narrow valley and lasted 12 minutes. Herbert Hatch saw two IAR 81Cs that he misidentified as
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2660:: Production variant capable of carrying 3200 lb of underwing bombs, improved intercooler design along with automatic oil radiator flaps, 601 built
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turned back at Hamburg. Jenkins and his wingman were able to drop tanks and outrun enemy fighters to return home with three good engines between them.
1230:
airfield, where the P-38G was evaluated. On 11 August 1943, Tondi took off to intercept a formation of about 50 bombers, returning from the bombing of
330:
in early versions was low relative to other contemporary fighters; this was addressed in later variants with the introduction of hydraulically boosted
4454:
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823:
765:. As a result, no P-38Bs or P-38Cs were designated. The P-38D's main role was to work out bugs and give the USAAF experience with handling the type.
7978:
1706:
P-38s were popular contenders in the air races from 1946 through 1949, with brightly colored Lightnings making screaming turns around the pylons at
11134:
9463:
9453:
4056:
1733:; he reworked its turbo systems and intercoolers for optimum low-altitude performance and gave it P-38F-style air intakes for better streamlining.
1444:, France, and the 474th from various bases in France, flying ground-attack missions against gun emplacements, troops, supply dumps, and tanks near
1320:
hit the ground after taking fire from his guns, and his fellow pilots confirmed three more of his kills. Three of his victories were confirmed by
12834:
10251:
10246:
10241:
1586:
to conduct a front-line inspection, 16 P-38G Lightnings were sent on a long-range fighter-intercept mission, flying 435 miles (700 km) from
3409:(-111 left hand rotation and -113 right hand rotation) V-12 liquid-cooled turbo-supercharged piston engine, 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) each
1714:. Lockheed test pilot Tony LeVier was among those who bought a Lightning, choosing a P-38J model and painting it red to make it stand out as an
1510:. Pilots taking low-altitude assignments often flew stripped down to shorts, tennis shoes, and parachute. While the P-38 could not out-turn the
7524:
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3913:
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801:"Lightning". By June 1941, the War Ministry had cause to reconsider their earlier aircraft specifications based on experience gathered in the
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3202:
The left main landing gear of Saint-Exupéry's F-5B Lightning, recovered in 2003 from the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Marseille, France
2534:, a type of weapon developed by a number of nations in the 1930s when tanks were lighter, but by 1942, armor was too tough for this caliber.
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7446:(Air Force fiftieth anniversary commemorative ed.). Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force.
6442:
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Central Intelligence Agency, 1 July 1955. The three-page memorandum is stamped: "CIA Historical Review Program, Release as Sanitized, 2003"
1456:
area in August 1944. The 370th participated in ground-attack missions across Europe until February 1945, when the unit changed over to the
6479:
4017:
2325:
photo-reconnaissance aircraft, while hundreds of other P-38Js and P-38Ls were modified at Lockheed's Dallas Modification Center to become
1673:
the rest were scrapped. P-38s in distant theaters of war were bulldozed into piles and abandoned or scrapped; very few avoided that fate.
2354:
dramatically lowered the number of engine-failure problems experienced at high altitude so commonly associated with European operations.
1060:
Elza Shahan of the 27th Fighter Squadron, and Second Lieutenant Joseph Shaffer of the 33rd Squadron operating out of Iceland shot down a
662:
1460:. The 474th operated out of bases in France, Belgium, and Germany in primarily the ground-attack missions until November–December 1945.
13601:
11139:
5794:
4123:, Chptr. 8, p. 300, "…the P-38 was a very quiet plane, because its exhaust exited through the turbosuperchargers on top of the plane…".
3183:
2987:
2678:: With 1600 hp engines, 3923 were built, which included 113 built at Vultee* later conversions to pathfinders and F-5G were made.
1341:
399:
Lockheed formed a secretive engineering team to implement the project apart from the main factory; this approach later became known as
306:
1127:
of JG 53, who survived the war with at least 71 kills. This was Rollwage's first victory over a P-38, and his 35th claim at the time.
2760:
286:
617:. Lockheed engineers were very concerned by this limitation, but first had to concentrate on filling the current order of aircraft.
12492:
2385:
6591:
3128:
Martin James Monti was an American pilot who defected to the Axis powers in a stolen F-5E Lightning, which was handed over to the
757:. Due to reports the USAAF was receiving from Europe, the remaining 36 in the batch were upgraded with small improvements such as
12790:
11273:
10300:
4410:
1726:, bought a mid-1944 P-38L-1-LO that had been modified into an F-5G. Gardner painted it white with red and blue trim and named it
334:. The P-38 was the only American fighter aircraft in large-scale production throughout American involvement in the war, from the
3694:
bomber. The game was made by Japanese company Capcom, intended for Western markets, and finishes with the player raiding Tokyo.
11645:
8042:
7612:
A History of the Mediterranean Air War 1940–1945: Volume Four: Sicily and Italy to the Fall of Rome: 14 May, 1943 –5 June, 1944
5424:
3198:
3017:
The American ace of aces and his closest competitor both flew Lightnings and tallied 40 and 38 victories, respectively. Majors
2632:: Production variant with revised hydraulic system, 20 mm cannon rather than the 37 mm of earlier variants, 210 built
1425:
and their P-38s initially flew missions from England, dive-bombing radar installations, enemy armor, troop concentrations, and
435:
3257:
1287:
to find enemy airfields alerted, with a wide assortment of aircraft scrambling for safety. P-38s shot down several, including
13940:
11378:
8576:
8264:
7928:
7908:
7863:
7844:
7825:
7806:
7787:
7764:
7745:
7726:
7679:
7660:
7641:
7619:
7600:
7569:
7545:
7508:
7489:
7470:
7451:
7432:
7413:
7394:
7375:
7356:
7337:
7318:
7299:
7280:
7261:
7228:
7207:
7188:
7169:
7124:
7105:
7083:
7064:
7037:
7018:
6999:
6963:
6944:
6923:
6904:
6885:
6866:
6847:
6828:
6802:
6781:
6762:
6743:
6704:
4047:, p. 75, chptr. 4 "Its ability to carry two 150-gallon or 300-gallon drop made it a natural for long range escort duties...".
986:
867:
411:, considered a range of twin-engined configurations, including both engines in a central fuselage with push–pull propellers.
12507:
7559:
5371:
761:
and enhanced armor protection to make them combat-capable. The USAAF specified that these 36 aircraft were to be designated
11356:
7923:. Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA: Headquarters AAF, Office of Flying Safety, Safety Education Division. 1 August 1945.
2475:
shown with second version of upswept tail designed to keep tail out of water upon takeoff for a proposed twin-float variant
1653:
agreement dated April 1946. Delivered, after refurbishing, at the rate of one per month, they finally were all sent to the
733:
the aircraft was in stable flight. Single-engined takeoffs were possible, though not with a full fuel and ammunition load.
667:
6279:
5705:
12827:
12485:
11755:
11119:
10045:
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9958:
8218:
8213:
4761:
1550:
Washington. Despite their small force, Lightning pilots began to compete in racking up scores against Japanese aircraft.
1101:
479:
7997:
3170:
Ross is a decorated World War II pilot who flew 96 missions for the U.S. Army Air Forces under the U.S. 8th Air Force's
1429:, and providing air cover. The 370th's group commander Howard F. Nichols and a squadron of his P-38 Lightnings attacked
8566:
4390:
989:. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the unit joined the 14th Pursuit Group in San Diego to provide West Coast defense.
946:
589:) at the top of their arc, rather than inward as before. This improved the aircraft's stability as a gunnery platform.
561:, taking it from a specialized civilian firm dealing with small orders to a large government defense contractor making
270:
role, the P-38 accounted for 90 percent of American aerial film captured over Europe. Although it was not designated a
6544:
4490:
He calls his development plants 'skunk works'. There have been five of them – the first, an abandoned distillery.
1768:. Two other examples are F-5Gs, which were owned and operated by Kargl Aerial Surveys in 1946, and are now located in
1590:
at heights of 10 to 50 ft (3 to 20 m) above the ocean to avoid detection. The Lightnings met Yamamoto's two
597:
13761:
13606:
11667:
11465:
8586:
8035:
6521:
6053:
6011:
5475:
Stars and Stripes Publications, Information and Education Division, Special and Informational Services, ETOUSA, 1944.
3730:
2407:
1627:
625:(USAAF), and 65 Lightnings were finished for the service by September 1941, with more on the way for the USAAF, the
13892:
13771:
13446:
12724:
12075:
11268:
11109:
11018:
10904:
10781:
9573:
9158:
8150:
6371:
3898:
3153:
2714:: Reconnaissance variant of the P-38J, 200 were built, and four were later sent to the United States Navy as FO-1s.
1515:
4715:
1291:, transports, and observation aircraft. At Ploiești, defense forces were fully alert, the target was concealed by
13691:
13471:
13156:
12002:
11400:
11371:
11114:
9193:
9168:
8801:
8776:
8155:
5948:
4677:
Erikson, Albert L. "Wind-Tunnel Investigation of Devices for Improving The Diving Characteristics of Airplanes."
2122:) which featured improved instruments, electrical, and hydraulic systems. Part-way through production, the older
878:', the swift-running Greek goddess, following the company tradition of using mythological and celestial figures.
814:
515:
1553:
On 2–4 March 1943, P-38s flew top cover for 5th Air Force and Australian bombers and attack aircraft during the
1024:"Mavis" flying boats and destroyed them, making them the first Japanese aircraft to be shot down by Lightnings.
12820:
12045:
11847:
11082:
10953:
10924:
10806:
10651:
10309:
9198:
8452:
7610:
Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell; Olynyk, Frank; Bock, Winfried; Thomas, Andy (2018).
4252:
3747:
3261:
2389:
1677:
676:
191:
5800:
25 July 1958. The two-page memorandum is stamped: "CIA Historical Review Program, Release as Sanitized, 2003".
5238:
2744:: As reconnaissance variant conversions of the P-38L, they had a different camera configuration from the F-5F.
2162:, which incorporated racks inboard of the engines for fuel tanks or a total of 2,000 lb (910 kg) of
1283:
1275:
13806:
12655:
11405:
10636:
10317:
8872:
8796:
8289:
4111:, p. 7, "Two turbo-superchargers give the Allison engines sea level horsepower at extremely high altitudes.".
2303:
1654:
1578:, the architect of Japan's naval strategy in the Pacific including the attack on Pearl Harbor. When American
777:
310:
121:
10308:
13201:
12879:
12812:
12582:
11351:
11099:
11062:
10998:
10973:
10919:
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10313:
9963:
9898:
9873:
9838:
9818:
9758:
9498:
9473:
9448:
9383:
9323:
8238:
8233:
8208:
8203:
8198:
3879:
3175:
2455:. A total of 75 P-38Ls were modified to the Night Lightning configuration, painted flat-black with conical
2295:
plant. It entered service with the USAAF in June 1944, in time to support the Allied invasion of France on
2127:
1545:, could not get enough P-38s; they had become his favorite fighter in November 1942 when one squadron, the
1197:
said that P-38s "were not difficult at all. They were easy to outmaneuver and were generally a sure kill".
827:
680:
212:
13696:
13611:
7593:
The Eagle and the Rising Sun : the Japanese-American war, 1941-1943, Pearl Harbor through Guadalcanal
6600:
Characteristics of Illustrative Aircraft, 1939–80, Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft
4325:
3079:
While with the 475th, he took part in a number of combat missions. On 28 July 1944, Lindbergh shot down a
1692:
13930:
13791:
13731:
13726:
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12567:
12562:
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11388:
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10894:
10867:
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10641:
10616:
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9823:
9813:
9793:
9768:
9708:
9693:
9593:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9363:
9313:
8968:
8771:
8540:
8499:
8468:
8378:
8228:
5866:
3680:
3315:
Lockheed P-38H/J/L Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions, P-38H/J/L Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions
3037:
2131:
942:
471:
314:
7988:
3703:
3213:
3207:
2447:. Several field or experimental modifications with different equipment fits finally led to the "formal"
1068:
After 347 sorties with no enemy contact, the 1st and 14th Fighter Groups transferred from the UK to the
753:
instrument lighting. One was completed with a pressurized cabin on an experimental basis and designated
13935:
13920:
13301:
13116:
12914:
12775:
12744:
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12353:
11638:
11052:
11035:
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9883:
9688:
9378:
9258:
9188:
8811:
8761:
8550:
8504:
8167:
8027:
6714:
Bearman, Matt (April 2018). "Lockheed Consternation: Compressibility & the P-38 Lightning, Pt. 3".
4069:
3508:
3500:
3357:
1554:
1208:, or perhaps, just after strafing the radar station of Capo Pula, landed on the airfield of Capoterra (
1002:
966:
570:
527:
414:
The eventual configuration was rare in contemporary production fighter aircraft design, with the Dutch
3690:
puts the player in command of a P-38 flying over the Pacific, fighting against Japanese Zeros and the
3067:
became famous for his transatlantic solo flight before the war. By WWII he was a civilian working for
434:
with 200 rounds per gun (rpg), two .30-caliber (7.62 mm) Brownings with 500 rpg, and a
383:
317:
toward the end of the war. Unusual for an early-war fighter design, both engines were supplemented by
13746:
13711:
13391:
13351:
13066:
12765:
12597:
12295:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11763:
10936:
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9773:
9718:
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9533:
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8415:
8373:
8223:
8145:
3908:
3867:
1777:
1700:
1641:
1464:
419:
7200:
Air Force : an illustrated history : the U.S. Air Force from the 1910s to the 21st century
6661:
2648:: Production variant with inboard underwing racks for drop tanks or 2000 lb of bombs, 527 built
12843:
12678:
12660:
12387:
12129:
12119:
11843:
11623:
11568:
11482:
11422:
11334:
11285:
11251:
11087:
11040:
10914:
10791:
10424:
10419:
8730:
8638:
8591:
6736:
Black cross/red star : air war over the Eastern Front. Volume 4, Stalingrad to Kuban 1942-1943
4484:
3903:
3171:
2608:: 121 Lightning Is were re-engined with the V-1710-27/-29 and used for training. Most were unarmed.
2102:
model. The few "hand made" YP-38s initially contracted were used as trainers and test aircraft. No
1602:
1282:
P-38s, each carrying one 1,000-pound (500 kg) bomb, would yield more accurate results. All of
1178:, another high-scoring ace, said that the P-38 in 1943 was much faster in a climb than the Bf 109.
1061:
728:
pilot did that in the P-38, regardless of which engine had failed, the resulting engine torque and
640:
In 1941, flutter was a familiar engineering problem related to a too-flexible tail, but the P-38's
408:
7349:
Encyclopedia of US Air Force aircraft and missile systems / 2 Post World War II bombers, 1945-1973
6731:
3043:
2566:: United States Army Air Force designation for one prototype Lockheed Model 22 first flown in 1939
813:
on 7 December 1941, after which the United States government seized some 40 of the Model 322s for
13626:
13456:
13051:
13031:
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11803:
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11558:
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11524:
11507:
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10321:
10060:
10050:
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10000:
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9943:
9868:
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9728:
9713:
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9628:
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9563:
9558:
9513:
9443:
9428:
9398:
9373:
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8867:
8791:
8786:
8519:
8388:
8316:
8259:
8114:
8018:
6977:. Dandenong, Victoria, Australia: Kookaburra technical publications, John W. Caler Publications.
6372:"Riou Island's F-5B Lightning, Rhône's delta, France. Pilot: Commander Antoine de Saint-Exupéry."
3783:
3540:
2378:
1753:
1497:
1414:
1313:
1020:, at the end of a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) long-range patrol, happened upon a pair of Japanese
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282:
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10796:
10484:
10286:
10206:
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9908:
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9553:
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9143:
9009:
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8877:
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8699:
8473:
8410:
8393:
8347:
8332:
8296:
8193:
8124:
6476:
3088:
2554:
2546:
1719:
1467:, Doolittle, then head of the U.S. Eighth Air Force, went to the Royal Aircraft Establishment,
1418:
1329:
926:
897:
819:
810:
758:
684:
578:
427:
377:
339:
335:
322:
106:
5353:
4181:
1138:" – the Fork-tailed Devil, coming from a recently downed German aviator, as described by
1080:, skirting neutral Spain and Portugal to refuel in Morocco. The P-38s were initially based at
13831:
13816:
13494:
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13236:
13226:
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12683:
12572:
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5142:
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and continue into steep dives because they knew the Lightnings would be reluctant to follow.
1546:
1305:
1296:
1081:
930:
531:
267:
125:
88:
31:
7799:
Air combat manoeuvres : the technique and history of air fighting for flight simulation
3956:
Some of the fastest postwar racing P-38s were virtually identical in layout to the P-322-II.
715:
13796:
13756:
13736:
13661:
13514:
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13366:
13361:
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13271:
13256:
13246:
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10983:
10941:
10857:
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9588:
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8948:
8913:
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8581:
8483:
8089:
8058:
7690:
6840:
Jungle ace : Col. Gerald R. Johnson, the USAAF's top fighter leader of the Pacific War
6067:
Another experiment was the modification of P-38 40-744 for pilot asymmetric flight tests...
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3218:
3105:
2292:
2277:
1761:
1387:
1279:
1190:
1094:
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622:
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452:
302:
216:
111:
17:
11607:
Not assigned • Unofficial • Assigned to multiple types
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8:
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10211:
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9268:
8994:
8908:
8689:
8368:
4290:. Vol. 3. Washington D.C., USA: United States Government Printing Office. p. 31
3759:
3642:
3410:
3187:
2626:: Production variant with modified tailplane incidence, self-sealing fuel tanks, 36 built
2288:
2196:
1773:
1583:
1566:
1511:
1468:
1422:
1369:
1365:
1227:
1108:
The first German success against the P-38 was on 28 November 1942, when Bf 109 pilots of
958:
847:
558:
550:
369:
2504:
pods were not even fitted with a window to let the passenger see out or bring in light.
1352:
Experiences over Germany had shown a need for long-range escort fighters to protect the
618:
13861:
13641:
13631:
13596:
13529:
13321:
13111:
13086:
13001:
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12254:
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9783:
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9518:
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9060:
9040:
8893:
8694:
8337:
7518:
7028:
Donald, David (2004). "Warplane Classic: Lockheed P-38 Lightning 'Fork-tailed Devil'".
6755:
Surviving fighter aircraft of World War Two : a global guide to location and types
6588:
6446:
3675:
3123:
3073:
2992:
Of the ten thousand aircraft built, there are 26 survivors of which ten are airworthy.
2806:
2642:
with modified tail booms, but was not fitted with floats. It did not enter production.
2512:
2218:. An F-5A was modified to an experimental two-seat reconnaissance configuration as the
2175:
1711:
1620:
1472:
1440:
a 500 lb (230 kg) bomb through the front door. The 370th later operated from
1395:
1380:
1361:
1357:
1189:
was unimpressed with the P-38, declaring "it had similar shortcomings in combat to our
1158:
1046:
1017:
918:
839:
708:
646:
586:
355:
318:
176:
5906:
5001:
4407:
4250:"XP-38 Design Drawings: A diagram of the configurations considered for the prototype."
2276:
unlike the standard P-38 ratio of 2 to 1. The AAF took delivery in September 1943, at
1696:
13786:
13564:
13376:
13326:
12338:
12236:
11663:
11162:
10746:
10534:
10519:
10504:
10494:
10489:
10479:
9343:
9126:
9111:
8999:
8109:
8094:
7924:
7904:
7880:
7859:
7840:
7821:
7802:
7783:
7760:
7741:
7722:
7698:
7675:
7656:
7637:
7615:
7596:
7565:
7541:
7537:
7504:
7485:
7466:
7447:
7428:
7409:
7390:
7371:
7352:
7333:
7314:
7295:
7276:
7257:
7224:
7203:
7184:
7165:
7141:
7120:
7101:
7079:
7060:
7043:
7033:
7014:
6995:
6978:
6959:
6940:
6919:
6900:
6881:
6862:
6843:
6824:
6798:
6777:
6758:
6739:
6719:
6700:
6517:
6477:"Archive sources for Luftwaffe activity over Southern France on 30 and 31 July 1944."
6049:
6007:
5457:
4840:
4797:
4781:
3687:
3679:
was partly achieved by recording the engine noise of a P-38, combined with that of a
3230:
3064:
3052:
3048:
2267:
Hydromatic propellers similar to those used on the P-47. The new propellers required
2222:, with a Plexiglas nose, two machine guns, and additional cameras in the tail booms.
2123:
1769:
1489:
Eighth Air Force continued to conduct reconnaissance missions using the F-5 variant.
1317:
1218:
1146:
1109:
1057:
802:
724:
688:
503:
Works locations. The XP-38 first flew on 27 January 1939 at the hands of Ben Kelsey.
459:
359:
7966:
7874:
7117:
Fortress Rabaul : the battle for the Southwest Pacific, January 1942-April 1943
6613:
4374:
1360:
were transferred to the Eighth in England in September 1943, and were joined by the
657:
The P-38 pilot training manual compressibility chart shows speed limit vs. altitude.
13841:
13781:
13776:
13721:
13671:
13621:
13616:
13554:
13509:
13426:
13346:
13266:
13261:
13161:
13076:
12991:
12445:
12244:
11788:
11366:
11067:
10469:
10459:
10439:
10409:
10384:
10379:
10367:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10256:
10226:
10181:
10171:
10141:
10080:
10070:
10030:
10005:
9980:
9970:
9888:
9753:
9673:
9478:
9283:
9203:
9173:
9055:
8756:
8674:
8509:
8383:
8172:
7972:
7245:
3843:
3637:
3235:
3080:
2858:
2523:
2422:
2158:
After 210 P-38Es were built, they were followed, starting in February 1942, by the
2142:
1757:
1575:
1534:
1353:
1333:
1124:
1053:
1042:
1009:
935:
925:
In March 1942, General Arnold made an off-hand comment that the US could avoid the
741:
562:
443:
352:
275:
248:
232:
204:
78:
7135:
5372:"Mission No. 702 / 10 June 1944 / Romana Americana Oil Refinery, Ploesti, Rumania"
2496:
as a demonstration. However, there proved to be plenty of other aircraft, such as
2317:: The national insignia was bordered in red with overall finish in synthetic haze.
2302:
The P-38L was the first Lightning fitted with zero-length rocket launchers. Seven
1179:
1153:, who had been the leading "Lightning killer" in the Luftwaffe with 17 destroyed.
977:
13846:
13801:
13591:
13519:
13466:
13421:
13406:
13151:
13126:
13071:
13026:
13006:
12971:
12929:
12894:
11710:
11596:
11427:
11047:
10706:
10131:
10096:
10075:
9913:
9863:
9763:
9743:
9733:
9623:
9418:
9358:
9136:
9050:
9004:
8857:
8669:
8514:
8405:
8400:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8160:
8119:
8062:
8022:
7918:
7575:
7218:
6956:
A Handbook of Fighter Aircraft Featuring photographs from the Imperial War Museum
6792:
6595:
6511:
6483:
6378:
6043:
6001:
5379:
5147:
5143:"P-38: Lockheed's Twin-tailed Fighter Lives Down Its Hoodoo to Sweep Enemy Skies"
4765:
4414:
4285:
4256:
3722:
3276:
3133:
2531:
2167:
1538:
1383:
1140:
1073:
914:
863:
626:
574:
545:
519:
364:
7501:
Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II
7463:
To command the sky : the battle for air superiority over Germany, 1942-1944
6426:
5734:"Memorandum for: Chief WH, CIA Subject: Bombing of British ship SS Springfjord."
5020:, Aero Series Vol. 19, Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1968. p. 4.
2028:
Paddle blade props; up-rated engines with a different propeller reduction ratio
1471:, asking for an evaluation of the various American fighters. Test pilot Captain
1194:
1150:
13646:
13534:
13524:
13489:
13381:
13356:
13296:
13021:
12976:
12185:
12085:
11808:
11798:
11541:
11449:
11437:
11395:
11329:
11188:
11167:
10968:
10821:
10766:
10731:
10716:
10606:
10566:
10474:
9985:
9803:
9788:
9653:
9618:
9598:
9538:
9523:
9468:
9413:
9393:
9333:
9213:
9153:
9045:
9035:
8938:
8923:
8903:
8898:
8862:
8643:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8571:
8535:
8447:
8243:
7629:
6287:
5812:
3819:
3742:
3406:
3179:
3178:. Ross flew the Lockheed P-38 Lightning as a photo-reconnaissance pilot out of
3093:
3026:
3022:
2975:
2971:
2940:
2897:
2314:
1707:
1685:
1591:
1449:
1375:
Because its distinctive shape was less prone to cases of mistaken identity and
1175:
1171:
1117:
1076:. The Lightning's long range allowed the pilots to fly their fighters over the
1069:
950:
797:
in June 1940, the British took over the entire order and gave the aircraft the
794:
373:
298:
251:
240:
187:
83:
7884:
5182:
5155:
4758:
13914:
13851:
13499:
13401:
13211:
13196:
13191:
13171:
13056:
12464:
12145:
11992:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11502:
11013:
10978:
10831:
10726:
10696:
10681:
10611:
10601:
10591:
10571:
10539:
10529:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10404:
9798:
9503:
9116:
9101:
9096:
8933:
8831:
8653:
8648:
8633:
8478:
8342:
8129:
8099:
8084:
7702:
7093:
7047:
6982:
6723:
3691:
3659:
3242:
2910:
2578:: First production variant with 0.5 in guns and a 37 mm cannon, 30 built
2444:
1748:
1579:
1476:
1430:
1376:
1325:
1288:
1186:
1167:
1077:
1021:
954:
910:
855:
523:
447:
271:
259:
244:
236:
58:
12842:
12461:
Not assigned • Assigned to a different manufacturer's type
6821:
The Lockheed P-38 Lightning: The Definitive Story of Lockheed's P-38 Fighter
5795:"Memorandum for: Office of the General Council: Subject: S. S. Springfjord."
4059:. National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved 21 January 2007.
1372:
soon after. P-38s and Spitfires escorted Flying Fortress raids over Europe.
953:
in Scotland. Their first refueling stop was made in far northeast Canada at
13701:
13651:
13539:
13436:
13431:
13371:
13336:
13186:
13181:
13141:
13136:
13131:
13101:
13096:
13046:
13036:
13016:
13011:
12701:
12623:
12587:
12537:
12373:
12290:
12226:
12019:
12014:
11730:
11546:
11280:
11008:
10671:
10646:
10631:
10626:
10429:
9933:
9698:
9608:
9508:
9368:
9076:
8973:
8928:
8735:
8725:
8704:
8352:
7555:
7482:
In the skies of Europe : air forces allied to the Luftwaffe, 1939-1945
7249:
7145:
6553:
5758:
3855:
3807:
3670:
3374:
3284:
3165:
3018:
3010:
2967:
2493:
1782:
1519:
1457:
1437:
1292:
1085:
905:
887:
768:
750:
606:
463:
404:
327:
294:
263:
208:
7273:
Little friends : the fighter pilot experience in World War II England
3005:
2732:: Reconnaissance variant converted from the P-38J and P-38L, 705 converted
1668:
Surplus P-38s were also used by other foreign air forces, with 12 sold to
1606:
Pilot and aircraft armorer inspect ammunition for the central 20 mm cannon
1253:
13396:
13306:
13061:
12961:
12951:
12889:
12468:
12333:
12323:
12318:
12264:
12175:
12153:
11920:
11915:
11855:
11745:
11740:
11735:
11725:
11512:
11104:
10514:
10499:
10414:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10372:
9025:
5987:
5257:
Prede di guerra. Aerei jugoslavi, inglesi, statunitensi, belgi 1940–1943.
3648:
3555:
3033:
2819:
2456:
2287:
was the most numerous variant of the Lightning, with 3,923 built, 113 by
2243:
1587:
1441:
1406:
1243:
1037:
539:
400:
266:, or even other P-38s equipped with bombs, to their targets. Used in the
8057:
6319:
2750:: United States Navy designation for four F-5Bs operated for evaluation.
1445:
1263:
13686:
13146:
12966:
12919:
12899:
12874:
12400:
11910:
11720:
11715:
11553:
11519:
10909:
10786:
10756:
10736:
10659:
10621:
9030:
5443:
Of Men and Stars: A History of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1913–1957
5282:
5280:
5278:
4408:"Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft. NASA SP-468".
3795:
3663:
3146:
2392: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1715:
1542:
1426:
1321:
1309:
535:
439:
415:
290:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6018:...the 418th, 419th and 421st Night Fighter Squadron were given P-38s.
5354:"IAR 80 contra P 38 – 10 iunie 1944 – rapoarte despre misiune – USAAF"
3083:"Sonia" flown by the veteran commander of the 73rd Independent Flying
3025:
of the USAAF competed for the top position. Both men were awarded the
2467:
2432:
2321:
Lockheed modified 200 P-38J airframes in production to become unarmed
442:
with a rotary magazine as a substitute for the nonexistent 25 mm
13811:
13676:
13441:
13341:
13276:
12313:
10751:
10554:
7957:"German Pilots Renamed It: Gabelschwanz Teufel (Fork-tailed Devil)",
7368:
A century of automotive style : 100 years of American car design
7311:
Detail & Scale Volume 57 P-38 Lighting Part I XP-38 through P-38H
5739:
4360:
ft/sec, weight of projectile 800 grains (51.8 grams), at 850 rev/min.
3253:
3182:
in England during the war. He received 11 medals and was awarded the
3084:
2780:
2426:
1507:
1463:
After some disastrous raids in 1944 with B-17s escorted by P-38s and
1201:
998:
892:
806:
719:
Airfield crew working on Lockheed P-38 fighter plane engines, c. 1944
703:
653:
641:
610:
506:
255:
220:
11653:
6899:(Limited ed.). Paducah, Ky.: Turner Pub. pp. 15, 39, 141.
6394:"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry aurait été abattu par un pilote allemand"
6280:"PTO/CBI Pilots of WWII, Top American aces of the Pacific & CBI"
5810:
Hagedorn, Daniel P. (July–November 1986). "From Caudillos to COIN".
5275:
5259:
Torino: La Bancarella Aeronautica, 2007. p. 68 No ISBN. (in Italian)
4249:
2500:, available to tow gliders, and the Lightning was spared this duty.
2367:
2098:
Delivered and accepted Lightning production variants began with the
891:
they installed subsystems on their fighters to enable them to carry
258:. The P-38 was also used as a bomber-pathfinder, guiding streams of
12884:
12053:
7292:
General Kenney reports : a personal history of the Pacific War
7181:
An Ace and his Angel : Memoirs of a World War II Fighter Pilot
6571:
6401:
3652:
3264:, where Saint-Exupéry's life is commemorated in a special exhibit.
2929:
2884:
2845:
1741:
1669:
1453:
1386:, commander of the 8th Air Force, chose to pilot a P-38 during the
1213:
1209:
875:
729:
614:
331:
7653:
Fighter pilot tactics : the techniques of daylight air combat
5445:. Burbank, California: Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1958. p. 11.
4603:
4391:"Handbook of Operation and Maintenance-Allison V1710 type engines"
3296:
3292:, marked as a P-38J of the 55th Fighter Squadron, based in England
3156:
in Vietnam, ending his career as brigadier general with 16 kills.
2684:: Two P-38Ls were converted as tandem-seated operational trainers.
1529:
Col. MacDonald and Al Nelson in the Pacific with MacDonald's P-38J
945:, the first seven P-38s, each carrying two small drop tanks, left
929:
by flying fighters to the UK rather than packing them onto ships.
900:'s observation that the US sorely needed a high-speed, long-range
518:
on 11 February 1939 to relocate the aircraft for further testing.
13216:
12437:
12141:
11902:
7425:
The secret years : flight testing at Boscombe Down 1935-1945
6676:
5767:
3543:
3420:
3366:
3246:
2486:
2357:
2309:
2141:
The first P-38E rolled out of the factory in October 1941 as the
1722:. Lefty Gardner, former B-24 and B-17 pilot and associate of the
1612:
1572:
1391:
1274:. Instead of bombing from high altitude as had been tried by the
1200:
On 12 June 1943, a P-38G, while flying a special mission between
962:
886:
The strategic bombing proponents within the USAAF, nicknamed the
737:
601:
The P-38 was flown with a yoke, rather than the more-usual stick.
423:
228:
224:
54:
6244:
3580:
2× 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs or drop tanks, plus either
1226:(Lieutenant Colonel) Angelo Tondi flew the captured aircraft to
1005:
in this theater for a short period beginning in September 1942.
48:
12305:
11702:
8007:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
5870:
Final Report on Tactical Suitability of the P-38F Type Airplane
5023:
3186:
twice for missions that were integral to Allied victory at the
3068:
2832:
2793:
2489:
capacity to keep up with P-38 deliveries to the South Pacific.
1681:
1337:
1271:
1267:
1235:
1013:
858:, who was later credited with the kill. Petit had already used
475:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6087:
4965:
4423:
3308:
A P-38 with a 1,000 lb (454 kg) bomb and a drop tank
3212:
At midday on 31 July 1944, noted aviation pioneer and writer
2654:: Production variant with modified radio equipment, 1082 built
2464:
dual controls, and was later fitted with a laminar-flow wing.
2313:
F-5A Lightning of the 7th Photo Group, 8th Air Force based at
1401:
7837:
Brassey's D-Day encyclopedia : the Normandy invasion A-Z
7351:. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, US Air Force.
6222:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
5492:
5486:"474th Fighter Group - WWII - World War II - Army Air Forces"
2871:
2296:
1676:
The CIA "Liberation Air Force" flew one P-38M to support the
1231:
1205:
1162:
874:
The British name was retained over Lockheed's original name '
629:(RAF), and the Free French Air Force operating from England.
605:
Test flights revealed problems initially believed to be tail
7876:
The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944
5932:
5930:
5576:
5272:(in Italian). Rome: Edizioni Bizzarri, 1973. No ISBN. p. 72.
5092:
4739:
1257:
Herbert Hatch pointing to the five victory marks on his P-38
11610:
7609:
6084:
5188:
5161:
4585:
3609:
2522:
A P-38J was used in experiments with an unusual scheme for
2211:
Some P-38G production was diverted on the assembly line to
2163:
1247:
957:. The second stop was a rough airstrip in Greenland called
736:
The engines were unusually quiet because the exhausts were
6842:(1st The warriors ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.
6697:
U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909
6408:
6340:
6328:
6301:
6203:
6151:
6149:
5629:
5627:
5600:
5504:
5270:
Caccia Assalto 3 – aerei italiani nella 2a guerra mondiale
4659:
4015:
3032:
McGuire was killed in air combat in January 1945 over the
1525:
1266:, the third-most heavily defended target in Europe, after
376:
engines with turbosuperchargers and gave extra points for
6643:
6443:"Clues to the Mystery of a Writer Pilot Who Disappeared."
6072:
5927:
5334:
5324:"Dan Vizanti, despre IAR 80 și bătălia din 10 iunie 1944"
5292:
5124:
5122:
5109:
5107:
5082:
5080:
5052:
5050:
4955:
4953:
6916:
Holocaust : critical concepts in historical studies
6546:
Lockheed P-38H/J/L Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions
6513:
Lockheed P-38H/J/L Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions
6181:
6179:
6166:
6164:
6136:
6134:
5910:
Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia of American Military Aircraft
5552:
5540:
5005:
Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia of American Military Aircraft
4977:
4926:
4914:
4844:
Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia of American Military Aircraft
4801:
Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia of American Military Aircraft
4785:
Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia of American Military Aircraft
4769:
Joe Baugher's Encyclopedia of American Military Aircraft
4684:
4517:(in German). Munich: J.F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1939. pg386-7
2572:: Redesigned preproduction batch with armament, 13 built
2126:
Hydromatic hollow steel propellers were replaced by new
1072:
in North Africa as part of the force being built up for
7461:
McFarland, Stephen Lee; Newton, Wesley Philips (2006).
7140:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 692–693.
6757:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Aviation.
6232:
6146:
5687:
5624:
5564:
5206:
5172:
5170:
4818:
4729:
4727:
4624:"Collections Database: Lockheed P-38J-10-LO Lightning."
3999:
3997:
3995:
3423:
electric constant-speed propellers (LH and RH rotation)
2690:: Conversion of P-38L as a radar-equipped night-fighter
2341:
s. A few P-38Ls were field modified to become two-seat
1863:
Fitted with self-sealing fuel tanks/armored windshield
1304:" (Indians with two feathers) by the Romanians, of the
913:, or to the new Lockheed assembly plant B-6 (today the
866:"Rufe" floatplanes in February and to heavily damage a
661:
Johnson said in his autobiography that he pleaded with
395:
P-38 armament, concentrated in the nose of the aircraft
7076:
Flying American combat aircraft of WWII : 1939-45
6667:, courtesy of Studebaker. Retrieved: 14 December 2009.
5969:
5612:
5304:
5119:
5104:
5077:
5067:
5065:
5047:
4950:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4887:
4885:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4835:
4833:
4637:
4635:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4195:
4193:
4150:
4126:
2720:: Reconnaissance variant of the P-38J, 123 conversions
1501:
Wartime poster encouraging greater production of P-38s
1149:, with four Bf 109s, including that of 67-victory ace
592:
494:
Lockheed won the competition on 23 June 1937 with its
387:
Preliminary Lockheed twin-engine P-38 fighter concepts
8013:
7853:
6823:. Hayesville, North Carolina: Widewing Publications.
6699:. Leicester, England: Midland Counties Publications.
6631:
6176:
6161:
6131:
5915:
5887:
5875:
5848:
5745:
5675:
5663:
5651:
5639:
5528:
5194:
4330:
2962:, was painted bright vermilion red, and had the name
2702:: Photo-reconnaissance variant of the P-38F, 20 built
2696:: Photo-reconnaissance variant of the P-38E, 99 built
2439:, a former P-38L converted as a P-38M Night Lightning
2242:
was introduced in August 1943. The turbosupercharger
1691:, which was loading Guatemalan cotton and coffee for
7078:(1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
6655:
6552:. United States Army Air Force. 1944. Archived from
6459:
Beale, Nick. "Saint-Exupéry Entre Mythe et Réalité "
6191:
5516:
5458:"Army Air Corps, World War II: 370th Fighter Group".
5406:
5167:
4724:
4696:
4435:
4138:
3992:
3712:
3574:
2× 2,000 lb (907 kg) bombs or drop tanks;
2726:: Prone-observer variant, one conversion from a F-5A
2584:: Thirtieth P-38 modified with a pressurized cockpit
372:
was designed. Both proposals required liquid-cooled
7330:
War pilot : true tales of combat and adventure
6256:
5988:
Lightning Modifications & Derivatives / Postwar
5867:"WWII Aircraft Performance: P-38F Tactical Trials".
5394:
5062:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4938:
4897:
4882:
4870:
4849:
4830:
4806:
4647:
4632:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4495:
4463:
4306:
4265:
4205:
4190:
4162:
4078:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3754:
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
3413:
at 60 inHg (2.032 bar) and 3,000 rpm
776:In March 1940, the French and British, through the
403:. The Lockheed design team, under the direction of
7971:is available for free viewing and download at the
7816:Thornborough, Anthony M.; Davis, Peter E. (1988).
6880:. Saint-Laurent, Québec: Longmans Canada Limited.
6023:
4513:Schnitzler, R., G.W. Feuchter and R. Schulz, eds.
4370:
4368:
4366:
3000:
1216:, from navigation error due to a compass failure.
7815:
7754:
7536:. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 2. London, UK:
7534:Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean
7387:Fighter! : Ten Killer Planes of World War II
7256:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
6913:
6273:
6271:
5999:
5720:Sgarlato, Nico. "I P-38 Italiani. (in Italian)".
5286:
5230:
5029:
4482:Kocivar, Ben (6 October 1964). "Collier Trophy".
4429:
2738:: Reconnaissance variant conversions of the P-38L
1973:Automatic cooling system; improved P-38G fighter
1308:were challenged by a large formation of Romanian
1001:on 4 April 1942. Three F-4s were operated by the
824:Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment
309:, the P-38 was the primary long-range fighter of
13912:
13903: Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes.
7183:. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company.
6320:"Charles Lindbergh and the 475th Fighter Group."
5438:
5436:
4989:
4418:NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch
4277:
3055:discussing a mission on Biak Island in July 1944
2708:: Reconnaissance variant of the P-38G, 181 built
1008:On 29 May 1942, 25 P-38s began operating in the
455:20 mm (.79 in) autocannon with 150 rounds.
203:is an American single-seat, twin piston-engined
7460:
7217:Johnsen, Frederick (2003). Steve Gansen (ed.).
7013:(Updated ed.). Leicester: Blitz Editions.
4971:
4363:
4035:. aeroflight.co.uk. Retrieved: 10 October 2010.
4016:Master Sgt. John DeShetler (20 November 2006),
3697:
3300:M2 machine gun armament in the nose of the P-38
2017:Reconnaissance aircraft converted from P-38J/L
683:incident in which an RAF fighter shot down the
7270:
6537:
6268:
5899:
5831:National Museum of the United States Air Force
4846:, 2 December 2002. Retrieved: 29 January 2007.
4774:
4745:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4284:Chinn, George (1951). "37-mm Automatic Guns".
3914:List of military aircraft of the United States
3666:for the 1950 and 1951 model-year Studebakers.
3290:National Museum of the United States Air Force
2492:Still another P-38E was used in 1942 to tow a
2358:Pathfinders, night-fighter, and other variants
2185:Lockheed P-38G-1-LO Lightning, serial 42-12723
2039:Improved P-38J new engines; new rocket pylons
1896:RAF order: twin right-hand props and no turbo
1631:P-38J 42-68008 flying over Southern California
1560:
1436:'s headquarters in July 1944; Nichols himself
1356:'s heavy-bomber operations. The P-38Hs of the
1041:Reconnaissance P-38 with bold black and white
231:and armament. Along with its use as a general
12828:
12493:
11639:
10294:
8043:
7839:(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.
7796:
7636:(2nd ed.). Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Pub.
6774:P-38 Lightning Aces of the 82nd Fighter Group
6504:
5498:
5433:
4790:
4324:AN 01-75-2 P-38 gunsight manual, Section IV,
4227:
4225:
3462:3,300 mi (5,300 km, 2,900 nmi)
3456:1,300 mi (2,100 km, 1,100 nmi)
2083:Reconnaissance aircraft converted from P-38L
2061:Reconnaissance aircraft converted from P-38L
2006:Reconnaissance aircraft converted from P-38J
1874:First combat-ready variant, revised armament
1193:, our fighters were clearly superior to it."
780:, ordered 667 P-38s for US$ 100M, designated
489:
480:the V-1710 modular-design aircraft powerplant
8019:Pilot training manual for the Lightning P-38
7920:Pilot Training Manual for the P-38 Lightning
7879:(IV ed.). University of Chicago Press.
7797:Thompson, J. Steve; Smith, Peter C. (2008).
7332:(First ed.). Novato, Calif.: Presidio.
7244:
6878:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: His Life and Times
5954:21 October 2007. Retrieved: 6 February 2009.
5842:
5425:"Interview with General James H. Doolittle".
4751:
4665:
2958:The 5,000th Lightning built, a P-38J-20-LO,
1795:Version and total manufactured or converted
1684:bombs that destroyed the British cargo ship
850:in April 1943. Robert Petit's G model named
7465:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
7406:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945
6897:Lockheed : the people behind the story
5993:
5872:, 6 March 1943. Retrieved: 19 January 2009.
5820:
5236:
5007:, 13 June 1999. Retrieved: 4 February 2007.
4803:, 13 June 1999. Retrieved: 29 January 2007.
4787:, 13 June 1999. Retrieved: 29 January 2007.
4771:, 13 June 1999. Retrieved: 29 January 2007.
4612:
4515:Handbuch der Luftfahrt (Manual of Aviation)
4447:
3193:
2189:The P-38F was followed in June 1942 by the
2132:20 mm (.79 in) Hispano autocannon
2114:The first combat-capable Lightning was the
663:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
313:until the introduction of large numbers of
281:The P-38 was used most successfully in the
30:"P-38" redirects here. For other uses, see
12835:
12821:
12500:
12486:
11646:
11632:
10301:
10287:
8050:
8036:
7755:Stanaway, John; Mellinger, George (2001).
7719:P-38 Lightning Aces of the Pacific and CBI
7523:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7389:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Voyageur Press.
6914:Cesarani, David; Kavanaugh, Sarah (2004).
5912:, 5 June 1999. Retrieved: 29 January 2007.
5860:
4721:, Version 1.3. Retrieved: 21 January 2007.
4222:
4174:
4050:
2988:List of surviving Lockheed P-38 Lightnings
2620:: Proposed variant of the P-38A, not built
2614:: Proposed variant of the P-38A, not built
1744:. The aircraft is now located in Austria.
679:(ETO) P-38Js were destroyed in a mistaken
451:of four M2 Browning machine guns, and one
7854:Villagrán Kramer, Francisco (1993–2004).
7674:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Salamander Books.
7441:
7370:. Stockton, Calif.: Lamm-Morada Pub. Co.
7365:
6730:
6649:
6420:
5558:
5453:
5451:
5098:
4488:. Vol. 28, no. 20. p. 36.
4460:, April 2005. Retrieved: 26 January 2007.
4396:. Allison division, General Motors. 1943.
4351:"The Facts About Fighter-Plane Firepower"
3444:275 mph (443 km/h, 239 kn)
3271:
2761:List of Lockheed P-38 Lightning operators
2408:Learn how and when to remove this message
1680:. On 27 June 1954, this aircraft dropped
1657:by 1952. The Lightnings served in the 4°
1032:
848:operation that shot down Admiral Yamamoto
345:
8023:The Museum of Flight Digital Collections
7773:
7735:
7716:
7688:
7327:
7275:(1st ed.). New York: Random House.
7133:
7100:. Cutchogue, New York: Buccaneer Books.
7057:The Great book of World War II airplanes
6975:Lockheed P-38 Lightning technical manual
6894:
6752:
6499:United States Air Force Museum Guidebook
6387:
6307:
6250:
5809:
5693:
5633:
5594:
5582:
5546:
5298:
5128:
5113:
5086:
5056:
5041:
4096:
3636:
3486:53.4 lb/sq ft (261 kg/m)
3450:105 mph (169 km/h, 91 kn)
3303:
3295:
3283:
3280:A three-view drawing of a P-38 Lightning
3275:
3197:
3042:
3004:
2939:
2553:
2545:
2466:
2443:A number of Lightnings were modified as
2431:
2308:
2229:
2195:
2180:
2138:the earlier arrangement led to jamming.
1918:First fully combat-capable P-38 fighter
1626:
1601:
1524:
1496:
1400:
1252:
1242:, 42–30307, that fell off the shore of
1036:
985:The first unit to receive P-38s was the
976:
767:
714:
652:
596:
544:
505:
498:and was contracted to build a prototype
390:
382:
287:China-Burma-India Theaters of Operations
7917:
7834:
7778:. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 120.
7634:Fighter tactics and strategy, 1914-1970
7444:A concise history of the U.S. Air Force
7384:
7271:Kaplan, Philip; Saunders, Andy (1991).
7216:
7159:
7092:
6932:
6837:
6713:
6694:
6614:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage"
6277:
6238:
6226:
6155:
6125:
5570:
5473:Achtung Jabos! The Story of the IX TAC.
5412:
5224:
5200:
5010:
4607:P-38 National Association & Museum.
4481:
4420:. Washington. Retrieved: 22 April 2006.
4348:
4336:
4132:
4108:
4044:
1995:Reconnaissance aircraft based on P-38J
1951:Reconnaissance aircraft based on P-38G
1929:Reconnaissance aircraft based on P-38F
1885:Reconnaissance aircraft based on P-38E
239:roles, including as a highly effective
14:
13913:
7872:
7554:
7531:
7498:
7479:
7403:
7346:
7308:
7289:
7114:
7054:
7027:
7008:
6953:
6856:
6637:
6605:
6414:
6346:
6334:
6185:
6170:
6140:
5975:
5618:
5606:
5510:
5448:
5340:
5176:
4702:
4591:
4579:
4550:
4260:P-38 National Association & Museum
4235:. H. W. Wilson Co. 1969. p. 199.
4084:
4003:
3658:The P-38 was also the inspiration for
972:
961:, and the third refueling stop was in
436:United States Army Ordnance Department
219:, the P-38 incorporated a distinctive
12816:
12481:
11627:
10282:
8031:
7898:
7672:The Illustrated Directory of Fighters
7669:
7650:
7590:
7422:
7197:
7178:
6989:
6972:
6818:
6790:
6771:
6197:
6078:
6041:
6029:
5963:
5936:
5921:
5893:
5881:
5854:
5775:from the original on 25 December 2012
5757:
5681:
5669:
5657:
5645:
5534:
5522:
5400:
5310:
5071:
4983:
4959:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4891:
4876:
4864:
4824:
4812:
4733:
4690:
4653:
4641:
4538:
4526:
4501:
4469:
4441:
4312:
4283:
4271:
4216:
4199:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4120:
4019:'Lightning' strikes 1st Pursuit Group
3583:4× 500 lb (227 kg) bombs or
3117:
2981:
1780:. The earliest-built surviving P-38,
1647:
621:, the Army Air Corps was renamed the
514:Kelsey then proposed a speed dash to
27:American twin-engined fighter of WWII
13946:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
13926:1930s United States fighter aircraft
10324:fighter designations 1924–1962, and
7689:Spinetta, Lawrence (November 2007).
7628:
7202:. Minneapolis, Minn.: Zenith Press.
7137:Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942
7073:
6875:
6794:Lightning Strikes: The Lockheed P-38
6611:
6358:
6262:
5212:
5140:
3618:2× 500 lb (227 kg) bombs;
3594:6× 500 lb (227 kg) bombs;
3586:4× 250 lb (113 kg) bombs;
3353:327.5 sq ft (30.43 m)
3335:37 ft 10 in (11.53 m)
3099:
3059:
3040:jet fighter flamed out on take-off.
2995:
2390:adding citations to reliable sources
2361:
2153:
1405:P-38s of the 370th Fighter Group at
666:dive problem was revealed to be the
10089:
7937:from the original on 6 January 2022
7366:Lamm, Michael; Holls, Dave (1996).
7254:Kelly: More Than My Share of it All
6589:"Appendix A (continued), Table III"
5141:Gray, William P. (16 August 1943).
3704:Aircraft in fiction: P-38 Lightning
3347:12 ft 10 in (3.91 m)
3341:52 ft 0 in (15.85 m)
2093:
2072:Night fighter converted from P-38L
1984:New cooling and electrical systems
1102:Mediterranean Theater of Operations
1027:
992:
593:High-speed compressibility problems
24:
7757:P-39 Airacobra aces of World War 2
7738:P-38 Lightning aces of the ETO/MTO
7011:The encyclopedia of world aircraft
6427:"Wartime author mystery 'solved'."
5990:v2.0.7 1 February 2021 Greg Goebel
5237:Rymaszewski, Michael (July 1994).
3632:
3624:2× 250 lb (113 kg) bombs
3612:(High Velocity Aircraft Rockets);
3600:6× 250 lb (113 kg) bombs
3554:4× M10 three-tube 4.5 in (112 mm)
3504:8.78 sq ft (0.82 m)
2507:Lockheed proposed a carrier-based
2118:(and its photo-recon variant the
1492:
881:
549:Mechanized P-38 assembly lines in
474:to eliminate the effect of engine
25:
13957:
12670:Strategic reconnaissance sequence
12512:designations, Army/Air Force and
8008:"Lockheed Lightning (P-38L-5-LO)"
7991:a 1943 Lockheed advertisement in
7950:
7858:. : FLACSO-Guatemala-Costa Rica.
3731:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
3686:The popular eight-bit video game
3495:0.16 hp/lb (0.26 kW/kg)
3474:4,750 ft/min (24.1 m/s)
2511:version of the Lightning for the
1597:
1347:
854:was on that mission, borrowed by
778:Anglo-French Purchasing Committee
438:prototype T1 23 mm (.90 in)
289:as the aircraft of America's top
7313:. Squadron/Signal Publications.
6994:. Squadron/Signal Publications.
6791:Blake, Steven (4 October 2020).
6670:
6492:
6470:
6453:
6435:
6364:
6313:
6035:
5981:
5942:
5803:
5787:
5751:
5727:
5714:
5699:
5478:
5466:
5418:
4349:Grahame, Arthur (January 1944).
4071:The P-38: When Lightning Strikes
3975:He was flying a P-38-F-5B-1-LO,
3969:
3959:
3899:List of aircraft of World War II
3715:
3288:Lockheed P-38L Lightning at the
2922:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2558:A 3-view line drawing of a P-38L
2550:A 3-view line drawing of a P-38G
2366:
1582:found out that he was flying to
1332:on the ground, as well as three
321:, making it one of the earliest
47:
13893:Aircraft of the Australian Army
12846:aircraft serial-number prefixes
7856:Biografía política de Guatemala
7655:. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens.
7442:McFarland, Stephen Lee (1997).
7220:Weapons of the Eighth Air Force
6688:
5771:, vol. 529, cc 1769-1772,
5768:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
5364:
5346:
5316:
5262:
5249:
5134:
4708:
4671:
4597:
4507:
4475:
4400:
4383:
4342:
4318:
4243:
3950:
3940:
3926:
3393:17,500 lb (7,938 kg)
3387:12,800 lb (5,806 kg)
3159:
3001:Richard Bong and Thomas McGuire
2377:needs additional citations for
2234:Four P-38Hs flying in formation
2225:
917:), to be fitted with four K-17
235:, the P-38 was used in various
173:1949 (United States Air Force)
12647:Reconnaissance/strike sequence
7030:International Air Power Review
6861:. New York: Ballantine Books.
6797:. Stroud, UK: Fonthill Media.
6776:. Botley, Oxford: Bloomsbury.
6662:"The P-38 prowls the highway."
6278:Sherman, Stephen (June 1999),
6048:. John W. Caler Publications.
5816:. No. 33. pp. 55–70.
5463:. Retrieved: 14 December 2009.
4716:"The Lockheed P-38 Lightning."
4604:"About the P-38: Early Years."
4062:
4026:
4009:
3748:Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning
3468:44,000 ft (13,000 m)
3399:21,600 lb (9,798 kg)
3258:Air and Space Museum of France
3234:) vanished in his P-38 of the
2935:
2304:High Velocity Aircraft Rockets
1793:
1772:, at Yanks Air Museum, and in
677:European Theater of Operations
13:
1:
11657:fighter designations pre-1962
7998:"Lockheed Lightning (P-38/J)"
7328:Kirkland, Richard C. (2003).
7119:. Minneapolis: Zenith Press.
6325:. Retrieved: 10 October 2010.
5833:. Retrieved: 16 October 2016.
5430:. Retrieved: 6 February 2009.
5287:Cesarani & Kavanaugh 2004
5030:Stanaway & Mellinger 2001
4629:. Retrieved: 6 February 2009.
4627:National Air and Space Museum
4430:Thornborough & Davis 1988
4262:. Retrieved: 21 January 2007.
3986:
3140:
1789:
1661:and other units including 3°
949:in Maine on 23 June 1942 for
943:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses
418:heavy fighter, and the later
311:United States Army Air Forces
122:United States Army Air Forces
13941:Aircraft first flown in 1939
12522:Army/Air Force main sequence
7989:"Jap-hunting without a Gun!"
7968:P-38: Flight Characteristics
7740:. London: Osprey Aerospace.
7691:"Battle of the Bismarck Sea"
7480:Neulen, Hans Werner (2005).
7347:Knaack, Marcelle S. (1988).
7164:. New York: Crescent Books.
6738:. Eskilstuna: Vaktel Books.
6677:"Sound Design of Star Wars."
6489:. Retrieved: 30 August 2011.
5798:Central Intelligence Agency,
5360:(in Romanian). 14 July 2022.
4782:"Lockheed XP-38A Lightning."
3698:Notable appearances in media
3176:22nd Reconnaissance Squadron
2754:
1841:Initial production aircraft
828:Royal Aircraft Establishment
510:One of 13 YP-38s constructed
213:United States Army Air Corps
7:
12856:indicate prefixes not used.
8015:P-38 Association and Museum
7873:Watson, Richard L. (1950).
7776:P-38 Lightning Aces 1942–43
7759:. Oxford: Osprey Aviation.
7294:. Washington, D.C.: DIANE.
7059:. New York: Bonanza Books.
6933:Coggins, Edward V. (2000).
6006:. Danvers, MA, USA: Crown.
5907:"Lockheed P-38J Lightning."
5330:(in Romanian). 9 June 2009.
5002:"P-38 in European Theatre."
4972:McFarland & Newton 2006
4798:"Lockheed P-38D Lightning."
4609:Retrieved: 21 January 2007.
4380:Retrieved: 21 January 2007.
4187:Retrieved: 21 January 2007.
3708:
3681:North American P-51 Mustang
3268:note of such a shoot-down.
3038:Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star
2541:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2046:
2035:
2024:
2013:
2002:
1991:
1980:
1969:
1958:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1914:
1903:
1892:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1760:, painted in the colors of
1678:1954 Guatemalan coup d'etat
1644:and P-51D entered service.
1561:Killing of Admiral Yamamoto
947:Presque Isle Army Air Field
472:counter-rotating propellers
10:
13962:
7561:Saint-Exupéry: A Biography
7290:Kenney, George C. (1987).
7198:Hearn, Chester G. (2008).
7134:Gillison, Douglas (1962).
6819:Bodie, Warren M. (2001) .
6000:Jeffrey L. Ethell (1983).
5746:Villagrán Kramer 1993–2004
4759:"Lockheed P-38 Lightning."
4746:Kaplan & Saunders 1991
4375:"Lockheed P-38 Lightning."
4233:Current Biography Yearbook
4182:"Lockheed P-38 Lightning."
3701:
3546:machine guns with 500 rpg.
3509:Zero-lift drag coefficient
3205:
3184:Distinguished Flying Cross
3163:
3144:
3121:
3103:
2985:
2758:
1564:
1555:Battle of the Bismarck Sea
1465:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts
1342:Presidential Unit Citation
1003:Royal Australian Air Force
520:General Henry "Hap" Arnold
490:XP-38 and YP-38 prototypes
422:night fighter and Swedish
307:South West Pacific theater
29:
13901:
13875:
13573:
13480:
12938:
12861:
12851:
12753:
12717:
12710:
12693:Tri-Service main sequence
12692:
12669:
12646:
12616:
12530:
12521:
12459:
12436:
12382:
12364:
12304:
12281:
12263:
12235:
12212:
12184:
12140:
12084:
12040:
12001:
11901:
11842:
11754:
11701:
11662:
11605:
11589:
11495:
11458:
11236:
11227:
11197:
11176:
11150:
10840:
10342:
10333:
10269:
9085:
9069:
9018:
8987:
8886:
8850:
8824:
8749:
8713:
8662:
8626:
8619:
8559:
8528:
8492:
8461:
8435:
8428:
8361:
8325:
8252:
8186:
8138:
8077:
8070:
7835:Tillman, Barrett (2004).
7595:. New York: W.W. Norton.
6838:Bruning, John R. (2003).
6695:Andrade, John M. (1979).
6467:, No. 4, 2008, pp. 78–81.
5499:Thompson & Smith 2008
5018:Lockheed P-38 "Lightning"
4679:NACA MR No. 3F12, Summary
4022:, United States Air Force
3909:List of Lockheed aircraft
3868:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
3023:Thomas B. "Tommy" McGuire
2951:
1962:A one-off converted F-5A
1778:Evergreen Aviation Museum
1701:Gracias a Dios Department
1537:, commander of the USAAF
1093:fighter and a very large
868:Japanese submarine chaser
420:Northrop P-61 Black Widow
183:
169:
161:
153:
145:
140:
132:
117:
105:
97:
71:
66:
46:
41:
12844:Australian Defence Force
7979:"The Lockheed Lightning"
7564:. New York: Henry Holt.
7499:Parker, Dana T. (2013).
7404:Levine, Alan J. (1992).
7055:Ethell, Jeffrey (1984).
6992:P-38 Lightning In Action
6958:. London: Hermes House.
6954:Crosby, Francis (2003).
5843:Johnson & Smith 1985
5827:Lockheed P-38L Lightning
4666:Johnson & Smith 1985
4255:18 December 2006 at the
3932:The 1939 edition of the
3919:
3904:List of fighter aircraft
3214:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
3208:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
3194:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
3172:7th Reconnaissance Group
1238:). Tondi attacked B-17G
1062:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor
694:Johnson later recalled:
432:M2 Browning machine guns
409:Clarence "Kelly" Johnson
12711:Reconnaissance subtypes
12510:reconnaissance aircraft
12508:United States military
8065:aircraft and spacecraft
7774:Stanaway, John (2014).
7736:Stanaway, John (1998).
7717:Stanaway, John (1997).
7614:. London: Grub Street.
7503:. Cypress, California.
7179:Hatch, Herbert (2000).
7162:Aircraft of World War 2
7074:Frey, Royal D. (2004).
6857:Caidin, Martin (1983).
6618:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu
6253:, pp. 15, 39, 141.
6045:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
5722:Aerei Nella Storia n.21
3966:failure or combat loss.
3934:German Aviation Manual
3784:Focke-Wulf Fw 187 Falke
3662:and his design team at
3541:M2 Browning machine gun
3320:General characteristics
3236:French Armée de l'Air's
3137:for testing afterward.
2216:reconnaissance aircraft
1940:Improved P-38F fighter
1754:Lone Star Flight Museum
1415:IX Tactical Air Command
1184:General der Jagdflieger
1136:der Gabelschwanz Teufel
838:. All 121 were used as
759:self-sealing fuel tanks
687:(mistaken for a German
305:(27 victories). In the
201:Lockheed P-38 Lightning
7532:Scutts, Jerry (1994).
7160:Gunston, Bill (1980).
7115:Gamble, Bruce (2010).
7098:The First and The Last
7009:Donald, David (1997).
6939:. Turner. p. 31.
6895:Cefaratt, Gil (2002).
6753:Berliner, Don (2011).
6716:The Aviation Historian
6482:5 October 2011 at the
5952:P-38 Lightning online,
4841:"Lightning I for RAF."
4406:Loftin, L.K. Jr. 1985
4357:. pp. 76–83, 186.
3645:
3536:cannon with 150 rounds
3309:
3301:
3293:
3281:
3272:Specifications (P-38L)
3239:Groupe de Chasse II/33
3203:
3089:Imperial Japanese Army
3056:
3019:Richard I. "Dick" Bong
3014:
2948:
2559:
2551:
2498:Douglas C-47 Skytrains
2476:
2440:
2318:
2235:
2201:
2186:
2050:P-38L built by Vultee
1632:
1607:
1530:
1502:
1486:
1410:
1330:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
1258:
1049:
1033:North Africa and Italy
982:
898:George William Goddard
820:Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft
811:attack on Pearl Harbor
790:Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks
773:
720:
701:
685:Douglas C-54 Skymaster
658:
602:
553:
511:
396:
388:
346:Design and development
340:Victory over Japan Day
336:Attack on Pearl Harbor
223:design with a central
11613:" •
8253:C-130 Hercules family
8120:8-D, E & G Altair
7780:Bloomsbury Publishing
7484:. Ramsbury: Crowood.
7427:. Manchester: Crécy.
7385:Laurier, Jim (2016).
7309:Kinzey, Bert (1998).
7223:. St. Paul, MN: MBI.
6990:Davis, Larry (1990).
6918:. London: Routledge.
6876:Cate, Curtis (1970).
6772:Blake, Steve (2012).
6650:Lamm & Holls 1996
6594:12 March 2009 at the
6377:21 April 2008 at the
5243:Computer Gaming World
4594:, pp. 59, 75–76.
4455:"Conquering the Sky!"
4378:aviation-history.com.
3772:de Havilland Mosquito
3640:
3307:
3299:
3287:
3279:
3201:
3046:
3008:
2943:
2557:
2549:
2470:
2435:
2312:
2233:
2199:
2184:
1724:Confederate Air Force
1630:
1605:
1547:39th Fighter Squadron
1528:
1500:
1481:
1404:
1394:, then–Major General
1306:71st Fighter Squadron
1256:
1100:Early results in the
1084:in Algeria alongside
1045:participating in the
1040:
980:
771:
718:
696:
656:
600:
548:
509:
394:
386:
378:tricycle landing gear
268:aerial reconnaissance
207:that was used during
126:Free French Air Force
89:Aerial reconnaissance
32:P-38 (disambiguation)
13883:Aircraft of the RAAF
12617:Prefix R-, 1947–1962
12531:Prefix F-, 1930–1947
11590:Related designations
11228:Tri-service sequence
8462:Shooting Star family
8326:L-188 Electra family
8187:Constellation family
7899:Yenne, Bill (1987).
7820:. Surrey: I. Allan.
7801:. Hersham: Classic.
7721:. New York: Osprey.
7670:Spick, Mike (2002).
7651:Spick, Mike (1983).
7591:Schom, Alan (2004).
7246:Johnson, Clarence L.
5461:Living History Group
5376:82ndfightergroup.com
5255:Garello, Giancarlo.
4413:13 June 2006 at the
4033:"Honduran Air Force"
3832:Messerschmitt Me 210
3225:Wind, Sand and Stars
3106:Charles H. MacDonald
2386:improve this article
1852:Pressurized cockpit
1830:Evaluation aircraft
1762:Charles H. MacDonald
1747:F-5s were bought by
1655:Aeronautica Militare
1388:invasion of Normandy
1302:Indieni cu două pene
1091:Messerschmitt Bf 109
927:German U-boat menace
904:plane. Along with a
902:photo reconnaissance
846:great effect in the
826:(A&AEE) and the
623:U.S. Army Air Forces
577:, and designing the
534:.) Lockheed's chief
303:Charles H. MacDonald
301:(38 victories), and
217:Lockheed Corporation
211:. Developed for the
112:Lockheed Corporation
13888:Aircraft of the RAN
12467: •
11496:Covert designations
11177:Fighter, multiplace
10841:Fighter (1948–1962)
10343:Pursuit (1924–1948)
7818:Lockheed blackbirds
7423:Mason, Tim (2010).
6973:Cross, Roy (1969).
6732:Bergström, Christer
6665:Hemmings Motor News
6417:, pp. 438–439.
6349:, pp. 436–437.
6337:, pp. 430–433.
6128:, pp. 146–147.
6081:, pp. 118–121.
6042:Cross, Roy (1968).
5939:, pp. 169–171.
5609:, pp. 129–165.
5585:, pp. 692–693.
5513:, pp. 171–173.
5343:, pp. 113–114.
5289:, pp. 234–235.
5239:"Playing Your Aces"
5215:, pp. 134–135.
5191:, pp. 326–329.
5164:, pp. 321–323.
5101:, pp. 315–316.
5016:Maloney, Edward T.
4986:, pp. 101–102.
4935:, pp. 111–116.
4923:, pp. 204–205.
4764:26 May 2012 at the
4693:, pp. 174–175.
3760:Bristol Beaufighter
3737:Related development
3643:Studebaker Champion
3534:Hispano M2(C) 20 mm
3397:Max takeoff weight:
3188:Battle of the Bulge
2289:Consolidated-Vultee
1796:
1774:McMinnville, Oregon
1584:Bougainville Island
1567:Operation Vengeance
1448:in July and in the
1423:474th Fighter Group
1419:370th Fighter Group
1409:in southern England
1370:479th Fighter Group
1366:364th Fighter Group
1276:Fifteenth Air Force
973:Operational history
931:President Roosevelt
784:for the French and
551:Burbank, California
528:Hempstead, New York
370:Bell P-39 Airacobra
254:when equipped with
67:General information
13931:Twin-boom aircraft
13579:Tri-Service series
12718:Converted fighters
11655:United States Navy
11615:1919–1924 sequence
8493:Starfighter family
7903:. Crescent Books.
6936:Wings That Stay On
6447:The New York Times
6441:Tagliabuet, John.
6229:, pp. 99–100.
5763:"Aircraft Attacks"
5268:Dimensione cielo.
5189:Shores et al. 2018
5162:Shores et al. 2018
4827:, pp. 45, 47.
4453:O'Leary, Michael.
3880:Westland Whirlwind
3676:Return of the Jedi
3646:
3608:10× 5 in (127 mm)
3605:Outer hardpoints:
3571:Inner hardpoints:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3282:
3241:, after departing
3204:
3124:Martin James Monti
3118:Martin James Monti
3074:indicated airspeed
3057:
3015:
2982:Surviving aircraft
2949:
2807:Dominican Republic
2560:
2552:
2513:United States Navy
2477:
2451:night fighter, or
2441:
2319:
2236:
2202:
2187:
1794:
1648:Postwar operations
1633:
1621:55th Fighter Group
1608:
1531:
1503:
1411:
1396:Earle E. Partridge
1381:Lieutenant General
1362:20th Fighter Group
1358:55th Fighter Group
1318:Focke-Wulf Fw 190s
1280:82nd Fighter Group
1259:
1159:Johannes Steinhoff
1050:
983:
919:aerial photography
774:
721:
668:center of pressure
659:
647:Lieutenant Colonel
603:
554:
512:
397:
389:
356:Benjamin S. Kelsey
319:turbosuperchargers
177:Honduran Air Force
13936:Mid-wing aircraft
13921:Lockheed aircraft
13908:
13907:
13575:RAAF Series Three
12810:
12809:
12806:
12805:
12754:Converted bombers
12642:
12641:
12475:
12474:
11621:
11620:
11491:
11490:
11223:
11222:
10328:post-1962 systems
10276:
10275:
10265:
10264:
8820:
8819:
8615:
8614:
8424:
8423:
8151:12 Electra Junior
7930:978-0-359-08811-9
7910:978-0-517-60471-7
7865:978-99939-72-01-3
7846:978-1-57488-760-0
7827:978-0-7110-1794-8
7808:978-1-903223-98-7
7789:978-1-78200-334-2
7766:978-1-84176-204-3
7747:978-1-85532-698-9
7728:978-1-85532-633-0
7681:978-0-7603-1343-5
7662:978-0-85059-617-5
7643:978-0-8168-8795-8
7621:978-1-911621-10-2
7602:978-0-393-04924-4
7571:978-0-679-40310-4
7547:978-1-85532-448-0
7538:Osprey Publishing
7510:978-0-9897906-0-4
7491:978-1-86126-799-3
7472:978-0-8173-5346-9
7453:978-0-16-049208-2
7434:978-1-902109-14-5
7415:978-0-275-94319-6
7396:978-0-7603-5301-1
7377:978-0-932128-07-2
7358:978-0-912799-59-9
7339:978-0-345-45812-4
7320:978-1-888974-10-2
7301:978-0-912799-44-5
7282:978-0-394-58434-8
7263:978-0-87474-564-1
7230:978-0-7603-1340-4
7209:978-0-7603-3308-2
7190:978-1-56311-574-5
7171:978-0-517-31680-1
7126:978-0-7603-2350-2
7107:978-0-89966-728-7
7085:978-0-8117-3124-9
7066:978-0-517-45993-5
7039:978-1-880588-85-7
7020:978-1-85605-375-4
7001:978-0-89747-255-5
6965:978-0-681-34256-9
6946:978-1-56311-568-4
6925:978-0-415-31871-6
6906:978-1-56311-847-0
6887:978-1-55778-291-5
6868:978-0-345-31292-1
6859:Fork-tailed Devil
6849:978-1-61234-086-9
6830:978-0-9629359-5-4
6804:978-1-78155-788-4
6783:978-1-78096-871-1
6764:978-1-84884-265-6
6745:978-91-88441-21-8
6706:978-0-904597-22-6
6612:Lednicer, David.
6323:Lightning Strikes
6310:, pp. 29–35.
5706:"P-38 Lightning."
5382:on 9 October 2011
5358:iar80flyagain.org
5313:, pp. 59–67.
5301:, pp. 43–46.
4962:, pp. 89–91.
4159:, pp. 16–17.
4074:, Lockheed Martin
3669:The whine of the
3544:0.50 in (12.7 mm)
3262:Le Bourget, Paris
3231:The Little Prince
3100:Charles MacDonald
3065:Charles Lindbergh
3060:Charles Lindbergh
3053:Charles Lindbergh
3049:Thomas B. McGuire
2996:Noted P-38 pilots
2794:Republic of China
2494:Waco troop glider
2418:
2417:
2410:
2154:P-38Fs and P-38Gs
2134:with 150 rounds.
2124:Hamilton Standard
2087:
2086:
1770:Chino, California
1434:Günther von Kluge
1314:6th Fighter Group
1297:antiaircraft fire
1284:1st Fighter Group
1222:chief test pilot
1219:Regia Aeronautica
1082:Tafaroui Airfield
1058:Second Lieutenant
1047:Normandy Campaign
987:1st Fighter Group
840:advanced trainers
803:Battle of Britain
725:centerline thrust
689:Focke-Wulf Fw 200
619:In late June 1941
426:having a similar
360:Gordon P. Saville
353:First Lieutenants
197:
196:
154:Introduction date
53:A P-38 Lightning
16:(Redirected from
13953:
13585:
13584:
12944:
12867:
12837:
12830:
12823:
12814:
12813:
12715:
12714:
12528:
12527:
12514:1962 Tri-Service
12502:
12495:
12488:
12479:
12478:
12424:
12419:
12414:
11862:
11785:
11684:
11664:General Aviation
11648:
11641:
11634:
11625:
11624:
11419:
11343:
11234:
11233:
11151:Pursuit, biplace
10743:
10340:
10339:
10303:
10296:
10289:
10280:
10279:
10238:
10233:
10223:
10203:
10193:
10168:
10163:
10148:
10138:
10128:
10113:
10108:
10087:
10086:
9295:
9290:
9280:
9240:
9225:
9185:
9165:
9123:
8627:Blackbird family
8624:
8623:
8436:Lightning family
8433:
8432:
8224:L-1649 Starliner
8156:14 Super Electra
8106:
8075:
8074:
8052:
8045:
8038:
8029:
8028:
7973:Internet Archive
7961:, September 1943
7946:
7944:
7942:
7914:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7869:
7850:
7831:
7812:
7793:
7770:
7751:
7732:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7685:
7666:
7647:
7625:
7606:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7574:. Archived from
7551:
7528:
7522:
7514:
7495:
7476:
7457:
7438:
7419:
7400:
7381:
7362:
7343:
7324:
7305:
7286:
7267:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7213:
7194:
7175:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7130:
7111:
7089:
7070:
7051:
7032:. Vol. 14.
7024:
7005:
6986:
6969:
6950:
6929:
6910:
6891:
6872:
6853:
6834:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6787:
6768:
6749:
6727:
6710:
6683:
6674:
6668:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6609:
6603:
6586:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6551:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6450:, 11 April 2008.
6439:
6433:
6432:, 17 March 2008.
6424:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6405:, 15 March 2008.
6397:
6391:
6385:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6290:on 26 March 2006
6286:, archived from
6275:
6266:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6201:
6195:
6189:
6183:
6174:
6168:
6159:
6153:
6144:
6138:
6129:
6123:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6020:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5946:
5940:
5934:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5864:
5858:
5852:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5801:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5724:, December 2000.
5718:
5712:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5673:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5455:
5446:
5440:
5431:
5422:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5378:. Archived from
5368:
5362:
5361:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5320:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5273:
5266:
5260:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5075:
5069:
5060:
5054:
5045:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5008:
4998:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4895:
4889:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4847:
4837:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4794:
4788:
4778:
4772:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4722:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4630:
4621:
4610:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4387:
4381:
4372:
4361:
4358:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4203:
4197:
4188:
4185:Dave's Warbirds.
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4066:
4060:
4057:"P-38 Lightning"
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3930:
3888:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3844:Mitsubishi Ki-83
3840:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3780:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3521:
3466:Service ceiling:
3431:
3322:
3081:Mitsubishi Ki-51
2944:P-38J Lightning
2928:
2926:
2925:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2859:Kingdom of Italy
2857:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2636:P-38E Floatplane
2524:midair refueling
2423:Norden bombsight
2413:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2370:
2362:
2143:Battle of Moscow
2128:Curtiss Electric
2094:P-38D and P-38Es
1797:
1758:Galveston, Texas
1738:
1731:
1576:Isoroku Yamamoto
1535:George C. Kenney
1354:Eighth Air Force
1334:Focke-Wulf Fw 58
1312:fighters of the
1125:Herbert Rollwage
1054:Battle of Midway
1043:invasion stripes
1028:European theater
1010:Aleutian Islands
993:Entry to the war
936:Operation Bolero
822:Swaythling, the
742:General Electric
707:combinations of
460:convergence zone
297:(40 victories),
276:bomber destroyer
205:fighter aircraft
51:
39:
38:
21:
13961:
13960:
13956:
13955:
13954:
13952:
13951:
13950:
13911:
13910:
13909:
13904:
13897:
13871:
13582:
13580:
13578:
13577:
13569:
13476:
12942:
12941:
12940:RAAF Series Two
12934:
12865:
12864:
12863:RAAF Series One
12857:
12847:
12841:
12811:
12802:
12749:
12706:
12694:
12688:
12671:
12665:
12648:
12638:
12612:
12523:
12517:
12506:
12476:
12471:
12462:
12455:
12432:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12386:
12378:
12360:
12300:
12277:
12259:
12231:
12208:
12180:
12144:
12136:
12088:
12080:
12044:
12036:
12005:
11997:
11897:
11860:
11846:
11838:
11783:
11750:
11697:
11682:
11666:
11658:
11652:
11622:
11617:
11608:
11601:
11585:
11487:
11454:
11417:
11341:
11229:
11219:
11193:
11172:
11146:
10836:
10741:
10335:
10329:
10307:
10277:
10272:
10261:
10236:
10231:
10221:
10201:
10191:
10166:
10161:
10146:
10136:
10126:
10111:
10106:
10085:
9293:
9288:
9278:
9238:
9223:
9183:
9163:
9121:
9088:
9081:
9065:
9014:
8983:
8882:
8846:
8816:
8777:Desert Hawk III
8767:Cormorant (UAV)
8745:
8731:YO-3 Quiet Star
8709:
8685:P2V/P-2 Neptune
8663:Maritime patrol
8658:
8639:SR-71 Blackbird
8611:
8555:
8524:
8488:
8457:
8429:Fighter-bombers
8420:
8357:
8321:
8248:
8182:
8134:
8104:
8066:
8063:Lockheed Martin
8056:
7965:The short film
7959:Popular Science
7953:
7940:
7938:
7931:
7911:
7889:
7887:
7866:
7847:
7828:
7809:
7790:
7767:
7748:
7729:
7707:
7705:
7682:
7663:
7644:
7630:Sims, Edward H.
7622:
7603:
7581:
7579:
7572:
7548:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7492:
7473:
7454:
7435:
7416:
7397:
7378:
7359:
7340:
7321:
7302:
7283:
7264:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7210:
7191:
7172:
7150:
7148:
7127:
7108:
7086:
7067:
7040:
7021:
7002:
6966:
6947:
6926:
6907:
6888:
6869:
6850:
6831:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6784:
6765:
6746:
6707:
6691:
6686:
6675:
6671:
6660:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6610:
6606:
6596:Wayback Machine
6587:
6572:
6562:
6560:
6559:on 23 July 2012
6556:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6516:. USAAF. 1944.
6510:
6509:
6505:
6497:
6493:
6484:Wayback Machine
6475:
6471:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6440:
6436:
6425:
6421:
6413:
6409:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6382:Aero-relic.org,
6379:Wayback Machine
6370:Cyvoct, Brian.
6369:
6365:
6357:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6318:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6293:
6291:
6276:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6237:
6233:
6225:
6204:
6196:
6192:
6184:
6177:
6169:
6162:
6154:
6147:
6139:
6132:
6124:
6085:
6077:
6073:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6014:
5998:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5974:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5947:
5943:
5935:
5928:
5920:
5916:
5904:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5880:
5876:
5865:
5861:
5853:
5849:
5841:
5837:
5825:
5821:
5808:
5804:
5792:
5788:
5778:
5776:
5761:(5 July 1954),
5756:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5719:
5715:
5704:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5632:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5605:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5549:, pp. 7–8.
5545:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5521:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5434:
5423:
5419:
5411:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5339:
5335:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5263:
5254:
5250:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5105:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5048:
5040:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5015:
5011:
4999:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4919:
4915:
4907:
4898:
4890:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4850:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4795:
4791:
4779:
4775:
4766:Wayback Machine
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4725:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4633:
4622:
4613:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4468:
4464:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4415:Wayback Machine
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4373:
4364:
4355:Popular Science
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4293:
4291:
4287:The Machine Gun
4282:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4257:Wayback Machine
4248:
4244:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4206:
4198:
4191:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3882:
3870:
3858:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3723:Aviation portal
3721:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3635:
3633:Popular culture
3568:
3529:
3522:
3517:
3496:
3427:
3318:
3274:
3210:
3196:
3168:
3162:
3154:F-4 Phantom IIs
3149:
3143:
3134:Zirkus Rosarius
3126:
3120:
3108:
3102:
3062:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2956:
2938:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2904:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2863:
2852:
2850:
2839:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2813:
2811:
2800:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2544:
2532:anti-tank rifle
2453:Night Lightning
2414:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2383:
2371:
2360:
2228:
2156:
2096:
2090:Constellation.
1907:USAAF trainers
1804:
1792:
1736:
1729:
1697:Puerto San José
1650:
1600:
1569:
1563:
1495:
1493:Pacific theater
1384:Jimmy Doolittle
1350:
1161:, commander of
1074:Operation Torch
1035:
1030:
995:
975:
915:Burbank Airport
884:
882:Range extension
864:Nakajima A6M2-N
627:Royal Air Force
595:
492:
348:
227:containing the
215:(USAAC) by the
190:
174:
165:27 January 1939
128:
98:National origin
93:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13959:
13949:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13906:
13905:
13902:
13899:
13898:
13896:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13879:
13877:
13873:
13872:
13870:
13869:
13864:
13859:
13854:
13849:
13844:
13839:
13834:
13829:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13669:
13664:
13659:
13654:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13588:
13586:
13571:
13570:
13568:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13532:
13527:
13522:
13517:
13512:
13507:
13502:
13497:
13492:
13486:
13484:
13478:
13477:
13475:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13329:
13324:
13319:
13314:
13309:
13304:
13299:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13269:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13249:
13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13219:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13199:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12948:
12946:
12936:
12935:
12933:
12932:
12927:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12871:
12869:
12859:
12858:
12852:
12849:
12848:
12840:
12839:
12832:
12825:
12817:
12808:
12807:
12804:
12803:
12801:
12800:
12795:
12794:
12793:
12788:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12757:
12755:
12751:
12750:
12748:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12721:
12719:
12712:
12708:
12707:
12705:
12704:
12698:
12696:
12695:(1962–present)
12690:
12689:
12687:
12686:
12681:
12675:
12673:
12672:(1964–present)
12667:
12666:
12664:
12663:
12658:
12652:
12650:
12644:
12643:
12640:
12639:
12637:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12620:
12618:
12614:
12613:
12611:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12534:
12532:
12525:
12519:
12518:
12505:
12504:
12497:
12490:
12482:
12473:
12472:
12460:
12457:
12456:
12454:
12453:
12448:
12442:
12440:
12434:
12433:
12431:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12409:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12392:
12390:
12380:
12379:
12377:
12376:
12370:
12368:
12362:
12361:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12356:
12346:
12341:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12310:
12308:
12302:
12301:
12299:
12298:
12293:
12287:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12276:
12275:
12269:
12267:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12241:
12239:
12233:
12232:
12230:
12229:
12224:
12218:
12216:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12190:
12188:
12186:General Motors
12182:
12181:
12179:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12157:
12156:
12150:
12148:
12138:
12137:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12111:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12094:
12092:
12090:North American
12086:Berliner-Joyce
12082:
12081:
12079:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12057:
12056:
12050:
12048:
12038:
12037:
12035:
12034:
12029:
12023:
12022:
12017:
12011:
12009:
11999:
11998:
11996:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11973:
11968:
11967:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11907:
11905:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11884:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11852:
11850:
11840:
11839:
11837:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11760:
11758:
11752:
11751:
11749:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11707:
11705:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11679:
11678:
11672:
11670:
11660:
11659:
11651:
11650:
11643:
11636:
11628:
11619:
11618:
11606:
11603:
11602:
11600:
11599:
11593:
11591:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11583:
11578:
11577:
11576:
11571:
11563:
11562:
11561:
11551:
11550:
11549:
11539:
11538:
11537:
11529:
11528:
11527:
11517:
11516:
11515:
11510:
11499:
11497:
11493:
11492:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11485:
11480:
11479:
11478:
11473:
11462:
11460:
11459:Non-sequential
11456:
11455:
11453:
11452:
11447:
11446:
11445:
11440:
11430:
11425:
11420:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11408:
11398:
11393:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11376:
11375:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11338:
11337:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11316:
11315:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11289:
11288:
11278:
11277:
11276:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11255:
11254:
11249:
11240:
11238:
11231:
11230:(1962–present)
11225:
11224:
11221:
11220:
11218:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11201:
11199:
11198:Non-sequential
11195:
11194:
11192:
11191:
11186:
11180:
11178:
11174:
11173:
11171:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11154:
11152:
11148:
11147:
11145:
11144:
11143:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11077:
11072:
11071:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11050:
11045:
11044:
11043:
11033:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10934:
10929:
10928:
10927:
10922:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10886:
10885:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10844:
10842:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10668:
10667:
10662:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10558:
10557:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10376:
10375:
10370:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10346:
10344:
10337:
10334:1924 sequences
10331:
10330:
10306:
10305:
10298:
10291:
10283:
10274:
10273:
10270:
10267:
10266:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10093:
10091:
10084:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
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9706:
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9696:
9691:
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9406:
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9022:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8991:
8989:
8988:Light aircraft
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
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8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8890:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8868:AH-56 Cheyenne
8865:
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8847:
8845:
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8839:
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8664:
8660:
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8657:
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8646:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8628:
8621:
8620:Reconnaissance
8617:
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8609:
8604:
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8445:
8439:
8437:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8411:Vega Starliner
8408:
8403:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8389:L-1011 Tristar
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8350:
8345:
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8335:
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8309:
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8299:
8294:
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8272:
8267:
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8250:
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8236:
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8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
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8183:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8153:
8148:
8142:
8140:
8139:Electra family
8136:
8135:
8133:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8085:1 & 2 Vega
8081:
8079:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8055:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8016:
8011:
8005:
7995:
7986:
7976:
7963:
7952:
7951:External links
7949:
7948:
7947:
7929:
7915:
7909:
7896:
7870:
7864:
7851:
7845:
7832:
7826:
7813:
7807:
7794:
7788:
7771:
7765:
7752:
7746:
7733:
7727:
7714:
7686:
7680:
7667:
7661:
7648:
7642:
7626:
7620:
7607:
7601:
7588:
7578:on 13 May 2016
7570:
7552:
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7509:
7496:
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7287:
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7214:
7208:
7195:
7189:
7176:
7170:
7157:
7131:
7125:
7112:
7106:
7094:Galland, Adolf
7090:
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6769:
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6728:
6711:
6705:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6680:filmsound.org,
6669:
6654:
6652:, p. 110.
6642:
6630:
6604:
6570:
6536:
6522:
6503:
6491:
6469:
6452:
6434:
6419:
6407:
6386:
6363:
6351:
6339:
6327:
6312:
6300:
6284:acepilots.com.
6267:
6255:
6243:
6241:, p. 191.
6231:
6202:
6190:
6175:
6160:
6158:, p. 245.
6145:
6130:
6083:
6071:
6054:
6034:
6022:
6012:
6003:P-38 Lightning
5992:
5980:
5978:, p. 145.
5968:
5956:
5941:
5926:
5924:, p. 208.
5914:
5905:Baugher, Joe.
5898:
5896:, p. 172.
5886:
5884:, p. 166.
5874:
5859:
5857:, p. 224.
5847:
5835:
5819:
5813:Air Enthusiast
5802:
5786:
5750:
5748:, p. 151.
5738:
5726:
5713:
5709:Bvhcenter.org,
5698:
5686:
5684:, p. 234.
5674:
5672:, p. 217.
5662:
5660:, p. 214.
5650:
5648:, p. 223.
5638:
5623:
5621:, p. 310.
5611:
5599:
5587:
5575:
5573:, p. 124.
5563:
5559:McFarland 1997
5551:
5539:
5537:, p. 310.
5527:
5515:
5503:
5501:, p. 240.
5491:
5477:
5465:
5447:
5432:
5417:
5405:
5393:
5363:
5345:
5333:
5315:
5303:
5291:
5274:
5261:
5248:
5245:. p. 102.
5229:
5217:
5205:
5193:
5181:
5166:
5154:
5133:
5118:
5103:
5099:Bergström 2019
5091:
5076:
5061:
5046:
5034:
5022:
5009:
5000:Baugher, Joe.
4988:
4976:
4974:, p. 103.
4964:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4896:
4881:
4869:
4848:
4839:Baugher, Joe.
4829:
4817:
4805:
4796:Baugher, Joe.
4789:
4780:Baugher, Joe.
4773:
4757:Baugher, Joe.
4750:
4738:
4736:, p. 210.
4723:
4719:vectorsite.net
4714:Goebel, Greg.
4707:
4695:
4683:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4631:
4611:
4596:
4584:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4506:
4494:
4474:
4462:
4446:
4444:, p. 245.
4434:
4422:
4399:
4382:
4362:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4305:
4276:
4264:
4242:
4221:
4204:
4189:
4180:Hanson, Dave.
4173:
4161:
4149:
4147:, p. xvi.
4137:
4135:, p. 133.
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4061:
4049:
4037:
4025:
4008:
4006:, p. 581.
3990:
3988:
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3982:
3981:
3968:
3958:
3949:
3939:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3890:
3889:
3885:United Kingdom
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3820:Kawasaki Ki-96
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3777:United Kingdom
3769:
3765:United Kingdom
3751:
3750:
3745:
3743:Lockheed XP-49
3734:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3710:
3707:
3702:Main article:
3699:
3696:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
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3622:
3616:
3603:
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3598:
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3578:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3515:
3514:
3505:
3497:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3472:Rate of climb:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3436:Maximum speed:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3407:Allison V-1710
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3363:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3273:
3270:
3206:Main article:
3195:
3192:
3180:RAF Mount Farm
3164:Main article:
3161:
3158:
3145:Main article:
3142:
3139:
3122:Main article:
3119:
3116:
3112:Putt Putt Maru
3104:Main article:
3101:
3098:
3094:ramming attack
3061:
3058:
3027:Medal of Honor
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2986:Main article:
2983:
2980:
2972:Jimmie Mattern
2955:
2950:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2914:
2913:
2900:
2898:United Kingdom
2887:
2874:
2861:
2848:
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2822:
2809:
2796:
2783:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2759:Main article:
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2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2543:
2540:
2471:P-38E testbed
2445:night fighters
2416:
2415:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2227:
2224:
2176:General Spaatz
2155:
2152:
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2019:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
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2001:
1997:
1996:
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1801:
1791:
1788:
1766:Putt Putt Maru
1735:White Lightnin
1728:White Lightnin
1649:
1646:
1599:
1598:Service record
1596:
1592:Mitsubishi G4M
1565:Main article:
1562:
1559:
1516:energy tactics
1494:
1491:
1349:
1348:Western Europe
1346:
1344:for its part.
1289:heavy fighters
1176:Johann Pichler
1172:Herbert Kaiser
1111:Jagdgeschwader
1070:12th Air Force
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1018:11th Air Force
994:
991:
974:
971:
959:Bluie West One
951:RAF Heathfield
883:
880:
862:to defeat two
795:fall of France
772:P-38 rear view
681:identification
594:
591:
491:
488:
374:Allison V-1710
347:
344:
315:P-51D Mustangs
299:Thomas McGuire
252:escort fighter
241:fighter-bomber
195:
194:
192:Lockheed XP-58
188:Lockheed XP-49
185:
184:Developed into
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84:Fighter-bomber
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52:
44:
43:
42:P-38 Lightning
26:
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12950:
12949:
12947:
12945:
12937:
12931:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12872:
12870:
12868:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12838:
12833:
12831:
12826:
12824:
12819:
12818:
12815:
12799:
12796:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12783:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12752:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12722:
12720:
12716:
12713:
12709:
12703:
12700:
12699:
12697:
12691:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12676:
12674:
12668:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12653:
12651:
12645:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12615:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12529:
12526:
12520:
12515:
12511:
12503:
12498:
12496:
12491:
12489:
12484:
12483:
12480:
12470:
12466:
12465:Aeromarine AS
12458:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12439:
12435:
12429:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12410:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12391:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12375:
12372:
12371:
12369:
12367:
12363:
12355:
12352:
12351:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12311:
12309:
12307:
12303:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12284:
12280:
12274:
12271:
12270:
12268:
12266:
12262:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12242:
12240:
12238:
12234:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12219:
12217:
12215:
12211:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12183:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12158:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12149:
12147:
12143:
12139:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12116:
12113:
12112:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12093:
12091:
12087:
12083:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12058:
12055:
12052:
12051:
12049:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12024:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12012:
12010:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11982:
11979:
11978:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11908:
11906:
11904:
11900:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11885:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11853:
11851:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11761:
11759:
11757:
11753:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11706:
11704:
11700:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11681:
11680:
11677:
11674:
11673:
11671:
11669:
11665:
11661:
11656:
11649:
11644:
11642:
11637:
11635:
11630:
11629:
11626:
11616:
11612:
11604:
11598:
11595:
11594:
11592:
11588:
11582:
11579:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11566:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11555:
11552:
11548:
11545:
11544:
11543:
11540:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11526:
11523:
11522:
11521:
11518:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11504:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11494:
11484:
11481:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11467:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11457:
11451:
11448:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11416:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11403:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11381:
11380:
11377:
11373:
11372:F-15 STOL/MTD
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11354:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11340:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11314:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11279:
11275:
11272:
11271:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11244:
11242:
11241:
11239:
11237:Main sequence
11235:
11232:
11226:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11181:
11179:
11175:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11149:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11117:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11025:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10939:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10839:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10657:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10341:
10338:
10332:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10304:
10299:
10297:
10292:
10290:
10285:
10284:
10281:
10268:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10088:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9965:
9962:
9961:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9068:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9017:
9011:
9010:Little Dipper
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8986:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8885:
8879:
8878:VH-92 Patriot
8876:
8874:
8873:VH-71 Kestrel
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8823:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8748:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8700:CP-140 Aurora
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8618:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:Raptor family
8527:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8427:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8194:Constellation
8192:
8191:
8189:
8185:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8090:3 Air Express
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8069:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8048:
8046:
8041:
8039:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7970:
7969:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7955:
7954:
7936:
7932:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7912:
7906:
7902:
7897:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7877:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7857:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7838:
7833:
7829:
7823:
7819:
7814:
7810:
7804:
7800:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7772:
7768:
7762:
7758:
7753:
7749:
7743:
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7734:
7730:
7724:
7720:
7715:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7673:
7668:
7664:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7645:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7613:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7594:
7589:
7577:
7573:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7557:
7556:Schiff, Stacy
7553:
7549:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7512:
7506:
7502:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7464:
7459:
7455:
7449:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7430:
7426:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7408:. Greenwood.
7407:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7388:
7383:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7274:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7250:Smith, Maggie
7247:
7243:
7232:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7163:
7158:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7118:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7012:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6957:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6822:
6817:
6806:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6718:(23): 18–30.
6717:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6692:
6681:
6678:
6673:
6666:
6663:
6658:
6651:
6646:
6640:, p. 96.
6639:
6634:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6555:
6548:
6547:
6540:
6525:
6523:9781411690134
6519:
6515:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6495:
6488:
6487:Ghost Bombers
6485:
6481:
6478:
6473:
6466:
6456:
6449:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6416:
6411:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6390:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6367:
6360:
6355:
6348:
6343:
6336:
6331:
6324:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6308:Kirkland 2003
6304:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6272:
6265:, p. 61.
6264:
6259:
6252:
6251:Cefaratt 2002
6247:
6240:
6235:
6228:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6200:, p. 15.
6199:
6194:
6188:, p. 28.
6187:
6182:
6180:
6173:, p. 27.
6172:
6167:
6165:
6157:
6152:
6150:
6143:, p. 33.
6142:
6137:
6135:
6127:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6057:
6055:9780858800038
6051:
6047:
6046:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6015:
6013:9780517552476
6009:
6005:
6004:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5965:
5960:
5953:
5950:
5945:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5908:
5902:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5878:
5871:
5868:
5863:
5856:
5851:
5844:
5839:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5815:
5814:
5806:
5799:
5796:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5759:Lloyd, Selwyn
5754:
5747:
5742:
5735:
5730:
5723:
5717:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5696:, p. 14.
5695:
5694:Berliner 2011
5690:
5683:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5647:
5642:
5636:, p. 14.
5635:
5634:Stanaway 1997
5630:
5628:
5620:
5615:
5608:
5603:
5596:
5595:Spinetta 2007
5591:
5584:
5583:Gillison 1962
5579:
5572:
5567:
5561:, p. 33.
5560:
5555:
5548:
5547:Stanaway 1997
5543:
5536:
5531:
5525:, p. 86.
5524:
5519:
5512:
5507:
5500:
5495:
5487:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5462:
5459:
5454:
5452:
5444:
5439:
5437:
5429:
5428:Hotlinecy.com
5426:
5421:
5414:
5409:
5403:, p. 94.
5402:
5397:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5349:
5342:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5299:Stanaway 1998
5295:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5271:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5203:, p. 54.
5202:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5179:, p. 61.
5178:
5173:
5171:
5163:
5158:
5151:. p. 51.
5150:
5149:
5144:
5137:
5131:, p. 74.
5130:
5129:Stanaway 2014
5125:
5123:
5116:, p. 73.
5115:
5114:Stanaway 2014
5110:
5108:
5100:
5095:
5089:, p. 72.
5088:
5087:Stanaway 2014
5083:
5081:
5074:, p. 14.
5073:
5068:
5066:
5059:, p. 71.
5058:
5057:Stanaway 2014
5053:
5051:
5043:
5042:Stanaway 1998
5038:
5032:, p. 43.
5031:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5006:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4947:, p. 60.
4946:
4941:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4917:
4911:, p. 64.
4910:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4894:, p. 61.
4893:
4888:
4886:
4879:, p. 63.
4878:
4873:
4867:, p. 60.
4866:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4845:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4826:
4821:
4815:, p. 46.
4814:
4809:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4748:, p. 56.
4747:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4717:
4711:
4705:, p. 14.
4704:
4699:
4692:
4687:
4680:
4674:
4668:, p. 74.
4667:
4662:
4656:, p. 57.
4655:
4650:
4644:, p. 58.
4643:
4638:
4636:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4547:
4541:, p. 40.
4540:
4535:
4529:, p. 36.
4528:
4523:
4516:
4510:
4504:, p. 33.
4503:
4498:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4472:, p. 32.
4471:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4438:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4392:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4339:, p. 31.
4338:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:, p. 80.
4314:
4309:
4302:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4274:, p. 44.
4273:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4219:, p. 51.
4218:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4202:, p. 19.
4201:
4196:
4194:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4171:, p. 14.
4170:
4165:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4134:
4129:
4122:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4097:Stanaway 1998
4093:
4087:, p. 18.
4086:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3978:
3972:
3962:
3953:
3943:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:Related lists
3881:
3878:
3873:United States
3869:
3866:
3857:
3854:
3845:
3842:
3833:
3830:
3821:
3818:
3813:United States
3809:
3806:
3797:
3794:
3785:
3782:
3773:
3770:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3713:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3692:Nakajima G10N
3689:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:Raymond Loewy
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3639:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
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3564:
3561:
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3553:
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3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:Wing loading:
3482:
3479:
3478:Lift-to-drag:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3454:Combat range:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:Cruise speed:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:Gross weight:
3389:
3386:
3385:Empty weight:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:Borgo-Porreta
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2911:United States
2901:
2899:
2888:
2886:
2875:
2873:
2862:
2860:
2849:
2847:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2821:
2810:
2808:
2797:
2795:
2784:
2782:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
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2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2412:
2409:
2401:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2375:This section
2373:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1749:aerial survey
1745:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:operating in
1540:
1539:5th Air Force
1536:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1477:Fleet Air Arm
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:Field Marshal
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:friendly fire
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Adolf Galland
1185:
1181:
1180:Kurt Bühligen
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:Franz Stigler
1164:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:Oberfeldwebel
1119:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1095:Me 323 Gigant
1092:
1087:
1086:P-40 Warhawks
1083:
1079:
1078:Bay of Biscay
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1025:
1023:
1022:Kawanishi H6K
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
990:
988:
979:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
932:
928:
923:
920:
916:
912:
911:Dallas, Texas
907:
903:
899:
894:
889:
879:
877:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:Miss Virginia
857:
853:
852:Miss Virginia
849:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
770:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
743:
739:
734:
731:
726:
717:
713:
710:
705:
700:
695:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
672:
669:
664:
655:
651:
648:
643:
638:
636:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:elevator trim
612:
608:
599:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:Constellation
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
552:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Mitchel Field
521:
517:
508:
504:
501:
497:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
393:
385:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
361:
357:
354:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
272:heavy fighter
269:
265:
264:heavy bombers
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
245:night fighter
242:
238:
237:aerial combat
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
118:Primary users
116:
113:
110:
108:
104:
101:United States
100:
96:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
74:
70:
65:
60:
59:Chino Airport
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
13856:
13836:
13751:
13741:
13666:
13241:
12853:
12557:
12552:
12221:
11542:YF-113 (III)
11531:YF-113 (II)
11209:
10847:
10544:
10271:Not assigned
9858:
9808:
9748:
9663:
9578:
9458:
9218:
9208:
8919:Star Clipper
8887:Experimental
8714:Other crewed
8680:PV-2 Harpoon
8675:PV-1 Ventura
8442:
8010:Cutaway view
8001:
7992:
7982:
7967:
7958:
7939:. Retrieved
7919:
7900:
7888:. Retrieved
7875:
7855:
7836:
7817:
7798:
7775:
7756:
7737:
7718:
7706:. Retrieved
7695:World War II
7694:
7671:
7652:
7633:
7611:
7592:
7582:20 September
7580:. Retrieved
7576:the original
7560:
7533:
7500:
7481:
7462:
7443:
7424:
7405:
7386:
7367:
7348:
7329:
7310:
7291:
7272:
7253:
7234:. Retrieved
7219:
7199:
7180:
7161:
7149:. Retrieved
7136:
7116:
7097:
7075:
7056:
7029:
7010:
6991:
6974:
6955:
6935:
6915:
6896:
6877:
6858:
6839:
6820:
6808:. Retrieved
6793:
6773:
6754:
6735:
6715:
6696:
6689:Bibliography
6679:
6672:
6664:
6657:
6645:
6633:
6621:. Retrieved
6617:
6607:
6599:
6561:. Retrieved
6554:the original
6545:
6539:
6527:. Retrieved
6512:
6506:
6501:1987, p. 54.
6498:
6494:
6486:
6472:
6465:Aero Journal
6464:
6455:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6422:
6410:
6400:
6389:
6381:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6330:
6322:
6315:
6303:
6292:, retrieved
6288:the original
6283:
6258:
6246:
6239:Andrade 1979
6234:
6227:Andrade 1979
6193:
6156:Andrade 1979
6126:Andrade 1979
6074:
6066:
6059:. Retrieved
6044:
6037:
6025:
6017:
6002:
5995:
5983:
5971:
5959:
5951:
5944:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5889:
5877:
5869:
5862:
5850:
5838:
5822:
5811:
5805:
5797:
5793:King, J. C.
5789:
5777:, retrieved
5766:
5753:
5741:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5711:9 June 2011.
5708:
5701:
5689:
5677:
5665:
5653:
5641:
5614:
5602:
5590:
5578:
5571:Bruning 2003
5566:
5554:
5542:
5530:
5518:
5506:
5494:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5460:
5442:
5427:
5420:
5415:, p. 8.
5413:Tillman 2004
5408:
5396:
5384:. Retrieved
5380:the original
5375:
5366:
5357:
5348:
5336:
5327:
5318:
5306:
5294:
5269:
5264:
5256:
5251:
5242:
5232:
5225:Galland 1954
5220:
5208:
5201:Laurier 2016
5196:
5184:
5157:
5146:
5136:
5094:
5037:
5025:
5017:
5012:
5004:
4979:
4967:
4940:
4928:
4916:
4872:
4843:
4820:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4753:
4741:
4718:
4710:
4698:
4686:
4678:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4626:
4606:
4599:
4587:
4553:, p. 3.
4546:
4534:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4465:
4458:Air Classics
4457:
4449:
4437:
4432:, p. 8.
4425:
4417:
4402:
4385:
4377:
4354:
4344:
4337:Coggins 2000
4332:
4320:
4308:
4299:
4292:. Retrieved
4286:
4279:
4267:
4259:
4245:
4236:
4232:
4184:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4133:Gunston 1980
4128:
4116:
4109:USAAF 1 1945
4104:
4092:
4080:
4070:
4064:
4052:
4045:Johnsen 2003
4040:
4028:
4018:
4011:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3952:
3942:
3933:
3928:
3892:
3891:
3856:Nakajima J5N
3837:Nazi Germany
3808:Hughes XF-11
3789:German Reich
3753:
3752:
3736:
3735:
3685:
3674:
3671:speeder bike
3668:
3657:
3647:
3619:
3613:
3595:
3587:
3575:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3460:Ferry range:
3459:
3453:
3448:Stall speed:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3416:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3358:Aspect ratio
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3266:
3251:
3238:
3229:
3223:
3219:Night Flight
3217:
3211:
3169:
3166:John H. Ross
3160:John H. Ross
3150:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3111:
3109:
3078:
3063:
3031:
3016:
3011:Richard Bong
2991:
2968:Milo Burcham
2963:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2916:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2594:Lightning II
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2491:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2462:
2457:flash hiders
2452:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2419:
2404:
2398:January 2011
2395:
2384:Please help
2379:verification
2376:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2301:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2226:P-38J, P-38L
2219:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2190:
2188:
2172:
2168:Fowler flaps
2159:
2157:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2088:
1783:Glacier Girl
1781:
1765:
1746:
1734:
1727:
1705:
1687:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1638:
1634:
1617:
1609:
1580:codebreakers
1570:
1552:
1532:
1504:
1487:
1482:
1479:, recalled:
1462:
1458:P-51 Mustang
1412:
1374:
1351:
1301:
1293:smoke screen
1260:
1239:
1223:
1217:
1199:
1183:
1155:
1151:Franz Schieß
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1118:Jack Illfrey
1110:
1107:
1099:
1067:
1051:
1007:
996:
984:
940:
924:
906:change order
888:Bomber Mafia
885:
873:
859:
851:
844:
835:
831:
799:service name
785:
781:
775:
762:
754:
747:
735:
722:
702:
697:
693:
673:
660:
639:
634:
631:
604:
555:
532:experimental
516:Wright Field
513:
499:
495:
493:
484:
469:
464:rate of fire
457:
413:
405:Hall Hibbard
398:
349:
328:rate of roll
295:Richard Bong
280:
209:World War II
200:
198:
162:First flight
146:Manufactured
133:Number built
107:Manufacturer
36:
12649:(1960–1962)
12524:(1930–1962)
12469:Vought VE-7
12265:Supermarine
11609:See also: "
11135:AFTI/F-111A
10947:F-86D/G/K/L
10368:Curtiss P-4
10336:(1924–1962)
10326:Tri-Service
8914:Senior Prom
8851:Helicopters
8772:Desert Hawk
8560:Other types
8362:Other types
8168:18 Lodestar
8078:Vega family
6638:Crosby 2003
6461:(in French)
6415:Schiff 2006
6396:(in French)
6361:, p. .
6347:Schiff 2006
6335:Schiff 2006
6186:Kinzey 1998
6171:Kinzey 1998
6141:Kinzey 1998
5976:Donald 2004
5966:, p. .
5845:, p. .
5619:Gamble 2010
5607:Watson 1950
5597:, p. .
5511:Kenney 1987
5341:Neulen 2005
5227:, p. .
5177:Scutts 1994
5044:, p. .
4703:Ethell 1984
4592:Parker 2013
4582:, p. .
4580:Caidin 1983
4551:Knaack 1988
4099:, p. .
4085:Levine 1992
4004:Donald 1997
3979:, c/n 2734.
3801:Netherlands
3673:engines in
3649:Harley Earl
3558:launchers;
3429:Performance
3417:Propellers:
3403:Powerplant:
3034:Philippines
3013:in his P-38
2976:Tony LeVier
2936:Noted P-38s
2820:Free France
2588:Lightning I
2278:Eglin Field
2253:Snafuperman
2244:intercooler
1720:stunt flyer
1688:Springfjord
1588:Guadalcanal
1469:Farnborough
1442:Cardonville
1427:flak towers
1407:RAF Andover
1244:Torvaianica
1097:transport.
941:Led by two
751:fluorescent
540:Tony LeVier
401:Skunk Works
13915:Categories
13482:RAN Series
12463:See also:
11520:YF-113 (I)
10373:Boeing P-4
9061:Trident II
9031:High Virgo
8995:Big Dipper
8909:Senior Peg
8812:X-44 (UAV)
8705:P-7 LRAACA
8690:S-3 Viking
8551:X-44 MANTA
8178:43 Harpoon
8173:37 Ventura
8161:414 Hudson
8146:10 Electra
8110:7 Explorer
8095:4 Explorer
8071:Transports
7890:24 October
7885:9990462000
7236:25 January
7151:24 October
6198:Davis 1990
6079:Bodie 2001
6061:25 January
6030:Cross 1969
5964:Cross 1969
5937:Bodie 2001
5922:Bodie 2001
5894:Bodie 2001
5882:Bodie 2001
5855:Spick 2002
5682:Bodie 2001
5670:Bodie 2001
5658:Bodie 2001
5646:Bodie 2001
5535:Schom 2004
5523:Hearn 2008
5401:Spick 1983
5311:Hatch 2000
5072:Blake 2012
4984:Bodie 2001
4960:Bodie 2001
4945:Yenne 1987
4933:Bodie 2001
4921:Mason 2010
4909:Bodie 2001
4892:Bodie 2001
4877:Bodie 2001
4865:Bodie 2001
4825:Bodie 2001
4813:Bodie 2001
4734:Bodie 2001
4691:Bodie 2001
4654:Bodie 2001
4642:Bodie 2001
4539:Bodie 2001
4527:Bodie 2001
4502:Bodie 2001
4470:Bodie 2001
4442:Bodie 2001
4313:Bodie 2001
4272:Bodie 2001
4238:Lightning.
4217:Bodie 2001
4200:Bodie 2001
4169:Bodie 2001
4157:Bodie 2001
4145:Bodie 2001
4121:Blake 2020
3987:References
3796:Fokker G.I
3664:Studebaker
3501:Drag area:
3491:Power/mass
3375:NACA 23016
3351:Wing area:
3147:Robin Olds
3141:Robin Olds
2315:Mount Farm
1819:Prototype
1790:Production
1693:Grace Line
1543:New Guinea
1473:Eric Brown
1328:, and one
1322:gun camera
1224:Colonnello
1195:Heinz Bäer
1052:After the
893:drop tanks
856:Rex Barber
815:West Coast
786:Model 322B
782:Model 322F
536:test pilot
440:autocannon
416:Fokker G.I
256:drop tanks
249:long-range
12046:McDonnell
11993:F12F (II)
11848:McDonnell
11559:YF-114C/D
11535:YF-113B/D
11508:YF-110B/D
11406:F/A-18E/F
9056:Trident I
9041:Ping-Pong
8894:Have Blue
8695:P-3 Orion
8379:Excalibur
8130:DL.1 Vega
7941:6 January
7703:0898-4204
7558:(2006) .
7519:cite book
7048:1473-9917
6983:898545364
6810:7 January
6724:2051-1930
6563:9 January
6529:9 January
6359:Cate 1970
6263:Frey 2004
5779:16 August
5386:27 August
5328:ziare.com
5213:Sims 1980
4294:7 January
3883:– (
3871:– (
3859:– (
3847:– (
3835:– (
3823:– (
3811:– (
3799:– (
3787:– (
3775:– (
3763:– (
3556:M8 rocket
3419:3-bladed
3381:NACA 4412
3339:Wingspan:
3313:Data from
3254:Marseille
3130:Luftwaffe
2781:Australia
2755:Operators
2509:Model 822
2427:H2X radar
2293:Nashville
2291:in their
1890:Model 322
1805:converted
1716:air racer
1712:Cleveland
1520:Dick Bong
1508:tailplane
1240:Bonny Sue
1202:Gibraltar
999:Australia
955:Goose Bay
807:The Blitz
709:filleting
704:Buffeting
642:empennage
611:Mach tuck
571:Lodestars
444:Hotchkiss
221:twin-boom
157:July 1941
13312:A68 (II)
12388:CC&F
12366:Lockheed
12283:Northrop
12214:Lockheed
12007:Goodyear
12003:Eberhart
11988:F12F (I)
11959:-6 to -8
11954:-1 to -5
11668:Brewster
9729:400 (II)
9609:282 (II)
9051:Poseidon
9019:Missiles
9000:Explorer
8825:Trainers
8115:8 Sirius
8059:Lockheed
7935:Archived
7901:Lockheed
7708:2 August
7632:(1980).
7252:(1985).
7096:(1954).
6734:(2019).
6623:16 April
6592:Archived
6480:Archived
6430:BBC News
6402:Le Monde
6375:Archived
5773:archived
4762:Archived
4411:Archived
4253:Archived
3977:42-68223
3937:unknown.
3709:See also
3653:Cadillac
3552:Rockets:
3519:Armament
2960:44-23296
2930:Colombia
2885:Portugal
2846:Honduras
2766:Military
2606:P-322-II
2542:Variants
2437:44-27234
2269:spinners
2044:P-38L-VN
2033:P-38L-LO
1808:Comment
1803:Built or
1742:Red Bull
1686:SS
1670:Honduras
1533:General
1512:A6M Zero
1454:Argentan
1446:Saint-Lô
1336:, three
1264:Ploiești
1228:Guidonia
1214:Sardinia
1210:Cagliari
967:Keflavik
876:Atalanta
836:P-322-II
832:RP-322-I
730:p-factor
567:Harpoons
563:Venturas
496:Model 22
428:planform
332:ailerons
285:and the
247:, and a
13787:A40/N40
13697:A22/N22
13672:A17/N17
13583:present
13307:A68 (I)
12943:1935–63
12866:1921–34
12854:Italics
12516:systems
12438:Convair
12227:FO (II)
12142:Loening
11903:Grumman
11844:Douglas
11756:Curtiss
11574:YF-117D
11569:YF-117A
11565:YF-117
11547:YF-113C
11525:YF-113A
11513:YF-110C
11140:EF-111A
11068:NF-104A
10920:F-84F/J
9724:400 (I)
9604:282 (I)
9089:numbers
9077:J37/T35
9070:Engines
9046:Polaris
9036:Perseus
8792:Polecat
8787:MQM-105
8757:Aequare
8520:CL-1200
8510:NF-104A
8384:JetStar
8290:EC-130H
8125:9 Orion
8004:article
8000:a 1944
7985:article
7981:a 1943
7146:2000369
6602:. NASA.
5949:"P38K."
4326:page 21
3947:delayed
3421:Curtiss
3367:Airfoil
3345:Height:
3333:Length:
3247:Corsica
3174:in the
3087:of the
2640:41-1986
2600:P-322-I
2487:sealift
2482:41-1986
2473:41-1986
2204:As the
2200:A P-38H
1800:Variant
1613:Split S
1573:Admiral
1450:Falaise
1438:skipped
1392:wingman
1310:IAR.81C
1246:, near
963:Iceland
740:by the
738:muffled
607:flutter
587:cockpit
575:Hudsons
559:Burbank
526:tower (
453:Hispano
424:SAAB 21
283:Pacific
233:fighter
229:cockpit
225:nacelle
170:Retired
149:1941–45
141:History
79:Fighter
61:in 2009
55:warbird
12791:RB-57F
12786:RB-57D
12745:RF-104
12740:RF-101
12384:Wright
12306:Vought
12222:FO (I)
12171:F2L-1K
11703:Boeing
11581:YF-118
11554:YF-114
11503:YF-110
11411:EA-18G
11401:F/A-18
11389:NF-16D
11384:F-16XL
11362:F-15EX
11313:F-9F–J
11274:F-4K/M
11252:F-1E/F
11247:F-1C/D
11130:F-111K
11125:F-111C
11120:F-111B
11083:XF-106
11079:F-106
11063:F-104S
11058:XF-104
11041:F-102B
11024:F-100B
10883:RF-61C
8858:CL-475
8802:RQ-170
8762:AQM-60
8721:CL-400
8670:Hudson
8515:CL-288
8500:XF-104
8406:Saturn
8401:L-2000
8348:CP-140
8312:WC-130
8307:MC-130
8302:LC-130
8297:KC-130
8285:EC-130
8280:HC-130
8275:DC-130
8270:AC-130
8265:C-130J
8239:EC-121
8219:L-1249
8214:L-1049
8100:5 Vega
8002:Flight
7993:Flight
7983:Flight
7927:
7907:
7883:
7862:
7843:
7824:
7805:
7786:
7763:
7744:
7725:
7701:
7678:
7659:
7640:
7618:
7599:
7568:
7544:
7507:
7488:
7469:
7450:
7431:
7412:
7393:
7374:
7355:
7336:
7317:
7298:
7279:
7260:
7227:
7206:
7187:
7168:
7144:
7123:
7104:
7082:
7063:
7046:
7036:
7017:
6998:
6981:
6962:
6943:
6922:
6903:
6884:
6865:
6846:
6827:
6801:
6780:
6761:
6742:
6722:
6703:
6520:
6052:
6010:
3688:"1942"
3566:Bombs:
3513:0.0268
3085:Chutai
3069:Vought
3047:(L–R)
3009:Major
2974:, and
2964:YIPPEE
2953:Yippee
2946:YIPPEE
2927:
2917:Civil
2908:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2833:France
2830:
2817:
2804:
2791:
2778:
2682:TP-38L
2582:XP-38A
2425:or an
2343:TP-38L
2337:s, or
1901:RP-322
1846:XP-38A
1682:napalm
1663:Stormo
1659:Stormo
1417:, the
1368:, and
1338:IAR 38
1326:Ju 52s
1295:, and
1272:Vienna
1268:Berlin
1236:Umbria
1212:), in
1191:Bf 110
1014:Alaska
755:XP-38A
573:, and
476:torque
365:Vultee
323:Allied
260:medium
175:1965 (
136:10,037
13876:Lists
13581:1964–
12798:RB-66
12781:RB-57
12776:RB-52
12771:RB-47
12766:RB-29
12761:RB-17
12735:RF-80
12684:SR-72
12679:SR-71
12661:RS-71
12656:RS-70
12166:F2L-1
11981:-1F/2
11597:FV-12
11483:F-117
11471:F-35I
11443:FB-22
11438:YF-22
11367:F-15J
11357:F-15E
11335:F-12C
11215:P-400
11210:P-322
11115:F-111
11110:F-110
11105:F-109
11100:F-108
11095:F-107
11088:F-106
11075:F-105
11053:F-104
11048:F-103
11036:F-102
11031:F-101
11019:F-100
10942:F-86C
10925:F-84H
10660:XP-59
10656:P-59
10555:P-39E
10318:USAAF
10314:USAAC
10310:USAAS
10202:27–32
10137:12–14
9087:Model
9026:Agena
9005:L-402
8944:X-26B
8939:X-24C
8924:XC-35
8904:L-301
8899:L-133
8863:XH-51
8842:T-50A
8807:SR-72
8644:YF-12
8607:YP-24
8602:XF-90
8597:XFM-2
8592:F-117
8567:A-4AR
8546:FB-22
8536:YF-22
8505:F-104
8453:XP-58
8448:XP-49
8374:C-141
8333:L-188
8317:L-100
8260:C-130
8244:XB-30
8234:C-121
8209:L-749
8204:L-649
8199:L-049
6557:(PDF)
6550:(PDF)
6384:2004.
6294:8 May
4394:(PDF)
3920:Notes
3861:Japan
3849:Japan
3825:Japan
3641:1950
3610:HVARs
3527:Guns:
3372:root:
3327:Crew:
2872:Italy
2748:XFO-1
2724:XF-5D
2688:P-38M
2676:P-38L
2670:P-38K
2664:P-38J
2658:P-38H
2652:P-38G
2646:P-38F
2630:P-38E
2624:P-38D
2618:P-38C
2612:P-38B
2570:YP-38
2564:XP-38
2449:P-38M
2297:D-Day
2285:P-38L
2264:P-38K
2240:P-38J
2220:XF-5D
2206:P-38H
2191:P-38G
2164:bombs
2160:P-38F
2116:P-38E
2106:s or
2100:P-38D
2066:P-38M
2036:3,810
2022:P-38K
1981:2,970
1978:P-38J
1967:P-38H
1956:XF-5D
1937:1,082
1934:P-38G
1912:P-38F
1868:P-38E
1857:P-38D
1824:YP-38
1813:XP-38
1776:, at
1737:'
1730:'
1642:P-47N
1232:Terni
1206:Malta
1163:JG 77
1147:JG 53
763:P-38D
645:Army
500:XP-38
274:or a
57:over
13472:A100
12730:RF-8
12725:RF-4
12634:R-16
12629:R-12
12624:R-11
12608:F-15
12603:F-14
12598:F-13
12593:F-12
12588:F-11
12583:F-10
12237:Ryan
12146:Bell
12125:-2/3
12042:Hall
11976:F11F
11971:F10F
11950:F9F
11834:F15C
11829:F14C
11824:F13C
11819:F12C
11814:F11C
11809:F10C
11611:F-19
11476:X-35
11466:F-35
11450:F-23
11433:F-22
11428:F-21
11423:F-20
11418:F-19
11396:F-17
11379:F-16
11352:F-15
11347:F-14
11342:F-13
11330:F-12
11325:F-11
11320:F-10
11243:F-1
11205:F-24
11189:FM-2
11184:FM-1
11168:PB-3
11163:PB-2
11158:PB-1
11014:F-99
11009:F-98
11004:F-97
10999:F-96
10994:F-95
10989:F-94
10984:F-93
10979:F-92
10974:F-91
10969:F-90
10964:F-89
10959:F-88
10954:F-87
10937:F-86
10932:F-85
10915:F-84
10910:F-83
10905:F-82
10900:F-81
10895:F-80
10890:F-63
10878:F-61
10873:F-59
10868:F-51
10863:F-47
10858:F-40
10853:F-39
10848:F-38
10832:P-92
10827:P-91
10822:P-90
10817:P-89
10812:P-88
10807:P-87
10802:P-86
10797:P-85
10792:P-84
10787:P-83
10782:P-82
10777:P-81
10772:P-80
10767:P-79
10762:P-78
10757:P-77
10752:P-76
10747:P-75
10742:P-74
10737:P-73
10732:P-72
10727:P-71
10722:P-70
10717:P-69
10712:P-68
10707:P-67
10702:P-66
10697:P-65
10692:P-64
10687:P-63
10682:P-62
10677:P-61
10672:P-60
10665:P-59
10652:P-58
10647:P-57
10642:P-56
10637:P-55
10632:P-54
10627:P-53
10622:P-52
10617:P-51
10612:P-50
10607:P-49
10602:P-48
10597:P-47
10592:P-46
10587:P-45
10582:P-44
10577:P-43
10572:P-42
10567:P-41
10562:P-40
10550:P-39
10545:P-38
10540:P-37
10535:P-36
10530:P-35
10525:P-34
10520:P-33
10515:P-32
10510:P-31
10505:P-30
10500:P-29
10495:P-28
10490:P-27
10485:P-26
10480:P-25
10475:P-24
10470:P-23
10465:P-22
10460:P-21
10455:P-20
10450:P-19
10445:P-18
10440:P-17
10435:P-16
10430:P-15
10425:P-14
10420:P-13
10415:P-12
10410:P-11
10405:P-10
10364:P-4
10322:USAF
10127:7–10
10090:Vega
10081:2329
10076:2000
10071:1980
10066:1800
10061:1700
10056:1649
10051:1600
10046:1549
10041:1449
10036:1400
10031:1329
10026:1249
10021:1237
10016:1236
10011:1235
10006:1201
10001:1200
9996:1195
9991:1149
9986:1132
9981:1090
9976:1080
9971:1060
9959:1049
9954:1026
9949:1020
9944:1011
9939:1010
9934:1000
8979:XV-4
8969:X-59
8964:X-56
8959:X-55
8954:X-35
8949:X-33
8934:X-17
8832:T-33
8797:RQ-3
8782:Fury
8750:UAVs
8741:TR-X
8736:TR-1
8654:D-21
8649:M-21
8634:A-12
8587:F-35
8582:F-21
8577:F-16
8541:F-22
8479:T-33
8474:F-94
8469:F-80
8443:P-38
8343:EP-3
8229:C-69
8061:and
7943:2022
7925:ISBN
7905:ISBN
7892:2021
7881:OCLC
7860:ISBN
7841:ISBN
7822:ISBN
7803:ISBN
7784:ISBN
7761:ISBN
7742:ISBN
7723:ISBN
7710:2013
7699:ISSN
7676:ISBN
7657:ISBN
7638:ISBN
7616:ISBN
7597:ISBN
7584:2023
7566:ISBN
7542:ISBN
7525:link
7505:ISBN
7486:ISBN
7467:ISBN
7448:ISBN
7429:ISBN
7410:ISBN
7391:ISBN
7372:ISBN
7353:ISBN
7334:ISBN
7315:ISBN
7296:ISBN
7277:ISBN
7258:ISBN
7238:2020
7225:ISBN
7204:ISBN
7185:ISBN
7166:ISBN
7153:2021
7142:OCLC
7121:ISBN
7102:ISBN
7080:ISBN
7061:ISBN
7044:ISSN
7034:ISBN
7015:ISBN
6996:ISBN
6979:OCLC
6960:ISBN
6941:ISBN
6920:ISBN
6901:ISBN
6882:ISBN
6863:ISBN
6844:ISBN
6825:ISBN
6812:2022
6799:ISBN
6778:ISBN
6759:ISBN
6740:ISBN
6720:ISSN
6701:ISBN
6625:2019
6565:2020
6531:2020
6518:ISBN
6296:2007
6063:2020
6050:ISBN
6008:ISBN
5781:2012
5388:2009
5148:Life
4485:Look
4296:2022
3480:13.5
3405:2 ×
3379:tip:
3362:8.26
3228:and
3051:and
3021:and
2742:F-5G
2736:F-5F
2730:F-5E
2718:F-5C
2712:F-5B
2706:F-5A
2700:F-4A
2576:P-38
2517:FO-1
2339:F-5G
2335:F-5F
2331:F-5E
2327:F-5C
2323:F-5B
2283:The
2262:Two
2238:The
2213:F-5A
2077:F-5G
2055:F-5F
2011:F-5E
2000:F-5C
1989:F-5B
1945:F-5A
1923:F-4A
1882:100+
1835:P-38
1718:and
1710:and
1708:Reno
1421:and
1270:and
1248:Rome
1204:and
1141:Life
805:and
581:for
407:and
358:and
291:aces
262:and
243:, a
199:The
72:Type
18:P-38
13867:A69
13862:A56
13857:A55
13852:A54
13847:A53
13842:N52
13837:A51
13832:N49
13827:N48
13822:A47
13817:A46
13812:A45
13807:A44
13802:A43
13797:N42
13792:A41
13782:A39
13777:A38
13772:A37
13767:A36
13762:A35
13757:A34
13752:A33
13747:A32
13742:A31
13737:A30
13732:N29
13727:N28
13722:A27
13717:A26
13712:A25
13707:N24
13702:A23
13692:A21
13687:A20
13682:A19
13677:A18
13667:A16
13662:A15
13657:A14
13652:A13
13647:A12
13642:A11
13637:A10
13565:N16
13560:N15
13555:N14
13550:N13
13545:N12
13540:N11
13535:N10
13467:A99
13462:A98
13457:A97
13452:A96
13447:A95
13442:A94
13437:A93
13432:A92
13427:A91
13422:A90
13417:A89
13412:A88
13407:A87
13402:A86
13397:A85
13392:A84
13387:A83
13382:A82
13377:A81
13372:A80
13367:A79
13362:A78
13357:A77
13352:A76
13347:A75
13342:A74
13337:A73
13332:A72
13327:A71
13322:A70
13317:A69
13302:A67
13297:A66
13292:A65
13287:A64
13282:A63
13277:A62
13272:A61
13267:A60
13262:A59
13257:A58
13252:A57
13247:A56
13242:A55
13237:A54
13232:A53
13227:A52
13222:A51
13217:A50
13212:A49
13207:A48
13202:A47
13197:A46
13192:A45
13187:A44
13182:A44
13177:A43
13172:A42
13167:A41
13162:A40
13157:A39
13152:A38
13147:A37
13142:A37
13137:A37
13132:A36
13127:A35
13122:A34
13117:A33
13112:A32
13107:A31
13102:A30
13097:A30
13092:A29
13087:A28
13082:A27
13077:A26
13072:A25
13067:A24
13062:A23
13057:A22
13052:A21
13047:A20
13042:A19
13037:A18
13032:A17
13027:A16
13022:A15
13017:A14
13012:A13
13007:A12
13002:A11
12997:A10
12930:A12
12925:A11
12920:A10
12702:R-1
12578:F-9
12573:F-8
12568:F-7
12563:F-6
12558:F-5
12553:F-4
12548:F-3
12543:F-2
12538:F-1
12451:F2Y
12428:F4W
12423:F3W
12418:F2W
12406:F3W
12401:F2W
12349:F8U
12344:F7U
12339:F6U
12334:F5U
12329:F4U
12324:F3U
12319:F2U
12296:F2T
12255:F3R
12250:F2R
12204:F3M
12199:F2M
12176:F3L
12108:F3J
12103:F2J
12076:F4H
12071:F3H
12066:F2H
12032:F2G
12020:F2G
11946:F8F
11941:F7F
11936:F6F
11931:F5F
11926:F4F
11921:F3F
11916:F2F
11893:F2D
11881:F6D
11876:F5D
11871:F4D
11866:F3D
11861:F2D
11804:F9C
11799:F8C
11794:F7C
11789:F6C
11784:F5C
11779:F4C
11774:F3C
11769:F2C
11746:F8B
11741:F7B
11736:F6B
11731:F5B
11726:F4B
11721:F3B
11716:F2B
11693:F3A
11688:F2A
11308:F-9
11303:F-8
11298:F-7
11293:F-6
11281:F-5
11269:F-4
11264:F-3
11259:F-2
10400:P-9
10395:P-8
10390:P-7
10385:P-6
10380:P-5
10360:P-3
10355:P-2
10350:P-1
9929:995
9924:985
9919:984
9914:981
9909:980
9904:977
9899:949
9894:934
9889:915
9884:901
9879:880
9874:849
9869:840
9864:823
9859:822
9854:785
9849:780
9844:760
9839:749
9834:704
9829:685
9824:680
9819:649
9814:645
9809:622
9804:595
9799:580
9794:549
9789:522
9784:520
9779:500
9774:489
9769:480
9764:475
9759:449
9754:437
9749:422
9744:414
9739:407
9734:402
9719:389
9714:382
9709:380
9704:379
9699:351
9694:349
9689:346
9684:331
9679:330
9674:329
9669:325
9664:322
9659:320
9654:301
9649:300
9644:298
9639:296
9634:295
9629:293
9624:288
9619:286
9614:285
9599:249
9594:246
9589:245
9584:244
9579:222
9574:212
9569:210
9564:207
9559:206
9554:204
9549:200
9544:199
9539:193
9534:189
9529:188
9524:186
9519:185
9514:182
9509:171
9504:170
9499:149
9494:144
9489:141
9484:140
9479:137
9474:136
9469:133
9464:129
9459:122
9454:105
9449:104
9444:100
9137:A/D
8974:XFV
8929:X-7
8837:T2V
8726:U-2
8572:A-9
8484:T2V
8416:R6V
8394:RAF
8369:C-5
8353:P-7
8338:P-3
4301:M4.
3539:4×
3532:1×
3411:WEP
3260:in
2694:F-4
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