591:
696:
728:
686:
2055:
2274:
44:
1949:
104:
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510:
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1706:
1628:
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89:
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476:
1416:
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2026:, and can be reached by a 12-kilometer ride from Banaue Hotel and a 2-hour hike uphill through mountain trails. The Bangaan Rice Terraces portray the typical Ifugao community, where the livelihood activities are within the village and its surroundings. The Bangaan Rice Terraces are accessible by a one-hour ride from Poblacion, Banaue, then a 20-minute trek down to the village. It can be viewed best from the road to
4550:
1266:
4538:
2337:
63:
1361:
1916:â around the beginning of June. In modern times, tractors are used, but traditionally, buffalos were employed. The rice plants are planted in nurseries and then transplanted by hand into the prepared fields. The rice is then harvested in late November â "when the rice bends with age". Most of the rice planting and harvesting is done by hand. The rice is then threshed and stored, ready for the mills.
1862:
1656:(circa mid-September on the Solar Calendar). The harvest begins in October. Coordinating the harvest can be challenging because many Korean farmers have small paddy fields in a number of locations around their villages, and modern harvesting machines are sometimes shared between extended family members. Farmers usually dry the harvested grains in the sun before bringing them to market.
1449:
3612:
1385:
rice varieties allowing three growing seasons per year. Since fertilizer and pesticide are relatively expensive inputs, farmers typically plant seeds in a very small plot. Three weeks following germination, the 15-20 centimetre (6â8 in) stalks are picked and replanted at greater separation, in a
899:
Mumun Period rice farmers used all of the elements that are present in today's paddy fields, such as terracing, bunds, canals, and small reservoirs. We can grasp some paddy-field farming techniques of the Middle Mumun (c. 850â550 BC), from the well-preserved wooden tools excavated from archaeological
1154:
in
Washington, D.C., who has written on the origins of agriculture, says that evidence has been mounting that the Yangtze was probably the site of the earliest rice cultivation. In 1998, Crawford & Shen reported that the earliest of 14 AMS or radiocarbon dates on rice from at least nine Early to
1892:
in recent years. Up until the later 1960s, Myanmar was the main exporter of rice. Termed the rice basket of
Southeast Asia, much of the rice grown in Myanmar does not rely on fertilizers and pesticides, thus, although "organic" in a sense, it has been unable to cope with population growth and other
895:
The earliest Mumun features were usually located in low-lying narrow gullies, that were naturally swampy and fed by the local stream system. Some Mumun paddy fields in flat areas were made of a series of squares and rectangles, separated by bunds approximately 10 cm in height, while terraced
2081:
mainly depends on rice production. Sri Lanka sometimes exports rice to its neighboring countries. Around 1.5 million hectares of land are cultivated in Sri Lanka for paddy in 2008/2009 maha: 64% of which is cultivated during the dry season and 35% cultivated during the wet season. Around 879,000
2076:
history dates back to more than 2000 years ago. The historical reports say that Sri Lanka is regarded as the "paddy store of the east" because it produced an excessive quantity of rice. Paddy cultivation can be found all over the island and a considerable amount of land is allocated for it. Both
1117:
Although China's agricultural output is the largest in the world, only about 15% of its total land area can be cultivated. About 75% of the cultivated area is used for food crops. Rice is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. Most rice is grown south of the
2203:(literally "descent into the fields") held as the start of the planting season in hope of a bountiful harvest. Traditionally, the event was officiated with much pomp. The monarch carried out the ritual plowing of the first furrow while local dignitaries and farmers followed suit.
1245:
By about 750, 75% of China's population lived north of the
Yangtze, but by 1250, 75% of China's population lived south of it. Such large-scale internal migration was possible due to introduction of quick-ripening strains of rice from Vietnam suitable for multi-cropping.
2077:
upcountry and low country wetlands use paddy cultivation. The majority of paddy land is in the dry zone, and it uses special irrigation systems for cultivation. The water storing tank called "Wewa" facilitates a supply of water to paddy lands in the cultivation period.
888:. The paddy field feature was found next to a pit-house that is dated to the latter part of the Early Mumun pottery period (c. 1100â850 BC). KUM has conducted excavations, that have revealed similarly dated paddy field features, at Yaeum-dong and Okhyeon, in modern-day
2254:
by draining the paddies to allow the soil to aerate to interrupt methane production. Studies have also shown the variability in assessment of methane emission using local, regional and global factors and calling for better inventorization based on micro level data.
1513:
as well as in many family names. Most of these places are somehow related to the paddy field and, in many cases, are based on the history of a particular location. For example, where a river runs through a village, the place east of the river may be called
2179:
of southern
Vietnam, there is an interlacing drainage and irrigation canal system that has become the symbol of this area. The canals additionally serve as transportation routes, allowing farmers to bring their produce to market. In Northwestern Vietnam,
657:. Fortifications like walls (as well as extensive moats in Liangzhu cities) are common features in settlements during this period, indicating widespread conflict. This period also coincides with the southward movement of rice-farming cultures to the
1836:
Before
Malaysia became heavily reliant on its industrial output, people were mainly involved in agriculture, especially in the production of rice. It was for that reason, that people usually built their houses next to paddy fields. The very spicy
723:
between 3500 and 2000 BC. The
Nanguanli site in Taiwan, dated to ca. 2800 BC, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation.
916:(300 BC â 250 AD). The Early Yayoi has been re-dated, and based on studies of early Japanese paddy formations in Kyushu it appears that wet-field rice agriculture in Japan was directly adopted from the Lower Yangtze river basin in Eastern China.
1567:
which required all citizens to have a family name. Many chose a name based on some geographical feature associated with their residence or occupation, and as nearly three-fourths of the population were farmers, many made family names using
618:, archaeologists excavated paddy fields. Some archaeologists claim that Caoxieshan may date to 4000â3000 BC. There is archaeological evidence that unhusked rice was stored for the military and for burial with the deceased from the
1400:
The fertile volcanic soil of much of the
Indonesian archipelagoâparticularly the islands of Java and Baliâhas made rice a central dietary staple. Steep terrain on Bali resulted in complex irrigation systems, locally called
1900:
season â from June to
October. Rice grown in the delta areas relies heavily on the river water and sedimented minerals from the northern mountains, whilst the rice grown in the central regions require irrigation from the
1145:
populations of
Lijiacun and Yunchanyan in China. Evidence of possible rice cultivation from ca. 11,500 BC has been found, however it is still questioned whether the rice was indeed being cultivated, or instead being
900:
rice fields at the Majeon-ni Site. However, iron tools for paddy-field farming were not introduced until sometime after 200 BC. The spatial scale of paddy-fields increased, with the regular use of iron tools, in the
1639:
Arable land in small alluvial flats of most rural river valleys in South Korea are dedicated to paddy-field farming. Farmers assess paddy fields for any necessary repairs in
February. Fields may be rebuilt, and
652:
In the terminal Neolithic (2500 to 2000 BC), Shijiahe shrank in size, and Liangzhu disappeared altogether. This is largely believed to be the result of the southward expansion of the early Sino-Tibetan
3638:
Nirmal, Ghost. "Thailand to set aside more land for farming; It plans to increase rice production and stop conversion of agricultural land." The Straits Times (Singapore) 24 April 2008.
1159:
and Luojiajiao sites indicates that rice domestication likely began before 5000 BC, but that most sites in China from which rice remains have been recovered are younger than 5000 BC.
590:
2490:
Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Boyko, A. R.; Purugganan, M. D. (2011).
2250:, having been estimated to contribute in the range of 50 to 100 million tonnes of the gas per annum. Studies have shown that this can be significantly reduced while also boosting
1483:, which originally meant 'field' in general, is used in Japan exclusively to refer to paddy fields. One of the oldest samples of writing in Japan is widely credited to the kanji
3490:
695:
1615:
In recent years, rice consumption in Japan has fallen and many rice farmers are increasingly elderly. The government has subsidized rice production since the 1970s, and favors
1367:
were formerly used to plough muddy paddy fields in Indonesia although the use of mechanised methods, such as small powered ploughs, has become much more common in recent years.
1644:
breaches are repaired. This work is carried out until mid-March, when warmer spring weather allows the farmer to buy or grow rice seedlings. They are transplanted (usually by
375:, which is grown in flooded conditions with water more than 50 cm (20 in) deep for at least a month. Global paddies' emissions account for at least 10% of global
1754:, which literally means "hill," is also growing upland rice, carried out on the grassy slopes that have been deforested for the production of charcoal (139,337 ha).
1730:
The majority of rice is related to irrigation (1,054,381 ha). The choice of methods conditioning performance is determined by the variety and quality control of water.
814:
and introduced wetland farming techniques to them. In turn, they assimilated their range of indigenous cultivated fruits and tubers before spreading further eastward to
2015:
2,000 years ago. Streams and springs found in the mountains were tapped and channeled into irrigation canals that run downhill through the rice terraces. Other notable
2115:
in the world and is the world's largest exporter of rice. Thailand has plans to further increase its land available for rice production, with a goal of adding 500,000
1460:
The acidic soil conditions common in Japan due to volcanic eruptions have made the paddy field the most productive farming method. Paddy fields are represented by the
2226:, wealth is frequently associated with the vastness of the individual's land holdings. Paddy fields so large as for "storks to fly with their wings out-stretched" ("
2230:") can be heard as a common metaphor. Wind-blown undulating rice plants across a paddy field in literary Vietnamese is termed figuratively "waves of rice plants" ("
864:
at the Daecheon-ni site yielded carbonized rice grains and radiocarbon dates, indicating that rice cultivation in dry-fields may have begun as early as the Middle
2258:
Rice paddies are responsible for 10% of global methane emissions, roughly equal to the emissions of the aviation industry. Drip irrigation systems developed by
1687:), is found in some place names, especially small farming townships and villages. However, the specific Korean term for 'paddy' is a purely Korean word, "non" (
506:
by cultures associated with pre-Austronesian and Hmong-Mien-speakers. This occurred 13,500 to 8,200 years ago south of the Yangtze River in present-day China.
2034:
lies in the midst of these rice terraces. All dikes are tiered with flat stones. The Hapao Rice Terraces are within 55 kilometers from the capital town of
2120:
645:
in these two regions. The number of settlements among the Yangtze cultures and their sizes increased, leading some archeologists to characterize them as
561:
565:
3410:
550:
2187:
1648:) from the indoors into freshly flooded paddy fields in May. Farmers tend and weed their paddy fields through the summer until around the time of
1747:
is still widely practiced by farmers in Madagascar, who find a good compromise between climate risks, availability of labour and food security.
4499:
4154:
4117:
465:
3464:
2978:
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2608:
Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (17 December 2012).
3741:
1397:
of paddies, but rather by itinerant middlemen, whose small firms specialize in the harvest, transport, milling, and distribution of rice.
1304:. The paddy cultivation plays a major role in socio-cultural life of rural India. Many regional festivals celebrate the harvest, such as
727:
521:
There are two likely centers of domestication for rice as well as the development of the wet-field technology. The first is in the lower
2082:
farmer families are engaged in paddy cultivation in Sri Lanka. They make up 20% of the country's population and 32% of the employment.
1292:
and the southern peninsular plateaus. Paddy is cultivated at least twice a year in most parts of India, the two seasons being known as
3494:
2273:
587:
speakers to the west, and early Kra-Dai speakers to the south, facilitating the spread of rice cultivation throughout southern China.
3691:
4467:
4411:
2367:"Application of a Genetic-Fuzzy FMEA to Rainfed Lowland Rice Production in Sarawak: Environmental, Health, and Safety Perspectives"
556:. The second is in the middle Yangtze River, believed to be the homelands of the early Hmong-Mien speakers and associated with the
1183:
849:
There are ten archaeologically excavated rice paddy fields in Korea. The two oldest are the Okhyun and Yaumdong sites, found in
629:
By the late Neolithic (3500 to 2500 BC), population in the rice cultivating centers had increased rapidly, centered around the
3560:
2019:
paddy fields are the Batad Rice Terraces, the Bangaan Rice Terraces, the Mayoyao Rice Terraces and the Hapao Rice Terraces.
1284:
India has the largest paddy output in the world and is also the largest exporter of rice in the world as of 2020. In India,
2826:
Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Wang, ling-E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007).
2782:
Hsieh, Jaw-shu; Hsing, Yue-ie Caroline; Hsu, Tze-fu; Li, Paul Jen-kuei; Li, Kuang-ti; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (24 December 2011).
2123:
expected rice production to yield around 30 million tons of rice for 2008. The most produced strain of rice in Thailand is
1202:
of the 5th century BC are two of the earliest hydraulic engineers from China, and their works were focused upon improving
4369:
2944:
Search for the Origin of Rice Cultivation: The Ancient Rice Cultivation in Paddy Fields at the Cao Xie Shan Site in China
3355:
2262:
and N-Drip were introduced in several countries and according to the Times of Israel can reduce up to 85% of emissions.
4605:
4399:
3581:
1524:), literally "east paddy field." A place with a newly irrigated paddy field, especially those made during or after the
641:
cultures. There was also evidence of intensive rice cultivation in paddy fields as well as increasingly sophisticated
4554:
3365:
3092:
3067:
3042:
2827:
1234:(420â589), land-use became more intensive and efficient, rice was grown twice a year and cattle began to be used for
583:. Both of these regions were heavily populated and had regular trade contacts with each other, as well as with early
3033:
Zhang, Chi (2013). "The QujialingâShijiahe culture in the middle Yangzi River valley". In Underhill, Anne P. (ed.).
685:
4600:
3843:
3342:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics
751:
From about 2000 to 1500 BC, the Austronesian expansion began, with settlers from Taiwan moving south to migrate to
4447:
4432:
4427:
4204:
2329:
1231:
807:
155:
3626:"Rice strain is cause of comparatively low productivity." The Nation (Thailand) 16 April 2008. 2 February 2009,
3109:
205:. They require a great deal of labor and materials to create and need large quantities of water for irrigation.
4494:
4489:
4437:
4184:
3669:
2919:
1211:
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rice cultivation and paddy field agriculture to Southeast Asia started with the migrations of the Austronesian
3611:
Thailand backs away from rice cartel plan." The International Herald Tribune 7 May 2008: 12. 2 February 2009,
2732:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cerealâfrom the Yangzi to the Equator"
1743:
on burning of cleared natural rain forest (135,966 ha). Criticized as being the cause of deforestation,
896:
paddy fields consisted of long irregular shapes that followed natural contours of the land at various levels.
220:
Paddy field farming remains the dominant form of growing rice in modern times. It is practiced extensively in
4169:
3880:
3805:
3198:
2883:
Cao, Zhihong; Fu, Jianrong; Zou, Ping; Huang, Jing Fa; Lu, Hong; Weng, Jieping; Ding, Jinlong (August 2010).
2438:
703:, and likely routes of early rice transfer (ca. 3500 to 500 BC). The approximate coastlines during the early
3724:
Exploration of 'hot-spots' of methane and nitrous oxide emission from the agriculture fields of Assam, India
1288:
is the largest rice producing state. Paddy fields are a common sight throughout India, both in the northern
759:, bringing rice cultivation technologies with them. From Luzon, Austronesians rapidly colonized the rest of
649:, with clearly advanced socio-political structures. However, it is unknown if they had centralized control.
4189:
4164:
3417:
2073:
2030:. The Mayoyao Rice Terraces are located at Mayoyao, 44 kilometers away from Poblacion, Banaue. The town of
1961:
1372:
526:
147:
17:
3442:
2111:
Thailand has a strong tradition of rice production. It has the fifth-largest amount of land used for rice
1542:), "new paddy field." In some places, lakes and marshes were likened to a paddy field and were named with
4575:
4174:
3836:
3696:
3110:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence"
2101:
1377:
Prime Javanese paddies yield roughly 6 metric tons of unmilled rice (2.5 metric tons of milled rice) per
455:
404:
4214:
4149:
3976:
3291:
Rice cultivation began in China ca. 11,500 years ago, some 3,500 years earlier than previously believed
2964:
Tsude, Hiroshi. Yayoi Farmers Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Agricultural Development in East Asia.
2784:"Studies on Ancient RiceâWhere Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet"
2315:
1869:
3951:
1724:, the average annual consumption of rice is 130 kg per person, one of the largest in the world.
885:
798:; however, wet-field agriculture was transferred to the cultivation of other crops, most notably for
783:. By 500 BC, there is evidence of intensive wetland rice agriculture already established in Java and
182:. The technology was also acquired by other cultures in mainland Asia for rice farming, spreading to
31:
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151:
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1151:
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2946:. Miyazaki: Society for Scientific Studies on Cultural Property, 1996. (In Japanese and Chinese)
2610:"Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China"
317:
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of northern Vietnam, control of seasonal river flooding is achieved by an extensive network of
1937:
865:
580:
553:
426:
396:
1563:
as a component, a practice which can be largely attributed to a government edict in the early
606:
The earliest paddy field found dates to 4330 BC, based on carbon dating of grains of rice and
4273:
4053:
3779:
Bale, Martin T. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments.
3171:
Bale, Martin T. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments.
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1301:
1300:
respectively. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, while the latter depends on
1207:
838:
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163:
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The fields are tilled when the first rains arrive â traditionally measured at 40 days after
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1960:
Paddy fields are a common sight in the Philippines. Several vast paddy fields exist in the
1510:
1345:
1179:
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461:
159:
47:
3701:
8:
4542:
3971:
2674:"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China"
2417:"Riz de Camargue, Silo de Tourtoulen, Riz blanc de Camargue, Riz et céréales de Camargue"
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2160:
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to pull plows, and the other was the large-scale harnessing of rivers and development of
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321:
119:
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than other types of rice, but also normally fetches more than double the price of other
1434:. In the 19th century and much of the 20th century, the paddy fields were farmed by the
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353:
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872:. Ancient paddy fields have been carefully unearthed in Korea by institutes such as
4359:
4317:
4209:
4100:
4008:
3993:
3793:
Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula.
3389:"Top 10 Rice Producing States of India, Indian States with Highest Rice Production"
3312:
3282:
3149:
Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula.
3124:
2862:
2842:
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2672:
He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (7 June 2017).
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Located at Barangay Batad in Banaue, the Batad Rice Terraces are shaped like an
383:
systems have been proposed as a possible environmental and commercial solution.
30:"Rice field" and "Wet rice" redirect here. For the Rice University stadium, see
4580:
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3337:
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2731:
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to the 9.2 million hectares of rice-growing areas already cultivated. The
1953:
1896:
Rice is now grown in all the three seasons of Myanmar, though primarily in the
1849:, literally "paddy chili". Some research pertaining to Rainfed lowland rice in
1735:
1653:
1494:
1490:
1274:
1187:
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regions, as well as the southward migrations of the Austronesian, Kra-Dai, and
646:
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534:
530:
392:
372:
301:
74:
3818:
3008:
2846:
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1477:) that has had a strong influence on Japanese culture. In fact, the character
525:, believed to be the homelands of the pre-Austronesians and possibly also the
4590:
4569:
4484:
4349:
4307:
4253:
4075:
3896:
3757:"Agritech firm N-Drip raises $ 44 million in Liechtenstein-led funding round"
2697:
2095:
1877:
1616:
1440:, a subculture of seasonal rice paddy workers composed mostly of poor women.
1430:. The paddy fields are irrigated by fast-flowing streams descending from the
1394:
1270:
1215:
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127:
3536:"Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras â UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
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2516:
1933:
4404:
4263:
4238:
4080:
4038:
3983:
3941:
3742:"Israel's drip irrigation pioneers aim to do away with flooded rice fields"
3648:
3225:
3060:
The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age
2929:
2854:
2653:
2594:
2551:"Archaeological and genetic insights into the origins of domesticated rice"
2535:
2365:
Sang, Anisia Jati; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng; Saeid, Nahavandi (2018).
2176:
2164:
2124:
2108:. It uses over half of the farmable land area and labor force in Thailand.
2059:
2023:
1889:
1838:
1564:
1390:
913:
740:
569:
361:
333:
300:. It has also been introduced elsewhere since the colonial era, notably in
2866:
2492:"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice"
4394:
4329:
4285:
4258:
4243:
4219:
4090:
3931:
3859:
3692:"Shifts in rice farming practices in China reduce greenhouse gas methane"
2341:
2307:
2181:
1993:
1989:
1969:
1740:
1297:
1285:
1227:
1219:
834:
756:
623:
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281:
277:
269:
217:, are important working animals used extensively in paddy field farming.
123:
55:
2910:
Bellwood, Peter (1997). "Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago".
1825:
also has its fair share of paddy fields, especially in the districts of
1705:
1627:
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4033:
4028:
3911:
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2128:
2016:
1885:
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1797:, with most of the fields being located in the northern states such as
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3009:"The Neolithic of Southern China â Origin, Development, and Dispersal"
1166:
Panorama of the Longji terrace, one of the Longsheng rice terraces of
201:
or adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or
88:
4295:
4023:
3535:
2297:
2212:
2067:
1813:. Paddy fields can also be found on Malaysia's east coast region, in
1761:- a translucent long and large grain rice, considered a luxury rice;
1713:
1709:
1453:
1349:
1329:
1293:
1199:
1195:
1142:
1123:
861:
819:
795:
744:
736:
732:
619:
517:(3400 to 2250 BC) ancient city surrounded by a moat with rice paddies
337:
329:
285:
237:
183:
179:
171:
139:
97:
78:
2219:(god of rice plants) were all venerated with prayers and offerings.
2094:
A small hut in between rice paddies on the outskirts of the town of
1155:
Middle Neolithic sites is no older than 7000 BC, that rice from the
880:. They excavated paddy field features at the Geumcheon-ni Site near
488:
Genetic evidence shows that all forms of paddy rice, including both
3988:
2043:
2003:
are an example of paddy fields in the country. They are located in
1909:
1881:
1822:
1814:
1415:
1337:
776:
704:
700:
365:
305:
289:
273:
257:
253:
225:
108:
1781:
1206:
systems. These developments were widely spread during the ensuing
475:
4344:
4300:
4268:
2280:
2259:
2159:
in Vietnamese) are the predominant land use in the valley of the
2143:
2116:
2112:
2031:
2027:
2012:
1981:
1977:
1924:
1897:
1850:
1649:
1641:
1436:
1426:
Rice is grown in Northern Italy, especially in the valley of the
1378:
1321:
1235:
1223:
1167:
1162:
1135:
1131:
881:
830:
772:
658:
611:
408:
297:
261:
214:
93:
1265:
594:
Spatial distribution of rice, millet and mixed farming sites in
4322:
4248:
3916:
3906:
3722:
Mishra S. N., Mitra S., Rangan L, Dutta S., and Pooja. (2012).
2979:"Expansion of Chinese Paddy Rice to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau"
2039:
2035:
2004:
1985:
1965:
1810:
1802:
1632:
1420:
1341:
1325:
1156:
1127:
837:
around the 1st millennium AD by Austronesian settlers from the
764:
720:
662:
341:
309:
293:
82:
35:
27:
Flooded parcel of arable land used for growing semiaquatic rice
3828:
3303:
Normile, Dennis (1997). "Yangtze seen as earliest rice site".
2042:
stone-walled rice terraces are located in the municipality of
1360:
62:
4339:
3800:
Kwak, Jong-chul. Urinara-eui Seonsa â Godae Non Bat Yugu .In
3193:
Kwak, Jong-chul. Urinara-eui Seonsa â Godae Non Bat Yugu .In
2912:
Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition
2828:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River"
2284:
2196:
planted in upland fields, requiring terracing of the slopes.
2172:
2008:
1806:
1798:
1678:
1660:
1461:
1381:. When irrigation is available, rice farmers typically plant
1278:
889:
877:
860:
Paddy field farming goes back thousands of years in Korea. A
850:
752:
371:
Paddy cultivation should not be confused with cultivation of
349:
313:
265:
245:
233:
229:
202:
51:
2336:
1861:
4230:
4018:
3357:
The World Economy, Angus Maddison, p.20, ISBN 92-64-02261-9
3331:
2914:. Honolulu: University of HawaiÊ»i Press. pp. 205â211.
1448:
1431:
1309:
1305:
799:
784:
780:
249:
135:
131:
66:
1407:, to manage water storage and drainage for rice terraces.
3582:"Rice Knowledge for Sri Lanka - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank"
3267:
3265:
2175:
which over the centuries total some 3000 km. In the
3533:
2489:
1884:, though there has been an increase in rice farming in
1757:
Among the many varieties, rice of Madagascar includes:
825:
Rice and wet-field agriculture were also introduced to
206:
3262:
2889:
Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science
2199:
The primary festival related to the agrarian cycle is
3804:: 21â73. Papers of the 25th National Meetings of the
3197:: 21â73. Papers of the 25th National Meetings of the
2313:
1269:
Rice fields with seedlings planted in the village of
403:, meaning "rice plant", which is itself derived from
1992:
is considered the main rice growing province of the
1932:
In Nepal, rice (Nepali: à€§à€Ÿà€š, Dhaan) is grown in the
739:
and rice plants being infested by mouse pestilence.
154:
cultures. It was spread in prehistoric times by the
3781:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
3173:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
2966:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
2885:"Origin and chronosequence of paddy soils in China"
1150:as wild rice. Bruce Smith, an archaeologist at the
790:Rice did not survive the Austronesian voyages into
3230:Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology
3226:"A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy"
912:The first paddy fields in Japan date to the Early
806:also came into contact with the non-Austronesian (
3622:
3620:
1936:and hilly regions. It is mainly grown during the
1652:, a traditional holiday held on 15 August of the
787:, especially near very fertile volcanic islands.
4567:
2903:
1793:Paddy fields can be found in most states on the
1178:(722â481 BC), two revolutionary improvements in
2781:
2555:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2496:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2364:
2360:
2358:
1489:found on pottery at the archaeological site of
500:, spring from a domestication of the wild rice
3617:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
1607:
1591:
1579:
1551:
1537:
1519:
1504:
1484:
1478:
1464:
466:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
3844:
3246:
2882:
2876:
2671:
3517:"New Agriculturist: Country profile - Nepal"
3101:
3002:
3000:
2355:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1141:Rice appears to have been used by the Early
407:*pajay ("rice in the field", "rice plant").
197:Fields can be built into steep hillsides as
3083:Major, John S.; Cook, Constance A. (2016).
3037:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 510â534.
2712:
2607:
1893:rice economies which utilized fertilizers.
1584:), literally meaning "in the paddy field;"
731:Bas-relief of Karmawibhanga of 9th century
707:are shown in lighter blue. (Bellwood, 2011)
470:
3851:
3837:
3786:Barnes, Gina L. Paddy Soils Now and Then.
3280:
3274:
3210:Barnes, Gina L. Paddy Soils Now and Then.
1765:- a translucent long and thin grain rice;
1727:According to a 1999 study of UPDRS / FAO:
1619:policies regarding cheaper imported rice.
1332:is historically known as the rice bowl of
1210:(403â221 BC), culminating in the enormous
3670:"Scientists blame global warming on rice"
3281:Harrington, Spencer P.M. (11 June 1997).
3117:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
3082:
3076:
3026:
3006:
2997:
2807:
2775:
2758:
2643:
2633:
2584:
2574:
2548:
2525:
2515:
2400:
2390:
1249:Famous rice paddies in China include the
1093:Source: Food and Agriculture Organization
680:
614:. At Caoxieshan, a site of the Neolithic
146:basin in southern China, associated with
3802:Hanguk Nonggyeong Munhwa-eui Hyeongseong
3195:Hanguk Nonggyeong Munhwa-eui Hyeongseong
3107:
2909:
2729:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2601:
2459:
2142:
2104:represents a significant portion of the
2089:
2053:
1947:
1923:
1860:
1780:
1773:, or red rice, exclusive to Madagascar.
1739:is traditionally the culture of flooded
1704:
1626:
1447:
1414:
1359:
1264:
1161:
1104:
726:
694:
684:
589:
508:
474:
340:, as well as along the eastern coast of
102:
87:
61:
42:
3491:"Increasing rice production in Myanmar"
3302:
3296:
3289:. Archaeological Institute of America.
3057:
3051:
92:Paddy field placed under the valley of
14:
4568:
3754:
3739:
3555:
3553:
3249:"Countries by commodity (Rice, paddy)"
3217:
1876:, the area along and the delta of the
3832:
3730:. 1/16. doi:10.1186/2048-7010-1-16.
3632:
3354:Angus, Maddison (21 September 2006).
3353:
3223:
3032:
3007:Zhang, Chi; Hung, Hsiao-Chun (2008).
2821:
2819:
2660:
2542:
1841:that is often eaten in Malaysia, the
925:Top 20 rice producers by countryâ2012
391:The word "paddy" is derived from the
4537:
3344:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Page 271.
2483:
2453:
2011:, Philippines and were built by the
1497:that dates to the late 2nd century.
1393:is often performed not by owners or
4549:
3550:
2730:Bellwood, Peter (9 December 2011).
2470:Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
2242:Paddy fields are a major source of
24:
4400:Environmental impact of irrigation
3733:
3391:. Mapsofindia.com. 17 January 2012
3108:Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011).
3035:A Companion to Chinese Archaeology
2816:
2127:, which has a significantly lower
25:
4617:
3812:
2460:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen.
689:Expansion of Austronesian peoples
58:, carved into steep mountainsides
4548:
4536:
4524:
4513:
4512:
3649:"Methane Sources â Rice Paddies"
2466:â rice in the field; rice plant"
2335:
2323:
2310: â Rice grown in dry fields
2272:
1880:, and the Central plains around
4468:Agriculture and the environment
4205:British Agricultural Revolution
3858:
3773:
3755:Wrobel, Sharon (21 June 2023).
3748:
3716:
3684:
3662:
3641:
3605:
3592:
3574:
3527:
3509:
3483:
3457:
3435:
3403:
3381:
3347:
3240:
3204:
3187:
3178:
3165:
3156:
3143:
3058:Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012).
2971:
2958:
2949:
2936:
2549:Gross, B. L.; Zhao, Z. (2014).
1872:primarily in three areas â the
1602:(ć·ç°), "river paddy field;" and
1386:backbreaking manual procedure.
1232:Northern and Southern Dynasties
1182:took place. One was the use of
4412:Climate change and agriculture
4185:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
3534:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
3062:. Cambridge University Press.
2431:
2409:
1943:
1769:- a half-long grain rice; and
1693:
1683:
1673:
1559:Today, many family names have
1212:Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System
802:cultivation. The Austronesian
13:
1:
3806:Korean Archaeological Society
3728:Agriculture and Food Security
3443:"Channel 4 notes for schools"
3199:Korean Archaeological Society
2348:
2211:(the village patron spirit),
1700:
1348:is known as the rice bowl of
1122:, in the Yangtze valley, the
610:found at the Chaodun site in
142:rice-farming cultures of the
34:. For the porridge dish, see
4190:Arab Agricultural Revolution
3317:10.1126/science.275.5298.309
3129:10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142
2635:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146
2192:based on the cultivation of
2121:Thai Ministry of Agriculture
2074:Sri Lankan paddy cultivation
2049:
1928:Women planting rice in Nepal
1785:Paddy field in the state of
1509:) is used as a part of many
1373:Rice production in Indonesia
1355:
904:Period (c. AD 300/400-668).
386:
7:
3740:Surkes, Sue (10 May 2021).
3697:Goddard Space Flight Center
3598:Country Profile: Thailand.
2392:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883115
2291:
2102:Rice production in Thailand
2085:
1776:
1572:. Some common examples are
1340:is called the rice bowl of
456:History of rice cultivation
10:
4622:
4150:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
3586:www.knowledgebank.irri.org
2265:
2237:
2228:Äá»ng lĂșa tháșłng cĂĄnh cĂČ bay
2215:(god of agriculture), and
2138:
1856:
1622:
1443:
1370:
1198:of the 6th century BC and
919:
810:) early agriculturists of
529:, and associated with the
459:
453:
449:
29:
4606:Water and the environment
4509:
4500:Universities and colleges
4476:
4420:
4368:
4229:
4133:
4118:Universities and colleges
3930:
3923:
3889:
3866:
3672:. Sptimes.com. 2 May 2007
2847:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2
2809:10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x
2760:10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9
1635:, South Korea, early June
1608:
1596:), "middle paddy field;"
1592:
1580:
1552:
1538:
1520:
1505:
1485:
1479:
1465:
1091:
886:South Gyeongsang Province
868:(c. 3500â2000 BC) in the
701:language family homelands
138:. It originates from the
107:Farmers planting rice in
32:Rice Track/Soccer Stadium
4485:Agriculturist profession
3962:Agricultural engineering
3947:Agricultural cooperative
3087:. Taylor & Francis.
3085:Ancient China: A History
2698:10.1177/0959683617708455
2330:Agriculture and Agronomy
2279:Paddy field stump after
2207:(deities of the earth),
2151:Rice fields in Vietnam (
2079:Agriculture in Sri Lanka
1919:
1870:Rice is grown in Myanmar
1410:
1260:
1176:Spring and Autumn period
1100:
907:
844:
471:Neolithic southern China
4601:Sustainable agriculture
4390:Agricultural wastewater
4113:Sustainable food system
4108:Sustainable agriculture
3999:Animal-free agriculture
3967:Agricultural technology
3819:How a paddy-field works
2576:10.1073/pnas.1308942110
2517:10.1073/pnas.1104686108
2147:A rice field in Vietnam
1988:, and other provinces.
1952:Batad Rice Terraces in
1938:summer monsoon in Nepal
1865:Paddy fields in Myanmar
1821:. The central state of
1663:character for 'field',
1255:Yuanyang County, Yunnan
1251:Longsheng Rice Terraces
1152:Smithsonian Institution
1111:Yuanyang County, Yunnan
902:Three Kingdoms of Korea
761:Maritime Southeast Asia
671:Mainland Southeast Asia
188:Mainland Southeast Asia
4490:Agricultural machinery
4448:History of agriculture
4433:Agriculture by country
4428:Agricultural machinery
4385:Agricultural pollution
4380:Agricultural expansion
4155:Austronesian expansion
4066:Mechanised agriculture
3271:Crawford and Shen 1998
3224:ShĆda, Shinya (2007).
2148:
2098:
2070:
1957:
1929:
1866:
1790:
1717:
1636:
1612:), "old paddy field."
1457:
1423:
1368:
1281:
1171:
1114:
866:Jeulmun pottery period
853:, dating to the early
763:, moving westwards to
748:
743:has a long history in
708:
692:
681:Austronesian expansion
603:
518:
485:
316:, particularly in the
213:, adapted for life in
111:
100:
85:
59:
4495:Government ministries
4438:Agriculture companies
4274:Convertible husbandry
3952:Agricultural supplies
3902:Agricultural Engineer
3162:Crawford and Lee 2003
2402:10536/DRO/DU:30118456
2246:which contributes to
2146:
2093:
2057:
1951:
1927:
1864:
1784:
1708:
1630:
1451:
1418:
1363:
1268:
1208:Warring States period
1165:
1108:
839:Greater Sunda Islands
730:
698:
688:
675:Island Southeast Asia
669:-speaking peoples to
593:
512:
478:
164:Island Southeast Asia
106:
91:
65:
46:
4145:Neolithic Revolution
4004:Cellular agriculture
3957:Agricultural science
3797:77(295):87â95, 2003.
3497:on 25 September 2015
3411:"Lansing and Miller"
3153:77(295):87â95, 2003.
2985:on 27 September 2007
2942:Fujiwara, H. (ed.).
2872:on 14 December 2013.
2135:in a global market.
2001:Banaue Rice Terraces
1845:, is locally called
1712:and rice field near
855:Mumun pottery period
775:; and southwards to
691:(3500 BC to AD 1200)
462:Austronesian peoples
368:among other places.
318:Albufera de ValĂšncia
160:Austronesian peoples
130:crops, most notably
48:Banaue Rice Terraces
3247:fao.org (FAOSTAT).
2800:2011Rice....4..178H
2751:2011Rice....4...93B
2690:2017Holoc..27.1885H
2626:2012PLoSO...752146Z
2567:2014PNAS..111.6190G
2508:2011PNAS..108.8351M
2383:2018IEEEA...674628S
2244:atmospheric methane
1853:has been reported.
1795:Malaysian Peninsula
1389:Rice harvesting in
928:
874:Kyungnam University
833:, and the coast of
608:soil organic matter
322:Valencian Community
4576:Chinese inventions
4279:Rotational grazing
4195:Columbian exchange
3783:21(5):77â84, 2001.
3704:on 11 January 2003
3471:. 17 December 2009
3175:21(5):77â84, 2001.
3016:Asian Perspectives
2968:21(5):53â59, 2001.
2419:. Riz-camargue.com
2149:
2099:
2071:
1958:
1930:
1867:
1791:
1750:By extension, the
1718:
1637:
1469:(commonly read as
1458:
1424:
1419:Paddy fields near
1369:
1282:
1253:and the fields of
1230:(317â420) and the
1218:by 256 BC for the
1192:water conservation
1180:farming technology
1172:
1115:
924:
749:
709:
693:
604:
519:
486:
405:Proto-Austronesian
112:
101:
86:
60:
4563:
4562:
4123:Urban agriculture
4096:Rice-duck farming
4044:Intensive farming
4014:Extensive farming
3824:Paddy cultivation
3790:22(1):1â17, 1990.
3788:World Archaeology
3311:(5298): 309â310.
3214:22(1):1â17, 1990.
3212:World Archaeology
2684:(12): 1885â1898.
2441:. Merriam Webster
2058:A paddy field in
1646:rice transplanter
1631:Paddy field near
1109:Rice terraces in
1098:
1097:
927:(million tonnes)
717:Dapenkeng culture
643:material cultures
616:Majiabang culture
484:(8500 to 1500 BC)
377:methane emissions
354:Sacramento Valley
346:Artibonite Valley
126:used for growing
16:(Redirected from
4613:
4552:
4551:
4540:
4539:
4528:
4516:
4515:
4360:Wildlife farming
4210:Green Revolution
4161:Ancient history
4101:Rice-fish system
4009:Contract farming
3994:Animal husbandry
3853:
3846:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3767:
3766:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3700:. Archived from
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3538:. Whc.unesco.org
3531:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3493:. Archived from
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3423:on 27 March 2009
3422:
3416:. Archived from
3415:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3351:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2981:. Archived from
2975:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2865:. Archived from
2841:(3â4): 383â388.
2832:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2794:(3â4): 178â183.
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2736:
2727:
2710:
2709:
2669:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2578:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2394:
2362:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2303:Rice-fish system
2276:
2209:thĂ nh hoĂ ng lĂ ng
1914:Burmese New Year
1843:bird's eye chili
1696:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1611:
1610:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1582:
1555:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1528:, may be called
1523:
1522:
1508:
1507:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1383:Green Revolution
1328:delta region of
1188:beasts of burden
929:
923:
876:Museum (KUM) of
870:Korean Peninsula
816:Island Melanesia
655:Longshan culture
515:Liangzhu culture
446:, among others.
320:wetlands in the
148:pre-Austronesian
21:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4586:Land management
4566:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4472:
4463:Poultry farming
4416:
4371:
4364:
4335:Poultry farming
4225:
4201:Modern history
4181:Post-classical
4129:
4128:
4127:
4071:Organic farming
3926:
3925:
3921:
3885:
3862:
3857:
3815:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3762:Times of Israel
3753:
3749:
3738:
3734:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3690:
3689:
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3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3528:
3521:www.new-ag.info
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3465:"Economist.com"
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3440:
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3426:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3352:
3348:
3338:Needham, Joseph
3336:
3332:
3301:
3297:
3283:"Earliest Rice"
3279:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3192:
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2941:
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2922:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2780:
2776:
2745:(3â4): 93â103.
2734:
2728:
2713:
2670:
2661:
2606:
2602:
2547:
2543:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2454:
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2442:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2377:: 74628â74647.
2363:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2314:
2294:
2287:
2277:
2268:
2240:
2169:Red River Delta
2141:
2088:
2064:Ampara District
2052:
1946:
1922:
1903:Irrawaddy River
1874:Irrawaddy Delta
1859:
1779:
1703:
1625:
1446:
1413:
1375:
1358:
1318:Makar Sankranti
1290:Gangetic Plains
1263:
1184:cast iron tools
1103:
926:
922:
910:
847:
769:Malay Peninsula
690:
683:
596:Neolithic China
503:Oryza rufipogon
483:
481:Neolithic China
473:
468:
458:
452:
389:
381:Drip irrigation
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4619:
4609:
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4310:
4305:
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4293:
4291:Insect farming
4288:
4283:
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4281:
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4266:
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4256:
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4241:
4235:
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4217:
4212:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4170:Ancient Greece
4167:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4139:
4137:
4131:
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4126:
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4120:
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3856:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3813:External links
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:, Busan, 2001.
3798:
3791:
3784:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3747:
3732:
3715:
3683:
3661:
3640:
3631:
3628:lexisnexis.com
3616:
3613:lexisnexis.com
3604:
3602:7 (July 2007).
3600:lcweb2.loc.gov
3591:
3573:
3549:
3526:
3508:
3482:
3456:
3445:. Channel4.com
3434:
3402:
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3295:
3273:
3261:
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3216:
3203:
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3155:
3142:
3123:(2): 169â189.
3100:
3093:
3075:
3068:
3050:
3043:
3025:
2996:
2970:
2957:
2948:
2935:
2920:
2902:
2875:
2835:Human Genetics
2815:
2774:
2711:
2659:
2620:(12): e52146.
2600:
2561:(17): 6190â7.
2541:
2502:(20): 8351â6.
2482:
2452:
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2408:
2353:
2352:
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2347:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2312:
2311:
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2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2248:global warming
2239:
2236:
2222:In colloquial
2194:glutinous rice
2188:valley culture
2140:
2137:
2087:
2084:
2051:
2048:
1954:Banaue, Ifugao
1945:
1942:
1921:
1918:
1858:
1855:
1827:Kuala Selangor
1778:
1775:
1767:Vary Rojofotsy
1763:Vary Makalioka
1702:
1699:
1654:Lunar Calendar
1624:
1621:
1495:Mie Prefecture
1445:
1442:
1412:
1409:
1371:Main article:
1365:Water buffalos
1357:
1354:
1275:Andhra Pradesh
1262:
1259:
1214:engineered by
1126:delta, and in
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
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921:
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909:
906:
846:
843:
804:Lapita culture
711:The spread of
682:
679:
622:period to the
472:
469:
454:Main article:
451:
448:
388:
385:
373:deepwater rice
302:Northern Italy
75:Hanalei Valley
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4618:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Riparian zone
4594:
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4469:
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4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:Meat industry
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Biotechnology
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
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4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4370:Environmental
4367:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Sheep farming
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Dairy farming
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4231:Farming Types
4228:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Ancient Egypt
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Paludiculture
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3977:Biotechnology
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
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3935:
3933:
3929:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Agriculturist
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3879:
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3865:
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3562:
3556:
3554:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3470:
3469:The Economist
3466:
3460:
3444:
3438:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3390:
3384:
3369:
3367:9789264022614
3363:
3359:
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3334:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
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3284:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3201:, Busan, 2001
3200:
3196:
3190:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3094:9781317503668
3090:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3069:9780521643108
3065:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3044:9781118325780
3040:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2955:Fujiwara 1996
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2096:Nan, Thailand
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2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
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1983:
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1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:, Philippines
1955:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1935:
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1917:
1915:
1911:
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1878:Kaladan River
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1620:
1618:
1617:protectionist
1613:
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1398:
1396:
1395:sharecroppers
1392:
1387:
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1374:
1366:
1362:
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1339:
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1276:
1272:
1271:Karthalipalem
1267:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1240:fertilization
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:. During the
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
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1028:United States
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734:
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725:
722:
718:
714:
706:
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697:
687:
678:
676:
672:
668:
667:Austroasiatic
664:
660:
656:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
601:
597:
592:
588:
586:
585:Austroasiatic
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Yangtze River
516:
511:
507:
505:
504:
499:
498:
493:
492:
482:
477:
467:
463:
457:
447:
445:
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428:
427:Kadazan Dusun
424:
421:
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299:
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283:
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267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:Northern Iran
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
211:water buffalo
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:Yangtze River
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:is a flooded
117:
110:
105:
99:
95:
90:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4405:Overdrafting
4312:
4264:Goat farming
4175:Ancient Rome
4081:Permaculture
4039:Horticulture
3984:Agroforestry
3942:Agribusiness
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3774:Bibliography
3760:
3750:
3735:
3727:
3718:
3706:. Retrieved
3702:the original
3695:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3643:
3634:
3607:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3540:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3495:the original
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3468:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3418:the original
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3356:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3252:. Retrieved
3242:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3194:
3189:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3084:
3078:
3059:
3053:
3034:
3028:
3019:
3015:
2987:. Retrieved
2983:the original
2973:
2965:
2960:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2911:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2888:
2878:
2867:the original
2838:
2834:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2742:
2738:
2681:
2678:The Holocene
2677:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:
2463:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2411:
2374:
2370:
2257:
2241:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2201:"lá»
háșĄ Äiá»n"
2200:
2198:
2185:
2184:built their
2177:Mekong Delta
2165:Mekong Delta
2156:
2152:
2150:
2125:jasmine rice
2110:
2106:Thai economy
2100:
2072:
2060:Sammanthurai
2024:amphitheatre
2021:
2007:in Northern
1998:
1959:
1931:
1907:
1895:
1890:Kachin State
1868:
1846:
1839:chili pepper
1835:
1831:Sabak Bernam
1792:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1716:, Madagascar
1664:
1658:
1638:
1614:
1603:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1569:
1565:Meiji Period
1560:
1558:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1452:Paddy field
1435:
1425:
1402:
1399:
1391:Central Java
1388:
1376:
1283:
1248:
1244:
1220:State of Qin
1173:
1140:
1116:
1092:
914:Yayoi period
911:
898:
894:
859:
848:
824:
789:
750:
741:Rice farming
712:
710:
651:
628:
605:
599:
520:
501:
495:
489:
487:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
400:
390:
370:
362:West Lothian
336:wetlands in
334:Guadalquivir
219:
196:
115:
113:
70:
40:
18:Paddy fields
4555:Wikiproject
4395:Overgrazing
4330:Pig farming
4313:Paddy field
4286:Hydroponics
4259:Fur farming
4244:Aquaculture
4239:Agrivoltaic
4220:Monoculture
4141:Prehistory
4091:Polyculture
3912:Farm worker
3890:Occupations
3860:Agriculture
3708:19 December
3287:Archaeology
3254:11 February
2930:j.ctt24hf81
2371:IEEE Access
2308:Upland rice
2182:Thai people
2113:cultivation
1994:Philippines
1990:Nueva Ecija
1970:Nueva Ecija
1944:Philippines
1741:upland rice
1691::
1681::
1671::
1511:place names
1314:Thai Pongal
1302:the Monsoon
1286:West Bengal
1228:Eastern Jin
1222:in ancient
1174:During the
1138:provinces.
988:Philippines
835:East Africa
757:Philippines
647:true states
624:Han dynasty
558:Pengtoushan
513:Model of a
282:South Korea
278:Philippines
270:North Korea
128:semiaquatic
124:arable land
116:paddy field
56:Philippines
4570:Categories
4421:Categories
4086:Plantation
4034:Free range
4029:Feed ratio
2921:0824818830
2895:8 February
2349:References
2252:crop yield
2224:Vietnamese
2129:yield rate
2017:Philippine
1886:Shan State
1819:Terengganu
1789:, Malaysia
1787:Terengganu
1722:Madagascar
1701:Madagascar
1526:Edo period
1454:scarecrows
1346:Gangavathi
1334:Tamil Nadu
1204:irrigation
1194:projects.
1120:Huai River
1068:Madagascar
972:Bangladesh
827:Madagascar
812:New Guinea
792:Micronesia
626:in China.
460:See also:
397:Indonesian
358:California
326:Ebro Delta
222:Bangladesh
192:South Asia
176:Micronesia
168:Madagascar
152:Hmong-Mien
4453:Livestock
4296:Livestock
4024:Farmhouse
3795:Antiquity
3325:140691699
3184:Bale 2001
3151:Antiquity
2706:133660098
2298:Kuk Swamp
2213:Tháș§n NĂŽng
2167:. In the
2161:Red River
2157:cĂĄnh Äá»ng
2068:Sri Lanka
2050:Sri Lanka
1962:provinces
1847:cili padi
1771:Vary mena
1759:Vary lava
1714:Morondava
1516:Higashida
1491:Matsutaka
1356:Indonesia
1350:Karnataka
1338:Kuttanadu
1330:Thanjavur
1200:Ximen Bao
1196:Sunshu Ao
1143:Neolithic
1124:Zhu Jiang
1076:Sri Lanka
948:Indonesia
862:pit-house
820:Polynesia
796:Polynesia
745:Indonesia
737:rice barn
735:describe
733:Borobudur
699:Possible
631:Qujialing
620:Neolithic
574:Qujialing
562:Nanmuyuan
539:Majiabang
531:Kuahuqiao
387:Etymology
338:Andalusia
330:Catalonia
312:, and in
286:Sri Lanka
238:Indonesia
184:East Asia
180:Polynesia
172:Melanesia
156:expansion
140:Neolithic
98:Indonesia
4519:Category
4345:Orchards
4318:Pastoral
3989:Agronomy
3676:25 April
3475:25 April
3449:25 April
3427:25 April
3395:25 April
3373:25 April
3360:. OECD.
3340:(1986).
3137:55763047
2989:6 August
2855:17657509
2769:44675525
2654:23284907
2614:PLOS ONE
2595:24753573
2536:21536870
2423:25 April
2292:See also
2232:sĂłng lĂșa
2217:tháș§n lĂșa
2163:and the
2117:hectares
2086:Thailand
2044:Hungduan
2038:. Other
1910:Thingyan
1882:Mandalay
1823:Selangor
1815:Kelantan
1777:Malaysia
1456:in Japan
1428:Po River
1148:gathered
1020:Cambodia
1012:Pakistan
964:Thailand
777:Sulawesi
713:japonica
705:Holocene
639:Liangzhu
635:Shijiahe
581:cultures
578:Shijiahe
566:Liulinxi
554:cultures
547:Liangzhu
497:japonica
441:Chamorro
434:Javanese
411:include
409:Cognates
366:Scotland
332:and the
306:Camargue
290:Thailand
274:Pakistan
258:Mongolia
254:Malaysia
226:Cambodia
215:wetlands
199:terraces
109:Cambodia
69:fields (
4543:Commons
4355:Terrace
4301:Pasture
4269:Grazing
4215:Organic
4135:History
4049:animals
3972:Digital
3932:General
3876:History
3871:Outline
3654:15 July
3566:1 April
3561:"Error"
3305:Science
2891:: 39â42
2863:2533393
2796:Bibcode
2747:Bibcode
2686:Bibcode
2645:3524165
2622:Bibcode
2586:4035933
2563:Bibcode
2527:3101000
2504:Bibcode
2475:29 June
2445:15 July
2439:"paddy"
2379:Bibcode
2316:Portals
2281:harvest
2266:Gallery
2260:Netafim
2238:Ecology
2205:Thá» Äá»a
2139:Vietnam
2133:strains
2032:Mayoyao
2028:Mayoyao
2013:Ifugaos
1982:Bulacan
1978:Cagayan
1974:Isabela
1898:Monsoon
1857:Myanmar
1851:Sarawak
1650:Chuseok
1548:HakkĆda
1546:, like
1534:Shinden
1437:mondine
1379:hectare
1322:Nabanna
1236:plowing
1224:Sichuan
1216:Li Bing
1170:, China
1168:Guangxi
1136:Sichuan
1132:Guizhou
1113:, China
1060:Nigeria
980:Myanmar
956:Vietnam
920:Culture
882:Miryang
831:Comoros
773:Sumatra
755:in the
659:Lingnan
612:Kunshan
602:, 2017)
551:Maquiao
527:Kra-Dai
479:Map of
450:History
420:Tagalog
298:Vietnam
262:Myanmar
203:marshes
94:Bandung
4531:Portal
4372:impact
4323:Bocage
4249:Cattle
3917:Herder
3907:Farmer
3364:
3323:
3135:
3091:
3066:
3041:
2928:
2918:
2861:
2853:
2767:
2704:
2652:
2642:
2593:
2583:
2534:
2524:
2464:*pajay
2040:Ifugao
2036:Lagawe
2005:Banaue
1986:Quezon
1966:Ifugao
1912:, the
1811:Penang
1809:, and
1803:Perlis
1752:tanety
1710:Baobab
1689:Korean
1677:;
1669:Korean
1633:Namwon
1604:Furuta
1599:Kawada
1587:Nakata
1575:Tanaka
1536:(both
1473:or as
1421:Mantua
1342:Kerala
1336:, and
1326:Kaveri
1324:. The
1320:, and
1298:Kharif
1157:Hemudu
1134:, and
1128:Yunnan
996:Brazil
943:152.6
935:204.3
829:, the
808:Papuan
767:, the
765:Borneo
721:Taiwan
663:Fujian
600:et al.
576:, and
549:, and
543:Songze
535:Hemudu
491:indica
439:; and
360:, and
344:, the
342:Brazil
324:, the
310:France
304:, the
296:, and
294:Taiwan
276:, the
190:, and
178:, and
83:Hawaii
79:Kaua'i
36:Congee
4581:Crops
4477:Lists
4340:Ranch
4308:Mixed
4059:crops
3881:Index
3542:5 May
3501:4 May
3421:(PDF)
3414:(PDF)
3321:S2CID
3133:S2CID
3113:(PDF)
3012:(PDF)
2926:JSTOR
2870:(PDF)
2859:S2CID
2831:(PDF)
2765:S2CID
2735:(PDF)
2702:S2CID
2285:Japan
2173:dykes
2153:ruá»ng
2009:Luzon
1934:Terai
1920:Nepal
1807:Perak
1799:Kedah
1679:Hanja
1661:Hanja
1623:Korea
1530:Nitta
1462:kanji
1444:Japan
1411:Italy
1404:subak
1279:India
1261:India
1101:China
1052:Nepal
1044:Egypt
1036:Korea
1007:10.7
1004:Japan
999:11.5
991:18.0
983:33.0
975:33.9
967:37.8
959:43.7
951:69.0
940:India
932:China
908:Japan
890:Ulsan
878:Masan
851:Ulsan
845:Korea
753:Luzon
719:into
423:pĂĄlay
416:panay
399:word
393:Malay
350:Haiti
314:Spain
266:Nepal
246:Japan
234:India
230:China
120:field
73:) in
52:Luzon
4591:Rice
4054:pigs
4019:Farm
3710:2002
3678:2013
3656:2007
3568:2011
3544:2015
3503:2015
3477:2013
3451:2013
3429:2013
3397:2013
3375:2013
3362:ISBN
3256:2014
3089:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3022:(2).
2991:2007
2916:ISBN
2897:2013
2851:PMID
2788:Rice
2739:Rice
2650:PMID
2591:PMID
2532:PMID
2477:2019
2447:2007
2425:2013
2342:Food
2234:").
1999:The
1888:and
1829:and
1817:and
1745:tavy
1736:tavy
1733:The
1665:jeon
1659:The
1642:bund
1432:Alps
1310:Bihu
1306:Onam
1296:and
1294:Rabi
1238:and
1186:and
1087:3.5
1084:Laos
1079:3.8
1071:4.0
1063:4.8
1055:5.1
1047:5.9
1039:6.4
1031:9.0
1023:9.3
1015:9.4
818:and
800:taro
794:and
785:Bali
781:Java
779:and
771:and
673:and
661:and
637:and
598:(He
570:Daxi
494:and
464:and
444:faʻi
437:pari
430:paai
413:Amis
401:padi
250:Laos
209:and
207:Oxen
150:and
136:taro
134:and
132:rice
71:loʻi
67:Taro
3313:doi
3309:275
3125:doi
2843:doi
2839:122
2804:doi
2755:doi
2694:doi
2640:PMC
2630:doi
2581:PMC
2571:doi
2559:111
2522:PMC
2512:doi
2500:108
2397:hdl
2387:doi
2283:in
2155:or
1964:of
1720:In
1697:).
1556:).
1553:ć
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1532:or
1493:in
1475:den
364:in
356:in
348:in
328:in
308:in
162:to
158:of
122:of
50:of
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