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villager or even another street person, because it would be a great shame. If his parents do not object, the girl and the boy exchange shawls, followed on the appointed day by a formal engagement called the "shawl-house". The wedding takes place in the third week after the "shawl-house". The wedding guests are invited by groomsmen in straps and bows. The wedding is held in autumn or carnival, preferably on a Monday. The night before the wedding, the 'wedding officers', 'bridesmaids or bridesmaids' are called out and the bride's bed, linen and tulip chest are brought to the groom's house. On the morning of the wedding, the bride sends the groom a wedding gift. The betrothed couple go separately to their "god's house", each with their own bridesmaids. The bride in a carriage and in complete silence, the groom on foot, with dancing lads and a band of horsemen waving national flags to the sound of music. The 'wedding queen' is brought to the groom's house only in the evening, after the 'sun sacrifice'. She is picked up in a carriage and on horseback by a brilliant entourage. The "spokesman" first asks the girl to leave her parents, then they put her in a carriage and the wedding procession begins. At the front, the groom and his companions ride on horses, carrying burning torches, followed by the bride's four-horse carriage with bell-ringing harness.
310:-val, -vel vowels have remained unchanged, they are not similar to the consonants at the end of the word: windowval, botval, kinval, knife, menyemvel. The vowels á, é, ó, ő are pronounced like this: uá, ié, üő: laó (horse), haó (snow), aólom (dream), vuáros (city), iédes (sweet), üőrzöm (guard), miérges (poison), kiéreg (bark). The Palóc faithfully preserve the original open, long e sound: leven, tehen. The short a is pronounced with a little open mouth. It is very interesting that the letter t before the letter ű is changed to ty: tyükör, tyűz. Instead of d, gy is pronounced gy: gyisznuó (pig), gyiuó (nut), gyiuák (student). Instead of ti, tyi: szeretyi, Katyi, Petyi is pronounced. A very interesting feature of their sentence structure is that they can talk for hours without conjunctions: and, that, etc. In the Palóc villages, one can often get confused because the outsider does not understand several words. For example, carpenters: child's stall; puppeteer: kappan; bakkanó: bumpy road; satyva: loom; kapacs: turtle-shaped iron tool; sap: plough-side; gyük: root; gyükör v. tyükör: mirror.
380:
region, bordering the
Reformed population of Borsod-Gömör in the east and north-east. The influence of the medieval Franciscanism of Gyöngyös, Fülek, Szécsény and even Eger was also a very important factor. "Perhaps nowhere else is there such a fervent tradition of going to the fair, even today, as here among the Palóc". In Palócland, for example, the most visited places of pilgrimage were partly medieval, largely from the Baroque period (Mátraverebély-Szentkút, Hasznos, Máriabesnyő, Egerszalók, Eger, etc.). There were also miraculous springs in several places. Among the characteristic features of Palóc folk religion, the mystical nature of Palóc religion is emphasised in several ethnographic descriptions. Angel faces in Karancskesi; light phenomena and warmth at the chapel of Mary in Sanda; the small chapel of the dwelling in Matranovaki as a healing place, etc.
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that when he goes home at night "to thank for his lodging" he will not knock. The women's hauberks are also removed and replaced with a piece of wood or a pen, saying that it is hard for the dead to wear iron. The dead are placed under the master beam on the side of the house facing the street, so that they lie lengthwise underneath. The burial is followed by the gate, where the dead are laid out. The knife, spoon and fork are laid crosswise on top of each other, the plate is turned downwards and the chair is left empty, because they believe that the dead person is also sitting on the tower.
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big bowl. The corner seat next to the table is the main seat, where the farmer sits and the more deserving guest is also seated. According to the ancient custom, the host always drinks from the brandy or wine bottle first and only then offers it to the others, saying: 'I give it with honour', to which the guest replies: 'Thank you, I'll take it with honour'. When toasting, the host says: 'Powerful God', to which the guest replies: 'I will never leave you', or 'Our Father God', 'Praise be to you all'.
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is the head of the household; she does the cooking and baking, while the other women can only help with the bread. No woman under a farmer's wife is allowed to interfere in cooking, which is why the Palóc woman learns to cook only in late maidenhood. The younger women of the family may weave, sew, wash or help with the lighter field work, if the farmer allows it. If something disrupts extended family life and bread is broken, the wealth is divided up and an "arrow is drawn."
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head scarf are tied, the men's hats, the embroidery of their shirts, the length and width of the fringed trousers, etc. The costume, by village and by group, expressed the age and wealth of the wearer, but could also refer to the occasion. The bonnet of the new daughters-in-law was typical. The weavings were mostly used to decorate aprons, cloaks and towels. The embroidery of holes in black and white was followed by blue and red and then multicoloured.
20:
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edges. The girls' hair was braided into a 'hen' or 'wag' plait, the women's into a bun. The headdress, which was a bonnet decorated with lace, ribbons, beads and embroidery, was perhaps the most varied in and around Kazar. As the women grew older, the silk shawls were at first no longer fringed, and then the bright colours of the headscarves and bonnets were gradually replaced by dull colours.
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struck in the eye and to prevent the "bad" ones from changing it at night. For the same purpose, the newborn is bathed in "clean grass" and a reader is placed in the bandage of the swaddling robe until the christening. The christening is always held in the morning, attended only by women, and is accompanied by the consumption of bread and brandy for the health of the newborn.
441:. On the basis of their dress, customs and dances, the Palóc can be divided into a western and an eastern group (according to many ethnographers, a central Palóc group should also be considered separately). The reason for this difference is that the central and eastern groups were not subject to significant foreign influences, as was the case with the western group.
357:
When they arrive at the groom's house, they sit at a long table and are treated to a series of dishes, accompanied by poetic toasts from the groomsmen. After dinner comes the 'bride dance', followed by the 'bride laying'. The bride and groom then celebrate the bride's bridal shower. The next morning,
345:
The family is headed by the farmer and the farmer's wife. The oldest male or female member of the family (or the head) holds both positions. They are held in absolute respect and esteem. The farmer is the lord of the manor, the guardian of the property and the steward of the fields. The farmer's wife
321:
Within the Palóc region, there are several costume groups have been formed on the basis of women's hair, the colour and decoration of their bonnets, the number and length of their skirts, the embroidery of the shirt shoulders, the shape of the apron, the pruslik (sleeved coat), the way the breast and
210:
and early Palócs have identical folk symbolism with the same central elements as the “sun cross” or the circle “variga” or “vár”, which had the same meaning in both folklore. He thinks that these symbols are the most interesting because in this region there was/is no other population which used these
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area, along the Rima-Hangony and Hódos streams, and are considered by some to be a separate
Hungarian ethnic group, but their customs and dances make it more likely that they are a branch of the Palóc. Their present-day name first appears in 1833; some associate it with their beards, others with the
361:
The arrival of a newborn baby is accompanied by preparations. The daughter-in-law cherries, blesses, surrounds the "mushroom bridesmaid" with a "tent sheet" and ties a clove of garlic, a small bread crust and a pinch of salt to the end of the sheet to protect the unborn child from charms, from being
329:
The Palóc women's dress could be classified as short-skirted. Their underclothes and outer garments were made of shawl linen, and on weekdays they wore a shawl, apron and shirt-shirt, over the latter a neck-clasping shawl made of blue-dyed silk, clot, cashmere and brightly coloured silk with fringed
309:
The Palóc people are instantly recognisable by their peculiar way of speaking. Linguists proclaim that the Palóc people, isolated around the Mátra, have preserved the most memories of the language of the prehistoric
Hungarians. The Palóc people cannot get away from the a- formed from the long á. The
87:
in 1987 because of its preservation of traditional Palóc architecture and land use. Two branches of the Palócs can be distinguished based on their place of residence and customs: the western and the eastern (Barkó) Palócs, although the folk customs of both branches are mixed with remnants of ancient
379:
occupation, the absence of a clerical presence made direct religious practice without ecclesiastical mediation even more developed. In the Palóc villages, a lively religiosity can still be found. The predominantly
Catholic population of Palócland occupies a central place in the northern part of the
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Their food is nutritious. Poultry are not kept for sale, but for their own household. Few places see as many geese in one place as the Palóc. In winter there are always one or two fatteners in the barn. The men sit around the table and the women stand behind their husbands and spoon from the common
365:
According to the Palóc belief, the death of every man is marked by a shooting star in the sky. A window is opened to the soul of the dying person to make it easier for him to escape. The dead person is washed, dressed in a festive costume, boots are put on his feet, but the horseshoe is removed so
341:
In many places, family life is still based on the old patriarchal order. When a Palóc lad gets married, he takes his new daughter-in-law home to his parents' house. As a result of this custom, more than one Palóc father lived with three or four married sons and their children under the same roof.
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They have retained many of the old features of their marital customs. Most marriages are contracted in love, but if the interests of the child require it, parents may marry at a very early age, around 14. The Palóc lad chooses his life partner in advance, but he never marries a stranger, another
325:
In the 1850s, white postal screening was common in men's clothing. A bachelor could not think of proposing until he could buy a filter for himself. The jewel of their wedding dress was the chiffre, which they wore on festive occasions until they were old. They wore a black sheepskin bodice, a
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The temple is not seen as a mere architectural work, not only as a place of liturgy, but also as a dwelling place for the deity and patron saints themselves. Temple utensils were believed to have healing properties. Folk religion also extended to the residential and economic buildings of the
151:
recorded the following in his account book: "I bought ten pairs of mother of pearl knives from the Palócs". Their own specific ancient name is "had", which is the name of all the Palócs living in the same community who bear the same surname, even if they are form a separate family.
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the bride is led to her "initiation" in her wedding dress. This is when most of the 'old bridal' part of the wedding begins. At this point the festivities continue for several days. A characteristic feature of the old Palóc weddings was that they lasted for more than a week.
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In the 17th and partly in the 18th century, a specific religious practice, the so-called "Licentiate religiosity", developed in Palócland: the Palace region became one of the most central areas for the activities of "holy men" and women. In the area of the
292:
religion as well. He highlights that these folk motives cannot be observed either in the ancient religions of the surrounding peoples or in the ancient
Hungarian paganism, so he claims that the only logical explanation is that these elements are from the
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short-waisted linen shawl with red, blue and green cross-stitching, long, tight trousers and a baggy linen trousers, and they also wore a mist mantle. Some of the larger farmers also wore a round bunda (suba). On feast days, they wore long boots.
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480:
and Tard. Their distribution used to be larger than today. These populous villages can be grouped together in a common group in terms of dialect, costume, customs and characteristics. They took their name from
92:. They can be further grouped based on their dialect. The residence of the Palócs extends to the often-mentioned Palócföld (Palócland), which used to belong to
246:
had a very similar ritual with similar meaning, on the other hand, a similar tradition cannot be found among other ethnic groups in the region, till the early
457:
first names
Bertalan and Bertók, but some believe it to be the name of a hated Austrian general named Barco, whose cavalry regiment camped in the Barkó area.
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origin of the Palóc people. His theory is supported by the Palóc folk legend, the "Palóc Herceg" ("Palóc Prince") and the traditions of the people from the
257:
203:
188:
161:
670:
636:
750:
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religion, these superstitions, folk motifs and traditions mostly about the Sun or the Fire, which were both very important symbols in the
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On festive occasions, the big girls wore 12 to 15 heavily starched petticoats. The number of petticoats decreased as the age progressed.
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by general consensus. Although their origins are unclear, the Palóc seem to have some sort of connections with the
767:
The Role of
Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad
671:
https://bookline.hu/product/home.action?_v=Fay_Elek_Fay_Elek_Magyar_ostorteneti_ha&type=20&id=4001047
637:
https://bookline.hu/product/home.action?_v=Magyar_Adorjan_Azsiabol_jottunk_e_vagy_&type=20&id=1142140
260:, ethnically Palóc lawyer and ethnographer, did a lot of research on the presence of the Palóc people in the
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519:. Although similar to the Hungarians in origins and culture, they were considered distinct groups by the
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settlement. When they were built, they were consecrated by the priest, the farmer or the farmer's wife.
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735:
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The territory of the Palócs covers the historical counties of Hont, Nógrád, Heves, Borsod, Gömör in
72:
485:, who granted them several liberties, and even issued and signed a document in their favour at
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43:. While the Palóc have retained distinctive traditions, including a very apparent dialect of
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in the Palóc traditions, which he believes that these fragments of traditions are from the
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405:, where they live in about half a hundred settlements. Their largest towns are Ipolyság,
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251:
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44:
406:
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The Palócs never had special rights, so their first written mention dates only from
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164:, ethnographer and museologist, the Palóc people are the direct descendants of the
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669:(in Hungarian) (5 könyv egyben kötet ed.). Budapest: Szkítia kiadó. pp.
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276:, Palóc continuity, and he writes about the remnant elements of the Palóc
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183:("The Palóc People"), from 1989, he paid a lot of attention to the pre-
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489:, from which they were called 'Sons of Matthias and finally Matyós'.
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129:
594:. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
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Matyós are the inhabitants of three villages (Matyóföld) in the
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The Cumans (and some other nomadic/Turkic people) were called
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A cultural feature of the Palóc people is their folk costume.
238:, the famous Palóc tradition, the Májfa installation, has an
64:
56:
755:(in Hungarian) (Reprint ed.). Históriaantik Könyvesház.
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298:
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703:
https://www.libri.hu/konyv/pinter_sandor.a-palocokrol.html
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gave new prominence to the people in 1882 with his work
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mountains and north of these horizontal basin and the
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633:Ázsiából jöttünk-e vagy európai ősnép vagyunk?
393:1. Palócs (western, central and eastern group)
217:Ázsiából jöttünk-e vagy európai ősnép vagyunk?
588:"Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings"
191:. He found evidence for this theory in late
242:origin as well. He found evidence that the
195:cemeteries, and many place name which has
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250:when it has become popular all over the
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778:
748:
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654:(in Hungarian). Nemzeti Örökség Kiadó.
667:Fáy Elek Magyar Őstörténeti Hagyatéka
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100:counties, and today it covers partly
752:A palócokról. Népismertető tanulmány
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705:. Budapest: Nemzeti Örökség Kiadó.
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769:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p. 247
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206:, historian and ethnographer, the
23:Women in traditional palóc costume
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797:
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592:UNESCO World Heritage Convention
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199:origin also support his theory.
270:A Palócokról / About the Palócs
223:) he brings evidences from the
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179:In his four-volume monograph
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227:and Palóc folklore for the
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234:According to ethnographer
140:- nearly 150 settlements.
85:UNESCO World Heritage Site
512:word originates from the
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71:tribes. The writings of
786:Ethnic groups in Hungary
499:Polovtsy (Polovci/Plavci
88:inner Asian beliefs and
77:The Good People of Palóc
67:and especially with the
749:Pintér, Sándor (2011).
697:Pintér, Sándor (2019).
452:The Brakes live in the
215:. In his books (Books:
147:, when the notary from
79:. The Palóc village of
765:Andrew Bell-Fialkoff,
272:), he argues for the
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508:in Slav sources. The
305:Dialect specificities
47:, the Palóc are also
22:
268:, and in his book (
122:Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén
652:Ős Magyar Rovásírás
231:/Palóc continuity.
221:Ős Magyar Rovásírás
211:motives except the
665:Fáy, Elek (2020).
314:Palóc folk costume
266:Hungarian Conquest
185:Hungarian Conquest
31:are a subgroup of
25:
728:External link in
650:Magyar, Adorján.
631:Magyar, Adorján.
370:Religious Culture
98:Gömör and Kishont
83:was proclaimed a
49:ethnic Hungarians
16:People of Hungary
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73:Kálmán Mikszáth
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617:. Bakó Ferenc.
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202:According to
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699:A Palócokról
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138:Ipoly Valley
90:Christianity
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635:. pp.
563:Amadeus Aba
548:Jasz people
478:Szentistván
435:Salgótarján
407:Rimaszombat
264:before the
176:fractions.
162:Bakó Ferenc
156:Avar Origin
124:counties):
104:and partly
574:References
558:Záh (gens)
487:Mezőkövesd
474:Mezőkövesd
301:paganism.
33:Hungarians
721:cite book
615:A Palócok
493:Etymology
181:A Palócok
168:and some
149:Nagykőrös
106:Hungarian
102:Slovakian
61:Pechenegs
45:Hungarian
780:Category
598:22 April
533:Székelys
527:See also
517:Polovets
439:Szécsény
431:Gyöngyös
411:Tornalja
403:Slovakia
278:paganism
236:Fáy Elek
41:Slovakia
553:Iazyges
543:Csángós
472:area -
470:Miskolc
427:Miskolc
399:Hungary
377:Turkish
170:Székely
126:Cserhát
108:areas (
81:Hollókő
709:
677:
514:Slavic
503:Slovak
464:Matyós
448:Barkós
388:Groups
299:Hunnic
286:Hunnic
252:region
174:Khazar
120:, and
114:Nógrád
53:Khazar
538:Matyó
521:Turks
510:Palóc
415:Fülek
244:Avars
213:Avars
208:Avars
130:Mátra
118:Heves
65:Cuman
57:Kabar
29:Palóc
736:help
707:ISBN
675:ISBN
600:2023
423:Eger
401:and
295:Avar
290:Avar
282:Avar
274:Avar
240:Avar
229:Avar
225:Avar
219:and
197:Avar
193:Avar
172:and
145:1656
134:Bükk
110:Pest
96:and
94:Hont
69:Avar
27:The
501:in
454:Ózd
297:or
284:or
35:in
782::
725::
723:}}
719:{{
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