1929 Palestine riots

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of a woman tied to the grille of a window. Going from house to house, I counted ten bodies that had not yet been collected. I saw the destruction and the signs of fire. Even in my grimmest thoughts I had not imagined that this was how I would find Safed where "calm prevailed." The local Jews gave me a detailed description of how the tragedy had started. The pogrom began on the afternoon of Thursday, August 29, and was carried out by Arabs from Safed and from the nearby villages, armed with weapons and tins of kerosene. Advancing on the street of the Sefardi Jews from Kfar Meron and Ein Zeitim, they looted and set fire to houses, urging each other on to continue with the killing. They slaughtered the schoolteacher, Aphriat, together with his wife and mother, and cut the lawyer, Toledano, to pieces with their knives. Bursting into the orphanages, they smashed the children's heads and cut off their hands. I myself saw the victims. Yitshak Mammon, a native of Safed who lived with an Arab family, was murdered with indescribable brutality: he was stabbed again and again, until his body became a bloody sieve, and then he was trampled to death. Throughout the whole pogrom the police did not fire a single shot.

1125: 1086:, was also attacked during the riots. On Friday, 23 August, an Arab crowd gathered outside it and threw stones through the windows. Only two people were inside, a student and the sexton. The student was grabbed by the Arab crowd, who stabbed him to death; the sexton survived by hiding in a well. The next day, a crowd armed with staves and axes attacked and killed two Jewish boys, one stoned to death and the other stabbed. More than 70 Jews, including the Yeshiva students, sought refuge in the house of Eliezer Dan Slonim, the son of the Rabbi of Hebron, but were massacred by an Arab mob. Survivors and reporters recounted the carnage that occurred at the Slonim residence. Moses Harbater, an 18-year-old was stabbed and two of his fingers were severed. He described at a later trial of some Arab rioters how a fellow student had been mutilated and killed. Forty-two teachers and students were murdered at the yeshiva. 2005: 3616:, p. xxi: "Note: Total fatalities: 133 Jews, 116 Arabs. Total injured: 241 Jews, 232 Arabs. The British counted the casualties by religion (Muslim, Jew, Christian) rather than by nationality. The category "wounded" counts those who were hospitalized. Some historians believe the number of Arab dead was higher but that some were uncounted because the assailants managed to carry their dead away. A large majority of the Jews slain were unarmed and were murdered in their homes by Arabs. Most of the Arab dead were killed as they attacked Jewish settlements or neighborhoods. Most of the Arabs were felled by bullets fired by the British armed forces; some were shot by members of the Haganah. As will be shown, about twenty of the Arabs killed were not involved in attacks on Jews. They were killed in lynchings and revenge attacks carried out by Jews, or by indiscriminate British gunfire." 1116:

children died: a five year old child had been shot, and a two-month old baby had been struck on the ear, temple and cheek with a blunt instrument. Both survived. A third child, the Sheikh's 9 year old son, survived untouched beneath his mother's body. The husband of one of the women shot, present at the time, in hiding, later testified in court the killer had been a Jewish policeman, as did the material evidence. Hinkis was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death by hanging, a sentence later commuted on appeal, after the prosecutor was reportedly bribed, to 15 years on the grounds prior intent had not be established. Hinkis was released from prison under an amnesty in 1935, and died in 1988.

66: 984: 3101:, p. 66: "Later on that day Major Saunders, at the suggestion of Mr. Ben Zvi, a leader of Jewish labour, issued arms to 18 Jewish ex-soldiers and staves to about 60 other Jews. It was intended that these persons should assist in the defence of Jewish quarters in Jerusalem. About 10 a.m. on Saturday, the 24th of August, representatives of the Palestine Zionist Executive urged upon Mr. Luke that some 500 Jewish youths should be enrolled and armed in order to undertake the protection of out-lying Jewish colonies. Mr. Luke, after consideration, decided that these people should not be armed." 1239:

killed." A few minutes later we heard women shrieking their "jubilant refrain" from the Moslem quarter and saw men running with axes and bludgeons in their hands, urged on by women...we heard rifle and machine gun fire all around us...Wild Arabs had come up from the valley unexpectedly into the Jewish quarter and began at once a systematic slaughter of the Jews. Some escaped with injury only but 22 were killed outright in the town...The inhumanity of the attack was beyond conception. Women were gashed in the chest, babies were cut on the hands and feet, old people were killed and plundered.

1171: 2706:, p. 305: "Ben-Gurion had stated that the wall should be "redeemed," predicting that this could be done perhaps "in another half a year," but he rejected the emotional phraseology and hysteria he attributed to Ussishkin and Jabotinsky. He recalled publicly that Jabotinsky had opposed sending reinforcements to support the settlers at Tel Hai. He warned against confrontation with the Arabs, urging instead a confrontation with the government. Still, Jabotinsky won this particular round of the patriotism contest; the wall affair was good for him, just as it was good for the mufti." 2980:, pp. 89–90: "Two Hebrew newspapers offered different versions of the incident... but neither reported the raid that followed Mizrahi's injury, when dozens of Jews attacked and burned shacks and tents that Lifta's Arabs had erected on their land near the Bukharan neighborhood, and assaulted the family of one of the Arabs there, 'Ali 'Abdallah Hasan. Hasan had shut himself up in his house, but a band of Jews managed to break in and stabbed him repeatedly. A Jewish neighbor, Shimon, who owned a nearby grocery store, tried to hold the attackers back and was beaten" 1183: 848:, but the commissioner's impression was that the religious leader's presence was having the opposite effect. By midday friction had spread to the Jewish neighborhood of Mea She'arim where two or three Arabs were killed. The American consulate documented the event in detail, reported that the killings had taken place between 12:00 and 12:30. The Shaw Report described the excited Arab crowds and that it was clear beyond all doubt that at 12:50 large sections of these crowds were bent on mischief if not on murder. At 13:15, the Arabs began a massacre of the Jews. 1071: 556:

that evening. When the screen remained in the morning, the constable sent ten armed policemen to remove it. The policemen charged the small group near the screen and were urged by nearby Arab residents to attack the assembled Jews. Jewish worshipers who had gathered began to attack the policemen. The screen was eventually destroyed by the policemen. The constable had infuriated his superiors due to his use of excessive force without good judgement, but the British government later issued a statement defending his actions.

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Great War; and the Government forces were firing at Arabs exclusively." The Mufti of Jerusalem stated that there was a large crowd of excited Arabs in the Haram area who were also demanding arms, and that the excited crowd in the Haram area took the view that the retention of Jews as special constables carrying arms was a breach of faith by the Government. The Government initially denied the rumours, but by 27 August they were forced to disband and disarm the special constables.

2128:...in the matter of innovations of practice little blame can be attached to the Mufti in which some Jewish religious authorities also would not have to share. ...no connection has been established between the Mufti and the work of those who either are known or are thought to have engaged in agitation or incitement. ... After the disturbances had broken out the Mufti co-operated with the Government in their efforts both to restore peace and to prevent the extension of disorder. 2067: 2919:, p. 311: "Avraham Mizrahi, seventeen years old, seems to have been murdered because the soccer ball he was playing with, not far from the Arab village of Lifta, rolled into an Arab family's tomato patch. A girl grabbed the ball and hid it under her clothing. When Mizrahi and his friends tried to get it back, the girl started screaming. Within minutes a fight developed. Someone hit Mizrahi on the head with an iron rod and shattered his skull." 3637:, p. 162 : "The Palestine Department of Health calculated that 133 Jews and 116 Arabs were killed and 198 Jews and 232 Arabs were wounded and treated in hospitals. These statistics were not completely accurate, for those concerning Jews included statistics provided by Jewish authorities, whereas those concerning Arabs excluded all but those who actually died or were treated in the hospital (Shaw Commission Report, p. 66)." 1054:

attack, of which no condemnation could be too severe, was accompanied by wanton destruction and looting. Jewish synagogues were desecrated, a Jewish hospital, which had provided treatment for Arabs, was attacked and ransacked, and only the exceptional personal courage displayed by Mr. Cafferata – the one British Police Officer in the town – prevented the outbreak from developing into a general massacre of the Jews in Hebron."

942: 2758:, p. 216: "The events leading up to the outbreak of the mass violence may be reviewed here briefly. On 14 August 6000 Jews demonstrated in Tel Aviv, brandishing banners inscribed: "The Wall is Ours". That same evening, some 3000 Jews held prayers at the Wall itself. The next day, large numbers of orthodox Jews gathered to pray at the Wall, accompanied by some 300 brawny youths with staves, members of a 463: 1015: 3219:, p. 320: "the Jews of Hebron trusted the people of their city, and when the two emissaries of the Haganah arrived...to send a company of defenders... Slonim replied, after consulting with some of the city's dignitaries, Jews and Arabs, that the Jews of Hebron were not afraid for their safety.... He asked not to send any defenders to the city." 536:, while visiting a Muslim religious court building overlooking the prayer area, mentioned to a constable that he had never seen it at the wall before, although the constable had seen it earlier that day and had not given it any attention. The sheikhs hosting the commissioner immediately protested the screen on the grounds that it violated the 3089:, p. 62: "Later, in Jerusalem, arms were issued to eighteen Jewish ex-soldiers and staves, to sixty-six other British Jews. A request from the Palestine Zionist Executive to arm a greater number of Jews was denied, although the police officially admitted that they were no longer able to accept the responsibility for public security" 563:, while visiting Jerusalem from Poland, is described as being the person responsible for erecting the canvas screen that became the center of the 1928 incident. Although Guterman used his own funds to erect the screen, the lack of any prior consultation with the British and Arab authorities resulted in their anger over the event. 2142:

He therefore attributed to the Mufti a greater share of the blame than the official report had. Snell also disagreed with the commission on matters of Jewish immigration and did not support restrictions on Jewish land purchases. Regarding the immediate causes of the outbreak, Snell agreed with the Commission's main findings.

899:. There were many isolated attacks on Jewish villages, and in six cases, villages were entirely destroyed, accompanied by looting and burning. In Haifa and Jaffa, the situation deteriorated and a police officer succeeded in warding off an attack on the quarter between Jaffa and Tel Aviv by firing on an Arab crowd. 444:

national aspirations and fear for their economic future", as well as Arab fears of Jewish immigrants "not only as a menace to their livelihood but a possible overlord of the future". With respect to the triggering of the riots, the Commission found that the incident that contributed most to the outbreak was "the

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began to break out in shouts of 'war, Jihad ... rebellion.' ... O Arab nation, the eyes of your brothers in Palestine are upon you ... and they awaken your religious feelings and national zealotry to rise up against the enemy who violated the honor of Islam and raped the women and murdered widows and babies."

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The Commission member Henry Snell signed the report but added a Note of Reservation. Although he was satisfied that the Mufti was not directly responsible for the violence or had connived at it, he believed the Mufti was aware of the nature of the anti-Zionist campaign and the danger of disturbances.

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We set out on Saturday morning. ... I could not believe my eyes. ... I met some of the town's Jewish elders, who fell on my neck weeping bitterly. We went down alleys and steps to the old town. Inside the houses I saw the mutilated and burned bodies of the victims of the massacre, and the burned body

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According to the Shaw Report, the disturbances were not premeditated and did not occur simultaneously but spread from Jerusalem through a period of days to most outlying centres of population. The Shaw Report found that the "outbreak in Jerusalem on 23 August was from the beginning an attack by Arabs

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marched to the Wall. The Acting High Commissioner summoned Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini and informed him that he had never heard of such a demonstration being held at the Wailing Wall, and that it would be a terrible shock to the Jews who regarded the Wall as a place of special sanctity to them. At the

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As a result of an incident that occurred in September 1925, a ruling was made which forbade the Jews to bring seats and benches to the Wall even though these were intended for worshippers who were aged and infirm. The Muslims linked any adaptions to the site with "the Zionist project" and feared that

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suppressing the riots. Around 20 Arabs were killed by Jewish attackers and indiscriminate British gunfire. After the riots, 174 Arabs and 109 Jews were charged with murder or attempted murder; around 40% of Arabs and 3% of Jews were subsequently convicted. During the riots, 17 Jewish communities were

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Many of the 116 reported Arab deaths were as a result of police and military activities, although around 20 of the Arabs killed were not involved in attacks on Jews and were killed as a result of lynchings and revenge attacks by Jews or by indiscriminate gunfire by the British police. Prominent Arab

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to assist in the defense of Jewish quarters in Jerusalem. The following day, Arab notables issued a statement that "many rumours and reports of various kinds have spread to the effect that Government had enlisted and armed certain Jews, that they had enrolled Jewish ex-soldiers who had served in the

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was one of the few Jewish neighbourhoods to return fire, but most of Jerusalem's Jews did not defend themselves. At the outbreak of the violence and again in the following days, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi demanded that weapons be handed to the Jews, but was both times refused. By 24 August, 17 Jews were killed

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Inflammatory articles calculated to incite disorder started to appear in the Arab media and one flyer, signed by "the Committee of the Holy Warriors in Palestine" stated that the Jews had violated the honor of Islam, and declared: "Hearts are in tumult because of these barbaric deeds, and the people

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Although screens had been set up temporarily at the site before, and other prohibitions were ignored or relaxed at times, the violent confrontation over the latest screen would engender further violence. The internal politics of both sides were also willing to adopt extreme positions and make use of

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had his request to keep the screen until after the fast rejected by the commissioner, who ordered the constable to ensure that it was removed by morning. The constable feared that the screen meant trouble, and had the commissioner's order signed and officially stamped, speaking again with the beadle

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The long series of incidents connected with the Wailing Wall... These must be regarded as a whole, but the incident among them which in our view contributed most to the outbreak was the Jewish demonstration at the Wailing Wall on the 15th of August, 1929. Next in importance we put the activities of

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Of those convicted of murder, 26 Arabs and two Jews were sentenced to death. The Arabs included 14 convicted for the massacre in Safed and 11 for the massacre in Hebron. The Jewish policeman Hinkis convicted for the murder of five and wounding of two, was sentenced to death but on appeal this was

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On Saturday August 24, there was a demonstration of Moslems along the road past the mission property. They came beating drums and breaking the windows of Jewish houses en route...On the afternoon of Thursday the 29th... one of our church members came running to tell us that "all the Jews were being

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Cases of Jews attacking Arabs and destroying their property were also noted by the Shaw Commission. On the 25 August, reports stated that a group of Jews accompanied by a Jewish policeman, later asserted to be Simha Hinkis on the government payroll, attacked the home of Sheikh ‘Abd al-Chani ‘Awn

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Zionists began making demands for control over the wall; some went as far as to call openly for the rebuilding of the Temple, increasing Muslim fears over Zionist intentions. Ben-Gurion said the wall should be "redeemed," predicting it could be achieved in as little as "another half a year." During

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gave a speech demanding "a Jewish state without compromises and without concessions, from Dan to Be'er Sheva, from the great sea to the desert, including Transjordan." He concluded, "Let us swear that the Jewish people will not rest and will not remain silent until its national home is built on our

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The lone British policeman in the town, Raymond Cafferata, who, "killed as many of the murderers as he could, taking to his fists even," was overwhelmed, and the reinforcements he called for did not arrive for 5 hours–leading to severe recriminations. Hundreds of Jews were saved by Arab neighbours

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from an Arab girl after it had rolled into an Arab-owned tomato field. A Jewish crowd attacked and severely wounded the policeman who arrived to arrest the Arab responsible, and then attacked and burned neighbouring Arab tents and shacks erected by Lifta residents and wounded their occupants; the

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themselves in the event of the failure of the Government...to prevent any such intrusion on the part of the Jews." A memorandum issued by the Moslem Supreme Council stated, "Having realized by bitter experience the unlimited greedy aspirations of the Jews in this respect, Moslems believe that the

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The fundamental cause, without which in our opinion disturbances either would not occurred or would have been little more than a local riot, is the Arab feeling of animosity and hostility towards the Jews consequent upon the disappointment of their political and national aspirations and fear for

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At about 5:15 pm, on the 29th of August, Arab mobs attacked the Jewish ghetto in Safed...in the course of which some 45 Jews were killed or wounded, several Jewish houses and shops were set on fire, and there was a repetition of the wanton destruction which had been so prominent a feature of the

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In October 1928, the Grand Mufti organised new construction next to and above the Wall. Mules were driven through the praying area often dropping excrement, and waste water was thrown on Jews. A muezzin was appointed to perform the Islamic call to prayer directly next to the Wall, creating noise

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The riots took the form, for the most part, of attacks by Arabs on Jews accompanied by destruction of Jewish property. During the week of riots, from 23 to 29 August, 133 Jews were killed by Arabs, and 339 Jews were injured, most of whom were unarmed. There were 116 Arabs killed and at least 232

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The Shaw Report described the attack, "Arabs in Hebron made a most ferocious attack on the Jewish ghetto and on isolated Jewish houses lying outside the crowded quarters of the town. More than 60 Jews – including many women and children – were murdered and more than 50 were wounded. This savage

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The Shaw Commission stated that some sections of the Arabic Press had reproduced documents concerning the Wailing Wall which "were of a character likely to excite any susceptible readers." In addition, it stated that "there appeared in the Arabic Press a number of articles, which, had they been

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found that the fundamental cause of the violence, "without which in our opinion disturbances either would not have occurred or would have been little more than a local riot, is the Arab feeling of animosity and hostility towards the Jews consequent upon the disappointment of their political and

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was attacked on 26 August by an Arab mob, which was dispersed by the locals and British police. On the following day the British authorities ordered the kibbutz members to evacuate. On 28 August an Arab mob attacked the empty kibbutz again, burning its barn, uprooting trees and vandalizing its

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Population again very excited and false alarms caused local panics in various quarters but no further incidents course of day. Arabs also excited and afraid Jews. Desirable insist with home Government need of serious measures assuring public security. We are issuing appeal to public keep calm,

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Mizrachi died on 20 August and his funeral became the occasion for a serious anti-Arab demonstration. It was suppressed by the same force that had been employed in the initial incident. A late-night meeting initiated the following day by the Jewish leadership, at which acting high commissioner

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of the neighbourhood mosque. On breaking in, according to the Arab account, they disemboweled him and killed six members of his family. His wife, nephew, and 3 year old son were also mutilated by having their heads smashed in. A subsequent investigation stated 5 adults had been killed, but no

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had 1,500 men, but the majority were Arab, with a small number of Jews and 175 British officers. While awaiting reinforcements, many untrained administration officials were required to attach themselves to the police, though the Jews among them were sent back to their offices. Several English

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Jews' aim is to take possession of the Mosque of Al-Aqsa gradually on the pretence that it is the Temple," and it advised the Jews "to stop this hostile propaganda which will naturally engender a parallel action in the whole Moslem world, the responsibility for which will rest with the Jews."

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Some of the Arab convictions were overturned on appeal and all the remaining death sentences were commuted to terms of imprisonment by the High Commissioner except in the case of three Arabs. Atta Ahmed el Zeer, Mohammad Khaleel Jamjoum and Fuad Hassab el Hejazi were hanged on 17 June 1930.

840:, many armed with sticks and knives. The gathering was prompted by rumors that the Zionists were going to march to the Temple Mount and claim ownership, as they had belligerently marched on the Western Wall demanding Jewish ownership 9 days earlier. Harry Luke requested reinforcements from 2120:

took the form, in the most part, of a vicious attack by Arabs on Jews accompanied by wanton destruction of Jewish property. A general massacre of the Jewish community at Hebron was narrowly averted. In a few instances, Jews attacked Arabs and destroyed Arab property. These attacks, though

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An eyewitness describing the pogrom that took place in Safed, perpetrated by Arabs from Safed and local villages, armed with weapons and kerosene tins. He observed mutilated and burned bodies of victims and the burnt body of a woman tied to a window. Several people were brutally killed. A

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When the British police and Haganah respondents arrived to the town they brought Chaya to the hospital but she died of her injuries. The survivors were three children who managed to jump out the balcony and hide in the Jewish Broza family's house. In later years one of these children,

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in an article entitled "He Who Sows the Wind Shall Reap the Whirlwind": "The poison of propaganda was dripping from its columns daily until it poisoned the atmosphere and brought about the Thursday demonstration.... and this served as a pretext to the wild demonstration of the Arabs."

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forbidding Jews from bringing physical structures, even temporary furniture, into the area due to Muslim fears of Zionist expropriation of the site. The sheikhs disclaimed responsibility for what could happen if the screen was not taken down, and Keith-Roach told the Ashkenazic

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The Jewish casualty figures were provided by the Jewish authorities. The Arab casualty figures represented only those actually admitted to hospital and did not include "a considerable number of unrecorded casualties from rifle fire that occurred amongst Arabs."

713:. The Shaw Report later concluded that the crowd was peaceful and allegations that the crowd were armed with iron bars were not correct, but that there may have been threatening cries made by some "undesirable elements" in the Jewish procession. Leaders of the 2661:, p. 230: "From 1929 onward, the Supreme Muslim Council intensified construction work on the Haram al-Sharif in order to demonstrate their exclusive claims to the Temple Mount (...) Not without reason, Jewish believers felt disturbed in their prayer." 1140:

in Jerusalem was attacked by a group of Jews. According to the Shaw Report, the mosque was a "sacred shrine of great antiquity held in much veneration by the Moslems." The mosque was badly damaged and the tombs of the prophets which it contained were

1124: 595:. Zionist literature published throughout the world had also used provocative, Judaized imagery of the Dome of the Rock. One Zionist publication featuring a Jewish flag atop the Dome of the Rock was picked up and redistributed by Arab propagandists. 2087:

their economic future. ... The feeling as it exists today is based on the twofold fear of the Arabs that by Jewish immigration and land purchases they may be deprived of their livelihood and in time pass under the political domination of the Jews.

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On 24 August 1929 in Hebron, Arab mobs attacked the Jewish quarter killing and raping men, women and children and looting Jewish property. They killed between 65 and 68 Jews and wounded 58, with some of the victims being tortured, or mutilated.

2765:. After shouting slogans, they all dispersed. On the following day thousands of Moslems flocked to the Wall, listened to sermons, burned Jewish prayer books and removed the notes that pious Jews habitually pushed into the crevices in the Wall." 1406:

Collective fines were imposed on the Arabs of Hebron, Safed, and some villages. The fine on Hebron was 14,000 pounds. The fines collected, and an additional one hundred thousand pounds, were distributed to the victims, 90 percent of them Jews.

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were reportedly alarmed by the activities of the Revisionists as well as "embarrassed" and fearful of an "accident" and had notified the authorities of the march in advance, who provided a heavy police escort in a bid to prevent any incidents.

844:. Towards 09:30 Jewish storekeepers began closing shop and at 11:00, 20–30 gunshots were heard on the Temple Mount, apparently to work up the crowd. Luke telephoned the Mufti to come and calm a mob that had gathered under his window near the 1399:

commuted to 15 years imprisonment. Joseph Urphali was convicted by two separate trials, and lost his appeal twice, for the shooting of two Arabs from the roof of his Jaffa house, killing also an Arab who ran to succor the first man he shot.

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who had been invited to the household as guests. Mr. Maklef's wife, Chaya, was tortured by the Arabs who hanged her on a fence. The two daughters of the family were raped and murdered. Several houses including the Maklef's were set on fire.

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to remove the screen because of the Arabs' demands. The beadle requested that the screen remained standing until the end of the prayer service, to which Keith-Roach agreed. While the commissioner was visiting a synagogue, Attorney General

638:, ran a long campaign claiming Jewish rights over the wall and its pavement, going as far as calling for "insubordination and violence," and pleading that Jews not stop protesting and demonstrating until the Wall is "restored to us." 1219:

schoolteacher, wife, and mother and a lawyer, were cut to pieces with knives and the attackers entered an orphanage and smashed children's heads and cut off their hands. Another victim was stabbed repeatedly and trampled to death.

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the Mufti was influenced by the twofold desire to confront the Jews and to mobilize Moslem opinion on the issue of the Wailing Wall. He had no intention of utilizing this religious campaign as the means of inciting to

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Most Jewish casualties resulted from Arab attacks, although the British authorities noted in the Shaw Report that "possibly some of the Jewish casualties were caused by rifle fire by the police or military forces."

1046:, the British High Commissioner visited Hebron and later wrote to his son, "The horror of it is beyond words. In one house I visited not less than twenty-five Jews men and women were murdered in cold blood." 1251:

The British police had to open fire to prevent attacks in Nablus and Jaffa, and a lone police officer succeeded in warding off an attack on the quarter between Jaffa and Tel Aviv by firing on an Arab crowd.

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refrain from demonstrations, and observe discipline, but feel embarrassed by militant attitude. Doar Hayom and also part of youth influenced by Revisionist agitation. Can you speak to Revisionist leaders?

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published in England or in other western countries, would unquestionably have been regarded as provocative." One consequence was that Jewish worshippers frequently were subjected to beatings and stoning.

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who offered them sanctuary from the mob by hiding them in their own houses while others survived by taking refuge in the British police station at Beit Romano on the outskirts of the city. When the

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compound destroyed in 70 CE. The Jews, through the practice of centuries, had established a right of access to the Western Wall for the purposes of their devotions. As part of the

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The outbreak in Jerusalem on the 23rd of August was from the beginning an attack by Arabs on Jews for which no excuse in the form of earlier murders by Jews has been established.

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had offered to provide protection for the Jewish families in the town, but many such as the Makleff family rejected the offer as they did not believe the Arabs would harm them.

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According to the Shaw Report, during the week of riots from 23 to 29 August 116 Arabs and 133 Jews were killed and 232 Arabs and 198 Jews were injured and treated in hospital.

2418:, p. 297: "Jews had prayed at the Western Wall since the Middle Ages. They considered the wall, one side of a narrow alley, to be the sole remnant of the Second Temple." 1202:

on 29 August, 18-20 Jews were killed and 80 wounded. The attackers looted and set fire to houses and killed Jewish inhabitants. The main Jewish street was looted and burned.

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clinic had three floors with the infirmary, the pharmacy and the synagogue on the top floor. Arab rioters destroyed the pharmacy and torched the synagogue and destroyed the

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The administrative director of Haddasah hospital in Jerusalem sent a cable to New York describing the casualties and that Arabs were attacking several Jewish hospitals.

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described the riots as "unprecedented in the history of the Arab-Jewish conflict in Palestine, in duration, geographical scope and direct damage to life and property".

192: 5327: 613:. The leaflet stated that the Government was "responsible for any consequences of any measures which the Moslems may adopt for the purpose of defending the holy 5317: 4621: 4457: 3459: 2012:

A few dozen Jewish families returned to Hebron in 1931 to reestablish the community, but all but one of them were evacuated from Hebron at the outset of the

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The Commission recommended the government to reconsider its policies as to Jewish immigration and land sales to Jews, which led directly to the

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Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

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inexcusable, were in most cases in retaliation for wrongs already committed by Arabs in the neighbourhood in which the Jewish attacks occurred.

685:– described by Professor Michael J. Cohen as "brawny youths with staves" – marched to the Western Wall shouting "the Wall is ours," raised the 344: 185: 4522: 274: 57: 806:

Over the following four days period, the Jerusalem police reported 12 separate attacks by Jews on Arabs and seven attacks by Arabs on Jews.

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helped organize several demonstrations, beginning on 14 August 1929 when 6,000 youths marched around the wall of the old city of Jerusalem.

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Excited and intemperate articles which appeared in some Arabic papers, in one Hebrew daily paper and in a Jewish weekly paper...

1034:, or to help them evacuate. However, the leaders of the Hebron community declined these offers, insisting that they trusted the 836:

The next Friday, 23 August, thousands of Arab villagers streamed into Jerusalem from the surrounding countryside to pray at the

4593: 322: 3572: 5194: 4401: 4246: 4107: 4083: 4021: 3997: 3924: 327: 4819: 3848: 5307: 2013: 855:. The violence quickly spread to other parts of Palestine. The British authorities had fewer than a hundred soldiers, six 5225: 4948: 4440: 4359: 1083: 4889: 4291: 4173: 3976: 3582: 3184: 3025: 2743: 2393: 626:

exactly when the Jews were conducting their prayers. The Jews protested at these provocations and tensions increased.

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Wall, the crowd burnt prayer books, liturgical fixtures and notes of supplication left in the Wall's cracks, and the

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the Society for the Protection of the Moslem Holy Places and, in a lesser degree, of the Pro-Wailing Wall Committee.

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The Mufti tried to establish Muslim rights and the Jews were deliberately antagonised by building works and noise.

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wounded included an Arab youth named 'Ali 'Abdallah Hasan who was chosen at random to be stabbed in retaliation.

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Norman Rose, "A Senseless, Squalid War: Voices from Palestine 1945–1948", The Bodley Head, London, 2009. (p. 35)

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Michelle Campos, 'Remembering Jewish-Arab Contact and Conflict,' in Sandra Marlene Sufian, Mark LeVine, (eds.)

2815: 2275: 670: 495:, before his night journey to heaven. There had been a few serious incidents resulting from these differences. 491:, the third holiest site in Islam, and according to Islamic tradition the place where Muhammad tied his steed, 445: 4971: 4722: 5302: 4995: 4636: 4428: 2151: 2135: 1321:

figures in Palestine accused the Palestine police of exclusively firing at Arab rioters and not Jewish ones.

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The belief...that the decisions of the Palestine Government could be influenced by political considerations.

5322: 5070: 4976: 4790: 4532: 2160:, and on 21 October 1930 it produced its report, dated 1 October 1930. The report recommended to limit the 103: 2738:

Horne, Edward (1982) "A Job Well Done. A History of the Palestine Police Force. 1920–1948". Anchor Press.

5205: 4785: 4573: 4451: 4435: 2762: 810: 783: 714: 407:), was a series of demonstrations and riots in late August 1929 in which a longstanding dispute between 5110: 5075: 4911: 4906: 4884: 4779: 4659: 4631: 4578: 4138:(2006). "The role of the Mufti of Jerusalem in the political struggle over the Western Wall, 1928–29". 2188: 2183: 1863: 1842: 766:

The next day an incident which "in its origin was of a personal nature" was sparked when a 17-year-old

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Elyada, Ouzi, "A Nexus of Sensationalism and Politics: Doar Ha-Yom and the 1929 Western Wall Crisis",

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attended by 6,000 people objecting to 1928 Commission's conclusion that the Wall was Muslim property.

532:

of cloth covering a few wooden frames to separate the men and women. Jerusalem's British commissioner

5058: 4679: 4673: 4332: 1050:

concluded in The Palestine Disturbances report that "unspeakable atrocities have occurred in Hebron.

70:

During the 1929 Palestine riots, Jewish families at Jaffa Gate fleeing from the Old City of Jerusalem

3430: 2936: 2082:, took public evidence for several weeks. The main conclusions of the commission were as follows. 5129: 4717: 4474: 4445: 602: 65: 2491:

Rabinowicz, H. (1998). Aaron Menachem Mendel Guterman, the Rebbe of Radzymin. In Polonsky A. (ed)

2349:

Sela, Avraham (1994). "The "Wailing Wall" Riots (1929) as a Watershed in the Palestine Conflict".

5053: 5048: 4626: 4496: 3395:

Sochen, June (Spring 2003). "Both the dove and the serpent: Hadassah's work in 1920s Palestine".

2505: 2020: 1803: 3254: 2297:"אירועים ביטחוניים בתולדות משמר העמק [Security events in the history of Mishmar HaEmek]" 851:

Reacting to rumors that two Arabs had been murdered by Jews, Arabs started an attack on Jews in

575:

For some time, Jewish institutions of Jerusalem had given their supporters abroad items such as

242: 5150: 5134: 5000: 860: 856: 726: 642: 432: 4344: 4236: 3987: 3155: 2385: 1333:

The riots produced a large number of trials. According to the Attorney-General of Palestine,

1170: 983: 4990: 4803: 4542: 4406: 3914: 3538: 3407: 2059: 997: 231: 1337:, the following numbers of persons were charged, with the numbers convicted in parentheses. 749:, which "in material particulars was incorrect" according to the Shaw Report. On 18 August, 5251: 5065: 5038: 4943: 4921: 4879: 4563: 2055: 1059: 1019: 1009: 865: 852: 814: 317: 310: 288: 226: 216: 1182: 906:

on Jews for which no excuse in the form of earlier murders by Jews has been established."

475:

The Western Wall is one of the holiest of Jewish sites, as it is a remnant of the ancient

8: 5245: 5105: 5010: 4938: 4757: 4747: 4665: 4653: 4643: 4537: 4300: 3916:

From Boycott to Economic Cooperation: The Political Economy of the Arab Boycott of Israel

3276: 2759: 2079: 1047: 706: 705:. Rumors circulated among the Arabs that the procession had attacked local residents and 698: 694: 682: 635: 631: 609:

and throughout the Arab world which claimed that the Jews were planning to take over the

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A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel

2100:

Propaganda among the less-educated Arab people of a character calculated to incite them.

1190: 5043: 4926: 4895: 4841: 4809: 4752: 4588: 4479: 4035: 2378: 2362: 1137: 1129: 782:, following a quarrel which began when he and his friends tried to retrieve their lost 746: 606: 533: 508: 504:

they would be the first step in turning the site into a synagogue and taking it over.

4965: 4512: 4418: 4389: 4315: 4287: 4260: 4242: 4210: 4204: 4169: 4124: 4103: 4079: 4050: 4017: 3993: 3972: 3920: 3791:(in Hebrew) (second revised ed.). Israel: Yerushalayim : Karṭa. p. 53. 3578: 3544: 3481: 3192: 3021: 2885: 2811: 2739: 2636: 2632: 2607: 2596:

Ben Dov, Meir; Naor, Mordechai; Aner, Ze'ev (1983). "VI: The Struggle for the Wall".

2389: 2271: 2157: 2008:

British proclamation by Sir John Chancellor, 1 September 1929, thrown from RAF planes

1850: 1435: 910: 660: 293: 5178: 5161: 5122: 4797: 4732: 4727: 4699: 4598: 4558: 4147: 3431:"⁨שוחרר \ ⁩ – ⁨⁨דבר⁩ 3 יוני 1935⁩ – הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים" 2671: 2358: 993: 796: 775: 702: 584: 4093: 1070: 770:

named Abraham Mizrachi was fatally stabbed by an Arab at the Maccabi grounds near

4874: 4851: 4568: 4527: 4163: 4097: 4073: 4062: 4011: 3966: 3856: 2051: 2047: 2037: 1859: 1815: 1334: 800: 665: 598: 552: 440: 386: 368: 221: 2597: 5265: 4846: 4829: 4824: 4694: 4648: 3804: 3382:

The Year After the Riots: American Responses to the Palestine Crisis of 1929–30

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Jews of Nablus attacked by Arabs and evacuated on behalf of the British police

1598: 1540: 1158: 1079: 686: 592: 580: 537: 4151: 2042: 1941:

but Migdal Eder was completely destroyed, and the residents could not return.

1026:

On 20 August, Haganah leaders proposed to provide defence for 600 Jews of the

734:

was injured. The demonstrations spread to the Jewish commercial area of town.

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Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right

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27 August: Residents of the kibbutz evacuated on behalf of the British police

1222: 845: 767: 678: 588: 576: 476: 125: 112: 33: 4335: – A detailed account with additional background and history. 4615: 4517: 4281: 4159: 4007: 2106:

The inadequacy of the military forces and of the reliable police available.

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Reapproaching Borders: New Perspectives on the Study of Israel-Palestine,

2806:

Ovendale, Ritchie (2004). "British Paramountcy over Arabs and Zionists".

2173: 2075: 1926: 1896: 1872: 1868: 1819: 1790: 1482: 1206: 1142: 934:, west of Jerusalem, had good relationships with the Arab community. The 918: 875: 771: 559:

Rabbi Aaron Menachem Mendel Guterman (1860-1934), the third rebbe of the

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partially destroyed and evacuated after being attacked by residents of

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The Hadassah Medical Organization operated an infirmary in Hebron. The

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Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs

4227:

Cmd. 3530, Report of the Commission on the disturbances of August 1929

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26 August: Attack on the kibbutz repelled by locals and British police

945:

Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Shach, who was murdered during the attack on Motza

483:

the Western Wall was under the control of the Muslim religious trust,

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Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948

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An Arab protest gathering in session. From left to right: unknown -

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were present, failed to produce a call for an end to the violence.

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March to the Western Wall and counter-demonstrations, 14–15 August

2315: 1828: 1751: 1688:

Jews of Mazkeret Batya evacuated on behalf of the British police

1609:

Jews of the town evacuated, major damage to Jewish property made

1154: 950: 941: 935: 914: 817:

describing the general excitement and the Arab fear of the Jews:

750: 646: 272: 5282:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

3695:. London: Kegan Paul, Tench, Trubner & Cp. Ltd. p. 203. 3667: 3065: 2824: 2475: 2473: 2023:, imposed a boycott on Jewish-owned businesses after the riots. 868:

were deputized. While a number of Jews were being killed at the

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Massacre of the Jewish population of the city, 18 Jews killed

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cemetery. The members of the Kibbutz returned on 7 September.

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was murdered along with his son and two rabbis (including the

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visited the town on 1 November 1929. The Shaw Report stated:

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A student of the Hebron Yeshiva lost a hand during the attack

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either below or emblazoned with Jewish symbolism such as the

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Pangs of the Messiah: The Troubled Birth of the Jewish State

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Levi-Faur, David, Sheffer, Gabriel and Vogel, David (1999).

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Later on 23 August, the British authorities armed 41 Jewish

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established a police post beside the wall. On 14 August the

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In our opinion the immediate causes of the outbreak were:-

1641:

Jews of Tulkarem evacuated on behalf of the British police

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A Scottish missionary working in Safed at the time stated:

1225:, a resident of Safed, described the carnage in his diary: 1112: 701:

movement Betar youth organization, under the leadership of

412: 2380:

Symbols of Defeat in the Construction of National Identity

1750:

Moshav was evacuated after being attacked by residents of

953:

entered Motza and invaded the house of the Maklef family.

4165:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict

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These Jewish communities were attacked during the riots:

1062:

ended, the surviving Jews were evacuated by the British.

3527:, Saturday, November 2, 1929; p. 11; Issue 45350; col E. 3333: 3161: 2746:. p. 132. "The principle inflammatory organ of the day." 2687: 2685: 2421: 2164:

because of the lack of agricultural land to support it.

1625:

Jews of Jenin evacuated on behalf of the British police

1018:

A survivor mourning in the aftermath of the massacre in

3514:, Monday, September 2, 1929; p. 12; Issue 45297; col D. 3501:, Saturday, August 31, 1929; p. 10; Issue 45296; col D. 2983: 2206: 2204: 1769:

Kibbutz destroyed after being attacked by residents of

1509:

Attack on Jews in a factory repelled by British police

1243:

The Safed massacre marked the end of the disturbances.

949:

In the afternoon of 24 August, Arabs from neighbouring

4194:

Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948

3789:

Carta's Atlas of Palestine – From Zionism To Statehood

3726: 3714: 3315:

Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel

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Terror out of Zion: The Fight for Israeli Independence

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Ovendale, Ritchie (2004). "The "Wailing Wall" Riots".

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in the Jerusalem area. The worst killings occurred in

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The History of the Haganah: From Defense to Struggle

2995: 2910: 2796:, Monday, 19 August 1929, p. 11, issue 45285, col D. 2749: 2697: 2409: 2268:

Causes and Consequences of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

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Three residents were killed and the remainder left.

1132:). Destroyed by Jewish rioters, 23 to 31 August 1929 394: 376: 3968:

Betrayal of Palestine: The Story of George Antonius

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Dinur, Ben Zion (ed.). 4223: 3948: 3690: 3673: 3661: 3646: 3449: 3413: 3397:Judaism; A Journal of Jewish Life & Thought 3327: 3074: 3059: 3047: 2856: 2837: 2583: 2571: 2479: 2336: 2324: 2253: 1793:evacuated after being attacked by residents of 520:In September 1928, Jews praying at the Wall on 4064:Palestine Under the British Mandate, 1918–1948 3251:"Jewish News, Jewish Newspapers - Forward.com" 2676:City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem 2375: 1559:28 August: Rioters rob and pillage the kibbutz 1410: 567:religious symbols to stir up popular support. 487:. Muslims consider the wall to be part of the 5318:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 4523:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 4360: 4047:Israel: The Dynamics of Change and Continuity 3847:Etkes, Dror; Friedman, Lara (November 2005). 3846: 3570: 3543:. Associated University Presses. p. 38. 3536: 3308: 3306: 2265: 2031: 1003: 831: 512:Mt Moriah," a reference to the Temple Mount. 276:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 258: 186: 58:intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 3394: 3013: 1165: 741:On the same afternoon, the Jewish newspaper 4376:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 4286:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 4013:Year Zero of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1929 3686: 3684: 3682: 3384:. Wayne State University Press. p. 22. 2774:Levi-Faur, Sheffer and Vogel, 1999, p. 216. 2179:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1148: 1089: 925: 778:, on the outskirts of the village lands of 761: 5313:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Mandatory Palestine 4367: 4353: 3786: 3303: 2670: 2664: 1993:Several attacks repelled by the residents 1065: 345:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 265: 251: 193: 179: 27:Arab–Jewish clashes in Mandatory Palestine 4314:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3355:Rowman & Littlefield 2007 pp. 41–65 . 2291: 2289: 2287: 1527:24 August: Attack on Nachala neighborhood 1328: 1128:Desecrated graves in the Awkashi shrine ( 470: 466:Jerusalem commissioner Edward Keith-Roach 446:Jewish demonstration at the Wailing Wall 5259:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 4234: 3679: 3574:Time to Tell: An Israeli Life, 1898–1984 3540:Time to Tell: An Israeli Life, 1898–1984 3007: 2989: 2937:"Appendix V: Palestine: Public Security" 2805: 2626: 2065: 2041: 2003: 1734:town completely destroyed and abandoned 1189: 1186:Funeral for murdered Jews of Safed, 1929 1181: 1169: 1123: 1069: 1013: 982: 940: 681:, several hundred members of Klausner's 461: 200: 4932:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 4270: 4123:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4071: 4034:, 34/2, Autumn 2019, pp. 114–133. 3657: 3655: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3466:– via Google News Archive Search. 3369:. Oxford University Press. p. 344. 3243: 3216: 3182: 3110: 3098: 3020:. Gefen Publishing House. p. 116. 3017:It Takes a Dream: The Story of Hadassah 2868: 2384:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 859:, and five or six aircraft in country; 14: 5295: 4158: 4134: 4092: 3912: 3802:"Three new villages in N. Palestine". 3297: 3228: 2726: 2691: 2658: 2284: 2210: 1260: 634:newspaper edited by right-wing leader 507:Several months earlier Zionist leader 4348: 4341: – A detailed account. 4279: 4199: 4067:. University of California, Berkeley. 4006: 3985: 3964: 3732: 3720: 3634: 3613: 3417: 3339: 3170: 3151: 3121: 3119: 3001: 2977: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2755: 2703: 2678:. Metropolitan Books. pp. 80–81. 2464: 2415: 2222: 2103:The enlargement of the Jewish Agency. 1530:25 August: Attack on "Downtown Haifa" 1194:Safed market after Arab rioting, 1929 987:One of the houses burned in the riots 583:tablecloths featuring imagery of the 246: 174: 4196:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4060: 3919:. Psychology Press. pp. 21–22. 3877: 3706:"The Death Sentences in Palestine". 3652: 3619: 3598: 3185:"No Light at the End of This Tunnel" 3086: 2968:, Transaction ed. Prologue p. 1 name 2810:. Pearson Education. pp. g.71. 2808:The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars 2629:The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Wars 2348: 2019:The Arabs in the region, led by the 1533:26 August: Riots all across the city 864:theology students visiting from the 570: 4075:The Turn Toward Violence, 1920–1929 3420:, pp. 1–2, 9–10, 27–28, 32–39. 3367:History of the Jews in Modern Times 2941:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 2874:Jerusalem Illustrated History Atlas 2556:"Palestine Royal Commission Report" 2146:Hope Simpson Royal Commission, 1930 1973:Jews of Gaza evacuated by train to 725:, a demonstration organized by the 390: 372: 24: 5169:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 4594:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 3116: 2922: 2799: 2589: 2363:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1994.tb03589.x 2117:The outbreak was not premeditated. 25: 5344: 5006:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 4326: 3903:Palestine Post, 20–23 April 1936. 3183:Beinart, Peter (3 January 2018). 2882:Board of Deputies of British Jews 2156:The commission was headed by Sir 2026: 1038:(Arab notables) to protect them. 643:British police force in Palestine 605:distributed leaflets to Arabs in 5333:Terrorism in Mandatory Palestine 5044:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 2016:. The last family left in 1947. 2014:1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine 1977:on behalf of the British police 515: 64: 5226:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 5195:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 4949:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 3906: 3897: 3871: 3840: 3812: 3795: 3780: 3768: 3753: 3738: 3699: 3564: 3530: 3517: 3504: 3491: 3470: 3423: 3388: 3373: 3358: 3345: 3269: 3234: 3176: 2955: 2898: 2862: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2732: 2620: 2548: 2523: 2498: 2485: 1937:The residents found shelter in 4102:. Princeton University Press. 2493:Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 2369: 2342: 2270:. Evans Brothers. p. 22. 1246: 498: 13: 1: 4996:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 4637:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 4016:. Brandeis University Press. 3958: 3808:. 18 January 1946. p. 1. 3253:. 15 May 2006. Archived from 2152:Hope Simpson Royal Commission 2136:Hope Simpson Royal Commission 1862:attacked by residents of the 1255: 1106:Jaffa massacre of ‘Awn family 721:On Friday, 16 August after a 457: 5200:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 5187:Turkish involvement in Syria 5071:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 4902:Political violence in Turkey 4836:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 4743:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 4622:Italian bombing of Palestine 4584:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 4533:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 3965:Boyle, Susan Silsby (2001). 2070:The Shaw Commission in 1929. 1999: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1305: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1275: 1272: 887:while others were killed in 80:British Mandate of Palestine 51:1929 Arab riots in Palestine 7: 5308:1929 in Mandatory Palestine 4452:Turkish War of Independence 4436:Unification of Saudi Arabia 4339:The Hebron Massacre of 1929 4333:The Palestine Riots of 1929 3787:L. 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(1987). 3710:. 2 June 1930. p. 13. 2189:Riots in Palestine of 1920 2184:Pro-Wailing Wall Committee 2149: 2035: 2032:Shaw Commission of Enquiry 1007: 1004:Hebron massacre, 24 August 832:Jerusalem riots, 23 August 671:Pro–Wailing Wall Committee 528:that looked like a simple 5275: 5238: 5143: 5084: 5024: 4957: 4875:Black September in Jordan 4867: 4766: 4710: 4607: 4551: 4505: 4382: 4152:10.1080/00263208308700536 3986:Cohen, Michael J (2014). 3365:Lloyd P. Gartner (2011). 3126:Aviva and Shmuel Bar-Am. 1871:attacked by residents of 1853:attacked by residents of 1818:attacked by residents of 1166:Safed massacre, 29 August 284: 212: 159: 149: 141: 102: 75: 63: 55: 50: 4977:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 4972:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4791:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 4723:1953 Iranian coup d'état 4718:1952 Egyptian revolution 4446:1919 Egyptian revolution 4429:Mount Lebanon starvation 4305:The British in Palestine 4235:Shindler, Colin (2009). 4224:Shaw Commission (1930). 4061:Kiwe, Thomas M. (1953). 3691:Norman Bentwich (1932). 3497:"Arab Attack at Safed", 2907:, Sunday 18 August 1929. 2194: 1178:following the 1929 riots 1149:Attack on Mishmar HaEmek 1090:Hadassah hospital attack 1082:, a branch of the famed 1000:' third chief of staff. 926:Motza murders, 24 August 826: 762:Escalation, 16–22 August 561:Radzymin Hasidic dynasty 5206:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 5054:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 5049:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 4859:1966 Syrian coup d'état 4786:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 4627:Allied invasion of Iraq 4574:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 4497:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 4255:Sicker, Martin (2000). 4230:. UK National Archives. 4206:One Palestine, Complete 3820:"Destruction of HarTuv" 3760:"The Palestine Riots". 3510:"The Safed Disorders", 3403:(1–2). New York: 71–83. 2535:PalestineRemembered.com 2506:"Center for Jewish Art" 2376:Steven J. Mock (2011). 2021:Palestine Arab Congress 1066:Hebron yeshiva massacre 630:the spring of 1929 the 431:wounded, mostly by the 38:Infobox civilian attack 31: 18:Palestine riots of 1929 5151:2011 Bahraini uprising 5135:South Yemen insurgency 5016:Abu Nidal's executions 5001:1986 Damascus bombings 4780:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4632:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4402:Middle Eastern theatre 4310:Zertal, Idith (2005). 4209:. Metropolitan Books. 4140:Middle Eastern Studies 4121:The Mufti of Jerusalem 3884:Jewish Virtual Library 3745:"Telegrams in Brief". 3571:David Hacohen (1985). 3537:David Hacohen (1985). 2301:Mishmar HaEmek website 2266:Ross, Stewart (2004). 2071: 2063: 2009: 1329:Trials and convictions 1241: 1232: 1216: 1195: 1187: 1179: 1133: 1075: 1023: 988: 946: 930:The Jewish village of 824: 727:Supreme Muslim Council 471:Religious significance 467: 439:The British-appointed 43:considered for merging 4991:South Yemen civil war 4890:Shatt al-Arab clashes 4815:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 4804:North Yemen civil war 4753:1958 Iraqi revolution 4680:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4674:Arab–Israeli conflict 4543:Sheikh Said rebellion 4407:Battle of Robat Karim 4280:Sorek, Tamir (2015). 4259:. Praeger/Greenwood. 4049:. London: Routledge. 4032:Israel Studies Review 3878:Orni, Efraim (2008). 3480:. London: Routledge, 3476:Kaplan, Neil (1983). 3132:www.timesofisrael.com 3014:Marlin Levin (2002). 2076:commission of enquiry 2069: 2060:Rawdat el Maaref hall 2045: 2007: 1236: 1227: 1211: 1207:Commission of Inquiry 1193: 1185: 1173: 1127: 1073: 1017: 998:Israel Defense Forces 986: 944: 819: 465: 448:" on 15 August 1929. 232:Passfield white paper 126:31.77667°N 35.23417°E 5303:1929 Palestine riots 5130:Fatah–Hamas conflict 5066:Operation Desert Fox 5039:1991 Iraqi uprisings 5033:Gulf War (1990–1991) 4944:Grand Mosque seizure 4922:Yemenite War of 1979 4880:Yemenite War of 1972 4820:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 4810:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 4564:Ahmed Barzani revolt 4475:Turkish–Armenian War 4301:Wasserstein, Bernard 3949:Shaw Commission 1930 3913:Feiler, Gil (1998). 3693:England in Palestine 3674:Shaw Commission 1930 3662:Shaw Commission 1930 3647:Shaw Commission 1930 3460:"The Glasgow Herald" 3414:Shaw Commission 1930 3328:Shaw Commission 1930 3279:. Human Rights Watch 3075:Shaw Commission 1930 3060:Shaw Commission 1930 3048:Shaw Commission 1930 2857:Shaw Commission 1930 2838:Shaw Commission 1930 2783:Sicker, 2000, p. 80. 2584:Shaw Commission 1930 2572:Shaw Commission 1930 2495:, Vol 11, pp. 62–76. 2480:Shaw Commission 1930 2337:Shaw Commission 1930 2325:Shaw Commission 1930 2254:Shaw Commission 1930 2056:Raghib al-Nashashibi 1010:1929 Hebron massacre 866:University of Oxford 853:Jerusalem's Old City 815:Zionist Organization 687:Jewish national flag 599:Haj Amin al Husseini 358:1929 Palestine riots 318:1933 Palestine riots 306:1929 Palestine riots 289:1920 Nebi Musa riots 227:Hope Simpson Enquiry 204:1929 Palestine riots 5323:Mass murder in 1929 5278:This list includes 5246:2021 Beirut clashes 5106:2004 Qamishli riots 4983:Turkey–PKK conflict 4939:1979 Qatif Uprising 4758:1959 Mosul uprising 4748:1958 Lebanon crisis 4695:1973 Yom Kippur War 4666:Iran crisis of 1946 4654:Al-Wathbah uprising 4644:1943 Barzani revolt 4538:Great Syrian Revolt 4518:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 4441:Simko Shikak revolt 3951:, pp. 172–183. 3777:, 15 December 1932. 3342:, pp. 325–326. 3173:, pp. 178–180. 2729:, pp. 104–118. 2467:, pp. 295–313. 2327:, pp. 150–157. 1261:Deaths and injuries 1205:The members of the 1044:Sir John Chancellor 996:, would become the 970:Shlomo Zalman Shach 699:Revisionist Zionism 695:Vladimir Jabotinsky 425:British authorities 415:over access to the 122: / 4927:Iranian Revolution 4896:Lebanese Civil War 4842:1948 Palestine war 4589:1935 Yazidi revolt 4480:Franco-Turkish War 3971:. Westview Press. 3828:. 2 September 1929 3189:The New York Times 2635:. pp. g. 71. 2162:Jewish immigration 2072: 2064: 2010: 1427:Date of evacuation 1196: 1188: 1180: 1138:Nebi Akasha Mosque 1136:On 26 August, the 1134: 1130:Nebi Akasha Mosque 1076: 1024: 989: 947: 911:special constables 809:On 21 August, the 747:Wolfgang von Weisl 653:held a meeting in 603:Mufti of Jerusalem 534:Edward Keith-Roach 509:Menachem Ussishkin 468: 131:31.77667; 35.23417 5290: 5289: 4513:Franco-Syrian War 4470:Greco-Turkish War 4458:Anglo-Turkish War 4424:Assyrian genocide 4419:Armenian genocide 4390:Italo-Turkish War 4248:978-0-85771-754-2 4109:978-0-691-15007-9 4085:978-0-8240-4938-6 4023:978-1-61168-812-2 3999:978-1-317-91364-1 3926:978-0-7146-4866-8 3735:, pp. 43–44. 3723:, pp. 32–38. 3676:, pp. 65–67. 3077:, pp. 66–67. 2840:, pp. 54–56. 2672:Benvenisti, Meron 2633:Pearson Education 2158:John Hope Simpson 1997: 1996: 1396: 1395: 1348:Attempted murder 1314: 1313: 1214:attack at Hebron. 1174:Jewish houses in 571:Subsequent events 409:Palestinian Arabs 353: 352: 333:Jewish insurgency 328:Spillover of WWII 294:Battle of Tel Hai 240: 239: 169: 168: 145:23–29 August 1929 16:(Redirected from 5340: 5252:Israel–Hamas war 5179:Syrian civil war 5162:Sinai insurgency 5123:2006 Lebanon War 4798:Dhofar Rebellion 4733:Cyprus Emergency 4728:Jebel Akhdar War 4700:1982 Lebanon War 4690:1967 Six-Day War 4599:Dersim rebellion 4559:Ararat rebellion 4463:Al-Jazeera Front 4369: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4297: 4276: 4252: 4231: 4220: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4168:. 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Trumpeldor 573: 553:Norman Bentwich 518: 501: 473: 460: 441:Shaw Commission 403:Events of 5689 396:Meora'ot Tarpat 354: 349: 311:Hebron massacre 280: 275: 273: 271: 241: 236: 222:Shaw Commission 217:Hebron massacre 208: 203: 201: 199: 164: 154: 130: 128: 124: 121: 116: 113: 111: 109: 108: 71: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5346: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5288: 5287: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5269: 5266:Red Sea crisis 5262: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5165: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5011:Mecca massacre 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4974: 4969: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4871: 4869: 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4175:978-0679744757 4174: 4156: 4146:(1): 104–118. 4136:Mattar, Philip 4132: 4117:Mattar, Philip 4114: 4108: 4094:Krämer, Gudrun 4090: 4084: 4069: 4058: 4043: 4028: 4022: 4004: 3998: 3983: 3978:978-0813337593 3977: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3932: 3925: 3905: 3896: 3870: 3839: 3811: 3805:Palestine Post 3794: 3779: 3775:Palestine Post 3767: 3752: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3698: 3678: 3666: 3651: 3639: 3618: 3597: 3584:978-0845347898 3583: 3563: 3549: 3529: 3516: 3503: 3490: 3469: 3448: 3435:www.nli.org.il 3422: 3416:, p. 65; 3406: 3387: 3372: 3357: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3302: 3300:, p. 232. 3290: 3268: 3257:on 15 May 2006 3242: 3233: 3231:, p. 114. 3221: 3209: 3175: 3160: 3144: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3064: 3052: 3050:, p. 158. 3040: 3027:978-9652293008 3026: 3006: 3004:, p. 315. 2994: 2992:, p. 102. 2982: 2970: 2954: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2890: 2884:. p. 79. 2861: 2842: 2823: 2816: 2798: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2748: 2744:978-1857767582 2731: 2708: 2696: 2694:, p. 113. 2681: 2663: 2651: 2641: 2619: 2612: 2588: 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Routledge. 3991: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3909: 3900: 3885: 3881: 3880:"Kefar Malal" 3874: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849:"Gush Etzion" 3843: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3649:, p. 66. 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3486:0-7146-3214-7 3483: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3453: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3341: 3336: 3330:, p. 64. 3329: 3324: 3316: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3294: 3278: 3272: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3120: 3113:, p. 67. 3112: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3062:, p. 63. 3061: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2990:Shindler 2009 2986: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2962:J.Bowyer Bell 2958: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2893: 2891:0-905648 04 8 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2613:965-05-0055-3 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2586:, p. 41. 2585: 2580: 2574:, p. 31. 2573: 2568: 2561:. p. 66. 2557: 2551: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2482:, p. 29. 2481: 2476: 2474: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2412: 2397: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2256:, p. 65. 2255: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2200: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2078:, led by Sir 2077: 2068: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2006: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1765: 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1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1223:David Hacohen 1220: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1192: 1184: 1177: 1172: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1131: 1126: 1117: 1114: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1096:Beit Hadassah 1087: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1001: 999: 995: 985: 981: 976: 971: 967: 961: 956: 952: 943: 939: 937: 933: 923: 920: 916: 912: 907: 903: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 873: 871: 867: 862: 858: 857:armoured cars 854: 849: 847: 846:Damascus Gate 843: 839: 823: 818: 816: 812: 807: 804: 802: 798: 794: 788: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768:Sephardic Jew 759: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 735: 733: 728: 724: 719: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 672: 667: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 633: 627: 623: 619: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 594: 590: 589:Star of David 586: 582: 578: 568: 564: 562: 557: 554: 549: 544: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 516:1928 incident 513: 510: 505: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:Second Temple 464: 455: 453: 449: 447: 442: 437: 434: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 391:מאורעות תרפ"ט 388: 384: 379: 370: 366: 364: 359: 346: 343: 339: 336: 335: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 312: 309: 308: 307: 304: 302: 299: 295: 292: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 278: 268: 263: 261: 256: 254: 249: 248: 245: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 214: 211: 206: 196: 191: 189: 184: 182: 177: 176: 173: 162: 158: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 67: 62: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 39: 35: 30: 19: 5277: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5224: 5223: 5211: 5204: 5185: 5177: 5176: 5167: 5160: 5115: 5098: 5091: 5059: 5031: 4981: 4964: 4894: 4834: 4802: 4778: 4672: 4658: 4616:World War II 4614: 4450: 4394: 4311: 4304: 4282: 4272: 4256: 4237: 4226: 4205: 4193: 4179:. 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1929 Palestine riots

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