742:, stating that he wished to return to Iran and promised to stay out of politics for good. Khamenei accepted the apology and allowed Pezeshkpour to return so he would not resume his previous political activities. However, some time afterwards, Pezeshkpour became active in politics once again and reestablished the Pan-Iranist Party in Iran. He reformed the party structure and abandoned much of the old organizational ideology that Forouhar had opposed and originally led to the division. However, the Pan-Iranist Party and Mellat Iran did not reconcile and continued to function as separate organizations.
342:
337:
915:
1184:"Confidential Airgram: Pan Iranist Party, August 30, 1967." In another dispatch called "the Noisy Pan Iranists in Parliament" the embassy reports that "it should be emphasized that for many of these men-particularly the older ones- membership in the party has brought tangible rewards. Largely because of its close SAVAK connections, the party has been able to advance the careers of its members." NA, "The Noisy Pan Iranists in the Parliament, January 27, 1968."
22:
1488:
901:
594:
776:
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Several reports from the
American Embassy in Tehran refer to the Pan Iranist Party as one whose leadership was controlled by the government. For example, one report indicated, "Pan lranist deputies elected ... to Majlis can be expected to serve primarily as a propaganda instrument." National Archive,
472:
aimed at ruining Iran's territorial integrity and cultural-civilizational heritage. Unlike pan-Arabist and pan-Turkist parties in the region, the pan-Iranist party does not advocate the return of Iran's former lands through irredentist plans, and its political program does not incorporate such plans
812:
and symbolized the Pan-Iranist view that Iran must uphold its national sovereignty and interests above all else. According to the party's literature, the philosophical meaning attributed to this symbol was that, in reality, there is no equality amongst nations and that each nation must struggle to
796:
structure, with members assigned military ranks and titles. All male and female active members wore uniforms to party functions. Forouhar also strongly opposed this, though this paramilitary nature was largely symbolic, and party members did not carry weapons. Ordinary members were not required to
816:
Other nationalists often criticized
Pezeshkpour for not supporting Mossadegh and his role in Shah's government as Speaker of Majlis, as this position had no real power. Nationalist leaders viewed the failure of his opposition to the separation of Bahrain as evidence that his function was strictly
820:
When
Pezeshkpour set about restoring the party after returning to Iran, he and other former party leaders renounced the former paramilitary structure of the organization as well as its authoritarianism, instead proclaiming their commitment to plurality and democracy, as well as a willingness to
696:, which at the time was home to some of the most exclusive neighbourhoods in Iran and also became his base of operations. In Khuzestan, the party was, for the first time, able to become a dominant influence, whereas in the rest of Iran, the party continued to have very little effect.
707:, a party co-founder, was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Court and subsequently executed in May 1979. Nationalist movements such as Mellat Iran and the National Front, which had been opposed to the Shah, remained in the country and played a crucial role in the revolutionary
459:
mobs in the streets of Tehran. In the context of the 1940s, it is described as a "secular ultranationalist party", whereas in that of the mid-1960s, it is described as a "secular nationalist" party. Nowadays, the party is marked by being against the
791:
approach and opposed alliances with non-nationalist organizations. However, alliances with other nationalist groups were rare or non-existent as most were officially banned. Under
Pezeshkpour, the Pan-Iranist Party also took on a decidedly
759:
During
January, 2011, co-founder of the Pan Iranist Party, Mohsen Pezeshkpour was announced dead when under house arrest by the Iranian Government. As a result, Reza Kermani was declared the new General Secretary of the Pan Iranist Party.
675:, with Pezeshkpour as Speaker. However, in reality, the party had very little political power and influence and its position was primarily intended to be symbolic. Beginning in the late 1960s, under the government of
670:
against
Mossadegh, the Shah assumed dictatorial powers and outlawed almost all political groups, including Mellat Iran and the National Front. The Pan-Iranist Party soon became the official opposition in the
557:
influenced a series of student movements in 1941 where nationalism was gaining popularity more than ever among
Iranians, one of these new groups was an underground nationalist guerrilla group called the
745:
In the wake of the student demonstrations of 1999, many members of the Pan-Iranist Party were arrested and nine members of the party leadership, including
Pezeshkpour himself, were summoned to the
756:
In the summer of 2004, an attempt by a motorist, allegedly an undercover operative of the
Ministry of Intelligence, on the life of Mohsen Pezeshkpour failed in front of his residence in Tehran.
783:
The differences between
Forouhar and Pezeshkpour lay mostly in organizational structure and policy, though there were also specific ideological differences. Forouhar strongly believed in
577:
writers, teachers, students, and activists. The party was the first organization to officially adopt the pan-Iranist position, which believed in the solidarity and reunification of the
632:), believed in working against the system. Mellat Iran was far more fervently nationalist than the former party and strongly supported and was allied with the national movement of
620:
came to a disagreement as to how the party should operate, and a division occurred. The Pezeskpour faction, which retained the party name, believed in working within the system of
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rise above all others, otherwise risking oblivion. This symbolism and philosophy also played a crucial role in dividing Forouhar and Pezeshkpour.
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The Pan-Iranist Party was later founded by two of the members of the revenge group and two other students in the mid-to-late 1940s in
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wear uniforms. Beginning in the late 1960s, Pezeshkpour also had several personal bodyguards assigned to always protect him.
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The invasion of Iran by Anglo-Soviet armies in the early 20th century led to insecurity among Iranians who saw the king,
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and cooperation with other Iranian parties, including leftist-oriented groups, whereas Pezeshkpour believed in a more
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855:
749:. The charges made against them included distribution of anti-government propaganda in the official party newspaper,
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and considered a semi-opposition within the regime, allowed to operate until officially denouncing Iran's assent to
1866:
1779:
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Reza Kermani died on January 30, 2013, due to health issues brought upon him by the 18 months imprisonment within
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in 1978, Pezeshkpour and other politicians who had been allied with the Shah fled the country into exile.
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704:
648:
569:. Though the pan-Iranist movement had been active throughout the 1930s, it had been a loosely organized
1737:
421:. The party is not registered and is technically banned, however it continues to operate inside Iran.
1198:
Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini
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cooperate with other opposition groups. They continue to maintain the original party symbolism.
1789:
1722:
1119:
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637:
481:
79:
1084:
Weinbaum, Marvin (1973), "Iran finds a party system: the institutionalization of Iran Novin",
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1815:
621:
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Mark J. Gasiorowski (1987). "Disintegration of Iranian National Front: Causes and Motives".
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Social Movements in Twentieth-century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks
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In the early 1990s, Pezeshkpour wrote a letter of apology to the new Supreme Leader,
723:
after the collapse of the provisional government, all nationalist groups, as well as
679:, Iran mostly became a one-party dictatorship under the Imperial Resurrection Party (
566:
378:
1503:
1255:
1115:
The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-power Conflict
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605:
522:, powerless against such foreign presence in the country. There were soldiers from
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241:
232:
165:
151:
715:. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which eventually saw the rise to power of
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of the post-1979 Iranian government, as well as of the external threats posed by
425:
688:
Pezeshkpour remained active in the Majlis and spoke out against British rule in
341:
1578:
1169:
The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution
720:
712:
667:
659:
452:
1259:
1896:
1058:
Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule
788:
767:, where many have deemed conditions inhumane and criticized internationally.
663:
604:
in the parliament between 1967 and 1971. He was an MP from 1975 to 1979 with
559:
543:
336:
1752:
968:. Independent Advisory Group on Country. 31 August 2010. pp. 230, 234.
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1311:
Ahmadi, Hamid (2020). "Nationalism in Iran". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.).
1099:
270:
246:
1298:
Both Eastern and Western: An Intellectual History of Iranian Modernity
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779:
Zahra Gholamipour, former party's Secretary-General from 2006 to 2018
728:
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593:
539:
519:
1410:
Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran: Thugs, Turncoats, Soldiers, and Spooks
21:
716:
600:, the party's co-founder and leader from 1967 to 1997, represented
689:
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The party's symbol was a crossed-out equal sign (≠), signifying
692:, which Iran claimed. He established a residence in the city of
809:
672:
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in 1971. The party was forced to close down and merge into the
193:
443:
It is an occasional supporter of the major nationalist party,
531:
473:
either. Rather, it advocates the cultural integration of the
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197:
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in 2009 and its discourse was revived in the 2010s by the
1544:
Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader
1449:
1020:. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. p. 90.
805:
451:
with respect to its ideology. Pan-Iranist Party was an
1353:
1018:
Into the Shadows: Radical Vigilantes in Khatami's Iran
546:, present in the country, especially in the capital,
408:
1280:
1040:
896:
1356:"Pan-Iranism: New Tactics of Conservatives in Iran"
1245:
1195:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
624:. The Forouhar faction, which adopted a new name,
1688:Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers
1325:
1281:Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018).
1041:Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018).
1894:
1733:Association of the Women of the Islamic Republic
1596:Society of Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution
1703:Islamic Association of Iranian Medical Society
480:The Pan-Iranist Party spoke supportive of the
1758:Islamic Iran Freedom and Justice Organization
1708:Islamic Association of University Instructors
1591:Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution
1470:
1645:Progress and Justice Society of Islamic Iran
1295:
1283:Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook
1043:Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook
963:"COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: IRAN"
488:who tactically adopted its positions amidst
1713:Association of Followers of the Imam's Line
1603:Association of Islamic Revolution Loyalists
1313:Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics
1111:
1843:Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists
1673:Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front
1477:
1463:
1412:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
1378:
1376:
1300:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
1254:(3). Cambridge University Press: 261–286.
1118:. University of California Press. p.
981:
644:) with other Iranian nationalist leaders.
1586:Front of Transformationalist Principlists
1559:Islamic Association of Physicians of Iran
1285:. Syracuse University Press. p. 344.
1060:. Harvard University Press. p. 253.
1045:. Syracuse University Press. p. 344.
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1354:Nozhan Etezadosaltaneh (4 August 2016).
1328:"Women At Forefront Of Iranian Protests"
1083:
804:. This was about foreign powers such as
774:
592:
1407:
1382:
1373:
1220:
1146:. Psychology Press. 2002. p. 416.
1112:Chubin, Shahram; Zabih, Sepehr (1974).
1079:
1077:
991:. Princeton University Press. pp.
957:
955:
1895:
1385:50 years history with the Pan-Iranists
1310:
1166:
647:The party was allegedly funded by the
413:) is an opposition political party in
1928:Political parties established in 1951
1650:Modern Thinkers Party of Islamic Iran
1623:Front of Islamic Revolution Stability
1458:
1144:The Middle East and North Africa 2003
1055:
1015:
977:
975:
1770:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
1074:
952:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1537:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
824:
455:organization and regularly battled
428:, the party was represented in the
398:
13:
1800:Union of Islamic Iran People Party
1326:Golnaz Esfandiari (22 June 2009).
972:
490:Iran–Saudi disagreements and clash
14:
1949:
1443:
1200:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 211, 272.
1913:Banned political parties in Iran
1780:Moderation and Development Party
1728:Will of the Iranian Nation Party
1698:Islamic Association of Engineers
1683:Executives of Construction Party
1678:Association of Combatant Clerics
1628:Resistance Front of Islamic Iran
1486:
1225:. Lexington Books. p. 147.
913:
899:
502:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
340:
335:
20:
1693:Islamic Association of Teachers
1493:Political organizations in Iran
1426:
1401:
1387:. Los Angeles, CA: Ketab Corp.
1347:
1333:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1319:
1304:
1289:
1274:
1239:
1214:
1189:
831:Pan-Iranist parliamentary group
770:
210:Pan-Iranist parliamentary group
31:needs additional citations for
1743:Office for Strengthening Unity
1315:. Routledge. pp. 265–279.
1160:
1136:
1105:
1049:
1034:
1009:
1:
1718:Islamic Iran Solidarity Party
1633:Development and Justice Party
1296:Matin-Asgari, Afshin (2018).
946:
562:(also known as the Anjoman).
555:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
506:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
495:
1838:Movement of Militant Muslims
1608:Summit of Freethinkers Party
1569:Islamic Society of Employees
1554:Islamic Society of Engineers
1532:Combatant Clergy Association
1248:The 1953 Coup d'Etat in Iran
1196:Houchang E. Chehabi (1990).
988:Iran Between Two Revolutions
475:Iranian civilizational basin
7:
1918:Nationalist parties in Iran
1908:1951 establishments in Iran
1826:Party of the Iranian People
1574:Islamic Society of Athletes
1564:Islamic Society of Students
1408:Rahnema, Ali (2014-11-24).
1360:International Policy Digest
1171:. I.B.Tauris. p. 381.
892:
747:Islamic Revolutionary Court
705:Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani
649:Central Intelligence Agency
409:
177:; 83 years ago
118:Political party in Iran
10:
1954:
1903:Far-right politics in Iran
1738:Islamic Assembly of Ladies
1450:Official Site (in Persian)
1056:Azimi, Fakhreddin (2008).
828:
588:
499:
1861:
1808:
1663:
1613:Fadayeen of Islam Society
1517:
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1260:10.1017/s0020743800056737
1221:Poulson, Stephen (2006).
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123:
1933:Banned far-right parties
1765:Popular Party of Reforms
1509:House of Parties of Iran
1549:Islamic Coalition Party
1383:Engheta, Naser (2001).
1087:The Middle East Journal
1016:Rubin, Michael (2001).
514:Revenge group (Anjoman)
266:Political position
141:Dr. Sohrab Azam Zangane
1938:Anti-communist parties
1790:The Green Path of Hope
1167:Milani, Abbas (2000).
780:
731:movements such as the
709:provisional government
638:National Front of Iran
636:, who had founded the
609:
482:Iranian Green Movement
1874:Banned/Exiled parties
884:20 / 1,068 (2%)
778:
622:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
596:
434:Bahraini independence
1853:Nation Party of Iran
1785:National Trust Party
1775:Kurdish United Front
1748:Islamic Labour Party
1434:"RFE/RL Iran Report"
934:Nation Party of Iran
751:National Sovereignty
630:Nation of Iran Party
40:improve this article
1923:Iranian nationalism
719:to the position of
457:Tudeh Party of Iran
229:Iranian nationalism
55:"Pan-Iranist Party"
1809:Anti-establishment
983:Abrahamian, Ervand
867:5 / 219 (2%)
861:Mohsen Pezeshkpour
781:
699:With the onset of
677:Amir Abbas Hoveyda
634:Mohammad Mossadegh
614:Mohsen Pezeshkpour
610:
598:Mohsen Pezeshkpour
213:(1967–71; 1978–79)
205:Parliamentary wing
162:Mohsen Pezeshkpour
131:Ḥezb-e Pān-Irānist
1890:
1889:
1848:Pan-Iranist Party
1618:Ansar-e Hezbollah
1527:The Two Societies
1394:978-1-883819-56-9
1002:978-0-691-10134-7
890:
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765:Gohardasht Prison
567:Tehran University
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391:Pan-Iranist Party
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374:Political parties
138:General Secretary
126:Pan-Iranist Party
116:
115:
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618:Dariush Forouhar
510:Persian Corridor
438:Resurgence Party
412:
410:Ḥezb-e Pān-Irāni
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369:Politics of Iran
360:
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581:inhabiting the
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426:Pahlavi dynasty
417:that advocates
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
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1872:
1865:
1847:
1753:Worker House
1519:Principlists
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1363:. Retrieved
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771:Organization
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573:alliance of
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257:Expansionism
236:
190:Headquarters
147:Spokesperson
102:
96:October 2009
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1655:YEKTA Front
1638:Green Party
907:Iran portal
733:Tudeh Party
668:coup d'etat
642:Jebhe Melli
626:Mellat Iran
575:nationalist
571:grass roots
536:New Zealand
470:pan-Turkist
466:pan-Arabist
449:nationalist
424:During the
419:pan-Iranism
252:Irredentism
237:Historical:
225:Pan-Iranism
1897:Categories
1821:Iran Party
1795:NEDA Party
1665:Reformists
947:References
847:Seats won
829:See also:
817:symbolic.
802:inequality
701:revolution
666:sponsored
658:After the
500:See also:
496:Background
447:, and was
430:Parliament
330:Party flag
305:Parliament
271:Right-wing
247:Chauvinism
66:newspapers
1268:154201459
841:Election
785:democracy
729:communist
725:socialist
682:Rastakhiz
612:In 1951,
606:Rastakhiz
540:Australia
520:Reza Shah
440:in 1975.
404:romanized
379:Elections
1365:16 March
1339:16 March
985:(1982).
893:See also
717:Khomeini
664:American
653:TPBEDAMN
651:through
220:Ideology
1100:4325140
993:257–258
806:Britain
690:Bahrain
660:British
608:ticket.
589:History
544:America
528:England
406::
395:Persian
349:Website
311:0 / 290
277:Colours
180: (
172:Founded
158:Founder
80:scholar
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942:(1970)
936:(1951)
810:Russia
673:Majlis
548:Tehran
524:Russia
512:, and
296:
290:
288:White
286:
284:Green
282:
194:Tehran
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1264:S2CID
1096:JSTOR
966:(PDF)
878:Local
874:1968
852:1967
838:Year
532:India
87:JSTOR
73:books
1414:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1367:2017
1341:2017
1227:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1022:ISBN
997:ISBN
808:and
727:and
616:and
553:The
468:and
415:Iran
389:The
358:.com
198:Iran
182:1941
175:1941
59:news
1256:doi
711:of
685:).
292:Red
42:by
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36:.
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