753:, stating that he wished to return to Iran and promised to stay out of politics for good. Khamenei accepted the apology and allowed Pezeshkpour to return so he would not resume his previous political activities. However, some time afterwards, Pezeshkpour became active in politics once again and reestablished the Pan-Iranist Party in Iran. He reformed the party structure and abandoned much of the old organizational ideology that Forouhar had opposed and originally led to the division. However, the Pan-Iranist Party and Mellat Iran did not reconcile and continued to function as separate organizations.
353:
348:
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1195:"Confidential Airgram: Pan Iranist Party, August 30, 1967." In another dispatch called "the Noisy Pan Iranists in Parliament" the embassy reports that "it should be emphasized that for many of these men-particularly the older ones- membership in the party has brought tangible rewards. Largely because of its close SAVAK connections, the party has been able to advance the careers of its members." NA, "The Noisy Pan Iranists in the Parliament, January 27, 1968."
33:
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Several reports from the
American Embassy in Tehran refer to the Pan Iranist Party as one whose leadership was controlled by the government. For example, one report indicated, "Pan lranist deputies elected ... to Majlis can be expected to serve primarily as a propaganda instrument." National Archive,
483:
aimed at ruining Iran's territorial integrity and cultural-civilizational heritage. Unlike pan-Arabist and pan-Turkist parties in the region, the pan-Iranist party does not advocate the return of Iran's former lands through irredentist plans, and its political program does not incorporate such plans
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and symbolized the Pan-Iranist view that Iran must uphold its national sovereignty and interests above all else. According to the party's literature, the philosophical meaning attributed to this symbol was that, in reality, there is no equality amongst nations and that each nation must struggle to
807:
structure, with members assigned military ranks and titles. All male and female active members wore uniforms to party functions. Forouhar also strongly opposed this, though this paramilitary nature was largely symbolic, and party members did not carry weapons. Ordinary members were not required to
827:
Other nationalists often criticized
Pezeshkpour for not supporting Mossadegh and his role in Shah's government as Speaker of Majlis, as this position had no real power. Nationalist leaders viewed the failure of his opposition to the separation of Bahrain as evidence that his function was strictly
831:
When
Pezeshkpour set about restoring the party after returning to Iran, he and other former party leaders renounced the former paramilitary structure of the organization as well as its authoritarianism, instead proclaiming their commitment to plurality and democracy, as well as a willingness to
707:, which at the time was home to some of the most exclusive neighbourhoods in Iran and also became his base of operations. In Khuzestan, the party was, for the first time, able to become a dominant influence, whereas in the rest of Iran, the party continued to have very little effect.
718:, a party co-founder, was sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Court and subsequently executed in May 1979. Nationalist movements such as Mellat Iran and the National Front, which had been opposed to the Shah, remained in the country and played a crucial role in the revolutionary
470:
mobs in the streets of Tehran. In the context of the 1940s, it is described as a "secular ultranationalist party", whereas in that of the mid-1960s, it is described as a "secular nationalist" party. Nowadays, the party is marked by being against the
802:
approach and opposed alliances with non-nationalist organizations. However, alliances with other nationalist groups were rare or non-existent as most were officially banned. Under
Pezeshkpour, the Pan-Iranist Party also took on a decidedly
770:
During
January, 2011, co-founder of the Pan Iranist Party, Mohsen Pezeshkpour was announced dead when under house arrest by the Iranian Government. As a result, Reza Kermani was declared the new General Secretary of the Pan Iranist Party.
686:, with Pezeshkpour as Speaker. However, in reality, the party had very little political power and influence and its position was primarily intended to be symbolic. Beginning in the late 1960s, under the government of
681:
against
Mossadegh, the Shah assumed dictatorial powers and outlawed almost all political groups, including Mellat Iran and the National Front. The Pan-Iranist Party soon became the official opposition in the
568:
influenced a series of student movements in 1941 where nationalism was gaining popularity more than ever among
Iranians, one of these new groups was an underground nationalist guerrilla group called the
756:
In the wake of the student demonstrations of 1999, many members of the Pan-Iranist Party were arrested and nine members of the party leadership, including
Pezeshkpour himself, were summoned to the
767:
In the summer of 2004, an attempt by a motorist, allegedly an undercover operative of the
Ministry of Intelligence, on the life of Mohsen Pezeshkpour failed in front of his residence in Tehran.
794:
The differences between
Forouhar and Pezeshkpour lay mostly in organizational structure and policy, though there were also specific ideological differences. Forouhar strongly believed in
588:
writers, teachers, students, and activists. The party was the first organization to officially adopt the pan-Iranist position, which believed in the solidarity and reunification of the
643:), believed in working against the system. Mellat Iran was far more fervently nationalist than the former party and strongly supported and was allied with the national movement of
631:
came to a disagreement as to how the party should operate, and a division occurred. The Pezeskpour faction, which retained the party name, believed in working within the system of
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rise above all others, otherwise risking oblivion. This symbolism and philosophy also played a crucial role in dividing Forouhar and Pezeshkpour.
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The Pan-Iranist Party was later founded by two of the members of the revenge group and two other students in the mid-to-late 1940s in
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wear uniforms. Beginning in the late 1960s, Pezeshkpour also had several personal bodyguards assigned to always protect him.
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The invasion of Iran by Anglo-Soviet armies in the early 20th century led to insecurity among Iranians who saw the king,
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and cooperation with other Iranian parties, including leftist-oriented groups, whereas Pezeshkpour believed in a more
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760:. The charges made against them included distribution of anti-government propaganda in the official party newspaper,
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and considered a semi-opposition within the regime, allowed to operate until officially denouncing Iran's assent to
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Reza Kermani died on January 30, 2013, due to health issues brought upon him by the 18 months imprisonment within
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in 1978, Pezeshkpour and other politicians who had been allied with the Shah fled the country into exile.
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659:
580:. Though the pan-Iranist movement had been active throughout the 1930s, it had been a loosely organized
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432:. The party is not registered and is technically banned, however it continues to operate inside Iran.
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Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini
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cooperate with other opposition groups. They continue to maintain the original party symbolism.
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1095:
Weinbaum, Marvin (1973), "Iran finds a party system: the institutionalization of Iran Novin",
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Mark J. Gasiorowski (1987). "Disintegration of Iranian National Front: Causes and Motives".
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Social Movements in Twentieth-century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks
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In the early 1990s, Pezeshkpour wrote a letter of apology to the new Supreme Leader,
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after the collapse of the provisional government, all nationalist groups, as well as
690:, Iran mostly became a one-party dictatorship under the Imperial Resurrection Party (
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389:
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The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-power Conflict
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533:, powerless against such foreign presence in the country. There were soldiers from
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726:. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, which eventually saw the rise to power of
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of the post-1979 Iranian government, as well as of the external threats posed by
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Pezeshkpour remained active in the Majlis and spoke out against British rule in
352:
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The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution
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670:
463:
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1907:
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Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule
799:
778:, where many have deemed conditions inhumane and criticized internationally.
674:
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in the parliament between 1967 and 1971. He was an MP from 1975 to 1979 with
570:
554:
347:
1763:
979:. Independent Advisory Group on Country. 31 August 2010. pp. 230, 234.
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Ahmadi, Hamid (2020). "Nationalism in Iran". In Kamrava, Mehran (ed.).
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257:
1309:
Both Eastern and Western: An Intellectual History of Iranian Modernity
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790:
Zahra Gholamipour, former party's Secretary-General from 2006 to 2018
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604:
550:
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Behind the 1953 Coup in Iran: Thugs, Turncoats, Soldiers, and Spooks
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611:, the party's co-founder and leader from 1967 to 1997, represented
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The party's symbol was a crossed-out equal sign (≠), signifying
703:, which Iran claimed. He established a residence in the city of
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in 1971. The party was forced to close down and merge into the
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It is an occasional supporter of the major nationalist party,
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either. Rather, it advocates the cultural integration of the
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in 2009 and its discourse was revived in the 2010s by the
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Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader
1460:
1031:. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. p. 90.
816:
462:
with respect to its ideology. Pan-Iranist Party was an
1364:
1029:
Into the Shadows: Radical Vigilantes in Khatami's Iran
557:, present in the country, especially in the capital,
419:
1291:
1051:
907:
1367:"Pan-Iranism: New Tactics of Conservatives in Iran"
1256:
1206:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
635:. The Forouhar faction, which adopted a new name,
1699:Assembly of Qom Seminary Scholars and Researchers
1336:
1292:Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018).
1052:Boroujerdi, Mehrzad; Rahimkhani, Kourosh (2018).
1905:
1744:Association of the Women of the Islamic Republic
1607:Society of Pathseekers of the Islamic Revolution
1714:Islamic Association of Iranian Medical Society
491:The Pan-Iranist Party spoke supportive of the
1769:Islamic Iran Freedom and Justice Organization
1719:Islamic Association of University Instructors
1602:Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution
1481:
1656:Progress and Justice Society of Islamic Iran
1306:
1294:Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook
1054:Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook
974:"COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: IRAN"
499:who tactically adopted its positions amidst
1724:Association of Followers of the Imam's Line
1614:Association of Islamic Revolution Loyalists
1324:Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics
1122:
1854:Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists
1684:Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front
1488:
1474:
1423:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
1389:
1387:
1311:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
1265:(3). Cambridge University Press: 261–286.
1129:. University of California Press. p.
992:
655:) with other Iranian nationalist leaders.
1597:Front of Transformationalist Principlists
1570:Islamic Association of Physicians of Iran
1296:. Syracuse University Press. p. 344.
1071:. Harvard University Press. p. 253.
1056:. Syracuse University Press. p. 344.
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1365:Nozhan Etezadosaltaneh (4 August 2016).
1339:"Women At Forefront Of Iranian Protests"
1094:
815:. This was about foreign powers such as
785:
603:
1418:
1393:
1384:
1231:
1157:. Psychology Press. 2002. p. 416.
1123:Chubin, Shahram; Zabih, Sepehr (1974).
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1088:
1002:. Princeton University Press. pp.
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966:
14:
1906:
1396:50 years history with the Pan-Iranists
1321:
1177:
658:The party was allegedly funded by the
424:) is an opposition political party in
1939:Political parties established in 1951
1661:Modern Thinkers Party of Islamic Iran
1634:Front of Islamic Revolution Stability
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1155:The Middle East and North Africa 2003
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988:
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1781:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
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963:
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
1548:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom
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466:organization and regularly battled
439:, the party was represented in the
409:
24:
1811:Union of Islamic Iran People Party
1337:Golnaz Esfandiari (22 June 2009).
983:
501:Iran–Saudi disagreements and clash
25:
1960:
1454:
1211:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 211, 272.
1924:Banned political parties in Iran
1791:Moderation and Development Party
1739:Will of the Iranian Nation Party
1709:Islamic Association of Engineers
1694:Executives of Construction Party
1689:Association of Combatant Clerics
1639:Resistance Front of Islamic Iran
1497:
1236:. Lexington Books. p. 147.
924:
910:
513:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
351:
346:
31:
1704:Islamic Association of Teachers
1504:Political organizations in Iran
1437:
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1398:. Los Angeles, CA: Ketab Corp.
1358:
1344:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
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1315:
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842:Pan-Iranist parliamentary group
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221:Pan-Iranist parliamentary group
42:needs additional citations for
1754:Office for Strengthening Unity
1326:. Routledge. pp. 265–279.
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1147:
1116:
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1020:
13:
1:
1729:Islamic Iran Solidarity Party
1644:Development and Justice Party
1307:Matin-Asgari, Afshin (2018).
957:
573:(also known as the Anjoman).
566:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
517:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
506:
1849:Movement of Militant Muslims
1619:Summit of Freethinkers Party
1580:Islamic Society of Employees
1565:Islamic Society of Engineers
1543:Combatant Clergy Association
1259:The 1953 Coup d'Etat in Iran
1207:Houchang E. Chehabi (1990).
999:Iran Between Two Revolutions
486:Iranian civilizational basin
7:
1929:Nationalist parties in Iran
1919:1951 establishments in Iran
1837:Party of the Iranian People
1585:Islamic Society of Athletes
1575:Islamic Society of Students
1419:Rahnema, Ali (2014-11-24).
1371:International Policy Digest
1182:. I.B.Tauris. p. 381.
903:
758:Islamic Revolutionary Court
716:Mohammad Reza Ameli Tehrani
660:Central Intelligence Agency
420:
188:; 83 years ago
129:Political party in Iran
10:
1965:
1914:Far-right politics in Iran
1749:Islamic Assembly of Ladies
1461:Official Site (in Persian)
1067:Azimi, Fakhreddin (2008).
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1624:Fadayeen of Islam Society
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18:Pan-Iranist Party of Iran
1944:Banned far-right parties
1776:Popular Party of Reforms
1520:House of Parties of Iran
1560:Islamic Coalition Party
1394:Engheta, Naser (2001).
1098:The Middle East Journal
1027:Rubin, Michael (2001).
525:Revenge group (Anjoman)
277:Political position
152:Dr. Sohrab Azam Zangane
1949:Anti-communist parties
1801:The Green Path of Hope
1178:Milani, Abbas (2000).
791:
742:movements such as the
720:provisional government
649:National Front of Iran
647:, who had founded the
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493:Iranian Green Movement
1885:Banned/Exiled parties
895:20 / 1,068 (2%)
789:
633:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
607:
445:Bahraini independence
1864:Nation Party of Iran
1796:National Trust Party
1786:Kurdish United Front
1759:Islamic Labour Party
1445:"RFE/RL Iran Report"
945:Nation Party of Iran
762:National Sovereignty
641:Nation of Iran Party
51:improve this article
1934:Iranian nationalism
730:to the position of
468:Tudeh Party of Iran
240:Iranian nationalism
66:"Pan-Iranist Party"
1820:Anti-establishment
994:Abrahamian, Ervand
878:5 / 219 (2%)
872:Mohsen Pezeshkpour
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710:With the onset of
688:Amir Abbas Hoveyda
645:Mohammad Mossadegh
625:Mohsen Pezeshkpour
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609:Mohsen Pezeshkpour
224:(1967–71; 1978–79)
216:Parliamentary wing
173:Mohsen Pezeshkpour
142:Ḥezb-e Pān-Irānist
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1629:Ansar-e Hezbollah
1538:The Two Societies
1405:978-1-883819-56-9
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68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
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1883:
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1858:
1764:Worker House
1530:Principlists
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1374:. Retrieved
1370:
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782:Organization
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751:Ali Khamenei
748:
709:
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613:Khorramshahr
584:alliance of
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473:pan-Islamism
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401:
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334:
268:Expansionism
247:
201:Headquarters
158:Spokesperson
113:
107:October 2009
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1666:YEKTA Front
1649:Green Party
918:Iran portal
744:Tudeh Party
679:coup d'etat
653:Jebhe Melli
637:Mellat Iran
586:nationalist
582:grass roots
547:New Zealand
481:pan-Turkist
477:pan-Arabist
460:nationalist
435:During the
430:pan-Iranism
263:Irredentism
248:Historical:
236:Pan-Iranism
1908:Categories
1832:Iran Party
1806:NEDA Party
1676:Reformists
958:References
858:Seats won
840:See also:
828:symbolic.
813:inequality
712:revolution
677:sponsored
669:After the
511:See also:
507:Background
458:, and was
441:Parliament
341:Party flag
316:Parliament
282:Right-wing
258:Chauvinism
77:newspapers
1279:154201459
852:Election
796:democracy
740:communist
736:socialist
693:Rastakhiz
623:In 1951,
617:Rastakhiz
551:Australia
531:Reza Shah
451:in 1975.
415:romanized
390:Elections
1376:16 March
1350:16 March
996:(1982).
904:See also
728:Khomeini
675:American
664:TPBEDAMN
662:through
231:Ideology
1111:4325140
1004:257–258
817:Britain
701:Bahrain
671:British
619:ticket.
600:History
555:America
539:England
417::
406:Persian
360:Website
322:0 / 290
288:Colours
191: (
183:Founded
169:Founder
91:scholar
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953:(1970)
947:(1951)
821:Russia
684:Majlis
559:Tehran
535:Russia
523:, and
307:
301:
299:White
297:
295:Green
293:
205:Tehran
93:
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72:
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1275:S2CID
1107:JSTOR
977:(PDF)
889:Local
885:1968
863:1967
849:Year
543:India
98:JSTOR
84:books
1425:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1378:2017
1352:2017
1238:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1008:ISBN
819:and
738:and
627:and
564:The
479:and
426:Iran
400:The
369:.com
209:Iran
193:1941
186:1941
70:news
1267:doi
722:of
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303:Red
53:by
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