44:
2095:, before the 1830s is fairly limited. European traders were threatened with panyarring on occasions when disputes arose, but it did not reach the level it did along the Gold Coast. In the mid-19th century however, documentation shows a number of examples of panyarring occurring as a form of political struggle between the various tribes. Chiefs could allow panyarring within their territory, decide to use panyarring in rivalry with other chiefs, or agree to panyarring in exchange for money. Historian Olatunji Ojo has discovered a number of cases in Yorubaland of such activities, including, in 1879, the deputy king of a city called Itebu who panyarred a
2120:
2184:, for transport to the Americas. Among those included were the sons and daughters of the king of Bimbia who gathered significant slaves and ivory to pay for their release, but the British captain would not release them and sailed away. As a result, the locals panyarred two other British ships in retaliation until a Dutch ship captured the British ship and returned to Bimbia with the persons held on the ship. Throughout the coast, Europeans and Africans participated in panyarring more rarely until it became nonexistent in the early 20th century.
1800:
2027:
1964:
2080:
1991:. Debts could be real or invented, persons would be seized, and quickly sold to European slavers and transported before families of those persons seized could respond. In addition, slave traders operating away from the coast were sometimes panyarred before they could reach the port cities and all the slaves they were bringing to the ports would be seized and quickly sold.
2155:, requiring that all debt disputes be handled in royal courts. When Dahomey conquered Allada and Whydah the practice was banned. Although the kingdom was known for its militarism and slave raids, Dahomey did not use panyarring and the practice was not prominent along what was known as the Slave Coast in the 18th and 19th centuries.
1891:
Panyarring could include the person who was provided credit, a member of that person's family, or even a member of the community or a trade associate of that person (as a result of the belief in collective responsibility for debts). In addition to forcing debt repayment, panyarring could also be used to force a person to a
1873:
of
Liverpool or Bristol play tricks...the Friends and Relations never Fail, with the First opportunity to revenge it. They... panyarr the Boats' Crew who trust themselves foolishly on Shore; and now and then, by dissembling a friendship, have come on Board, Surprised and Murdered a Whole Ship's Company
2046:
The active panyarring along the Gold Coast in the 17th and 18th centuries eventually resulted in a situation where communities were extremely vulnerable to its members being seized and sold in the slave trade or held for payment. Travel between communities became very dangerous and even working alone
2022:
Europeans would use panyarring in order to secure food or goods when it seemed opportune. One
British commander noted that whenever the English wanted any goat, sheep, or chicken, they would simply go into the town and take the animal. The owner would then come to the British fort and be paid for the
1872:
Here it is used also for stealing anything else; and, by Custom, (their Law,) every man has a Right to seize of another, at any
Conveniency, so much as he can prove himself afterwards at that Palaver court to have been defrauded of, by any body in the same place he was Cheated... If any of our Ships
2110:
Panyarring thus was a prime cause of deteriorating relations between different Yoruba chiefs, causing significant periods of tensions between different groups and directly causing the Ondo-Ikale war of 1891. With
British expansion in the 1880s and 1890s, panyarring decreased in importance throughout
1983:
polities without an organized central power. With the increase of slave trading, panyarring became a means of seizing persons, sometimes regardless of whether there was a pre-existing loan agreement and holding them hostage, selling them into slavery, or simply seizing their goods. It also regulated
1890:
In contrast to pawnship, panyarring involved the arbitrary seizure of persons in order to force repayment for a debt or to recoup the loss by selling the person into slavery. Panyarring was one of many forms of debt repayment in the region, but was one of the most extreme forms of forcing repayment.
1777:
came to be a prominent economic force along the
Atlantic coast, panyarring became a means for securing additional persons to trade, disrupting the trade of rivals, in some instances of protecting members of a person's family from being taken in the slave trade, and a political and economic tool used
2147:
in the 1720s and established control over part of the
Atlantic coast and became one of the main participants in the slave trade. Allada and Whydah had been prominent users of panyarring for much of their contact with Europeans. The king of Allada, toward the end of the 17th century, was recorded as
2034:
The
British and the Dutch incorporated panyarring into their competitive strategies with one another. African traders and merchants associated with the other power would be panyarred in order to disrupt the trade or attempt to change the allegiance of the trader. For example, in 1688 in the port of
1955:. The lengthy trade networks from hundreds of miles inland to the coast required similarly complex forms of credit relationships and pawnship was used extensively by both Africans and European traders. However, it had different system and structure in each different area along the Atlantic coast.
2002:
Both
Europeans and Africans began using panyarring as an extension of political and economic policies in the region and for a range of purported offenses. For example, in 1709 British slave traders were upset with an African slave trader who allegedly sold them a "mad" slave. When the dispute
2171:
along the coast of Africa. Other than the Gold Coast or
Yorubaland, panyarring never reached significant levels. Lovejoy and Richardson claim that the prevalence of panyarring is largely related to the structure and ability for debt repayment through authorized channels. When credit and debt
1785:
in 1838. The
British took a strong stance against panyarring when they established their administration on the coast and banned the practice in 1903. The prominence of the activity decreased and it has not been widely used in West Africa since that time. Pawnship was a form of slavery.
1822:
in that the arrangement could include limited, specific terms of services to be provided and because kinship ties would protect the person from being sold into slavery. Pawnship was a common practice prior to European contact throughout West Africa, including amongst the
1769:
where members of a family borrowing money would be pledged as collateral to the family providing credit until the repayment of the debt. Panyarring though is different from this practice as it involves the forced seizure of persons when a debt was not repaid.
2039:, a powerful African trader loyal to the British, and although he was quickly released they kept all of the goods he had carried with him. This insult to Cabess may have been a prominent contributor to the attacks he launched against the Dutch starting the
1998:
chief's sons who had been pawns in an arrangement were sold to a European slave ship. The chief, Robin John Ephraim, was left with little choice but to panyar the ships and release his sons and other members of his tribe seized for the slave trade.
1542:
1979:, panyarring became a tool used in the slave trade and in the contest between the Dutch, British, and other European powers for trade along the coast. Politically, in the 18th century, that area of Africa was populated by a number of fragmented
2148:
threatening local traders who were in default on loans that "all their wives would be taken." Similarly, Whydah was known for being particularly hard on debtors because it allowed panyarring of persons or goods whenever loans were not paid.
2066:
and chaos which followed. Panyarring then became an active means of securing repayment of debt and for political and economic ends again. In 1902, the British took over the Ashanti area and created the area of modern-day Ghana into a formal
2071:. One of the first achievements of the new administration was to end the practice of panyarring in the colony. They brought persons engaged in panyarring to court and punished them resulting in a large-scale end of the practice by 1903.
2175:
However, panyarring did still affect trade relationships throughout the coast at a number of points. The most prominent was the Bimbia affair. In 1788, a British trader bought 30 persons held in pawnship in
1537:
2062:
banned the practice of panyarring around 1838. This prohibition required use of the military and administrative function of the Ashanti, and was continued until 1883 until the overthrow of
1899:, a court-like process for repayment of loss. Evidence of panyarring prior to European contact is scant and not well documented, and it is generally believed to have been rarely used.
2047:
away from communities could make one vulnerable to seizure. Initially, communities adopted practices to try to protect themselves from panyarring practices with the creation of
1668:
1761:
was the practice of seizing and holding persons until the repayment of debt or resolution of a dispute which became a common activity along the Atlantic coast of
1527:
1058:
1412:
784:
521:
1148:
789:
1939:
of pawnship. Gradually, the word became commonly used by Europeans to describe the practice of seizing a person for repayment of debt or to remedy an
2043:(1694–1700), a conflict where the British, Dutch, and African parties used panyarring regularly as an extension of the attacks against other parties.
481:
836:
1616:
2003:
increased, the African slave traders panyarred the British captain and held him until both sides negotiated an outcome. Similarly, in 1797
1532:
1382:
2015:
when members of the village had refused to repay debts to British officers because those officers had died. Dalzel held the priest at the
863:
1609:
361:
1995:
811:
1582:
1402:
575:
1745:
2463:
846:
264:
1424:
1101:
873:
1814:
in West Africa, which involved the pledge of a person (or a member of the person's family) to service to a person providing
2468:
1621:
1577:
1220:
2099:
in exchange for a small fee from another Mahi man who accused the first of adultery with one of his wives. Similarly, an
1984:
relationships between the different communities by bringing persons to palaver courts for settlement in front of a judge.
1663:
1295:
955:
806:
602:
511:
1683:
1372:
1126:
1500:
1377:
801:
570:
437:
1636:
841:
826:
772:
457:
447:
442:
271:
127:
2245:
Paul E. Lovejoy and David Richardson (2001). "The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600–1810".
1347:
2458:
2030:
The neighboring British and Dutch forts at Komenda, the sites of numerous hostilities and significant panyarring.
1631:
1397:
203:
1096:
1084:
664:
476:
122:
1673:
1451:
312:
1678:
1517:
1387:
1048:
816:
796:
356:
324:
43:
1878:
1738:
1688:
1407:
1325:
452:
233:
53:
2448:
2058:
rose to prominence and began consolidating authority it tried to end the practice of panyarring. King
1592:
1444:
1429:
1320:
516:
186:
1693:
1587:
1118:
1106:
696:
669:
174:
1468:
1337:
890:
679:
164:
65:
344:
2299:
Ojo, Olatunji (2007). ""Èmú" (Àmúyá): The Yoruba Institution of Panyarring or Seizure for Debt".
2119:
1658:
1392:
1342:
1270:
1043:
821:
765:
748:
179:
2374:
Henige, David (1977). "John Kabes of Komenda: An Early African Entrepreneur and State Builder".
2163:
Panyarring has been described in some form during the 18th and 19th centuries from present-day
1731:
1700:
1200:
941:
853:
701:
425:
391:
386:
1807:
2453:
1562:
1417:
1330:
1315:
997:
985:
731:
716:
501:
276:
198:
169:
1988:
1952:
1811:
1774:
1765:
in the 18th and 19th centuries. The practice developed from pawnship, a common practice in
1705:
1604:
1567:
1495:
1439:
1308:
1265:
1079:
1009:
684:
464:
366:
250:
157:
8:
1972:
1951:
Panyarring became a large-scale activity in West Africa largely with the increase in the
1928:
1908:
1188:
1168:
1053:
1038:
907:
878:
868:
758:
706:
674:
471:
329:
297:
292:
245:
102:
2132:
2059:
1434:
1280:
1255:
1245:
1210:
1205:
1173:
1138:
1131:
1072:
1065:
922:
741:
736:
726:
496:
349:
307:
302:
255:
223:
213:
150:
371:
317:
2193:
2144:
2051:, military units which could provide travel protection or protection to communities.
2016:
1967:
Cape Coast Slave Castle, the main British fort in the Gold Coast for the slave trade.
1522:
1240:
1235:
1178:
1163:
1143:
965:
960:
895:
858:
691:
657:
486:
339:
228:
107:
2327:
Labour, Land, and Capital in Ghana: From Slavery to Free Labour in Asante, 1807–1956
2410:
2383:
2151:
Dahomey had banned the practice of panyarring in the early 17th century under King
2004:
1815:
1717:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1250:
1215:
1183:
1153:
1026:
1014:
992:
970:
917:
753:
721:
23:
2123:
The Door of No Return in Whydah. Memorial to the slave trade through the port of
2088:
1626:
1512:
1507:
1260:
1230:
1225:
948:
912:
711:
629:
334:
80:
2355:
Fisher, Ruth A. (1928). "Extracts from the Records of the African Companies ".
2083:
The main historical cities of the Yoruba coast with modern national boundaries.
2055:
1782:
1710:
1599:
491:
132:
90:
2387:
2442:
1836:
1648:
1572:
1019:
1002:
777:
607:
597:
381:
31:
2198:
2164:
2068:
2040:
2008:
1924:
1653:
1485:
1461:
1367:
1360:
1091:
619:
592:
555:
533:
420:
137:
117:
95:
85:
75:
70:
60:
2414:
900:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2063:
2036:
1980:
1936:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1824:
1766:
1490:
1478:
831:
634:
624:
582:
396:
2172:
relationships lack structure, pawnship and panyarring became prominent.
1781:
The practice was banned by a number of African kingdoms, notably by the
2401:
Law, Robin (2007). "The Komenda Wars, 1694–1700: a Revised Narrative".
2152:
1856:
1840:
1828:
1643:
935:
639:
2430:
Ouidah: The Social History of a West African 'Slaving' Port, 1727–1892
1832:
1799:
883:
548:
410:
2244:
565:
2181:
2026:
1473:
1031:
975:
927:
587:
432:
287:
193:
2221:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 138.
2019:
for a week until the chief of Anomabo agreed to repay the debts.
1963:
2124:
2092:
2012:
1870:
Panyarring is a Term used for Man-Stealing along the whole Coast.
1819:
1456:
538:
218:
35:
2177:
2168:
2140:
2079:
1987:
Panyarring became a means of securing people for sale into the
1920:
1762:
1158:
980:
560:
543:
405:
240:
208:
2136:
2048:
1976:
415:
401:
376:
1940:
282:
112:
16:
Holding of a person until resolution of a debt or dispute
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2007:, the British governor of the Gold Coast, panyarred a
2283:. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press.
2225:
1413:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
2107:which had panyarred a young girl in his village.
2342:Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies
2440:
1843:(in modified forms, it also existed amongst the
1528:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
2329:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
1883:Voyage to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies
1739:
1617:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
2023:animal, not always at the fair market rate.
1533:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2281:The Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade
1746:
1732:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
1935:to describe the local practice among the
1818:. Pawnship was related but distinct from
2421:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2118:
2078:
2025:
1962:
1931:in the 16th century, they used the word
1798:
1538:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1403:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1383:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
2339:
2278:
2441:
2373:
2354:
2333:
2324:
2257:
2216:
2367:
2344:. Athens, OH.: Ohio University Press.
2311:
2294:
2292:
2290:
1907:The root of the word is based on the
1425:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1102:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
2432:. Athens, Oh: Ohio University Press.
1622:Slave marriages in the United States
1221:Human trafficking in the Middle East
2427:
2400:
2298:
2103:chief once panyarred members of an
1927:). When the Portuguese came to the
956:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
13:
2394:
2287:
1610:last survivors of American slavery
14:
2480:
2135:, along the coast in present-day
1943:along the whole coast of Africa.
571:Field slaves in the United States
438:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
448:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
443:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
272:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
42:
1398:Committee of Experts on Slavery
949:East, Southeast, and South Asia
2376:The Journal of African History
2348:
2247:The Journal of African History
2210:
1915:(to distrain or to seize) and
1097:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
2464:Culture of the Ashanti Empire
2219:Where the Negroes Are Masters
2204:
2074:
2035:Komenda, the Dutch panyarred
1958:
2357:The Journal of Negro History
2158:
2139:, took over the kingdoms of
1902:
1388:Temporary Slavery Commission
1049:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
7:
2469:Gold Coast (British colony)
2187:
1862:
1794:
1408:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
453:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
10:
2485:
2340:Diouffe, Sylviane (2003).
2114:
2087:Evidence of panyarring in
1946:
1789:
1593:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1430:Anti-Slavery International
1195:North Africa and West Asia
2388:10.1017/s0021853700015206
2279:Shumway, Rebecca (2011).
1803:Map of Modern West Africa
1694:Emancipation Proclamation
1361:Opposition and resistance
1119:Sex trafficking in Europe
1107:Blackbirding in Polynesia
670:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2301:African Economic History
1994:In one case in 1773, an
1469:Compensated emancipation
680:Indian Ocean slave trade
2325:Austin, Gareth (2005).
1393:1926 Slavery Convention
1149:Germany in World War II
766:North and South America
288:Contract of manumission
2459:History of West Africa
2217:Sparks, Randy (2014).
2128:
2084:
2031:
1968:
1875:
1804:
874:British Virgin Islands
426:Circassian slave trade
392:Safavid imperial harem
387:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2415:10.1353/hia.2007.0010
2122:
2082:
2029:
1966:
1867:
1810:was a common form of
1802:
1778:by European forces.
1113:Europe and North Asia
1073:Australia and Oceania
773:Pre-Columbian America
345:Slave raid of Suðuroy
277:Slavery in al-Andalus
199:Black Sea slave trade
128:21st-century jihadism
1989:Atlantic slave trade
1953:Atlantic slave trade
1775:Atlantic slave trade
1568:Indentured servitude
1496:Underground Railroad
1296:United Arab Emirates
685:Zanzibar slave trade
652:By country or region
465:Atlantic slave trade
367:Ma malakat aymanukum
251:Venetian slave trade
2428:Law, Robin (2004).
1659:Slave Route Project
785:Americas indigenous
675:Red Sea slave trade
665:Contemporary Africa
528:Topics and practice
298:Crimean slave trade
293:Bukhara slave trade
246:Genoese slave trade
123:Contemporary Africa
103:Forced prostitution
2133:Kingdom of Dahomey
2129:
2085:
2060:Kwaku Dua I Panyin
2032:
1969:
1805:
1435:Blockade of Africa
742:Somali slave trade
658:Sub-Saharan Africa
350:Turkish Abductions
308:Khivan slave trade
303:Khazar slave trade
256:Balkan slave trade
214:Prague slave trade
2449:Slavery in Africa
2403:History in Africa
2194:Slavery in Africa
2180:, in present-day
2091:, in present-day
2017:Cape Coast Castle
1975:, in present-day
1756:
1755:
1706:Freedmen's Bureau
1523:Third Servile War
1518:International law
1085:Human trafficking
847:Human trafficking
522:Thirteen colonies
340:Sack of Baltimore
108:Human trafficking
2476:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2005:Archibald Dalzel
1886:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1718:Emancipation Day
1546:
1513:Slave Trade Acts
204:Byzantine Empire
46:
19:
18:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2422:
2399:
2395:
2372:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2338:
2334:
2323:
2312:
2297:
2288:
2277:
2258:
2243:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2190:
2161:
2117:
2077:
1961:
1949:
1905:
1888:
1877:
1865:
1797:
1792:
1752:
1723:
1722:
1627:Slave narrative
1578:Fugitive slaves
1558:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1508:Slave rebellion
1363:
1353:
1352:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1123:United Kingdom
1059:Yankee princess
653:
645:
644:
372:Avret Pazarları
318:Avret Pazarları
187:Medieval Europe
153:
143:
142:
81:Forced marriage
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2393:
2366:
2347:
2332:
2310:
2286:
2256:
2224:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2160:
2157:
2116:
2113:
2076:
2073:
2056:Ashanti Empire
1960:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1904:
1901:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1783:Ashanti Empire
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1600:List of slaves
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1144:Dutch Republic
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
968:
963:
958:
952:
951:
945:
944:
939:
932:
931:
930:
925:
915:
910:
905:
904:
903:
893:
888:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
861:
856:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
794:
793:
792:
782:
781:
780:
769:
768:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
745:
744:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
688:
687:
677:
672:
667:
661:
660:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:
615:
611:
610:
605:
603:Child soldiers
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
579:
578:
568:
563:
558:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
530:
529:
525:
524:
519:
514:
512:Spanish Empire
509:
504:
499:
494:
492:Middle Passage
489:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
322:
321:
320:
313:Ottoman Empire
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
274:
268:
267:
261:
260:
259:
258:
248:
243:
238:
237:
236:
231:
226:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
190:
189:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
160:
154:
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
135:
133:Sexual slavery
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
99:
98:
93:
91:Child marriage
88:
78:
73:
68:
66:Child soldiers
63:
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2481:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2363:(3): 343–367.
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:Yoruba people
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Slave catcher
1647:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:Forced labour
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:Abolitionists
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:comfort women
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:Chukri System
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
892:
891:Latin America
889:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
848:
845:
843:
842:interregional
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:prison labour
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:United States
795:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
770:
767:
764:
763:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
686:
683:
682:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
656:
655:
649:
648:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
612:
609:
608:White slavery
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Slave raiding
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
567:
566:Corvée labour
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
531:
527:
526:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Abbasid harem
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
325:Barbary Coast
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
262:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
147:
146:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
55:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:Forced labour
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2454:Debt bondage
2429:
2423:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2304:
2300:
2280:
2250:
2246:
2218:
2212:
2199:Debt Bondage
2174:
2165:Sierra Leone
2162:
2150:
2130:
2111:Yorubaland.
2109:
2086:
2069:protectorate
2053:
2045:
2041:Komenda Wars
2033:
2021:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1970:
1950:
1932:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1806:
1780:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1654:Slave patrol
1486:Freedom suit
1462:Sierra Leone
1452:Colonization
1368:Abolitionism
1348:Baháʼí Faith
1321:Christianity
1271:Saudi Arabia
1127:Penal Labour
1092:Blackbirding
998:Debt bondage
986:penal system
812:Contemporary
802:Field slaves
790:U.S. Natives
749:South Africa
620:Galley slave
593:Slave market
583:House slaves
556:Blackbirding
534:Conscription
506:
458:21st century
421:Umm al-walad
265:Muslim world
234:Emancipation
138:Wage slavery
118:Penal labour
96:Wife selling
86:Bride buying
71:Conscription
61:Child Labour
54:Contemporary
2409:: 133–168.
2382:(1): 1–19.
2253:(1): 67–89.
2105:Awori tribe
2064:Mensa Bonsu
2037:John Cabess
1937:Akan people
1879:John Atkins
1853:Ijaw people
1849:Igbo people
1845:Efik people
1825:Akan people
1767:West Africa
1669:court cases
1541: [
1491:Slave Power
1479:Manumission
1326:Catholicism
1201:Afghanistan
942:Puerto Rico
854:The Bahamas
832:Slave codes
635:Shanghaiing
625:Impressment
517:Slave Coast
397:Qajar harem
357:Concubinage
330:slave trade
2443:Categories
2205:References
2153:Houegbadja
2089:Yorùbáland
2075:Yorùbáland
2011:priest in
1973:Gold Coast
1971:Along the
1959:Gold Coast
1929:Gold Coast
1909:Portuguese
1857:Fon people
1855:, and the
1841:Edo people
1839:, and the
1829:Ewe people
1812:collateral
1759:Panyarring
1684:J.Q. Adams
1674:Washington
1644:Slave name
1588:convention
1563:Common law
936:Encomienda
732:Seychelles
717:Mauritania
640:Slave ship
507:Panyarring
502:New France
151:Historical
2159:Elsewhere
1903:Etymology
1833:Ga people
1773:When the
1679:Jefferson
1331:Mormonism
1266:Palestine
1080:Australia
1010:Indonesia
901:Lei Áurea
884:Code Noir
864:Caribbean
837:Treatment
576:Treatment
549:Devshirme
411:Odalisque
229:In Russia
170:Babylonia
158:Antiquity
2307:: 31–58.
2188:See also
2182:Cameroon
2097:Mahi man
1933:penhóràr
1913:penhóràr
1863:Practice
1808:Pawnship
1795:Pawnship
1711:Iron bit
1701:40 acres
1664:breeding
1474:Freedman
1309:Religion
1169:Portugal
1054:Thailand
1044:Maldives
1039:Malaysia
1032:Kwalliso
976:Booi Aha
928:Restavek
908:Colombia
879:Trinidad
869:Barbados
759:Zanzibar
707:Ethiopia
588:Saqaliba
482:Database
433:Saqaliba
194:Ancillae
24:a series
22:Part of
2125:Dahomey
2115:Dahomey
2093:Nigeria
2054:As the
2013:Anomabo
1996:Obutong
1947:History
1897:palaver
1820:slavery
1790:Origins
1689:Lincoln
1557:Related
1457:Liberia
1343:Judaism
1281:Tunisia
1256:Morocco
1246:Lebanon
1211:Bahrain
1206:Algeria
1174:Romania
1139:Denmark
1132:Slavery
1066:Vietnam
737:Somalia
727:Nigeria
702:Comoros
630:Pirates
539:Ghilman
472:Bristol
362:history
335:pirates
224:History
113:Peonage
36:slavery
2178:Bimbia
2169:Angola
2145:Whydah
2141:Allada
1941:injury
1921:surety
1917:penhór
1911:words
1893:palver
1851:, the
1847:, the
1835:, the
1831:, the
1827:, the
1816:credit
1763:Africa
1605:owners
1241:Kuwait
1236:Jordan
1189:Sweden
1179:Russia
1164:Poland
1159:Norway
981:Laogai
966:Brunei
961:Bhutan
923:revolt
896:Brazil
859:Canada
822:partus
807:female
692:Angola
561:Coolie
544:Mamluk
497:Nantes
477:Brazil
406:Cariye
241:Thrall
209:Kholop
175:Greece
2137:Benin
2049:Asafo
2009:Fante
1977:Ghana
1923:or a
1885:1737.
1637:songs
1632:films
1545:]
1501:songs
1338:Islam
1316:Bible
1291:Yemen
1286:Qatar
1276:Syria
1251:Libya
1216:Egypt
1184:Spain
1154:Malta
1027:Korea
1015:Japan
993:India
971:China
918:Haiti
778:Aztec
754:Sudan
722:Niger
614:Naval
487:Dutch
416:Qiyan
402:Jarya
377:Harem
219:Serfs
165:Egypt
2143:and
2131:The
2101:Egba
1981:Akan
1925:pawn
1583:laws
1445:U.S.
1440:U.K.
1378:U.S.
1373:U.K.
1261:Oman
1231:Iraq
1226:Iran
913:Cuba
817:maps
712:Mali
697:Chad
283:Baqt
180:Rome
76:Debt
34:and
2411:doi
2384:doi
2167:to
1919:(a
1895:or
1859:).
2445::
2407:34
2405:.
2380:18
2378:.
2361:13
2359:.
2313:^
2305:35
2303:.
2289:^
2259:^
2251:42
2249:.
2227:^
1881:,
1543:fa
26:on
2417:.
2413::
2390:.
2386::
2127:.
1747:e
1740:t
1733:v
938:)
934:(
404:/
279:
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
