375:
348:
66:
128:
25:
681:), increased pressure is transmitted through to the optic nerve. The brain itself is relatively spared from pathological consequences of high pressure. However, the anterior end of the optic nerve stops abruptly at the eye. Hence the pressure is asymmetrical and this causes a pinching and protrusion of the optic nerve at its head. The fibers of the
334:
sheath diameter for detection of increased intracranial pressure and shows good diagnostic test accuracy compared to CT. Thus, if there is a question of papilledema on fundoscopic examination or if the optic disc cannot be adequately visualized, ultrasound can be used to rapidly assess for increased
255:
837:
can reduce inflammation (if this is a contributing factor to increased ICP), and may help to prevent vision loss. However, steroids have also been known to cause increased ICP, especially with a change in dosage. However, if a severe inflammatory condition exists, such as
362:
Early on, papilledema may be discovered on examination with an ophthalmoscope without any changes in patient vision. It can progress to enlargement of the blind spot, blurring of vision, a concentric blind spot pattern, or
810:
is routinely performed prior to the treatment in the initial stages of papilledema to detect whether a brain tumor is present. If detected, laser treatment, radiation and surgeries can be used to treat the tumor.
1326:
1311:
1062:
Garrity JA, Herman DC, Imes I, Fries P (1993). "Optic Nerve Sheath
Decompression for Visual Loss in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Cryptococcal Meningitis With Papilledema".
685:
of the optic disc become engorged and bulge anteriorly. Persistent and extensive optic nerve head swelling, or optic disc edema, can lead to loss of these fibers and permanent visual impairment.
656:: Those with sleep apnea on continuous positive airway pressure therapy had a 105% increased hazard of experiencing papilledema (adjusted HR=2.05 ) relative to individuals without sleep apnea.
1166:
728:, which can cause an elevation of the optic nerve head that can be mistaken for papilledema. For this reason, optic nerve head drusen is also called pseudopapilledema.
355:
Despite being classically referred to as a key symptom of rising intracranial pressure, papilledema is often not present in patients seen in an acute setting such as an
960:"Sonography of the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter for Detection of Raised Intracranial Pressure Compared to Computed Tomography A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2978:
853:
Other treatments include repeated lumbar punctures to remove excess spinal fluid in the cranium. The removal of potentially causative medicines including
830:. These diuretics, along with surgical interventions, can also treat IIH. In IIH, weight loss (even a loss of 10-15%) can lead to normalization of ICP.
424:
examination, the physician may elicit an enlarged blind spot; the visual acuity may remain relatively intact until papilledema is severe or prolonged.
335:
intracranial pressure and help direct further evaluation and intervention. Unilateral papilledema can suggest a disease in the eye itself, such as an
2428:
944:
1825:
311:
due to any cause. The swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks. Unilateral presentation is extremely rare.
2497:
2423:
318:, further evaluation is warranted because vision loss can result if the underlying condition is not treated. Further evaluation with a
374:
861:
analogues may help decrease ICP; however, this is only necessary if the medication is truly felt to contribute to the ICP increase.
752:, however newer imaging techniques have been more useful at determining when and when not to conduct a lumbar puncture. Imaging by
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In intracranial hypertension, the optic disc swelling most commonly occurs bilaterally. When papilledema is found on
229:
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109:
87:
52:
80:
2133:
452:
171:
367:(double vision). Ultimately, total loss of vision can occur, as well as other patterns of permanent injury to the
2708:
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2128:
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149:
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145:
38:
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2023:
1896:
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915:. Khurana, Aruj K., Khurana, Bhawna. (6th ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee, The Health Sciences Publisher.
584:
2614:
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The treatment depends largely on the underlying cause. However, the root cause of papilledema is the
598:
553:
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1748:
1713:
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74:
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796:
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91:
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383:
359:. Many urgent cases of increased ICP only have identifiable papilledema after a day or more.
308:
2480:
2609:
2195:
2190:
2148:
1963:
1879:
1197:"The association between glaucomatous and other causes of optic neuropathy and sleep apnea"
745:
626:
356:
8:
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of the brain and/or spine is usually done. Recent research has shown that point-of-care
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843:
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of papilledema should be carried out whenever there is a clinical suspicion of raised
2868:
2765:
2530:
2390:
2173:
1830:
1736:
1352:
1275:
1226:
1139:
1118:"Undiagnosed papilledema in a morbidly obese patient population: A prospective study"
1044:
987:
979:
926:
916:
891:
491:, elevated level of ammonia in blood (including cerebral edema/intracranial pressure)
267:
999:
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2467:
2400:
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2285:
1916:
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1129:
1098:
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1026:
971:
737:
44:
1392:
959:
958:
Ohle, Robert; McIsaac, Sarah M.; Woo, Michael Y.; Perry, Jeffrey J. (2015-07-01).
2723:
2687:
2651:
2270:
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2082:
2016:
1973:
1891:
1703:
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1555:
1540:
1346:
1134:
1117:
814:
To decrease ICP, medications can be administered by increasing the absorption of
741:
698:
563:
1089:
Fahmy JA (1972). "Papillodema associated with ruptured intracranial aneurysms".
760:
is usually done to find out whether there is a structural cause i.e., tumor. A
2953:
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1988:
1942:
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2385:
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2006:
1983:
1911:
1820:
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983:
930:
854:
823:
272:
1415:
975:
890:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. p. 143.
485:, in some people who take megadoses of nutritional supplements and vitamins.
2738:
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1947:
1862:
1770:
1648:
1643:
1588:
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1261:
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1048:
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637:
529:
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421:
288:
1279:
1195:
Stein JD, Kim DS, Mundy KM, Talwar N, Nan B, Chervin RD, Musch DC (2011).
2937:
2888:
2831:
2826:
2783:
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2583:
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2143:
2011:
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792:
666:
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2858:
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1708:
1573:
1398:
847:
827:
773:
606:
543:
405:
327:
315:
304:
1303:
724:
It is important to determine whether the observed condition is due to
629:(caused by infiltration of the retinal vessels by immature leukocytes)
2909:
2883:
2757:
2703:
2691:
2576:
2571:
2556:
2552:
2090:
1788:
1765:
1578:
1525:
1520:
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819:
718:
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470:
284:
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127:
2948:
2713:
2247:
2050:
1681:
834:
777:
769:
706:
618:
576:
364:
1368:
416:
Paton's lines (radial retinal lines cascading from the optic disc)
16:
Swelling of the eye's optic disc due to high intracranial pressure
2775:
2718:
2260:
2067:
1998:
1968:
1958:
1565:
753:
568:
498:
319:
2878:
1780:
1757:
1477:
1315:
807:
781:
610:
590:
525:
351:
Fundal photograph showing severe papilloedema in the right eye.
254:
2850:
674:
818:(CSF), or decreasing its production. Such medicines include
262:
Fundal photograph showing severe papilledema in the left eye
1930:
1492:
641:
1170:
768:(MRV) may also be ordered to rule out the possibility of
757:
323:
1116:
Krispel CM, Keltner JL, Smith W, Chu DG, Ali MR (2011).
511:
syndrome that can cause increased intracranial pressure.
1115:
1061:
1293:
2479:
1194:
957:
803:(IIH) that may become manifest in the near future.
390:The signs of papilledema that may be seen using an
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1243:
842:, steroids with anti-inflammatory effects such as
2424:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
791:(ICP). This is a dangerous sign, indicative of a
2970:
1445:
1431:
1244:Gower DJ, Baker AL, Bell WO, Ball MR (1987).
1164:
436:as a result of one or more of the following:
2979:Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways
2498:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1015:"Marked papilloedema in pulmonary emphysema"
943:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
398:venous engorgement (usually the first signs)
1826:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1485:
642:visual impairment and intracranial pressure
386:(bottom). Healthy contralateral eye (left).
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1438:
1424:
1167:"Astronaut feels space's toll on his body"
1012:
885:
736:Historically, papilledema was a potential
253:
1269:
1220:
1133:
1038:
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
677:(and is regarded as an extension of the
552:, or Cerebral aneurysm, which can cause
546:, leading to increased crainial pressure
404:hemorrhages over and/or adjacent to the
373:
346:
73:This article includes a list of general
2971:
1246:"Papilledema and lumbar puncture risk"
2935:
2331:
1734:
1463:
1419:
1088:
342:
307:swelling that is caused by increased
2306:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
801:idiopathic intracranial hypertension
705:, and is recommended in newly onset
469:, which is a powerful derivative of
445:idiopathic intracranial hypertension
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
2429:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2266:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
888:Neuroanatomy through clinical cases
13:
2301:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
1103:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1972.tb06618.x
910:
660:
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2990:
2029:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1289:
1064:American Journal of Ophthalmology
964:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
870:
34:This article has multiple issues.
2134:Central retinal artery occlusion
1250:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
453:cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
378:Papilledema (right) revealed by
126:
64:
23:
2139:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1868:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1237:
789:increased intracranial pressure
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2936:
2169:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2129:Central retinal vein occlusion
1858:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1188:
1158:
1122:Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology
1109:
1082:
1055:
1006:
951:
904:
762:magnetic resonance angiography
669:sheath is continuous with the
581:central retinal vein occlusion
1:
2222:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2113:Posterior vitreous detachment
1979:Persistent pupillary membrane
1076:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)71407-2
864:
766:magnetic resonance venography
744:, as it indicates a risk for
380:scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
2709:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2620:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2332:
2311:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2296:Persistent fetal vasculature
2227:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1165:Rich Phillips (2012-02-10).
1135:10.1097/WNO.0b013e3182269910
731:
688:
539:high-altitude cerebral edema
473:, rarely causes papilledema.
7:
1508:Meibomian gland dysfunction
913:Comprehensive ophthalmology
413:elevation of the optic disc
10:
2995:
2232:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2206:Central serous retinopathy
2024:Focal choroidal excavation
1897:Corneal neovascularization
1714:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1464:
585:cavernous sinus thrombosis
2944:
2931:
2902:
2849:
2814:
2774:
2699:
2686:
2637:
2615:Convergence insufficiency
2602:
2543:
2511:
2488:
2458:
2399:
2357:
2344:
2340:
2327:
2256:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2240:
2101:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2081:
2041:
1997:
1938:
1929:
1779:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1672:
1634:
1601:
1564:
1516:
1476:
1472:
1459:
1450:Diseases of the human eye
1378:
1297:
1213:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.04.030
748:and subsequent death via
599:Ischemic optic neuropathy
554:Intracranial hypertension
427:
410:blurring of optic margins
266:
261:
252:
247:
2125:Ocular ischemic syndrome
911:K., Khurana, A. (2015).
886:Blumenfeld, Hal (2022).
457:intracerebral hemorrhage
401:loss of venous pulsation
2625:One and a half syndrome
2379:Foster Kennedy syndrome
976:10.7863/ultra.34.7.1285
726:optic nerve head drusen
535:Acute mountain sickness
515:Foster Kennedy syndrome
495:Guillain–Barré syndrome
330:can be used to measure
94:more precise citations.
2864:Argyll Robertson pupil
1664:Periorbital cellulitis
1262:10.1136/jnnp.50.8.1071
709:. This may be done by
683:retinal ganglion cells
679:central nervous system
605:, infiltration of the
559:Malignant hypertension
387:
352:
2837:Scintillating scotoma
2503:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2446:Toxic and nutritional
2419:posterior (PION)
1902:Kayser–Fleischer ring
703:intracranial pressure
550:Intracranial aneurysm
434:intracranial pressure
384:laser Doppler imaging
377:
350:
309:intracranial pressure
2610:Conjugate gaze palsy
2481:Paralytic strabismus
2414:anterior (AION)
2196:Retinitis pigmentosa
2191:Macular degeneration
1964:Intermediate uveitis
1880:Keratoconjunctivitis
1177:on February 13, 2012
1091:Acta Ophthalmologica
1031:10.1136/bjo.17.3.167
746:tentorial herniation
627:lymphocytic leukemia
146:improve this article
2915:Childhood blindness
2894:Parinaud's syndrome
2464:Extraocular muscles
2252:Ocular hypertension
2216:Epiretinal membrane
2201:Retinal haemorrhage
2056:Congenital cataract
1013:Cameron AJ (1933).
816:cerebrospinal fluid
750:cerebral herniation
521:Chiari malformation
462:Respiratory failure
449:Pseudotumor Cerebri
281:neuro-ophthalmology
2441:Leber's hereditary
2108:Retinal detachment
2061:Childhood cataract
1873:Post-LASIK ectasia
1654:Orbital cellulitis
1603:Lacrimal apparatus
1379:External resources
844:Methylprednisolone
840:multiple sclerosis
715:fundus photography
671:subarachnoid space
603:methanol poisoning
497:, due to elevated
483:Hypervitaminosis A
388:
353:
343:Signs and symptoms
337:optic nerve glioma
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2869:Marcus Gunn pupil
2845:
2844:
2766:Visual impairment
2633:
2632:
2539:
2538:
2526:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2454:
2453:
2391:Optic disc drusen
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2037:
2036:
1925:
1924:
1831:Corneal dystrophy
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1597:
1596:
1413:
1412:
1207:(6): 989–998.e3.
1201:Am. J. Ophthalmol
897:978-1-60535-962-5
476:medications like
294:
293:
242:Medical condition
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
57:
2986:
2933:
2932:
2697:
2696:
2688:Vision disorders
2647:Refractive error
2589:Brown's syndrome
2545:Other strabismus
2531:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2521:Oculomotor (III)
2493:Ophthalmoparesis
2486:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2468:Binocular vision
2401:Optic neuropathy
2367:optic papillitis
2355:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2328:
2218:(Macular pucker)
1936:
1935:
1917:Band keratopathy
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1731:
1659:Orbital lymphoma
1546:Blepharophimosis
1536:Blepharochalasis
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1173:. Archived from
1162:
1156:
1155:
1137:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1010:
1004:
1003:
970:(7): 1285–1294.
955:
949:
948:
942:
934:
908:
902:
901:
883:
799:inflammation or
738:contraindication
632:Long periods of
257:
245:
244:
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
90:this article by
81:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2940:
2919:
2898:
2841:
2810:
2770:
2724:Color blindness
2690:
2682:
2629:
2603:Other binocular
2598:
2535:
2507:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2450:
2395:
2348:
2336:
2315:
2271:Ocular hypotony
2236:
2096:Chorioretinitis
2077:
2033:
2017:Chorioretinitis
1993:
1974:Rubeosis iridis
1952:
1921:
1892:Corneal opacity
1848:Corneal ectasia
1775:
1739:
1718:
1704:Pseudopterygium
1668:
1630:
1593:
1560:
1556:Ankyloblepharon
1512:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1374:
1373:
1306:
1292:
1287:
1242:
1238:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1114:
1110:
1087:
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1019:Br J Ophthalmol
1011:
1007:
956:
952:
936:
935:
923:
909:
905:
898:
884:
871:
867:
742:lumbar puncture
734:
717:, and possibly
691:
663:
661:Pathophysiology
564:Medulloblastoma
447:(also known as
430:
345:
243:
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
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143:
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96:
86:Please help to
85:
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28:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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2982:
2981:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2954:Onchocerciasis
2951:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2806:Quadrantanopia
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:Oguchi disease
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2594:Duane syndrome
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2362:Optic neuritis
2358:
2352:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Phthisis bulbi
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Coats' disease
2171:
2166:
2164:of prematurity
2161:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2073:Ectopia lentis
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1931:Vascular tunic
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1814:Photokeratitis
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1687:Conjunctivitis
1684:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1621:Dacryocystitis
1618:
1613:
1611:Dacryoadenitis
1607:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1349:
1338:
1323:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:Classification
1291:
1290:External links
1288:
1286:
1285:
1236:
1187:
1157:
1128:(4): 310–315.
1108:
1097:(6): 793–802.
1081:
1054:
1005:
950:
921:
903:
896:
868:
866:
863:
733:
730:
711:ophthalmoscopy
690:
687:
662:
659:
658:
657:
645:
634:weightlessness
630:
623:
622:
621:
595:optic neuritis
587:
571:
566:
561:
556:
547:
541:
532:
523:
518:
512:
509:paraneoplastic
505:POEMS syndrome
502:
492:
489:Hyperammonemia
486:
480:
474:
464:
459:
429:
426:
418:
417:
414:
411:
408:
402:
399:
392:ophthalmoscope
357:emergency room
344:
341:
292:
291:
270:
264:
263:
259:
258:
250:
249:
241:
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2991:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Adie syndrome
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Achromatopsia
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:Anisometropia
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Accommodation
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Optic atrophy
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Keratomycosis
2284:
2282:
2281:Globe rupture
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Macular edema
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Retinoschisis
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Choroideremia
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Iridodialysis
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Arcus senilis
1910:
1908:
1907:Haab's striae
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Corneal ulcer
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:acanthamoebic
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Fibrous tunic
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1626:Xerophthalmia
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1531:Lagophthalmos
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:(8): 1071–4.
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
946:
940:
932:
928:
924:
922:9789351526575
918:
914:
907:
899:
893:
889:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
869:
862:
860:
856:
855:tetracyclines
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
831:
829:
825:
824:acetazolamide
821:
817:
812:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
722:
721:examination.
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:Checking the
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
655:
651:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
582:
578:
575:
574:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
536:
533:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
479:
475:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
438:
437:
435:
425:
423:
415:
412:
409:
407:
403:
400:
397:
396:
395:
393:
385:
381:
376:
372:
370:
366:
360:
358:
349:
340:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:Ophthalmology
271:
269:
265:
260:
256:
251:
246:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
161:"Papilledema"
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
89:
83:
82:
76:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2764: /
2760: /
2739:Monochromacy
2671: /
2567:Heterophoria
2555: /
2373:
2254: /
2250: /
2154:hypertensive
2127: /
1948:Ciliary body
1863:Keratoglobus
1771:Episcleritis
1649:Enophthalmos
1644:Exophthalmos
1589:Trichomegaly
1584:Distichiasis
1486:Inflammation
1397:
1386:
1362:
1351:
1340:
1325:
1310:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1160:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1025:(3): 167–9.
1022:
1018:
1008:
967:
963:
953:
912:
906:
887:
852:
832:
813:
805:
786:
735:
723:
692:
664:
649:CPAP therapy
647:
640:) (See also
638:microgravity
530:frontal lobe
478:tetracycline
467:Isotretinoin
448:
431:
422:visual field
419:
389:
361:
354:
313:
301:papilloedema
300:
296:
295:
289:neurosurgery
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2889:Cycloplegia
2832:Photophobia
2827:Hemeralopia
2784:Hemianopsia
2762:Vision loss
2673:Aniseikonia
2664:Astigmatism
2584:Cyclotropia
2562:Hypertropia
2374:Papilledema
2346:Optic nerve
2179:Sickle cell
2159:Purtscher's
2144:Retinopathy
2012:Choroiditis
1853:Keratoconus
1674:Conjunctiva
1551:Xanthelasma
1503:Blepharitis
1404:Papilledema
833:Meanwhile,
793:brain tumor
667:optic nerve
654:sleep apnea
615:sarcoidosis
441:Brain tumor
369:optic nerve
332:optic nerve
297:Papilledema
248:Papilledema
202:August 2012
92:introducing
2938:Infections
2859:Anisocoria
2822:Asthenopia
2815:subjective
2799:homonymous
2794:bitemporal
2746:Nyctalopia
2734:Dichromacy
2678:Presbyopia
2639:Refraction
2460:Strabismus
2350:Optic disc
1709:Pinguecula
1574:Trichiasis
1399:Patient UK
1353:DiseasesDB
1181:2012-03-01
865:References
850:can help.
848:prednisone
828:furosemide
774:thrombosis
764:(MRA) and
544:Meningitis
406:optic disc
382:(top) and
328:ultrasound
316:fundoscopy
305:optic disc
172:newspapers
100:March 2012
75:references
39:improve it
2910:Nystagmus
2884:Mydriasis
2758:Blindness
2704:Amblyopia
2692:Blindness
2652:Hyperopia
2577:Exophoria
2572:Esophoria
2557:Exotropia
2553:Esotropia
2091:Retinitis
1789:Keratitis
1766:Scleritis
1699:Pterygium
1579:Madarosis
1526:Ectropion
1521:Entropion
1498:Chalazion
1388:eMedicine
1369:423488006
1364:SNOMED CT
984:0278-4297
939:cite book
931:921241041
859:vitamin A
820:diuretics
784:systems.
732:Treatment
719:slit lamp
707:headaches
689:Diagnosis
471:vitamin A
394:include:
285:neurology
277:optometry
268:Specialty
45:talk page
2973:Category
2949:Trachoma
2714:Diplopia
2409:Ischemic
2334:Pathways
2248:Glaucoma
2149:diabetic
2051:Cataract
1989:Synechia
1841:Meesmann
1809:Exposure
1794:herpetic
1692:allergic
1682:Chemosis
1616:Epiphora
1231:21851924
1144:21799447
1049:18169104
1000:25301791
992:26112632
835:steroids
806:Thus, a
778:arterial
770:stenosis
619:Lymphoma
577:Glaucoma
573:Orbital
365:diplopia
2789:binasal
2776:Anopsia
2719:Scotoma
2513:palsies
2276:Red eye
2261:Floater
2068:Aphakia
1999:Choroid
1969:Hyphema
1959:Uveitis
1566:Eyelash
1393:oph/187
1347:D010211
1280:3655817
1271:1032242
1222:3223261
1152:6759222
776:of the
673:of the
665:As the
569:Obesity
528:of the
499:protein
432:Raised
320:CT scan
186:scholar
88:improve
2879:Miosis
2657:Myopia
2436:Kjer's
2184:photic
2083:Retina
1836:Fuchs'
1804:fungal
1781:Cornea
1758:Sclera
1541:Ptosis
1478:Eyelid
1466:Adnexa
1278:
1268:
1229:
1219:
1150:
1142:
1047:
1040:511527
1037:
998:
990:
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894:
808:biopsy
782:venous
625:Acute
611:glioma
591:lesion
589:Local
526:Tumors
501:levels
428:Causes
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
77:, but
2903:Other
2851:Pupil
2241:Other
1885:sicca
1737:Globe
1636:Orbit
1336:377.0
1321:H47.1
1148:S2CID
1070:(4).
996:S2CID
822:like
699:signs
675:brain
517:(FKS)
193:JSTOR
179:books
2043:Lens
1943:Iris
1493:Stye
1358:9580
1342:MeSH
1331:9-CM
1276:PMID
1227:PMID
1140:PMID
1045:PMID
988:PMID
980:ISSN
945:link
927:OCLC
917:ISBN
892:ISBN
857:and
846:and
826:and
697:for
695:eyes
652:for
617:and
607:disc
537:and
507:, a
165:news
1327:ICD
1312:ICD
1266:PMC
1258:doi
1217:PMC
1209:doi
1205:152
1171:CNN
1130:doi
1099:doi
1072:doi
1068:116
1035:PMC
1027:doi
972:doi
797:CNS
780:or
772:or
758:MRI
756:or
740:to
713:or
609:by
455:or
451:),
420:On
324:MRI
322:or
303:is
299:or
148:by
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937:{{
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872:^
795:,
754:CT
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597:,
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1439:e
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