Schizophrenia - Knowledge

1451: 1290:, such as planning, inhibition, and working memory, are pervasive in schizophrenia. Although these functions are separable, their dysfunction in schizophrenia may reflect an underlying deficit in the ability to represent goal related information in working memory, and to use this to direct cognition and behavior. These impairments have been linked to a number of neuroimaging and neuropathological abnormalities. For example, functional neuroimaging studies report evidence of reduced neural processing efficiency, whereby the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is activated to a greater degree to achieve a certain level of performance relative to controls on working memory tasks. These abnormalities may be linked to the consistent post-mortem finding of reduced 1876:. Antipsychotics can reduce the symptoms of anxiety within hours of their use, but, for other symptoms, they may take several days or weeks to reach their full effect. They have little effect on negative and cognitive symptoms, which may be helped by additional psychotherapies and medications. There is no single antipsychotic suitable for first-line treatment for everyone, as responses and tolerances vary between people. Stopping medication may be considered after a single psychotic episode where there has been a full recovery with no symptoms for twelve months. Repeated relapses worsen the long-term outlook and the risk of relapse following a second episode is high, and long-term treatment is usually recommended. 2321: 52: 468: 2245:. In 2016, it was classed as the 12th most disabling condition. Approximately 75% of people with schizophrenia have ongoing disability with relapses. Some people do recover completely and others function well in society. Most people with schizophrenia live independently with community support. About 85% are unemployed. In people with a first episode of psychosis in schizophrenia a good long-term outcome occurs in 31%, an intermediate outcome in 42% and a poor outcome in 31%. Males are affected more often than females, and have a worse outcome. Studies showing that outcomes for schizophrenia appear better in the 2106: 2695: 603:. Avolition and anhedonia are seen as motivational deficits resulting from impaired reward processing. Reward is the main driver of motivation and this is mostly mediated by dopamine. It has been suggested that negative symptoms are multidimensional and they have been categorised into two subdomains of apathy or lack of motivation, and diminished expression. Apathy includes avolition, anhedonia, and social withdrawal; diminished expression includes blunt affect and alogia. Sometimes diminished expression is treated as both verbal and non-verbal. 10989:

results in a small reduction of positive (hallucinations, delusions and disordered thinking) and negative symptoms (social withdrawal, flat or blunted affect, and poverty of speech) and low-certainty evidence that it greatly increases satisfaction in care, while there is low-certainty evidence that it improves general functioning and the likelihood of recovery. These effects were only observed during treatment and there was no evidence that outcomes are improved after the treatment has finished, although these were based on only one trial.

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separate treatment approaches. A lack of distress is another noted negative symptom. A distinction is often made between those negative symptoms that are inherent to schizophrenia, termed primary; and those that result from positive symptoms, from the side effects of antipsychotics, substance use disorder, and social deprivation – termed secondary negative symptoms. Negative symptoms are less responsive to medication and the most difficult to treat. However, if properly assessed, secondary negative symptoms are amenable to treatment.

781:. Up to 75% of those with schizophrenia go through a prodromal stage. The negative and cognitive symptoms in the prodrome stage can precede FEP (first episode psychosis) by many months and up to five years. The period from FEP and treatment is known as the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) which is seen to be a factor in functional outcome. The prodromal stage is the high-risk stage for the development of psychosis. Since the progression to first episode psychosis is not inevitable, an alternative term is often preferred of 2592: 16544: 17840: 642: 17880: 658:, and may be present in childhood or early adolescence. They are a core feature but not considered to be core symptoms, as are positive and negative symptoms. However, their presence and degree of dysfunction is taken as a better indicator of functionality than the presentation of core symptoms. Cognitive deficits become worse at first episode psychosis but then return to baseline, and remain fairly stable over the course of the illness. 1822: 17931: 17948: 17914: 2425: 17897: 1641:. Schizotypal personality disorder has symptoms that are similar but less severe than those of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia occurs along with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) considerably more often than could be explained by chance, although it can be difficult to distinguish obsessions that occur in OCD from the delusions of schizophrenia. There can be considerable overlap with the symptoms of 11800: 17852: 9791:

there may be a deficit in putatively DA-mediated reward learning and/ or reward prediction functions in schizophrenia. Such findings suggest that impairment in striatal reward prediction mechanisms may influence "wanting" in schizophrenia in a way that reduces the ability of individuals with schizophrenia to use anticipated rewards to drive motivated behavior.(217)

1813:, and community and supportive services were developed to support this change. Many other countries followed suit with the US starting in the 60s. There still remain a smaller group of people who do not improve enough to be discharged. In some countries that lack the necessary supportive and social services, long-term hospital stays are more usual. 1275:. Astrocytes are crucial in contributing to the formation and maintenance of neural circuits and it is believed that disruption in this role can result in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that reduced numbers of astrocytes in deeper cortical layers are assocociated with a diminished expression of 1200:. This has been directly related to the symptoms of delusions and hallucinations. Abnormal dopamine signaling has been implicated in schizophrenia based on the usefulness of medications that affect the dopamine receptor and the observation that dopamine levels are increased during acute psychosis. A decrease in 1879:

About half of those with schizophrenia will respond favourably to antipsychotics, and have a good return of functioning. However, positive symptoms persist in up to a third of people. Following two trials of different antipsychotics over six weeks, that also prove ineffective, they will be classed as

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admission to hospital may be imposed by doctors and courts who deem a person to be having a severe episode. In the UK, large mental hospitals termed asylums began to be closed down in the 1950s with the advent of antipsychotics, and with an awareness of the negative impact of long-term hospital stays

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from antipsychotics), environmental factors (e.g. complications from an increased rate of cigarette smoking), or associated with the disorder itself (e.g. diabetes mellitus type 2 and some cardiovascular diseases are thought to be genetically linked). These somatic comorbidities contribute to reduced

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DSM-5 states that to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, two diagnostic criteria have to be met over the period of one month, with a significant impact on social or occupational functioning for at least six months. One of the symptoms needs to be either delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.

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is offered. In a network comparative meta-analysis of 15 antipsychotic drugs, clozapine was significantly more effective than all other drugs, although clozapine's heavily multimodal action may cause more significant side effects. In situations where doctors judge that there is a risk of harm to self

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In the United States, the annual cost of schizophrenia – including direct costs (outpatient, inpatient, drugs, and long-term care) and non-healthcare costs (law enforcement, reduced workplace productivity, and unemployment) – was estimated at $ 62.7 billion for the year 2002. In the UK the cost

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Before the 1960s, nonviolent petty criminals and women were sometimes diagnosed with schizophrenia, categorizing the latter as ill for not performing their duties within patriarchy as wives and mothers. In the mid-to-late 1960s, black men were categorized as "hostile and aggressive" and diagnosed as

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The risk of violence by people with schizophrenia is small. There are minor subgroups where the risk is high. This risk is usually associated with a comorbid disorder such as a substance use disorder – in particular alcohol, or with antisocial personality disorder. Substance use disorder is strongly

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Some studies have shown little evidence for the effectiveness of CBT in either reducing symptoms or preventing relapse. However, other studies have found that CBT does improve overall psychotic symptoms (when in use with medication) and it has been recommended in Canada, but has been seen to have no

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and increase the risk of psychosis. Chronic trauma, including ACEs, can promote lasting inflammatory dysregulation throughout the nervous system. It is suggested that early stress may contribute to the development of schizophrenia through these alterations in the immune system. Schizophrenia was the

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Capdevielle D, Boulenger JP, Villebrun D, Ritchie K (September 2009). "Durées d'hospitalisation des patients souffrant de schizophrénie: implication des systèmes de soin et conséquences médicoéconomiques" [Schizophrenic patients' length of stay: mental health care implication and medicoeconomic

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are linked to the risk factors for the development of schizophrenia and for early death including heart disease. Those with schizophrenia possibly have the worst diet of all the mental disorders. Lower levels of folate and vitamin D have been noted as significantly lower in first episode psychosis.

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are intact in schizophrenia, and that what is reported to be anhedonia is a reflection of dysfunction in other processes related to reward. Overall, a failure of reward prediction is thought to lead to impairment in the generation of cognition and behavior required to obtain rewards, despite normal

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or very early-onset. Onset can occur between the ages of 40 and 60, known as late-onset schizophrenia. Onset over the age of 60, which may be difficult to differentiate as schizophrenia, is known as very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis. Late onset has shown that a higher rate of females are

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Most people with schizophrenia are not aggressive, and are more likely to be victims of violence rather than perpetrators. People with schizophrenia are commonly exploited and victimized by violent crime as part of a broader dynamic of social exclusion. People diagnosed with schizophrenia are also

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is especially high in those diagnosed with schizophrenia, with estimates ranging from 80 to 90% being regular smokers, as compared to 20% of the general population. Those who smoke tend to smoke heavily, and additionally smoke cigarettes with high nicotine content. Some propose that this is in an

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diagnose and treat patients in the prodromal phase of the illness. There is some evidence that these programs reduce symptoms. Patients tend to prefer early treatment programs to ordinary treatment and are less likely to disengage from them. As of 2020, it is unclear whether the benefits of early

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evidence for its five-domain structure cross-culturally. The BNSS can assess both the presence and severity of negative symptoms of the five recognized domains and an additional item of reduced normal distress. It has been used to measure changes in negative symptoms in trials of psychosocial and

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Apathy accounts for around 50% of the most often found negative symptoms and affects functional outcome and subsequent quality of life. Apathy is related to disrupted cognitive processing affecting memory and planning including goal-directed behaviour. The two subdomains have suggested a need for

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p. 22: There is low-certainty evidence for the use of SEl services in comparison to TAU for a small reduction in psychiatric hospitalisation, and moderate-certainty evidence of a large effect of reduction in disengagement from mental health services. There is moderate-certainty evidence that SEI

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Several recent reviews (e.g., Cohen and Minor, 2010) have found that individuals with schizophrenia show relatively intact self-reported emotional responses to affect-eliciting stimuli as well as other indicators of intact response(215)...Taken together, the literature increasingly suggests that

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are useful in detecting levels of inflammation implicated in some psychiatric disorders but they are not disorder-specific. Other inflammatory cytokines are found to be elevated in first episode psychosis and acute relapse that are normalized after treatment with antipsychotics, and these may be

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Antipsychotics are prescribed following a first-episode psychosis, and following remission, a preventive maintenance use is continued to avoid relapse. However, it is recognized that some people do recover following a single episode and that long-term use of antipsychotics will not be needed but

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The causes of schizophrenia are unknown, and a number of models have been put forward to explain the link between altered brain function and schizophrenia. The prevailing model of schizophrenia is that of a neurodevelopmental disorder, and the underlying changes that occur before symptoms become

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In 2000, WHO found the percentage of people affected and the number of new cases that develop each year is roughly similar around the world, with age-standardized prevalence per 100,000 ranging from 343 in Africa to 544 in Japan and Oceania for men, and from 378 in Africa to 527 in Southeastern

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impairments. Poor cognitive functioning, decision-making, and facial perception may contribute to making a wrong judgement of a situation that could result in an inappropriate response such as violence. These associated risk factors are also present in antisocial personality disorder which when

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in those with schizophrenia. A decrease in hippocampal volume is one of the factors linked to the development of the disease. However, there still remains the problem of increasing motivation for, and maintaining participation in physical activity. Supervised sessions are recommended. In the UK

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In Australia, the guideline for diagnosis is for six months or more with symptoms severe enough to affect ordinary functioning. In the UK diagnosis is based on having the symptoms for most of the time for one month, with symptoms that significantly affect the ability to work, study, or carry on

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About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will have a significant improvement over the long term with no further relapses, and a small proportion of these will recover completely. The other half will have a lifelong impairment. In severe cases, people may be admitted to hospitals. Social

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and are sometimes referred to as psychotic symptoms. These may be present in any of the different psychoses and are often transient, making early diagnosis of schizophrenia problematic. Psychosis noted for the first time in a person who is later diagnosed with schizophrenia is referred to as a

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such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and changes in their levels are seen to relate to changes in microRNA levels in specific regions of brain tissue. These studies suggest that cimiRNAs have the potential to be early and accurate biomarkers in a number of disorders including schizophrenia.

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estimated there were 1.1 million new cases; in 2022 the World Health Organization (WHO) reported a total of 24 million cases globally. Schizophrenia affects around 0.3–0.7% of people at some point in their life. In areas of conflict this figure can rise to between 4.0 and 6.5%. It occurs

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is also often deficient and this is linked to worse symptoms. Supplementation with B vitamins has been shown to significantly improve symptoms, and to put in reverse some of the cognitive deficits. It is also suggested that the noted dysfunction in gut microbiota might benefit from the use of

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Other support services for education, employment, and housing are usually offered. For people with severe schizophrenia, who are discharged from a stay in the hospital, these services are often brought together in an integrated approach to offer support in the community away from the hospital

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and cognition. The consolidation of memories is disrupted in sleep disorders. They are associated with severity of illness, a poor prognosis, and poor quality of life. Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia is a common symptom, regardless of whether treatment has been received or not. Genetic

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About 0.3% to 0.7% of people are diagnosed with schizophrenia during their lifetime. In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2022 a total of 24 million cases globally. Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset than females. The causes of

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Media coverage, especially movies, reinforce the public perception of an association between schizophrenia and violence. A majority of movies have historically depicted characters with schizophrenia as criminal, dangerous, violent, unpredictable and homicidal, and depicted delusions and

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which is significantly more common in those with schizophrenia. This abnormal development of hemispheric asymmetry is noted in schizophrenia. Studies have concluded that the link is a true and verifiable effect that may reflect a genetic link between lateralization and schizophrenia.

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Onset typically occurs between the late teens and early 30s, with the peak incidence occurring in males in the early to mid-twenties, and in females in the late twenties. Onset before the age of 17 is known as early-onset, and before the age of 13, as can sometimes occur, is known as

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Several studies that investigated perceptual processes found impaired GBR in ScZ patients over sensory areas, such as the auditory and visual cortex. Moreover, studies examining steady-state auditory-evoked potentials showed deficits in the gen- eration of oscillations in the gamma

2238:, but there are several other factors that may contribute to the disorder; it may reduce life expectancy by 13 percent. Barriers to improving the mortality rate in schizophrenia are poverty, overlooking the symptoms of other illnesses, stress, stigma, and medication side effects. 1150:

may be a contributory factor in the development of schizophrenia, potentially increasing the risk of the disease in those who are already at risk. The increased risk may require the presence of certain genes within an individual. Its use is associated with doubling the rate.

2026:(ICM). ICM is a stage further than ACT and emphasises support of high intensity in smaller caseloads, (less than twenty). This approach is to provide long-term care in the community. Studies show that ICM improves many of the relevant outcomes including social functioning. 2268:

associated with schizophrenia estimated at 5% to 6%, most often occurring in the period following onset or first hospital admission. Several times more (20 to 40%) attempt suicide at least once. There are a variety of risk factors, including male sex, depression, a high

785:. Cognitive dysfunction at an early age impacts a young person's usual cognitive development. Recognition and early intervention at the prodromal stage would minimize the associated disruption to educational and social development and has been the focus of many studies. 1397:

is an important part of the assessment. An established tool for assessing the severity of positive and negative symptoms is the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). This has been seen to have shortcomings relating to negative symptoms, and other scales – the

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A major unresolved difference between the two diagnostic systems is that of the requirement in DSM of an impaired functional outcome. WHO for ICD argues that not all people with schizophrenia have functional deficits and so these are not specific for the diagnosis.

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The ICD criteria are typically used in European countries; the DSM criteria are used predominantly in the United States and Canada, and are prevailing in research studies. In practice, agreement between the two systems is high. The current proposal for the

2541:. The most common first-rank symptom was found to belong to thought disorders. In 2013 the first-rank symptoms were excluded from the DSM-5 criteria; while they may not be useful in diagnosing schizophrenia, they can assist in differential diagnosis. 519:, and disorganized thoughts, speech and behavior or inappropriate affect, typically regarded as manifestations of psychosis. Hallucinations occur at some point in the lifetimes of 80% of those with schizophrenia and most commonly involve the sense of 2006:. Skills training, help with substance use, and weight management – often needed as a side effect of an antipsychotic – are also offered. In the US, interventions for first episode psychosis have been brought together in an overall approach known as 2534:

categorized the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia into two groups – hallucinations and delusions. The hallucinations were listed as specific to auditory and the delusions included thought disorders. These were seen as important symptoms, termed

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brain development is disturbed, and environmental influence affects the postnatal development of the brain. Evidence suggests that genetically susceptible children are more likely to be vulnerable to the effects of environmental risk factors.

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Misiak B, Krefft M, Bielawski T, Moustafa AA, Sąsiadek MM, Frydecka D (April 2017). "Toward a unified theory of childhood trauma and psychosis: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological findings".

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are seen to improve negative symptoms in some people, and are recommended by NICE in the UK. This approach is criticised as having not been well-researched, and arts therapies are not recommended in Australian guidelines for example.

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Becker T, Kilian R (2006). "Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care?".

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are known risk factors for the development of schizophrenia, which usually emerges between the ages of 18 and 25, a period that overlaps with certain stages of neurodevelopment. Gene-environment interactions lead to deficits in the

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associated with schizophrenia risk confers a fitness advantage in unaffected individuals. While some evidence has not supported this idea, others propose that a large number of alleles each contributing a small amount can persist.

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Cannabis acts as a component cause of psychosis, that is, it increases the risk of psychosis in people with certain genetic or environmental vulnerabilities, though by itself, it is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of

1271:. Both working memory tasks and gamma waves are impaired in schizophrenia, which may reflect abnormal interneuron functionality. An important process that may be disrupted in neurodevelopment is astrogenesis – the formation of 571:, sometimes termed passivity phenomena, are also common. Positive symptoms generally respond well to medication and become reduced over the course of the illness, perhaps linked to the age-related decline in dopamine activity. 354:

that includes the person's reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person. For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the described symptoms need to have been present for at least six months (according to the

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Subtypes of schizophrenia – classified as paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual – were difficult to distinguish and are no longer recognized as separate conditions by DSM-5 (2013) or ICD-11.

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Peters L, Krogmann A, von Hardenberg L, Bödeker K, Nöhles VB, Correll CU (November 2019). "Long-Acting Injections in Schizophrenia: a 3-Year Update on Randomized Controlled Trials Published January 2016 – March 2019".

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Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis".

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A 2015 Cochrane review found unclear evidence of benefit from brain stimulation techniques to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). Most studies focus on

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from conception to adulthood can be involved. A genetic predisposition on its own, without interacting environmental factors, will not give rise to the development of schizophrenia. The genetic component means that

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produced pre-menopause has a dampening effect on dopamine receptors but its protection can be overridden by a genetic overload. There has been a dramatic increase in the numbers of older adults with schizophrenia.

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Philipp R, Kriston L, Lanio J, Kühne F, Härter M, Moritz S, et al. (March 2019). "Effectiveness of metacognitive interventions for mental disorders in adults-A systematic review and meta-analysis (METACOG)".

9111:"A quantitative review of the post-mortem evidence for decreased cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression levels in schizophrenia: How can we link molecular abnormalities to mismatch negativity deficits?" 3026: 3030: 16118: 16103: 16088: 2051:

Exercise including aerobic exercise has been shown to improve positive and negative symptoms, cognition, working memory, and improve quality of life. Exercise has also been shown to increase the volume of the

2462:, between the two psychoses – dementia praecox, and manic depression (now called bipolar disorder). When it became evident that the disorder was not a degenerative dementia, it was renamed schizophrenia by 1263:. The subsets of interneurons that are abnormal in schizophrenia are responsible for the synchronizing of neural ensembles needed during working memory tasks. These give the neural oscillations produced as 459:. Long-term hospitalization is used on a small number of people with severe schizophrenia. In some countries where supportive services are limited or unavailable, long-term hospital stays are more common. 11699:

Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, Heres S, Kissling W, Salanti G, et al. (June 2012). "Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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About 30 to 50 percent of people with schizophrenia do not accept that they have an illness or comply with their recommended treatment. For those who are unwilling or unable to take medication regularly,

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An estimated 70% of those with schizophrenia have cognitive deficits, and these are most pronounced in early-onset and late-onset illness. These are often evident long before the onset of illness in the

3535:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1450: 419:, exploitation, and victimization are commonly correlated with schizophrenia. Compared to the general population, people with schizophrenia have a higher suicide rate (about 5% overall) and more 7043:

Bundy H, Stahl D, MacCabe JH (February 2011). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the fertility of patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected relatives: Fertility in schizophrenia".

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setting. In addition to medicine management, housing, and finances, assistance is given for more routine matters such as help with shopping and using public transport. This approach is known as

1140:. The use of cannabis and tobacco are not associated with the development of cognitive deficits, and sometimes a reverse relationship is found where their use improves these symptoms. However, 833:

of schizophrenia are between 70% and 80%, which implies that 70% to 80% of the individual differences in risk of schizophrenia are associated with genetics. These estimates vary because of the

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of antipsychotics may be used, which reduce the risk of relapse to a greater degree than oral medications. When used in combination with psychosocial interventions, they may improve long-term

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criteria. The US model was criticised for failing to demarcate clearly those people with a mental illness. In 1980 DSM III was published and showed a shift in focus from the clinically based

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and frontal lobotomy – carried out from the 1930s until the 1970s in the United States, and until the 1980s in France – are recognized as a human rights abuse. In the mid-1950s the first

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The common dopamine and glutamate models proposed are not mutually exclusive; each is seen to have a role in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. The most common model put forward was the

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are seen to drive the negative psychosocial outcome in schizophrenia, and are claimed to equate to a possible reduction in IQ from the norm of 100 to 70–85. Cognitive deficits may be of

547:. The frequency of hallucinations involving multiple senses is double the rate of those involving only one sense. They are also typically related to the content of the delusional theme. 2218:

Almost 40% of those with schizophrenia die from complications of cardiovascular disease which is seen to be increasingly associated. An underlying factor of sudden cardiac death may be

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is often found to be difficult. Facial perception is critical for ordinary social interaction. Cognitive impairments do not usually respond to antipsychotics, and there are a number of

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Ocklenburg S, Güntürkün O, Hugdahl K, Hirnstein M (December 2015). "Laterality and mental disorders in the postgenomic age—A closer look at schizophrenia and language lateralization".

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Schizophrenia has great human and economic costs. It decreases life expectancy by between 10 and 28 years. This is primarily because of its association with heart disease, diabetes,

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hallucinations as the main symptoms of schizophrenic characters, ignoring other common symptoms, furthering stereotypes of schizophrenia including the idea of a split personality.

2667:, without signs of psychosis, based on "the assumption that symptoms would later appear". Now discredited, the diagnosis provided a convenient way to confine political dissidents. 13986:"Neuropsychology and emotion processing in violent individuals with antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia: The same or different? A systematic review and meta-analysis" 717:. Social cognition is concerned with the mental operations needed to interpret, and understand the self and others in the social world. This is also an associated impairment, and 610:

Scales for specifically assessing the presence of negative symptoms, and for measuring their severity, and their changes have been introduced since the earlier scales such as the

6173:"From Onset and Prodromal Stage to a Life-Long Course of Schizophrenia and Its Symptom Dimensions: How Sex, Age, and Other Risk Factors Influence Incidence and Course of Illness" 2273:, heavy smoking, and substance use. Repeated relapse is linked to an increased risk of suicidal behavior. The use of clozapine can reduce the risk of suicide, and of aggression. 14123:

Kirkbride JB, Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Murray RM, et al. (June 2007). "Neighbourhood variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders in Southeast London".

2753:. The new name, also interpreted as "integration disorder", was inspired by the biopsychosocial model. A similar change was made in South Korea in 2012 to attunement disorder. 946:

The question of how schizophrenia could be primarily genetically influenced, given that people with schizophrenia have lower fertility rates, is a paradox. It is expected that

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Fischer BA (December 2012). "A review of American psychiatry through its diagnoses: the history and development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders".

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can explain at least 7% of the variability in liability for schizophrenia. Around 5% of cases of schizophrenia are understood to be at least partially attributable to rare

1317:. Anhedonia, traditionally defined as a reduced capacity to experience pleasure, is frequently reported in schizophrenia. However, a large body of evidence suggests that 8472:

Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Vitrani G, Aguilar L, et al. (November 2018). "Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development".

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that would help in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia is an active area of research as of 2020. Possible biomarkers include markers of inflammation, neuroimaging,

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Arias I, Sorlozano A, Villegas E, de Dios Luna J, McKenney K, Cervilla J, et al. (April 2012). "Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis".

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to varying degrees. There is little evidence that second generation antipsychotics have reduced levels of extrapyramidical symptoms compared to typical antipsychotics.

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A more general medical and neurological examination may be needed to rule out medical illnesses which may rarely produce psychotic schizophrenia-like symptoms, such as

5810:"Circumstances under which practice does not make perfect: a review of the practice effect literature in schizophrenia and its relevance to clinical treatment studies" 11151:

McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Feldman K, Wolfe R, Pascaris A (March 2007). "Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial".

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Cohen CI, Freeman K, Ghoneim D, Vengassery A, Ghezelaiagh B, Reinhardt MM (March 2018). "Advances in the Conceptualization and Study of Schizophrenia in Later Life".

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Monti JM, BaHammam AS, Pandi-Perumal SR, Bromundt V, Spence DW, Cardinali DP, et al. (June 2013). "Sleep and circadian rhythm dysregulation in schizophrenia".

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can mimic the symptoms and cognitive problems associated with schizophrenia. Post-mortem studies consistently find that a subset of these neurons fail to express

920:). Some of these CNVs increase the risk of developing schizophrenia by as much as 20-fold, and are frequently comorbid with autism and intellectual disabilities. 3999: 1028:. The increased risk is about five to eight percent. Viral infections of the brain during childhood are also linked to a risk of schizophrenia during adulthood. 9627:

Walton E, Hibar DP, van Erp TG, Potkin SG, Roiz-Santiañez R, Crespo-Facorro B, et al. (Karolinska Schizophrenia Project Consortium (KaSP)) (January 2018).

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have been used to link abnormalities in cellular functioning to symptoms. Both hallucinations and delusions have been suggested to reflect improper encoding of

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Tatsumi K, Kirkpatrick B, Strauss GP, Opler M (April 2020). "The brief negative symptom scale in translation: A review of psychometric properties and beyond".

14516:"Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5: Clinical Implications of Revisions from DSM-IV" 9282:

Senkowski D, Gallinat J (June 2015). "Dysfunctional prefrontal gamma-band oscillations reflect working memory and other cognitive deficits in schizophrenia".

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Wu EQ, Birnbaum HG, Shi L, Ball DE, Kessler RC, Moulis M, et al. (September 2005). "The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002".

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linked, and other risk factors are linked to deficits in cognition and social cognition including facial perception and insight that are in part included in

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of those with schizophrenia are also affected. If one parent is affected the risk is about 13% and if both are affected the risk is nearly 50%. However, the

622:(BNSS) also known as second-generation scales. In 2020, ten years after its introduction, a cross-cultural study of the use of BNSS found valid and reliable 13319: 9774:

Young J, Anticevic A, Barch D (2018). "Cognitive and Motivational Neuroscience of Psychotic Disorders". In Charney D, Buxbaum J, Sklar P, Nestler E (eds.).

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Attademo L, Bernardini F, Garinella R, Compton MT (March 2017). "Environmental pollution and risk of psychotic disorders: A review of the science to date".

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are substantially present alongside psychotic symptoms. Psychosis that results from a general medical condition or substance is termed secondary psychosis.

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Bortolon C, Macgregor A, Capdevielle D, Raffard S (September 2018). "Apathy in schizophrenia: A review of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical studies".

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affected; they have less severe symptoms and need lower doses of antipsychotics. The tendency for earlier onset in males is later seen to be balanced by a

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Marshall M (September 2005). "Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review".

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Lawrence RE, First MB, Lieberman JA (2015). "Chapter 48: Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses". In Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, First MB, Riba MB (eds.).

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Positive symptoms are those symptoms that are not normally experienced, but are present in people during a psychotic episode in schizophrenia, including

13647:

de Leon J, Diaz FJ (July 2005). "A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors".

6047:

Fountoulakis KN, Panagiotidis P, Kimiskidis V, Nimatoudis I, Gonda X (February 2019). "Neurological soft signs in familial and sporadic schizophrenia".

11842:

Chow CL, Kadouh NK, Bostwick JR, VandenBerg AM (June 2020). "Akathisia and Newer Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs: A Review of Current Evidence".

2014:

is a similar approach that covers many of the treatment guidelines recommended. The aim is to reduce the number of relapses and stays in the hospital.

12936:"The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials" 10825:

Murray ED, Buttner N, Price BH (2012). "Depression and Psychosis in Neurological Practice". In Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J (eds.).

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Tandon R, Gaebel W, Barch DM, Bustillo J, Gur RE, Heckers S, et al. (October 2013). "Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5".

12766: 11773: 10571:"Light therapies to improve sleep in intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders and neuro-psychiatric illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 4874:

Galderisi S, Mucci A, Buchanan RW, Arango C (August 2018). "Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: new developments and unanswered research questions".

4365: 2686:

in 2016 was put at £11.8 billion per year with a third of that figure directly attributable to the cost of hospital, social care and treatment.

1749: 1724:. In children hallucinations must be separated from typical childhood fantasies. It is difficult to distinguish childhood schizophrenia from autism. 1058:

during childhood or as an adult has consistently been found to increase the risk of schizophrenia by a factor of two, even after taking into account

350:

and typically begin during young adulthood and are never resolved. There is no objective diagnostic test; diagnosis is based on observed behavior, a

3642:

Javitt DC (June 2014). "Balancing therapeutic safety and efficacy to improve clinical and economic outcomes in schizophrenia: a clinical overview".

2022:(ACT) and has been shown to achieve positive results in symptoms, social functioning and quality of life. Another more intense approach is known as 16509: 16412: 1577: 636: 579:

Negative symptoms are deficits of normal emotional responses, or of other thought processes. The five recognized domains of negative symptoms are:

12527:"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders" 9855:

Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Kennedy H, Van Essen DC, Christen Y (2016). "Intra- and Inter-hemispheric Connectivity Supporting Hemispheric Specialization".

9367:

Decreased gamma power in response to a task was a relatively consistent finding, with 5 out of 6 studies reported reduced evoked or induced power.

4646:

Heinz A, Voss M, Lawrie SM, Mishara A, Bauer M, Gallinat J, et al. (September 2016). "Shall we really say goodbye to first rank symptoms?".

2586: 11295:

Ortiz-Orendain J, Covarrubias-Castillo SA, Vazquez-Alvarez AO, Castiello-de Obeso S, Arias Quiñones GE, Seegers M, et al. (December 2019).

15250:"A systematic literature review of the clinical and health economic burden of schizophrenia in privately insured patients in the United States" 8139:

Sagud M, Mihaljević-Peles A, Mück-Seler D, Pivac N, Vuksan-Cusa B, Brataljenović T, et al. (September 2009). "Smoking and schizophrenia".

7276:

Cirulli F, Musillo C, Berry A (5 February 2020). "Maternal Obesity as a Risk Factor for Brain Development and Mental Health in the Offspring".

1517:, or substance use disorder. These are separate disorders that require treatment. When comorbid with schizophrenia, substance use disorder and 11055:"Are we getting any better at staying better? The long view on relapse and recovery in first episode nonaffective psychosis and schizophrenia" 8403:

Hasan A, von Keller R, Friemel CM, Hall W, Schneider M, Koethe D, et al. (June 2020). "Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews".

5331:

Bozikas VP, Andreou C (February 2011). "Longitudinal studies of cognition in first episode psychosis: a systematic review of the literature".

13604:

Sriretnakumar V, Huang E, Müller DJ (2015). "Pharmacogenetics of clozapine treatment response and side-effects in schizophrenia: an update".

3084: 1078:, immigration related to social adversity and racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment, and poor housing conditions. Having a 837:

genetic and environmental influences, and their accuracy has been queried. The greatest risk factor for developing schizophrenia is having a

14178: 2030:

effect on social function, relapse, or quality of life. In the UK it is recommended as an add-on therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia.

10768: 2835: 649:

throughout the human brain in a patient with schizophrenia. The most deficient areas are magenta, while the least deficient areas are blue.

12315:"Cognitive-behavioural therapy for the symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis with examination of potential bias" 7000:

Lowther C, Costain G, Baribeau DA, Bassett AS (September 2017). "Genomic Disorders in Psychiatry—What Does the Clinician Need to Know?".

4358: 14492: 12359:"Cognitive behavioural therapy plus standard care versus standard care plus other psychosocial treatments for people with schizophrenia" 7880:

Costa E, Silva JA, Steffen RE (November 2019). "Urban environment and psychiatric disorders: a review of the neuroscience and biology".

17521: 17477: 16580: 11897:"Tardive dyskinesia risk with first- and second-generation antipsychotics in comparative randomized controlled trials: a meta-analysis" 10330:

Jakobsen KD, Frederiksen JN, Hansen T, Jansson LB, Parnas J, Werge T (2005). "Reliability of clinical ICD-10 schizophrenia diagnoses".

2378:. The frequency of schizophrenia varies across the world, within countries, and at the local and neighborhood level; this variation in 777:

Onset may happen suddenly or may occur after the slow and gradual development of a number of signs and symptoms, a period known as the

15616:"Ways of understanding of religious delusions associated with a change of identity on the example of identification with Jesus Christ" 8300:"Psychosocial and psychological interventions for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" 5510:

Hashimoto K (5 July 2019). "Recent Advances in the Early Intervention in Schizophrenia: Future Direction from Preclinical Findings".

2776: 2702: 1915:(Cobenfy) was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2024. It is the first antipsychotic drug approved by the US 1252: 17336: 16953: 16766: 16308: 9061:"Thalamo-cortical communication, glutamatergic neurotransmission and neural oscillations: A unique window into the origins of ScZ?" 2215:, and smoking, with an increased rate of suicide playing a lesser role. Side effects of antipsychotics may also increase the risk. 735:

of clumsiness and loss of fine motor movement are often found in schizophrenia, which may resolve with effective treatment of FEP.

1527:

often co-occur with schizophrenia, and may be an early sign of relapse. Sleep disorders are linked with positive symptoms such as

1000:, and dysregulating the dopamine and serotonin pathways. Both maternal stress and infection have been demonstrated to alter fetal 931:

are associated with the severity of suicidal behavior. These genes code for stress response proteins needed in the control of the

16746: 16252: 4452: 2831: 1016:. Other infections during pregnancy or around the time of birth that have been linked to an increased risk include infections by 14961:

Aringhieri S (December 2018). "Molecular targets of atypical antipsychotics: From mechanism of action to clinical differences".

14290: 12763:"Quality statement 7: Promoting healthy eating, physical activity and smoking cessation | Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults" 7180:"8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine and Reactive Oxygen Species as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Mental Illnesses: A Meta-Analysis" 5374:

Shah JN, Qureshi SU, Jawaid A, Schulz PE (June 2012). "Is there evidence for late cognitive decline in chronic schizophrenia?".

1712:, and indicates an underlying medical illness. Investigations are not generally repeated for relapse unless there is a specific 1302:

density. These cellular and functional abnormalities may also be reflected in structural neuroimaging studies that find reduced

17072: 12511: 12472: 4120:"Clozapine Response Rates among People with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Data from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 2895:

A 2007 review stated that the 2002 estimate was still the best available, and a 2018 review cited the same $ 62.7 billion.

1661: 254: 17: 1344:, thereby causing expectation to excessively influence sensory perception and the formation of beliefs. In approved models of 16313: 14607: 13392: 13086: 10834: 9872: 7807: 7360: 6858:"New statistical approaches exploit the polygenic architecture of schizophrenia—implications for the underlying neurobiology" 6617: 4960:

Batinic B (June 2019). "Cognitive Models of Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia and Implications for Treatment".

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will be offered. Clozapine is of benefit to around half of this group although it has the potentially serious side effect of

1337: 1220: 16443: 10852:"Examination of Dosing of Antipsychotic Drugs for Relapse Prevention in Patients With Stable Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis" 6673:

Torrey EF, Yolken RH (August 2019). "Schizophrenia as a pseudogenetic disease: A call for more gene-environmental studies".

2792:

In the UK, guidelines for reporting conditions and award campaigns have shown a reduction in negative reporting since 2013.

1389:(WHO). These criteria use the self-reported experiences of the person and reported abnormalities in behavior, followed by a 16365: 16293: 16288: 9580:"Positive symptoms associate with cortical thinning in the superior temporal gyrus via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium" 4525:"A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations" 3582: 1752:(NICE). Another preventive measure is to avoid drugs that have been associated with development of the disorder, including 1193: 1091: 611: 11514:"Is treatment-resistant schizophrenia categorically distinct from treatment-responsive schizophrenia? a systematic review" 3350:

Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders

2603:

In the 1930s a number of shock procedures which induced seizures (convulsions) or comas were used to treat schizophrenia.

2413: 17868: 17533: 16681: 16133: 14084:"Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: findings from the 3-center AeSOP study" 7583:"Cat Ownership and Schizophrenia-Related Disorders and Psychotic-Like Experiences: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 4456: 3488: 3000: 686: 9330: 8175: 1055: 996:, and malnutrition in the mother during prenatal development. A risk is associated with maternal obesity, in increasing 392: 16783: 16758: 16593: 9947:

Friston KJ, Stephan KE, Montague R, Dolan RJ (July 2014). "Computational psychiatry: the brain as a phantastic organ".

8264: 8052:"Effects of increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring" 15481:

Owen PR (July 2012). "Portrayals of schizophrenia by entertainment media: a content analysis of contemporary movies".

10782:

OConghaile A, DeLisi LE (May 2015). "Distinguishing schizophrenia from posttraumatic stress disorder with psychosis".

4038: 3213: 2862:

in schizophrenia may serve as a marker of an impaired thalamocortical circuit, and a mechanism for memory impairment.

1985: 17569: 17389: 17287: 16519: 16370: 15070: 14335: 12672:"Aerobic Exercise Improves Cognitive Functioning in People With Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 12091:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of metacognitive abilities in individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders" 9783: 9150:

Michie PT, Malmierca MS, Harms L, Todd J (April 2016). "The neurobiology of MMN and implications for schizophrenia".

8247:

Khokhar JY, Henricks AM, Sullivan ED, Green AI (2018). "Unique Effects of Clozapine: A Pharmacological Perspective".

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Marder SR, Kirkpatrick B (May 2014). "Defining and measuring negative symptoms of schizophrenia in clinical trials".

3623: 2850: 2676: 2277: 1514: 1352:, reduced NMDA receptor activation, could in theory result in the positive symptoms of delusions and hallucinations. 1071: 983: 372: 17886: 12787:"Nutritional Deficiencies and Clinical Correlates in First-Episode Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 12090: 7635:"Childhood adversity and trauma:experiences of professionals trained to routinely enquire about childhood adversity" 2536: 17661: 16898: 16869: 16810: 16397: 16328: 2100: 1638: 1378: 1326: 963: 804: 420: 234: 14755:"One Size Does Not Fit All: A Comprehensive Clinical Approach to Reducing Suicidal Ideation, Attempts, and Deaths" 8862:"Striatal presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia, part II: meta-analysis of [(18)F/(11)C]-DOPA PET studies" 4572:

Császár N, Kapócs G, Bókkon I (27 May 2019). "A possible key role of vision in the development of schizophrenia".

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van Dongen J, Boomsma DI (March 2013). "The evolutionary paradox and the missing heritability of schizophrenia".

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and attention are seen to be the most affected. Verbal memory impairment is associated with a decreased level of

242: 226: 1836:

The first-line treatment for schizophrenia is an antipsychotic. The first-generation antipsychotics, now called

17556: 17341: 17312: 16573: 6962:

Kendler KS (March 2016). "The Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk Score: To What Does It Predispose in Adolescence?".

3533:

Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

2824: 2805: 2386: 2367: 1642: 1209: 524: 31: 14445:"Innovations and changes in the ICD-11 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders" 14035:"New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 12983:

Kritharides L, Chow V, Lambert TJ (6 February 2017). "Cardiovascular disease in patients with schizophrenia".

10610:

Assimakopoulos K, Karaivazoglou K, Skokou M, Kalogeropoulou M, Kolios P, Gourzis P, et al. (March 2018).

17082: 16800: 16776: 16402: 16283: 16270: 13871:

Bora E (December 2017). "Relationship between insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis".

2650: 2320: 2315: 2109: 2019: 1956:

can occur due to long-term use of antipsychotics, developing after months or years of use. The antipsychotic

1748:

may reduce the risk of psychosis in those at high risk after a year and is recommended in this group, by the

1634: 1046:, range from being bullied or abused, to the death of a parent. Many adverse childhood experiences can cause 1039: 794: 726: 331: 238: 179: 8617:"Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment" 6416:"Neurodevelopmental disorders: mechanisms and boundary definitions from genomes, interactomes and proteomes" 2253:

have been questioned. Social problems, such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation,

2065: 988:

Environmental factors, each associated with a slight risk of developing schizophrenia in later life include

17745: 17282: 16815: 16660: 16448: 16298: 16278: 14898:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" 11779: 10464:"Basic Neuroscience Illuminates Causal Relationship Between Sleep and Memory: Translating to Schizophrenia" 7784:"Early-Life Adversity, Systemic Inflammation and Comorbid Physical and Psychiatric Illnesses of Adult Life" 3480: 2446:, meaning premature dementia, was used by German psychiatrist Heinrich Schüle in 1886, and then in 1891 by 2060:

An inadequate diet is often found in schizophrenia, and associated vitamin deficiencies including those of

1916: 1912: 1745: 1181: 1173: 917: 905: 2565:

In the early 1970s in the US, the diagnostic model for schizophrenia was broad and clinically based using

1735:

of schizophrenia is difficult as there are no reliable markers for the later development of the disorder.

17903: 16990: 16788: 16342: 16323: 16245: 4825: 2230:, or excessive fluid intake, is relatively common in people with chronic schizophrenia. This may lead to 2007: 1773: 1618: 1521:

both increase the risk for violence. Comorbid substance use disorder also increases the risk of suicide.

1132:. Drugs may also be used as coping mechanisms by people who have schizophrenia, to deal with depression, 1095: 1029: 800: 467: 17803: 13201:"Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" 10612:"Genetic Variations Associated with Sleep Disorders in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review" 3933:"Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" 17830: 17740: 16655: 16514: 16438: 16384: 16338: 16318: 16303: 15762:"Auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: current perspectives in brain stimulation treatments" 11743:

McEvoy JP (2006). "Risks versus benefits of different types of long-acting injectable antipsychotics".

9578:

Walton E, Hibar DP, van Erp TG, Potkin SG, Roiz-Santiañez R, Crespo-Facorro B, et al. (May 2017).

2916: 2680: 2577:

to a reason-based medical model. DSM IV brought an increased focus on an evidence-based medical model.

2094: 1783: 1361: 1232: 1177: 808: 447: 13199:

Charlson FJ, Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, Diminic S, Stockings E, Scott JG, et al. (October 2018).

3931:

Charlson FJ, Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, Diminic S, Stockings E, Scott JG, et al. (October 2018).

1032:

is also associated with an increased risk of broadly defined schizophrenia-related disorders, with an

17975: 17750: 17719: 17097: 16980: 16566: 16453: 14174: 8299: 5710:"Cognitive remediation: a new generation of psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia" 3586: 3514: 3053: 2957: 2616: 1704:

may also be associated with schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms. It may be necessary to rule out a

1423: 1394: 1386: 1074:

has been suggested to be the cause of the elevated risk of schizophrenia. Other risk factors include

230: 218: 163: 13949:

Richard-Devantoy S, Bouyer-Richard AI, Jollant F, Mondoloni A, Voyer M, Senon JL (August 2013). "".

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Kumari V, Postma P (January 2005). "Nicotine use in schizophrenia: the self medication hypotheses".

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Dixon LB, Dickerson F, Bellack AS, Bennett M, Dickinson D, Goldberg RW, et al. (January 2010).

10243:"Are Shorter Versions of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Doable? A Critical Review" 9808:"Handedness, language areas and neuropsychiatric diseases: insights from brain imaging and genetics" 9678:"Emotional experience in patients with schizophrenia revisited: meta-analysis of laboratory studies" 9629:"Prefrontal cortical thinning links to negative symptoms in schizophrenia via the ENIGMA consortium" 9329:

Reilly TJ, Nottage JF, Studerus E, Rutigliano G, Micheli AI, Fusar-Poli P, et al. (July 2018).

8446: 8352:"The Association Between Cannabis Use and Schizophrenia: Causative or Curative? A Systematic Review" 2866:

are highly influential in early neuronal development, and their disruption is implicated in several

950:

that increase the risk of schizophrenia would be selected against, due to their negative effects on

901: 893: 17920: 17798: 17714: 17709: 17406: 17369: 17361: 17179: 17148: 16889: 16874: 16468: 16144: 16061: 11294: 11104:"Beyond Psychopharmacology: Emerging Psychosocial Interventions for Core Symptoms of Schizophrenia" 10041:"Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms of schizophrenia" 8104:

Gregg L, Barrowclough C, Haddock G (May 2007). "Reasons for increased substance use in psychosis".

4304:"Disability in a Group of Long-stay Patients with Schizophrenia: Experience from a Mental Hospital" 2992: 2402: 1721: 1622: 1595: 1587: 1548: 1466: 1128:, which presents very similarly to schizophrenia. Rarely, alcohol use can also result in a similar 993: 14167: 9806:

Wiberg A, Ng M, Al Omran Y, Alfaro-Almagro F, McCarthy P, Marchini J, et al. (October 2019).

5175:"Clinical picture, pathogenesis and psychometric assessment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia" 935:, and their interaction can affect this axis. Response to stress can cause lasting changes in the 673:. Neurocognition is the ability to receive and remember information, and includes verbal fluency, 17735: 17242: 17092: 17087: 17044: 16861: 16458: 16433: 11273: 10308: 8450: 8197:

Leweke FM, Koethe D (June 2008). "Cannabis and psychiatric disorders: it is not only addiction".

3510: 2953: 2780: 2767: 2707: 1941: 1897: 1861: 1697: 1693: 1630: 1310: 1160: 778: 761: 750: 732: 706: 655: 388: 206: 104: 15518:"Psychiatry's contribution to the public stereotype of schizophrenia: Historical considerations" 10756: 10663:"Somatic Comorbidity in Schizophrenia: Some Possible Biological Mechanisms Across the Life Span" 7841:"The slow death of the concept of schizophrenia and the painful birth of the psychosis spectrum" 6280: 2382:

between studies over time, across geographical locations, and by gender is as high as fivefold.

192:

Based on observed behavior, reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person

51: 17985: 17613: 17252: 17143: 17102: 17077: 16985: 16547: 16529: 16360: 16238: 16011:"Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders" 15655:

Dein S, Littlewood R (July 2011). "Religion and psychosis: a common evolutionary trajectory?".

13076: 11430:"Does long-term treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotic medications facilitate recovery?" 10416:

Staedt J, Hauser M, Gudlowski Y, Stoppe G (February 2010). "Sleep disorders in schizophrenia".

2867: 2839: 2664: 2638: 2520: 2505: 2486: 2459: 2235: 2040: 2003: 1908: 1837: 1829: 1810: 1805: 1709: 1689: 1614: 1583: 1556: 1390: 1141: 1129: 718: 456: 412: 343: 202: 197: 110: 97: 16184: 16097: 15301:"Associations between renaming schizophrenia and stigma-related outcomes: A systematic review" 12785:

Firth J, Carney R, Stubbs B, Teasdale SB, Vancampfort D, Ward PB, et al. (October 2018).

9239:

Lewis DA, Hashimoto T, Volk DW (April 2005). "Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia".

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of three males diagnosed with schizophrenia who each had the delusional belief that they were

2440:

are rare in records before the 19th century; the earliest case reports were in 1797 and 1809.

1541: 1008:. There is a slighter risk associated with being born in the winter or spring possibly due to 913: 909: 849:

indicates that most people with schizophrenia have no family history of psychosis. Results of

754: 17808: 17541: 17421: 17328: 17307: 16481: 14598: 10282: 10040: 9384:"Mechanisms of astrocyte development and their contributions to neurodevelopmental disorders" 8909:

Howes OD, Kambeitz J, Kim E, Stahl D, Slifstein M, Abi-Dargham A, et al. (August 2012).

8813:"Dysregulation of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and depression" 8717:"Dopamine, cognitive biases and assessment of certainty: A neurocognitive model of delusions" 6307: 2630: 2604: 2574: 2555: 1936: 1732: 1528: 1280: 1197: 1059: 881: 838: 556: 544: 491: 10850:

Leucht S, Bauer S, Siafis S, Hamza T, Wu H, Schneider-Thoma J, et al. (November 2021).

6414:

Mullin AP, Gokhale A, Moreno-De-Luca A, Sanyal S, Waddington JL, Faundez V (December 2013).

5279:"Current understandings about cognition and the neurobiological correlates in schizophrenia" 3770:

Parakh P, Basu D (August 2013). "Cannabis and psychosis: have we found the missing links?".

2285:

effort to improve symptoms. Among people with schizophrenia use of cannabis is also common.

2036: 1313:. The severity of negative symptoms has been linked to reduced thickness in the left medial 1051:

last diagnosis to benefit from the link made between ACEs and adult mental health outcomes.

705:. An impairment in visual perception that is consistently found in schizophrenia is that of 17633: 17546: 17302: 17122: 16723: 16703: 16492: 16486: 14853:

Mashour GA, Walker EE, Martuza RL (June 2005). "Psychosurgery: past, present, and future".

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Wilson M (March 1993). "DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: a history".

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Kirkbride JB, Fearon P, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K, Tarrant J, et al. (March 2006).

12141:"The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements" 7646: 5000: 2871: 2846: 2371:

1.4 times more frequently in males than females and typically appears earlier in men.

2105: 2031: 1920: 1901: 1801: 1795: 1314: 1201: 1009: 989: 951: 885: 834: 817: 782: 564: 384: 246: 10007: 8568:"How Schizophrenia Develops: Cognitive and Brain Mechanisms Underlying Onset of Psychosis" 7534:"Childhood infection and adult schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of population-based studies" 3448: 3431: 936: 8: 17683: 17665: 17628: 17618: 17472: 17374: 17351: 17199: 17191: 16970: 16948: 16676: 16122: 15862:"Epigenomic Dysregulation in Schizophrenia: In Search of Disease Etiology and Biomarkers" 12934:

Firth J, Teasdale SB, Allott K, Siskind D, Marx W, Cotter J, et al. (October 2019).

11996:

Bellani M, Ricciardi C, Rossetti MG, Zovetti N, Perlini C, Brambilla P (September 2019).

11269: 10948:

Puntis S, Minichino A, De Crescenzo F, Cipriani A, Lennox B, Harrison R (November 2020).

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Biedermann F, Fleischhacker WW (August 2016). "Psychotic disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-11".

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mutations. BrS may also be drug-induced from certain antipsychotics and antidepressants.

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Kraguljac NV, McDonald WM, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Tohen M, Nemeroff CB (January 2021).

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Reed GM, First MB, Kogan CS, Hyman SE, Gureje O, Gaebel W, et al. (February 2019).

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Lally J, MacCabe JH (June 2015). "Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: a review".

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Farrell MS, Werge T, Sklar P, Owen MJ, Ophoff RA, O'Donovan MC, et al. (May 2015).

3324:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 99–105. 2254: 1559:. The association of these with schizophrenia may be partially due to medications (e.g. 853:

studies of schizophrenia have generally failed to find consistent associations, and the

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Yamaguchi S, Mizuno M, Ojio Y, Sawada U, Matsunaga A, Ando S, et al. (June 2017).

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Smith T, Weston C, Lieberman J (August 2010). "Schizophrenia (maintenance treatment)".

13225: 13200: 13181: 13133: 13106: 13052: 13027: 13008: 12960: 12935: 12867: 12858: 12842: 12811: 12786: 12744: 12696: 12671: 12644: 12627: 12600: 12575: 12556: 12424: 12407: 12383: 12358: 12290: 12265: 12214: 12189: 12165: 12140: 12121: 12071: 12022: 11997: 11973: 11948: 11921: 11896: 11877: 11725: 11681: 11637: 11589: 11564: 11540: 11513: 11454: 11429: 11405: 11380: 11321: 11296: 11246: 11128: 11103: 11079: 11054: 11027: 11002: 10974: 10949: 10925: 10900: 10876: 10851: 10807: 10737: 10689: 10662: 10638: 10611: 10551: 10490: 10463: 10441: 10355: 10259: 10242: 10216: 10164: 10139: 10115: 10090: 10071: 10016: 9991: 9972: 9929: 9886: 9832: 9807: 9751: 9726: 9702: 9677: 9653: 9628: 9604: 9579: 9555: 9530: 9506: 9481: 9457: 9432: 9408: 9383: 9358: 9307: 9264: 9221: 9175: 9091: 9033: 9008: 8984: 8959: 8935: 8926: 8911:"The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment" 8910: 8886: 8861: 8837: 8812: 8788: 8763: 8744: 8692: 8667: 8643: 8616: 8592: 8567: 8543: 8516: 8497: 8428: 8380: 8351: 8332: 8275: 8222: 8078: 8051: 8032: 7989: 7905: 7821: 7761: 7717: 7669: 7634: 7558: 7533: 7487: 7434: 7374: 7311: 7289: 7253: 7228: 7204: 7179: 7155: 7130: 7111: 7068: 7025: 6944: 6882: 6857: 6806: 6781: 6757: 6732: 6698: 6548: 6521: 6494: 6469: 6440: 6415: 6356: 6331: 6290: 6263: 6199: 6172: 6153: 6072: 6024: 5999: 5980: 5932: 5907: 5883: 5858: 5834: 5809: 5734: 5709: 5690: 5639: 5614: 5590: 5565: 5535: 5447: 5399: 5356: 5305: 5278: 5251: 5226: 5155: 5112: 5064: 5012: 4942: 4899: 4853: 4798: 4763: 4671: 4617: 4597: 4549: 4524: 4502: 4422: 4395: 4330: 4303: 4240: 4193: 4144: 4119: 4092: 4067: 4030: 3957: 3932: 3839: 3698: 3673: 3559: 3534: 3401: 3257: 3232: 3189: 3164: 3109: 3072: 2854: 2694: 2375: 2227: 1965: 1953: 1701: 1673: 1653: 1649: 1552: 1458: 1287: 1236: 1228: 1101: 975: 404: 80: 14866: 14050: 12357:

Jones C, Hacker D, Meaden A, Cormac I, Irving CB, Xia J, et al. (November 2018).

11713: 9960: 8779: 8319: 7146: 6470:"A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: Beyond the two hit hypothesis" 6262:

George M, Maheshwari S, Chandran S, Manohar JS, Sathyanarayana Rao TS (October 2017).

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Paris J (December 2018). "Differential Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder".

3180: 17856: 17844: 17592: 17117: 17107: 17039: 16965: 16849: 16392: 16155: 16044: 16032: 15991: 15942: 15893: 15842: 15793: 15739: 15672: 15637: 15596: 15547: 15498: 15463: 15412: 15363: 15322: 15281: 15230: 15203: 15158: 15127: 15076: 15066: 15043: 15025: 14978: 14974: 14935: 14870: 14835: 14786: 14735: 14675: 14640: 14603: 14547: 14474: 14429: 14417: 14368: 14331: 14294: 14264: 14226: 14140: 14105: 14064: 14019: 14007: 13966: 13931: 13888: 13853: 13804: 13745: 13710: 13706: 13664: 13633: 13621: 13586: 13557:"Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia" 13541: 13529: 13488: 13439: 13398: 13388: 13342: 13292: 13257: 13230: 13185: 13173: 13138: 13082: 13057: 13000: 12965: 12913: 12872: 12816: 12748: 12736: 12701: 12649: 12605: 12548: 12503: 12464: 12429: 12388: 12336: 12295: 12246: 12219: 12170: 12125: 12113: 12063: 12027: 11978: 11926: 11881: 11869: 11752: 11717: 11685: 11673: 11629: 11594: 11545: 11494: 11459: 11410: 11361: 11326: 11238: 11203: 11168: 11133: 11084: 11032: 10979: 10930: 10881: 10867: 10830: 10799: 10741: 10729: 10694: 10643: 10592: 10543: 10495: 10445: 10433: 10395: 10347: 10264: 10220: 10208: 10169: 10120: 10063: 10021: 9964: 9921: 9890: 9878: 9868: 9837: 9779: 9756: 9707: 9658: 9609: 9560: 9511: 9462: 9413: 9350: 9311: 9299: 9256: 9225: 9213: 9167: 9132: 9095: 9083: 9038: 8989: 8940: 8891: 8842: 8793: 8736: 8697: 8648: 8597: 8548: 8489: 8432: 8420: 8385: 8336: 8324: 8280: 8260: 8226: 8214: 8210: 8148: 8121: 8083: 8024: 7981: 7946: 7909: 7897: 7862: 7813: 7803: 7753: 7709: 7674: 7612: 7563: 7514: 7479: 7438: 7426: 7378: 7366: 7356: 7315: 7303: 7258: 7209: 7160: 7103: 7060: 7056: 7017: 6979: 6975: 6936: 6928: 6887: 6836: 6811: 6762: 6702: 6690: 6652: 6613: 6583: 6553: 6499: 6445: 6396: 6361: 6332:"Identifying and treating the prodromal phases of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia" 6295: 6239: 6204: 6157: 6145: 6107: 6064: 6029: 5984: 5972: 5937: 5888: 5839: 5790: 5739: 5682: 5644: 5595: 5539: 5527: 5487: 5439: 5391: 5348: 5310: 5256: 5196: 5159: 5147: 5116: 5104: 5056: 5004: 4969: 4946: 4934: 4930: 4891: 4845: 4803: 4783: 4744: 4709: 4663: 4623: 4589: 4554: 4494: 4427: 4335: 4281: 4232: 4228: 4185: 4149: 4097: 4034: 4022: 3962: 3908: 3870: 3831: 3789: 3749: 3739: 3703: 3651: 3619: 3564: 3453: 3393: 3353: 3325: 3262: 3217: 3194: 3114: 3096: 2924: 1924: 1510: 1462: 1349: 1341: 1260: 1196:, which attributes psychosis to the mind's faulty interpretation of the misfiring of 1166: 1018: 897: 710: 568: 536: 495: 427:

by 20 to 28 years. In 2015, an estimated 17,000 deaths were linked to schizophrenia.

187: 114: 68: 16558: 16127: 16027: 16010: 15684: 15006:"Psychiatry in former socialist countries: implications for north korean psychiatry" 14990: 14947: 14882: 14687: 14380: 14152: 14033:

Charlson F, van Ommeren M, Flaxman A, Cornett J, Whiteford H, Saxena S (July 2019).

13900: 13757: 13741: 13676: 13354: 13304: 12843:"Pathogenesis and management of Brugada syndrome in schizophrenia: A scoping review" 12109: 12075: 11641: 11250: 10829:. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 92–111. 10811: 10555: 10359: 10106: 9976: 9933: 9917: 9346: 9179: 9163: 9127: 9110: 8501: 8036: 7993: 7825: 7765: 7749: 7721: 7505:

Yolken R (June 2004). "Viruses and schizophrenia: a focus on herpes simplex virus".

7072: 6948: 6485: 6076: 5694: 5451: 5403: 5360: 5100: 5052: 5016: 4857: 4675: 4601: 4506: 4244: 4197: 3843: 3405: 2519:'mind') Its use was intended to describe the separation of function between 1418:

A second symptom could be one of the negative symptoms, or severely disorganized or

1144:

are associated with an increased risk of suicide, and a poor response to treatment.

182:, birth in late winter or early spring, older father, being born or raised in a city 17462: 17416: 17384: 17232: 17210: 17175: 16938: 16820: 16771: 16718: 16693: 16688: 16645: 16633: 16476: 16195: 16022: 15981: 15973: 15932: 15924: 15883: 15873: 15832: 15828: 15824: 15783: 15773: 15729: 15719: 15715: 15711: 15664: 15627: 15586: 15578: 15537: 15529: 15490: 15453: 15443: 15402: 15394: 15383:"Korea in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition" 15353: 15312: 15271: 15261: 15195: 15166: 15117: 15107: 15033: 15017: 14970: 14927: 14862: 14825: 14817: 14776: 14766: 14725: 14717: 14667: 14632: 14574: 14537: 14527: 14464: 14456: 14407: 14360: 14276: 14256: 14216: 14132: 14095: 14054: 14046: 13997: 13958: 13923: 13880: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13794: 13784: 13737: 13702: 13656: 13613: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13519: 13478: 13470: 13459:"Questioning an axiom: better prognosis for schizophrenia in the developing world?" 13429: 13380: 13334: 13284: 13220: 13212: 13165: 13128: 13118: 13047: 13039: 13012: 12992: 12955: 12947: 12903: 12862: 12854: 12806: 12798: 12728: 12691: 12683: 12639: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12560: 12538: 12499: 12495: 12487: 12460: 12456: 12448: 12419: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12326: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12209: 12201: 12160: 12152: 12105: 12055: 12017: 12009: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11916: 11908: 11859: 11851: 11729: 11709: 11665: 11621: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11535: 11525: 11486: 11449: 11441: 11400: 11392: 11353: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11230: 11195: 11160: 11123: 11115: 11074: 11066: 11022: 11014: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10920: 10912: 10871: 10863: 10791: 10721: 10684: 10674: 10633: 10623: 10582: 10533: 10525: 10485: 10475: 10425: 10387: 10339: 10254: 10200: 10159: 10151: 10110: 10102: 10075: 10055: 10011: 10003: 9956: 9913: 9860: 9827: 9819: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9697: 9689: 9648: 9640: 9599: 9591: 9550: 9542: 9501: 9493: 9452: 9444: 9403: 9395: 9362: 9342: 9295: 9291: 9268: 9248: 9205: 9159: 9122: 9075: 9059:

Pratt J, Dawson N, Morris BJ, Grent-'t-Jong T, Roux F, Uhlhaas PJ (February 2017).

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Dvir Y, Denietolis B, Frazier JA (October 2013). "Childhood trauma and psychosis".

7664: 7654: 7602: 7594: 7553: 7545: 7491: 7469: 7461: 7416: 7408: 7348: 7334:"Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Markers of Inflammation in Schizophrenia" 7293: 7285: 7248: 7240: 7199: 7191: 7150: 7142: 7115: 7095: 7052: 7029: 7009: 6971: 6918: 6877: 6869: 6801: 6793: 6752: 6744: 6686: 6682: 6642: 6543: 6533: 6489: 6481: 6435: 6427: 6388: 6351: 6343: 6285: 6275: 6231: 6194: 6184: 6137: 6099: 6060: 6056: 6019: 6011: 5964: 5927: 5919: 5878: 5870: 5829: 5821: 5780: 5770: 5729: 5721: 5674: 5634: 5626: 5585: 5577: 5519: 5479: 5431: 5383: 5340: 5300: 5290: 5246: 5238: 5186: 5139: 5096: 5068: 5048: 4996: 4926: 4903: 4883: 4837: 4793: 4775: 4736: 4701: 4655: 4581: 4544: 4536: 4486: 4417: 4407: 4325: 4315: 4273: 4224: 4177: 4139: 4131: 4087: 4079: 4014: 3952: 3944: 3862: 3823: 3781: 3731: 3693: 3685: 3554: 3546: 3443: 3385: 3252: 3244: 3184: 3176: 3104: 3088: 2772: 2698: 2442: 2419: 2258: 2246: 2219: 1889: 1853: 1708:, which can be distinguished by visual hallucinations, acute onset and fluctuating 1606: 1537: 1075: 1043: 1001: 997: 812: 670: 368: 339: 214: 93: 17937: 17591: 13617: 7893: 7659: 6906: 5859:"A review of abnormalities in the perception of visual illusions in schizophrenia" 5678: 1945: 1547:

Schizophrenia is also associated with a number of somatic comorbidities including

450:. Up to a third of people do not respond to initial antipsychotics, in which case 17638: 17596: 17467: 17454: 17401: 17396: 17379: 17259: 17054: 17026: 16827: 16650: 16589: 16149: 15977: 15698:

Dougall N, Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K, McDermott LM, McIntosh A (20 August 2015).

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Punishing the patient: how psychiatrists misunderstand and mistreat schizophrenia

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Kuhn R, Cahn CH (September 2004). "Eugen Bleuler's concepts of psychopathology".

13884: 13660: 13288: 13043: 12892:"Enhancement of recovery from mental illness with l-methylfolate supplementation" 11396: 10795: 10725: 10155: 9079: 8020: 7977: 7549: 7465: 6830: 5344: 4764:"Motivational Deficits in Schizophrenia and the Representation of Expected Value" 4659: 3827: 3735: 3027:

Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services

2281: 2250: 2223: 2070: 1961: 1885: 1753: 1717: 1677: 1532: 1345: 1299: 1109: 1013: 979: 877: 873: 869: 766: 714: 702: 690: 682: 483: 475: 424: 396: 323: 295: 258: 167: 122: 17688: 16209: 16198: 15928: 14931: 13962: 13927: 13384: 13320:"A systematic review of longitudinal outcome studies of first-episode psychosis" 12841:

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Fuller Torrey E (June 2015). "Deinstitutionalization and the rise of violence".

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Selten JP, Cantor-Graae E, Kahn RS (March 2007). "Migration and schizophrenia".

6748: 6392: 6103: 5968: 5615:"Auditory dysfunction in schizophrenia: integrating clinical and basic features" 5242: 5143: 4740: 4277: 2222:(BrS) – BrS mutations that overlap with those linked with schizophrenia are the 1383:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

17623: 17564: 17488: 17297: 17264: 17247: 17237: 16160: 14721: 14308: 13169: 13107:"Role of Naltrexone in Improving Compulsive Drinking in Psychogenic Polydipsia" 11774:"FDA Approves Drug with New Mechanism of Action for Treatment of Schizophrenia" 11164: 11003:"Early interventions to prevent psychosis: systematic review and meta-analysis" 10609: 10587: 10570: 10138:

Bastos AM, Usrey WM, Adams RA, Mangun GR, Fries P, Friston KJ (November 2012).

9531:"Executive function, neural circuitry, and genetic mechanisms in schizophrenia" 9497: 9399: 8583: 8416: 6873: 4585: 3866: 2634: 2596: 2569:. Schizophrenia was diagnosed far more in the US than in Europe which used the 2531: 2455: 2302: 2002:, cognitive remediation therapy (CRT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and 1995: 1973: 1790:. Community support services including drop-in centers, visits by members of a 1787: 1681: 1573: 1524: 1295: 1213: 1186: 1105: 868:

are known to be involved in schizophrenia, each with small effects and unknown

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Stafford MR, Jackson H, Mayo-Wilson E, Morrison AP, Kendall T (January 2013).

10343: 9644: 9331:"Gamma band oscillations in the early phase of psychosis: A systematic review" 8732: 8117: 8068: 8050:

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Davis J, Eyre H, Jacka FN, Dodd S, Dean O, McEwen S, et al. (June 2016).

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Vita A, Barlati S (May 2018). "Recovery from schizophrenia: is it possible?".

3785: 3389: 3248: 3092: 1176:. Extensive studies support this model. Maternal infections, malnutrition and 17969: 17608: 16926: 16417: 15668: 15582: 15162: 15112: 15029: 15021: 14532: 14260: 14002: 13985: 13984:

Sedgwick O, Young S, Baumeister D, Greer B, Das M, Kumari V (December 2017).

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Seeman MV (September 2019). "Schizophrenia Mortality: Barriers to Progress".

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History of schizophrenia § Development of treatments in the 20th century

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can be made before the six months needed for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

1244: 1240: 694: 646: 560: 516: 443: 431: 364: 327: 126: 85: 16112: 15398: 15080: 14570:"How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease: An Interview With Jonathan Metzl" 13693:

Keltner NL, Grant JS (November 2006). "Smoke, smoke, smoke that cigarette".

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Warner R (July 2009). "Recovery from schizophrenia and the recovery model".

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Primary Care Medicine: Office Evaluation and Management of The Adult Patient

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Gillespie AL, Samanaite R, Mill J, Egerton A, MacCabe JH (13 January 2017).

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Marín O (January 2012). "Interneuron dysfunction in psychiatric disorders".

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Jauhar S, McKenna PJ, Radua J, Fung E, Salvador R, Laws KR (January 2014).

12299: 12250: 12223: 12174: 12117: 12067: 12031: 11982: 11930: 11873: 11756: 11721: 11677: 11633: 11598: 11549: 11498: 11463: 11414: 11365: 11330: 11242: 11207: 11172: 11137: 11088: 11036: 10983: 10934: 10901:"The empirical status of the ultra high-risk (prodromal) research paradigm" 10885: 10803: 10733: 10698: 10647: 10596: 10547: 10499: 10437: 10429: 10399: 10351: 10268: 10212: 10173: 10124: 10067: 10025: 9968: 9925: 9882: 9841: 9823: 9760: 9711: 9662: 9613: 9564: 9515: 9466: 9417: 9354: 9303: 9260: 9217: 9171: 9136: 9087: 9042: 8993: 8944: 8895: 8846: 8797: 8740: 8701: 8652: 8601: 8552: 8493: 8424: 8389: 8328: 8284: 8218: 8152: 8125: 8087: 8028: 7985: 7950: 7901: 7866: 7817: 7757: 7713: 7678: 7616: 7567: 7518: 7483: 7430: 7412: 7370: 7307: 7262: 7213: 7164: 7107: 7064: 7021: 6983: 6940: 6891: 6815: 6766: 6694: 6656: 6587: 6557: 6503: 6449: 6400: 6365: 6299: 6243: 6208: 6189: 6149: 6111: 6068: 6033: 5976: 5941: 5892: 5857:

King DJ, Hodgekins J, Chouinard PA, Chouinard VA, Sperandio I (June 2017).

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Megreya AM (2016). "Face perception in schizophrenia: a specific deficit".

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subject to forced drug injections, seclusion, and restraint at high rates.

2265: 2231: 1757: 1560: 1082:, or parents younger than 20 years are also associated with schizophrenia. 1067: 1063: 1047: 854: 830: 623: 416: 175: 171: 15962:"Are circulating microRNAs peripheral biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease?" 14644: 14636: 13506:

Carlborg A, Winnerbäck K, Jönsson EG, Jokinen J, Nordström P (July 2010).

13081:(Sixth ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. Chapter 101. 11864: 7941: 7924: 7195: 4779: 4068:"Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors" 3899:

Killaspy H (September 2014). "Contemporary mental health rehabilitation".

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variations have been found associated with these conditions involving the

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with no precise boundary, or single cause, and is thought to develop from

363:). Many people with schizophrenia have other mental disorders, especially 17496: 17227: 16958: 16708: 16179: 16009:

van den Berg MM, Krauskopf J, Ramaekers JG, et al. (February 2020).

15878: 15266: 15199: 14205:"Historical origins of schizophrenia: two early madmen and their illness" 12089:

Rouy M, Saliou P, Nalborczyk L, Pereira M, Roux P, Faivre N (July 2021).

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Corlett PR, Taylor JR, Wang XJ, Fletcher PC, Krystal JH (November 2010).

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and convulsions. The use of electricity to induce seizures was in use as

2559: 2451: 2447: 2074: 2053: 1969: 1869: 1860:. Those brought out later, the second-generation antipsychotics known as 1841: 1825: 1605:

Psychotic symptoms may be present in several other conditions, including

1506: 1438:

criteria for schizophrenia recommends adding self-disorder as a symptom.

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Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, Wong W (December 2010). Pharoah F (ed.).

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Goldberg TE, Keefe RS, Goldman RS, Robinson DG, Harvey PD (April 2010).

5759:"Semantic priming in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis" 5725: 5191: 5174: 3231:

Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, Kluge U, Galea S, Heinz A (February 2017).

2591: 954:. A number of potential explanations have been proposed, including that 17813: 17506: 17411: 17112: 16837: 16832: 16628: 16524: 16355: 16204: 14221: 14204: 10204: 9854: 9595: 7474: 6797: 3991: 3861:(fourth ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 798, 816, 819. 2875: 2796: 2379: 2306:

present as a comorbid disorder greatly increases the risk of violence.

2242: 2082: 1865: 1330: 1264: 1137: 1033: 592: 487: 435: 277: 73: 15724: 15533: 15317: 15300: 14821: 14460: 14412: 14395: 13524: 13507: 13028:"Schizophrenia—a predictor of suicide during the second half of life?" 12951: 12908: 12891: 12205: 11912: 11855: 11477:

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Bourgou Gaha S, Halayem Dhouib S, Amado I, Bouden A (June 2015). "".

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of schizophrenia, provide help to each other, is of unclear benefit.

1990:

A number of psychosocial interventions that include several types of

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Other specified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

1430:

ordinary daily living, and with other similar conditions ruled out.

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lost due to schizophrenia per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004

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Positive symptoms have been linked to cortical thinning in the

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explain only a small fraction of the variation in the disease.

807:

with involved vulnerability factors. The interactions of these

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In 2002, the term for schizophrenia in Japan was changed from

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healthy eating advice is offered alongside exercise programs.

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factors. Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare

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Schizophrenia causes approximately one percent of worldwide

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which can be life-threatening. Antipsychotics can lead to a

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that deals with all types of symptoms. These scales are the

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Harm to self or others, social isolation, cognitive issues,

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Schizophrenia is diagnosed based on criteria in either the

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may be useful in the treatment of schizophrenia such as:

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Deaths per million persons due to schizophrenia in 2012

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who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia and won the

2414:

History of schizophrenia § Conceptual development

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Schizophrenia leads to an increased risk of dementia.

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other possible causes of psychosis need to be excluded

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are associated with known genomic disorders involving

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The primary treatment of schizophrenia is the use of

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possibly disrupting the negative feedback mechanism,

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impairments include an inability to perceive complex

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used the term in making a distinction, known as the

1880:

having treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), and

1742:

treatment persist once the treatment is terminated.

1505:

Many people with schizophrenia may have one or more

1494: Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder 1283:

in astrocytes; supporting the glutamate hypothesis.

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Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms

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Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms

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The summation of these effect sizes into a 15138: 14752: 14563: 14561: 14242: 14240: 14165: 13822:Ng R, Fish S, Granholm E (30 January 2015). 13727: 13692: 13683: 13074: 12827: 12616: 11937: 11837: 11835: 11476: 11381:"Stopping and switching antipsychotic drugs" 11343: 11052: 10462:Pocivavsek A, Rowland LM (13 January 2018). 9796: 8233: 8196: 6672: 6510: 6463: 6461: 6459: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5224: 4823: 4687: 4685: 4641: 4639: 4301: 4217:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum 4213: 3883: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3371: 3369: 3343: 3341: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 2836:repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation 2747:, lit. 'integration–dysregulation syndrome') 2530:In the early 20th century, the psychiatrist 2374:Worldwide, schizophrenia is the most common 1927:, which has long been the standard of care. 1625:. Non-bizarre delusions are also present in 486:characterized by significant alterations in 15750: 15704:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 13646: 13561:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12580:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12492:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12453:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12446: 12412:Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series 12363:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12270:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11953:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11569:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11421: 11379:Keks N, Schwartz D, Hope J (October 2019). 11301:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 11043: 10406: 10240: 9724: 9479: 9381: 8761: 8755: 8350:Patel S, Khan S, M S, Hamid P (July 2020). 7782:Nettis MA, Pariante CM, Mondelli V (2020). 7772: 7623: 7385: 7226: 6526:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 6281:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_464_17 5955:Le Gall E, Iakimova G (December 2018). 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Deficits in 2777:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2703:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2407: 1567: 1488: Genes associated with schizophrenia 912:(most frequently found) and deletions at 391:. 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The 984:Neuroplastic effects of pollution 591:– an inability to feel pleasure; 455:or others, they may impose short 359:) or one month (according to the 153:Environmental and genetic factors 17946: 17929: 17912: 17895: 17878: 17850: 17838: 16870:X-linked intellectual disability 16543: 16542: 16398:Physical health in schizophrenia 16329:Sex differences in schizophrenia 16002: 15953: 15904: 15853: 15804: 15691: 15648: 15607: 15558: 15509: 15423: 15374: 15333: 15292: 15241: 15214: 15179: 15087: 15054: 14997: 14975:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.012 14954: 14915: 14889: 14846: 14797: 14746: 14651: 14616: 14589: 14507: 14485: 14387: 14344: 14319: 14301: 14283: 14196: 14159: 14116: 14075: 14026: 13977: 13942: 13907: 13864: 13815: 13764: 13721: 13707:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2006.00085.x 13695:Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 13640: 13597: 13548: 13499: 13450: 13368: 13311: 13268: 13241: 13192: 13149: 13068: 13019: 12985:The Medical Journal of Australia 12896:Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 12883: 12755: 12712: 12567: 12518: 12479: 12440: 12399: 12306: 12257: 12230: 12181: 12132: 12082: 12038: 11989: 11888: 11810: 11798: 11692: 11648: 11605: 11556: 11505: 11470: 11372: 11337: 11288: 11214: 11179: 11144: 11095: 10994: 10941: 10892: 10868:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2130 10843: 10818: 10775: 10748: 10705: 10654: 10603: 10562: 10323: 10297: 10275: 10234: 10180: 10131: 10082: 10032: 9983: 9940: 9897: 9848: 9767: 9718: 9669: 9620: 9571: 9522: 9473: 9424: 9322: 9275: 9232: 9143: 9102: 9000: 8951: 8902: 8853: 8804: 8762:Howes OD, Murray RM (May 2014). 8708: 8659: 8615:Correll CU, Schooler NR (2020). 8608: 8559: 8508: 8465: 8439: 8291: 8211:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00106.x 8132: 8043: 8000: 7957: 7916: 7873: 7832: 7728: 7685: 7574: 7525: 7445: 7057:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01623.x 6976:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2964 5089:European Neuropsychopharmacology 5041:European Neuropsychopharmacology 4931:10.53738/REVMED.2018.14.619.1660 4229:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00711.x 3618:. 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management 1780:antipsychotic medications 1623:drug withdrawal syndromes 1531:and can adversely affect 1461:in genes associated with 1424:schizophreniform disorder 1395:mental status examination 1387:World Health Organization 1294:, evidenced by increased 1154: 1130:alcohol-related psychosis 719:facial emotion perception 309: 301: 288: 276: 264: 231:schizophreniform disorder 219:major depressive disorder 196: 186: 157: 149: 141: 133: 103: 79: 67: 58: 49: 44: 17799:Impulse-control disorder 17715:Schizoaffective disorder 17710:Brief reactive psychosis 17407:Mass psychogenic illness 17370:Body dysmorphic disorder 17149:Post-concussion syndrome 16759:Emotional and behavioral 15669:10.1177/1363461511402723 15657:Transcultural Psychiatry 15583:10.1192/pb.bp.116.054775 15340:Sato M (February 2006). 15254:Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 15113:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00101 15022:10.4306/pi.2014.11.4.363 15010:Psychiatry Investigation 14533:10.4103/0253-7176.135365 14313:Clinical Psychopathology 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"". 11346:British Medical Bulletin 11071:10.1177/2045125319870033 10714:Continuum (Minneap Minn) 10629:10.3390/medicines5020027 10095:Progress in Neurobiology 8811:Grace AA (August 2016). 8534:10.1177/2045125318765725 8486:10.1177/0020764018801690 8447:"Causes — Schizophrenia" 6911:Annals of Human Genetics 6639:Human Molecular Genetics 6574:Suvisaari J (2010). "". 6420:Translational Psychiatry 5296:10.4103/0976-3147.176185 4136:10.1177/0706743717718167 4084:10.1177/1359786810385490 3077:Current Diabetes Reports 2874:(cimiRNAs) are found in 2809:; a film with the title 2500:'to split') and 2403:History of schizophrenia 2046: 1960:is also associated with 1722:antipsychotic medication 1596:Schizoaffective disorder 1588:brief psychotic disorder 1549:diabetes mellitus type 2 1467:autism spectrum disorder 1124:can lead to a temporary 994:prenatal maternal stress 937:function of the HPA axis 918:Burnside–Butler syndrome 835:difficulty in separating 738: 421:physical health problems 17736:Childhood schizophrenia 17088:Frontotemporal dementia 17045:High-functioning autism 16862:Intellectual disability 16459:Catatonic schizophrenia 16434:Childhood schizophrenia 15399:10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e6 15100:Frontiers in Psychiatry 13771:Cai L, Huang J (2018). 11274:National Health Service 11102:Weiden PJ (July 2016). 10309:National Health Service 9535:Neuropsychopharmacology 9437:Neuropsychopharmacology 8451:National Health Service 7923:van Os J (April 2004). 5814:Neuropsychopharmacology 4321:10.4103/0253-7176.96164 2845:The study of potential 2781:film with the same name 2771:chronicled the life of 2039:, in which people with 1942:Extrapyramidal symptoms 1862:atypical antipsychotics 1716:indication or possible 1698:frontotemporal dementia 1631:social anxiety disorder 1557:cardiovascular diseases 1385:(ICD) published by the 1377:(DSM) published by the 1311:superior temporal gyrus 1161:Causes of schizophrenia 1142:substance use disorders 762:childhood schizophrenia 751:Childhood schizophrenia 733:Neurological soft signs 729:is of particular help. 707:visual backward masking 693:and visual perception. 587:– a poverty of speech; 478:, who had schizophrenia 395:, childhood adversity, 17253:Specific social phobia 17144:Organic brain syndrome 16986:Melancholic depression 16747:Childhood and learning 16530:Schizophrenia spectrum 16361:Metacognitive training 14772:10.3390/ijerph16193606 14704:Jones K (March 2000). 14514:Tandon R (July 2014). 14353:Schizophrenia Research 13873:Schizophrenia Research 13649:Schizophrenia Research 13463:Schizophrenia Bulletin 13435:10.1192/bjp.191.50.s71 13327:Psychological Medicine 13205:Schizophrenia Bulletin 13032:Schizophrenia Research 12791:Schizophrenia Bulletin 12676:Schizophrenia Bulletin 12670:Firth J (1 May 2017). 12145:Schizophrenia Bulletin 11434:Schizophrenia Bulletin 10905:Schizophrenia Bulletin 10667:Schizophrenia Bulletin 10575:Sleep Medicine Reviews 10468:Schizophrenia Bulletin 10430:10.1055/s-0028-1109967 9949:The Lancet. Psychiatry 9682:Schizophrenia Bulletin 9633:Psychological Medicine 9068:Schizophrenia Research 8866:Schizophrenia Bulletin 7966:Schizophrenia Research 7845:Psychological Medicine 7599:10.1093/schbul/sbad168 7587:Schizophrenia Bulletin 7454:Schizophrenia Research 7413:10.1136/eb-2015-102117 5912:Schizophrenia Bulletin 5132:Therapeutische Umschau 4876:The Lancet. Psychiatry 4700:(6 Suppl 1): 6S15–17. 4541:10.1093/schbul/sbaa101 3937:Schizophrenia Bulletin 2840:deep brain stimulation 2815:was released in 2020. 2716: 2665:sluggish schizophrenia 2639:atypical antipsychotic 2600: 2460:Kraepelinian dichotomy 2433: 2408:Conceptual development 2363: 2204: 2012:care across all phases 2004:metacognitive training 1909:fixed-dose combination 1898:long-acting injections 1838:typical antipsychotics 1833: 1830:atypical antipsychotic 1811:deinstitutionalization 1710:level of consciousness 1615:substance intoxication 1568:Differential diagnosis 1507:other mental disorders 1502: 1391:psychiatric assessment 1329:to the development of 882:copy number variations 650: 479: 434:medication, including 413:long-term unemployment 393:being raised in a city 203:Substance use disorder 198:Differential diagnosis 18:Paranoid schizophrenia 17809:Psychomotor agitation 17599:and substance-related 17542:Postpartum depression 17422:Somatization disorder 17308:Acute stress reaction 17073:AIDS dementia complex 16482:Insulin shock therapy 14637:10.1176/ajp.150.3.399 14599:The Protest Psychosis 14568:Lane C (5 May 2010). 14249:History of Psychiatry 14203:Heinrichs RW (2003). 13475:10.1093/schbul/sbm105 13364:on 22 September 2020. 13217:10.1093/schbul/sby058 12803:10.1093/schbul/sbx162 12688:10.1093/schbul/sbw115 12531:Aust N Z J Psychiatry 12157:10.1093/schbul/sbp115 11446:10.1093/schbul/sbt034 11385:Australian Prescriber 10917:10.1093/schbul/sbm031 10680:10.1093/schbul/sbw028 10481:10.1093/schbul/sbx151 9694:10.1093/schbul/sbn061 9284:Biological Psychiatry 9152:Biological Psychology 9115:Biological Psychology 9013:Biological Psychiatry 8964:Biological Psychiatry 8878:10.1093/schbul/sbr180 8672:Biological Psychiatry 7942:10.1192/bjp.184.4.287 7196:10.30773/pi.2020.0417 5924:10.1093/schbul/sbn192 5708:Eack SM (July 2012). 4919:Revue médicale suisse 4780:10.1007/7854_2015_385 3949:10.1093/schbul/sby058 3650:(8 Suppl): S160-165. 3491:(NIMH). 22 April 2022 2872:circulating microRNAs 2697: 2649:Further information: 2631:typical antipsychotic 2594: 2575:biopsychosocial model 2427: 2418:Further information: 2323: 2108: 2073:has also been noted. 1984:Further information: 1935:Further information: 1921:cholinergic receptors 1824: 1650:metabolic disturbance 1594:as a DSM-5 category. 1529:disorganized thinking 1453: 1281:glutamate transporter 1090:Further information: 974:Further information: 886:structural variations 839:first-degree relative 743:Further information: 644: 563:such as feeling that 470: 448:social rehabilitation 340:disorganized thinking 17804:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 17634:Substance dependence 17547:Postpartum psychosis 17093:Huntington's disease 16875:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 16724:Personality disorder 16493:Colorado v. Connelly 16487:Montreal experiments 15966:Biochim Biophys Acta 15879:10.3390/cells9081837 15267:10.2147/CEOR.S156308 15200:10.4088/jcp.v66n0906 14495:. www.psychiatry.org 14255:(59 Pt 3): 361–366. 10784:Curr Opin Psychiatry 9824:10.1093/brain/awz257 9547:10.1038/npp.2009.111 9449:10.1038/npp.2010.156 8141:Psychiatria Danubina 7800:10.1007/7854_2019_89 7513:(Suppl 2): 83A–88A. 7353:10.1007/7854_2018_88 7100:10.1002/ajmg.b.32135 6786:Molecular Psychiatry 6539:10.3390/ijms18040733 6190:10.1155/2019/9804836 5826:10.1038/npp.2009.211 4968:(Suppl 2): 181–184. 4962:Psychiatria Danubina 3684:(10159): 1789–1858. 3545:(10053): 1459–1544. 2722:seishin-bunretsu-byō 2581:Historical treatment 2549:Breadth of diagnosis 2450:in a case report of 1846:dopamine antagonists 1796:supported employment 1694:Huntington's disease 1542:histamine metabolism 1457:showing overlapping 1327:brain lateralization 1315:orbitofrontal cortex 1298:density and reduced 1198:dopaminergic neurons 1112:excessively. Use of 1010:vitamin D deficiency 952:reproductive fitness 878:polygenic risk score 783:at risk mental state 446:, job training, and 294:20–28 years shorter 247:psychotic depression 207:Huntington's disease 30:For other uses, see 17684:Delusional disorder 17629:Stimulant psychosis 17619:Physical dependence 17473:Rumination syndrome 17375:Conversion disorder 17352:Psychogenic amnesia 17202:with depressed mood 17200:Adjustment disorder 17103:Parkinson's disease 17078:Alzheimer's disease 16971:Atypical depression 16807:Social functioning 16682:Munchausen syndrome 16677:Factitious disorder 15779:10.2147/NDT.S168801 13828:Psychiatry Research 13790:10.2147/NDT.S172933 13124:10.7759/cureus.5320 12997:10.5694/mja16.00650 12769:. 12 February 2015. 11708:(9831): 2063–2071. 11065:: 204512531987003. 9388:Curr Opin Neurobiol 8829:10.1038/nrn.2016.57 8774:(9929): 1677–1687. 8634:10.2147/NDT.S225643 8371:10.7759/cureus.9309 7651:2019Heliy...501900P 7184:Psychiatry Investig 6675:Psychiatry Research 6432:10.1038/tp.2013.108 6387:(Suppl 1): S64-71. 6049:Psychiatry Research 5478:(Suppl 2): S83-92. 4648:European Psychiatry 4264:consequences]. 2819:Research directions 2786:A Brilliant Madness 2757:Cultural depictions 2671:Society and culture 2213:sedentary lifestyle 2041:personal experience 1702:Lewy body dementias 1690:Alzheimer's disease 1670:limbic encephalitis 1627:delusional disorder 1553:autoimmune diseases 1533:cortical plasticity 1477:and schizophrenia: 1459:clinical phenotypes 1420:catatonic behaviour 1322:hedonic responses. 1288:executive functions 1229:neural oscillations 1126:stimulant psychosis 908:), duplications at 699:semantic processing 687:speed of processing 645:Map of deficits in 482:Schizophrenia is a 352:psychiatric history 180:childhood adversity 17703:schizophrenia-like 17347:Dissociative fugue 16796:Movement disorders 16408:Primary polydipsia 16171:External resources 15620:Psychiatria Polska 14394:Picardi A (2019). 14222:10.1002/jhbs.10152 14045:(10194): 240–248. 11751:(Suppl 5): 15–18. 11358:10.1093/bmb/ldv017 10205:10.1136/sbmj.j1821 9596:10.1111/acps.12718 8453:. 11 November 2019 6798:10.1038/mp.2015.16 6648:10.1093/hmg/ddg302 6177:Psychiatry Journal 5179:Psychiatria Polska 4925:(619): 1660–1664. 4078:(4 Suppl): 81–90. 2855:C-reactive protein 2717: 2601: 2434: 2393:Europe for women. 2376:psychotic disorder 2364: 2228:Primary polydipsia 2205: 1966:pulmonary embolism 1954:Tardive dyskinesia 1925:dopamine receptors 1834: 1674:multiple sclerosis 1654:systemic infection 1621:, and a number of 1503: 1342:prior expectations 1237:glutamate receptor 1102:recreational drugs 990:oxygen deprivation 976:Prenatal nutrition 669:(nonsocial) or of 651: 631:Cognitive symptoms 496:cognitive symptoms 480: 463:Signs and symptoms 342:and behavior, and 115:lifestyle diseases 17826: 17825: 17822: 17821: 17779: 17778: 17775: 17774: 17647: 17646: 17582: 17581: 17578: 17577: 17434: 17433: 17430: 17429: 17323: 17322: 17161: 17160: 17157: 17156: 17118:Vascular dementia 17040:Asperger syndrome 17006: 17005: 16916: 16915: 16912: 16911: 16850:Tourette syndrome 16736: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16556: 16555: 16393:Oneiroid syndrome 16228: 16227: 15633:10.12740/PP/64378 15534:10.1111/jep.13011 15522:J Eval Clin Pract 15318:10.1111/pcn.12510 15229:(Suppl 14): 4–7. 15061:Gosden R (2001). 14822:10.1159/000497376 14666:(12): 1022–1030. 14609:978-0-8070-8592-9 14461:10.1002/wps.20611 14413:10.1159/000503152 14297:on 10 March 2020. 13996:(12): 1178–1197. 13612:(11): 1709–1731. 13525:10.1586/ern.10.82 13394:978-3-319-57191-1 13088:978-1-4511-2159-9 12952:10.1002/wps.20672 12909:10.1111/ppc.12227 12206:10.1002/wps.20234 11913:10.1002/wps.20579 11856:10.1002/phar.2404 11276:. 23 October 2017 10862:(11): 1238–1248. 10836:978-1-4377-0434-1 10761:Psychiatric Times 10311:. 23 October 2017 9874:978-3-319-27776-9 9818:(10): 2938–2947. 9290:(12): 1010–1019. 8307:Lancet Psychiatry 8199:Addiction Biology 7809:978-3-030-39140-9 7362:978-3-030-39140-9 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39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 17993: 17976:1900s neologisms 17959: 17951: 17950: 17949: 17942: 17934: 17933: 17932: 17925: 17917: 17916: 17915: 17908: 17900: 17899: 17898: 17891: 17883: 17882: 17881: 17871: 17855: 17854: 17853: 17843: 17842: 17834: 17785: 17784: 17674: 17673: 17653: 17652: 17588: 17587: 17463:Anorexia nervosa 17451: 17450: 17440: 17439: 17417:Psychogenic pain 17385:Globus pharyngis 17233:Childhood phobia 17216: 17215: 17188: 17187: 17167: 17166: 17023: 17022: 17012: 17011: 16922: 16921: 16821:Selective mutism 16772:Conduct disorder 16755: 16754: 16742: 16741: 16719:Trichotillomania 16694:Gender dysphoria 16689:Fear of intimacy 16646:Sexual anhedonia 16614: 16613: 16603: 16602: 16590:Mental disorders 16583: 16576: 16569: 16560: 16559: 16546: 16545: 16510:Bipolar disorder 16477:Dementia praecox 16255: 16248: 16241: 16232: 16231: 16072: 16071: 16049: 16048: 16030: 16006: 16000: 15999: 15989: 15972:(9): 1617–1627. 15957: 15951: 15950: 15940: 15908: 15902: 15901: 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Beacon Press. 14593: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14582: 14575:Psychology Today 14565: 14556: 14555: 14545: 14535: 14511: 14505: 14504: 14502: 14500: 14489: 14483: 14482: 14472: 14449:World Psychiatry 14440: 14434: 14433: 14415: 14391: 14385: 14384: 14348: 14342: 14341: 14323: 14317: 14316: 14305: 14299: 14298: 14287: 14281: 14280: 14244: 14235: 14234: 14224: 14200: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14189: 14183: 14172: 14163: 14157: 14156: 14120: 14114: 14113: 14103: 14079: 14073: 14072: 14062: 14030: 14024: 14023: 14005: 13981: 13975: 13974: 13946: 13940: 13939: 13911: 13905: 13904: 13868: 13862: 13861: 13851: 13834:(1–2): 169–174. 13819: 13813: 13812: 13802: 13792: 13768: 13762: 13761: 13736:(6): 1021–1034. 13725: 13719: 13718: 13690: 13681: 13680: 13655:(2–3): 135–157. 13644: 13638: 13637: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13584: 13552: 13546: 13545: 13527: 13518:(7): 1153–1164. 13503: 13497: 13496: 13486: 13454: 13448: 13447: 13437: 13413: 13407: 13406: 13372: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13357:. 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11944: 11935: 11934: 11924: 11901:World Psychiatry 11892: 11886: 11885: 11867: 11839: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11814: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11770: 11761: 11760: 11740: 11734: 11733: 11696: 11690: 11689: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11592: 11560: 11554: 11553: 11543: 11533: 11509: 11503: 11502: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11457: 11425: 11419: 11418: 11408: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11341: 11335: 11334: 11324: 11307:(12): CD008661. 11292: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11266: 11255: 11254: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11131: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11082: 11050: 11041: 11040: 11030: 11019:10.1136/bmj.f185 10998: 10992: 10991: 10977: 10960:(11): CD013288. 10945: 10939: 10938: 10928: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10879: 10847: 10841: 10840: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10692: 10682: 10673:(6): 1316–1319. 10658: 10652: 10651: 10641: 10631: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10590: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10541: 10513: 10504: 10503: 10493: 10483: 10459: 10450: 10449: 10413: 10404: 10403: 10375: 10364: 10363: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10262: 10253:(11–12): 73–76. 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10167: 10135: 10129: 10128: 10118: 10086: 10080: 10079: 10045: 10036: 10030: 10029: 10019: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9835: 9803: 9794: 9793: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9754: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9705: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9656: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9607: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9558: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9509: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9460: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9411: 9379: 9370: 9369: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9193: 9184: 9183: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9130: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9065: 9056: 9047: 9046: 9036: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8987: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8938: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8889: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8840: 8808: 8802: 8801: 8791: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8695: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8646: 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6707: 6706: 6670: 6661: 6660: 6650: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6551: 6541: 6517: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6465: 6454: 6453: 6443: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6359: 6327: 6318: 6317: 6311: 6303: 6293: 6283: 6259: 6248: 6247: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6202: 6192: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6027: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5935: 5918:(5): 1009–1019. 5903: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5837: 5820:(5): 1053–1062. 5805: 5799: 5798: 5788: 5778: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5737: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5570:World Psychiatry 5561: 5544: 5543: 5507: 5496: 5495: 5467: 5456: 5455: 5419: 5408: 5407: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5298: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5254: 5222: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5084: 5073: 5072: 5036: 5021: 5020: 4989:Neuropsychologia 4984: 4978: 4977: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4871: 4862: 4861: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4552: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4449: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4415: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4375:on 20 April 2014 4374: 4363: 4355: 4344: 4343: 4333: 4323: 4299: 4290: 4289: 4260: 4249: 4248: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4043: 4037:. Archived from 4004: 3988: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3943:(6): 1195–1203. 3928: 3917: 3916: 3896: 3881: 3880: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3767: 3758: 3757: 3723: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3639: 3630: 3629: 3611: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3562: 3530: 3519: 3518: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3477: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3427: 3410: 3409: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3318: 3271: 3270: 3260: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3192: 3175:(10039): 86–97. 3160: 3123: 3122: 3112: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2989: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2950: 2935: 2934: 2913: 2896: 2893: 2773:John Forbes Nash 2768:A Beautiful Mind 2748: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2737:tōgō-shitchō-shō 2733: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2708:A Beautiful Mind 2625:, including the 2513: 2511: 2494: 2492: 2443:Dementia praecox 2420:Dementia praecox 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2259:social exclusion 2220:Brugada syndrome 2196: ≥ 295 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2128: ≤ 185 2127: 2121: 2115: 1890:white blood cell 1607:bipolar disorder 1538:circadian rhythm 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1187:neural circuitry 1076:social isolation 1044:childhood trauma 1002:neurodevelopment 998:oxidative stress 948:genetic variants 715:visual illusions 671:social cognition 661:The deficits in 494:, negative, and 389:genetic variants 215:bipolar disorder 54: 42: 41: 21: 18001: 18000: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17966: 17965: 17962: 17952: 17947: 17945: 17935: 17930: 17928: 17918: 17913: 17911: 17901: 17896: 17894: 17890:from Wiktionary 17884: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17870:sister projects 17867:at Knowledge's 17861: 17851: 17849: 17837: 17829: 17827: 17818: 17790: 17771: 17755: 17724: 17702: 17693: 17668: 17643: 17600: 17597:substance abuse 17574: 17551: 17528: 17482: 17468:Bulimia nervosa 17445: 17426: 17402:Hypochondriasis 17397:False pregnancy 17380:Ganser syndrome 17362:Somatic symptom 17356: 17319: 17271: 17260:Specific phobia 17205: 17182: 17153: 17127: 17059: 17055:Savant syndrome 17027:Autism spectrum 17017: 17002: 16930: 16908: 16887: 16881: 16856: 16749: 16728: 16704:Dermatillomania 16665: 16651:Sexual anorexia 16608: 16597: 16587: 16557: 16552: 16534: 16498: 16463: 16422: 16375: 16333: 16264: 16259: 16229: 16224: 16223: 16166: 16165: 16083: 16058: 16053: 16052: 16007: 16003: 15958: 15954: 15909: 15905: 15858: 15854: 15817:Am J Psychiatry 15809: 15805: 15758: 15751: 15710:(8): CD006081. 15696: 15692: 15653: 15649: 15612: 15608: 15563: 15559: 15514: 15510: 15479: 15475: 15442:(8): e1000120. 15428: 15424: 15379: 15375: 15338: 15334: 15297: 15293: 15246: 15242: 15219: 15215: 15184: 15180: 15143: 15139: 15092: 15088: 15073: 15059: 15055: 15002: 14998: 14959: 14955: 14920: 14916: 14906: 14904: 14900: 14894: 14890: 14851: 14847: 14802: 14798: 14751: 14747: 14702: 14695: 14656: 14652: 14621: 14617: 14610: 14596:Metz J (2010). 14594: 14590: 14580: 14578: 14566: 14559: 14512: 14508: 14498: 14496: 14491: 14490: 14486: 14441: 14437: 14400:Psychopathology 14392: 14388: 14349: 14345: 14338: 14324: 14320: 14306: 14302: 14289: 14288: 14284: 14245: 14238: 14201: 14197: 14187: 14185: 14181: 14170: 14164: 14160: 14121: 14117: 14080: 14076: 14031: 14027: 13982: 13978: 13947: 13943: 13912: 13908: 13869: 13865: 13820: 13816: 13769: 13765: 13726: 13722: 13691: 13684: 13645: 13641: 13602: 13598: 13567:(2): CD007253. 13553: 13549: 13504: 13500: 13455: 13451: 13414: 13410: 13395: 13373: 13369: 13361: 13333:(10): 1349–62. 13322: 13316: 13312: 13273: 13269: 13246: 13242: 13197: 13193: 13154: 13150: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13073: 13069: 13024: 13020: 12981: 12977: 12932: 12925: 12888: 12884: 12839: 12828: 12783: 12774: 12761: 12760: 12756: 12717: 12713: 12668: 12661: 12624: 12617: 12586:(6): CD010880. 12572: 12568: 12523: 12519: 12494:(1): CD005378. 12484: 12480: 12455:(4): CD003728. 12445: 12441: 12404: 12400: 12355: 12348: 12311: 12307: 12276:(1): CD007906. 12262: 12258: 12235: 12231: 12186: 12182: 12137: 12133: 12093: 12087: 12083: 12043: 12039: 11994: 11990: 11945: 11938: 11893: 11889: 11844:Pharmacotherapy 11840: 11833: 11823: 11821: 11816: 11815: 11811: 11799: 11791: 11789: 11772: 11771: 11764: 11741: 11737: 11697: 11693: 11653: 11649: 11610: 11606: 11575:(1): CD000059. 11561: 11557: 11510: 11506: 11475: 11471: 11426: 11422: 11377: 11373: 11342: 11338: 11293: 11289: 11279: 11277: 11268: 11267: 11258: 11219: 11215: 11184: 11180: 11149: 11145: 11100: 11096: 11051: 11044: 10999: 10995: 10946: 10942: 10897: 10893: 10856:JAMA Psychiatry 10848: 10844: 10837: 10823: 10819: 10780: 10776: 10753: 10749: 10710: 10706: 10659: 10655: 10608: 10604: 10567: 10563: 10514: 10507: 10460: 10453: 10414: 10407: 10376: 10367: 10328: 10324: 10314: 10312: 10303: 10302: 10298: 10288: 10286: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10185: 10181: 10136: 10132: 10087: 10083: 10060:10.1038/nrn2536 10043: 10037: 10033: 9988: 9984: 9945: 9941: 9902: 9898: 9875: 9853: 9849: 9804: 9797: 9786: 9772: 9768: 9723: 9719: 9674: 9670: 9625: 9621: 9576: 9572: 9527: 9523: 9478: 9474: 9429: 9425: 9380: 9373: 9327: 9323: 9280: 9276: 9253:10.1038/nrn1648 9237: 9233: 9210:10.1038/nrn3155 9194: 9187: 9148: 9144: 9107: 9103: 9063: 9057: 9050: 9005: 9001: 8956: 8952: 8907: 8903: 8858: 8854: 8809: 8805: 8760: 8756: 8713: 8709: 8664: 8660: 8613: 8609: 8578:(12): 744–756. 8572:Trends Cogn Sci 8564: 8560: 8513: 8509: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8401: 8397: 8348: 8344: 8313:(11): 969–980. 8302: 8296: 8292: 8267: 8245: 8234: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8164: 8160: 8137: 8133: 8102: 8095: 8048: 8044: 8005: 8001: 7962: 7958: 7921: 7917: 7878: 7874: 7837: 7833: 7810: 7780: 7773: 7733: 7729: 7690: 7686: 7631: 7624: 7579: 7575: 7530: 7526: 7503: 7499: 7450: 7446: 7393: 7386: 7363: 7336: 7330: 7323: 7274: 7270: 7225: 7221: 7176: 7172: 7131:"Schizophrenia" 7127: 7123: 7084: 7080: 7041: 7037: 6998: 6991: 6964:JAMA Psychiatry 6960: 6956: 6903: 6899: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6778: 6774: 6743:(7610): 91–95. 6733:"Schizophrenia" 6729: 6710: 6671: 6664: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6602: 6595: 6572: 6565: 6518: 6511: 6466: 6457: 6412: 6408: 6377: 6373: 6328: 6321: 6305: 6304: 6260: 6251: 6220: 6216: 6169: 6165: 6126: 6119: 6088: 6084: 6045: 6041: 5996: 5992: 5953: 5949: 5904: 5900: 5855: 5851: 5806: 5802: 5755: 5751: 5706: 5702: 5663: 5656: 5631:10.1038/nrn4002 5611: 5607: 5562: 5547: 5508: 5499: 5468: 5459: 5420: 5411: 5372: 5368: 5329: 5322: 5275: 5268: 5223: 5208: 5171: 5167: 5128: 5124: 5085: 5076: 5037: 5024: 4995:(Pt B): 22–33. 4985: 4981: 4958: 4954: 4915: 4911: 4872: 4865: 4822: 4815: 4790: 4760: 4756: 4725: 4721: 4690: 4683: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4616: 4609: 4570: 4566: 4521: 4514: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4451: 4450: 4439: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4300: 4293: 4261: 4252: 4212: 4205: 4165: 4161: 4130:(11): 772–777. 4116: 4109: 4064: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4044:on 23 June 2013 4041: 4002: 4000:"Schizophrenia" 3998:(August 2009). 3989: 3974: 3929: 3920: 3897: 3884: 3877: 3855: 3851: 3812: 3805: 3768: 3761: 3746: 3724: 3715: 3670: 3663: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3612: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3531: 3522: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3481:"Schizophrenia" 3479: 3478: 3465: 3428: 3413: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3320: 3319: 3274: 3229: 3225: 3210: 3206: 3165:"Schizophrenia" 3161: 3126: 3069: 3065: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2993:"Schizophrenia" 2991: 2990: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2938: 2931: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2827: 2821: 2759: 2740: 2725: 2692: 2683: 2673: 2653: 2647: 2645:Political abuse 2619:(ECT) by 1938. 2589: 2583: 2551: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2312: 2294: 2251:developed world 2224:calcium channel 2211:, poor diet, a 2203: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2078: 2071:zinc deficiency 2049: 1988: 1982: 1962:thromboembolism 1939: 1933: 1931:Adverse effects 1886:agranulocytosis 1851: 1819: 1788:social supports 1776: 1770: 1756:, cocaine, and 1730: 1718:adverse effects 1678:hyperthyroidism 1580: 1570: 1540:, dopamine and 1525:Sleep disorders 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1463:monogenic forms 1448: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1300:dendritic spine 1205: 1169: 1163: 1157: 1136:, boredom, and 1108:, tobacco, and 1098: 1088: 1014:viral infection 986: 980:Prenatal stress 972: 843:identical twins 827: 797: 791: 779:prodromal stage 767:post-menopausal 757: 747: 741: 703:episodic memory 683:problem solving 656:prodromal stage 639: 633: 577: 509: 484:mental disorder 476:August Natterer 465: 425:life expectancy 324:mental disorder 296:life expectancy 259:sleep paralysis 123:type 2 diabetes 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17999: 17989: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17961: 17960: 17943: 17941:from Wikiquote 17926: 17909: 17892: 17863: 17860: 17859: 17847: 17824: 17823: 17820: 17819: 17817: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17801: 17795: 17792: 17791: 17781: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17770: 17769: 17763: 17761: 17757: 17756: 17754: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17738: 17732: 17730: 17726: 17725: 17723: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17706: 17704: 17695: 17694: 17692: 17691: 17686: 17680: 17678: 17670: 17669: 17649: 17648: 17645: 17644: 17642: 17641: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17624:Rebound effect 17621: 17616: 17611: 17605: 17602: 17601: 17584: 17583: 17580: 17579: 17576: 17575: 17573: 17572: 17567: 17565:Hypersexuality 17561: 17559: 17553: 17552: 17550: 17549: 17544: 17538: 17536: 17530: 17529: 17527: 17526: 17525: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17504: 17499: 17493: 17491: 17484: 17483: 17481: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17459: 17457: 17447: 17446: 17436: 17435: 17432: 17431: 17428: 17427: 17425: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17393: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17372: 17366: 17364: 17358: 17357: 17355: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17333: 17331: 17325: 17324: 17321: 17320: 17318: 17317: 17316: 17315: 17310: 17300: 17298:Panic disorder 17295: 17290: 17285: 17279: 17277: 17273: 17272: 17270: 17269: 17268: 17267: 17265:Claustrophobia 17257: 17256: 17255: 17250: 17248:Anthropophobia 17240: 17238:Social anxiety 17235: 17230: 17224: 17222: 17213: 17207: 17206: 17204: 17203: 17196: 17194: 17184: 17183: 17163: 17162: 17159: 17158: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17135: 17133: 17129: 17128: 17126: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17108:Pick's disease 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17069: 17067: 17061: 17060: 17058: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17031: 17029: 17019: 17018: 17008: 17007: 17004: 17003: 17001: 17000: 16995: 16994: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16963: 16962: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16918: 16917: 16914: 16913: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16906: 16901: 16895: 16893: 16883: 16882: 16880: 16879: 16878: 16877: 16866: 16864: 16858: 16857: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16852: 16842: 16841: 16840: 16835: 16825: 16824: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16805: 16804: 16803: 16793: 16792: 16791: 16781: 16780: 16779: 16769: 16763: 16761: 16751: 16750: 16738: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16730: 16729: 16727: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16685: 16684: 16673: 16671: 16667: 16666: 16664: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16636: 16626: 16620: 16618: 16610: 16609: 16599: 16598: 16594:Classification 16586: 16585: 16578: 16571: 16563: 16554: 16553: 16551: 16550: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16506: 16504: 16500: 16499: 16497: 16496: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16473: 16471: 16465: 16464: 16462: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16430: 16428: 16424: 16423: 16421: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16389: 16387: 16377: 16376: 16374: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16347: 16345: 16335: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16275: 16273: 16266: 16265: 16258: 16257: 16250: 16243: 16235: 16226: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16212: 16201: 16187: 16175: 16174: 16172: 16168: 16167: 16164: 16163: 16152: 16141: 16130: 16115: 16100: 16084: 16079: 16078: 16076: 16075:Classification 16069: 16068: 16057: 16056:External links 16054: 16051: 16050: 16015:Prog Neurobiol 16001: 15952: 15923:(2): 153–163. 15903: 15852: 15823:(6): 509–521. 15803: 15749: 15690: 15663:(3): 318–335. 15647: 15606: 15577:(6): 308–313. 15557: 15508: 15483:Psychiatr Serv 15473: 15422: 15373: 15332: 15311:(6): 347–362. 15291: 15240: 15213: 15178: 15157:(8): 699–700. 15137: 15086: 15071: 15053: 15016:(4): 363–370. 14996: 14953: 14914: 14888: 14861:(3): 409–419. 14845: 14796: 14745: 14716:(3): 147–149. 14693: 14650: 14631:(3): 399–410. 14615: 14608: 14588: 14557: 14526:(3): 223–225. 14506: 14484: 14435: 14406:(4): 221–231. 14386: 14343: 14336: 14318: 14300: 14282: 14236: 14215:(4): 349–363. 14195: 14158: 14131:(6): 438–445. 14115: 14094:(3): 250–258. 14074: 14025: 13976: 13957:(4): 339–350. 13941: 13922:(2): 158–167. 13906: 13863: 13814: 13763: 13720: 13701:(4): 256–261. 13682: 13639: 13596: 13547: 13498: 13469:(2): 229–244. 13449: 13408: 13393: 13367: 13310: 13283:(4): 374–380. 13267: 13256:(4): 338–339. 13240: 13191: 13164:(3): 553–563. 13148: 13094: 13087: 13067: 13018: 12975: 12946:(3): 308–324. 12923: 12902:(2): 331–334. 12882: 12826: 12772: 12754: 12727:(6): 538–547. 12711: 12682:(3): 546–556. 12659: 12615: 12566: 12537:(5): 410–472. 12517: 12478: 12439: 12398: 12346: 12305: 12256: 12245:(8): 466–473. 12229: 12200:(2): 240–242. 12180: 12131: 12081: 12054:(2): 227–240. 12037: 11988: 11936: 11907:(3): 330–340. 11887: 11865:2027.42/155998 11850:(6): 565–574. 11831: 11809: 11762: 11735: 11691: 11647: 11620:(4): 356–361. 11604: 11555: 11518:BMC Psychiatry 11504: 11469: 11420: 11391:(5): 152–157. 11371: 11352:(1): 169–179. 11336: 11287: 11256: 11229:(3): 207–214. 11213: 11194:(4): 361–366. 11178: 11159:(3): 437–441. 11143: 11114:(3): 315–327. 11094: 11042: 10993: 10940: 10911:(3): 661–664. 10891: 10842: 10835: 10817: 10790:(3): 249–255. 10774: 10747: 10720:(3): 845–860. 10704: 10653: 10602: 10561: 10505: 10451: 10405: 10386:(6): 521–530. 10365: 10338:(3): 209–212. 10322: 10296: 10274: 10233: 10179: 10150:(4): 695–711. 10130: 10101:(3): 345–369. 10081: 10031: 9982: 9955:(2): 148–158. 9939: 9896: 9873: 9847: 9795: 9784: 9766: 9737:(4): 364–373. 9717: 9688:(1): 143–150. 9668: 9619: 9590:(5): 439–447. 9570: 9541:(1): 258–277. 9521: 9472: 9443:(1): 316–338. 9423: 9371: 9321: 9274: 9247:(4): 312–324. 9231: 9204:(2): 107–120. 9185: 9142: 9101: 9048: 8999: 8950: 8921:(8): 776–786. 8901: 8852: 8823:(8): 524–532. 8803: 8754: 8707: 8658: 8607: 8558: 8527:(8): 231–239. 8507: 8480:(7): 690–704. 8464: 8438: 8411:(4): 403–412. 8395: 8342: 8290: 8266:978-0128140871 8265: 8232: 8189: 8158: 8147:(3): 371–375. 8131: 8112:(4): 494–510. 8093: 8042: 8015:(2): 111–115. 7999: 7956: 7915: 7872: 7851:(2): 229–244. 7831: 7808: 7771: 7727: 7700:(4): 629–641. 7684: 7622: 7593:(3): 489–495. 7573: 7538:Schizophr. Res 7524: 7497: 7444: 7384: 7361: 7321: 7268: 7219: 7190:(7): 603–618. 7170: 7121: 7094:(2): 122–136. 7078: 7035: 6989: 6970:(3): 193–194. 6954: 6917:(5): 239–243. 6897: 6848: 6841: 6821: 6792:(5): 555–562. 6772: 6708: 6662: 6625: 6618: 6593: 6582:(8): 869–876. 6578:(in Finnish). 6563: 6509: 6455: 6406: 6371: 6342:(1): 113–128. 6319: 6274:(4): 505–509. 6249: 6214: 6163: 6136:(6S): S8–S11. 6117: 6098:(3): 209–214. 6082: 6039: 5990: 5963:(6): 523–537. 5947: 5898: 5869:(3): 734–751. 5849: 5800: 5749: 5720:(3): 235–246. 5700: 5654: 5625:(9): 535–550. 5605: 5576:(2): 146–161. 5545: 5497: 5457: 5430:(4): 349–354. 5409: 5382:(2): 127–144. 5366: 5320: 5289:(3): 412–418. 5266: 5206: 5185:(2): 185–197. 5165: 5122: 5074: 5047:(5): 737–743. 5022: 4979: 4952: 4909: 4882:(8): 664–677. 4863: 4836:(8): 470–484. 4813: 4788: 4754: 4735:(2): 165–171. 4719: 4681: 4635: 4628: 4607: 4580:(4): 359–379. 4564: 4535:(1): 237–248. 4529:Schizophr Bull 4512: 4485:(9): 975–983. 4469: 4437: 4386: 4345: 4291: 4272:(4): 394–399. 4250: 4203: 4159: 4107: 4055: 3972: 3918: 3882: 3875: 3849: 3822:(3): 246–255. 3803: 3780:(4): 281–287. 3759: 3744: 3713: 3661: 3631: 3624: 3599: 3574: 3520: 3502: 3463: 3411: 3384:(4): 575–582. 3365: 3358: 3337: 3330: 3272: 3243:(8): 121–127. 3223: 3204: 3124: 3063: 3044: 3014: 2971: 2936: 2929: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2860:sleep spindles 2820: 2817: 2758: 2755: 2691: 2688: 2672: 2669: 2646: 2643: 2635:chlorpromazine 2597:chlorpromazine 2595:A molecule of 2585:Main article: 2582: 2579: 2550: 2547: 2532:Kurt Schneider 2456:Emil Kraepelin 2412:Main article: 2409: 2406: 2401:Main article: 2398: 2395: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2303:theory of mind 2293: 2290: 2255:stigmatization 2200: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2093:Main article: 2090: 2087: 2076: 2048: 2045: 2032:Arts therapies 1996:family therapy 1981: 1978: 1974:cardiomyopathy 1932: 1929: 1923:as opposed to 1904:to treatment. 1849: 1818: 1815: 1772:Main article: 1769: 1766: 1729: 1726: 1682:hypothyroidism 1574:Dual diagnosis 1569: 1566: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1447: 1444: 1368: 1365: 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1296:pyramidal cell 1214:working memory 1203: 1159:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1087: 1084: 1066:, and size of 1012:or a prenatal 971: 968: 884:(CNVs); these 857:identified by 851:candidate gene 826: 823: 793:Main article: 790: 787: 740: 737: 667:neurocognition 632: 629: 581:blunted affect 576: 573: 525:hearing voices 517:hallucinations 508: 505: 464: 461: 365:mood disorders 332:hearing voices 328:hallucinations 315: 314: 313:~17,000 (2015) 311: 307: 306: 303: 299: 298: 292: 286: 285: 283:Antipsychotics 280: 274: 273: 266: 262: 261: 211:mood disorders 200: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 164:Family history 161: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 107: 101: 100: 86:Hallucinations 83: 77: 76: 71: 65: 64: 56: 55: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17998: 17987: 17986:Schizophrenia 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17973: 17971: 17964: 17958:from Wikidata 17957: 17956: 17944: 17940: 17939: 17927: 17924:from Wikinews 17923: 17922: 17910: 17906: 17905: 17893: 17889: 17888: 17876: 17875: 17872: 17866: 17865:Schizophrenia 17858: 17848: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17835: 17832: 17815: 17812: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17796: 17793: 17786: 17782: 17768: 17765: 17764: 17762: 17758: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17733: 17731: 17729:Schizophrenia 17727: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17700: 17696: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17681: 17679: 17675: 17671: 17667: 17663: 17659: 17658:Schizophrenia 17654: 17650: 17640: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17609:Drug overdose 17607: 17606: 17603: 17598: 17594: 17589: 17585: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17562: 17560: 17558: 17557:Sexual desire 17554: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17539: 17537: 17535: 17531: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17509: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17494: 17492: 17490: 17485: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17458: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17441: 17437: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17377: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17367: 17365: 17363: 17359: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17334: 17332: 17330: 17326: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17305: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17280: 17278: 17274: 17266: 17263: 17262: 17261: 17258: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17245: 17244: 17243:Social phobia 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17221: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17208: 17201: 17198: 17197: 17195: 17193: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17178:-related and 17177: 17173: 17168: 17164: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17136: 17134: 17130: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17070: 17068: 17066: 17062: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17032: 17030: 17028: 17024: 17020: 17013: 17009: 16999: 16996: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16942: 16941: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16919: 16905: 16902: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16884: 16876: 16873: 16872: 16871: 16868: 16867: 16865: 16863: 16859: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16846: 16843: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16829: 16826: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16808: 16806: 16802: 16799: 16798: 16797: 16794: 16790: 16787: 16786: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16764: 16762: 16760: 16756: 16752: 16748: 16743: 16739: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16683: 16680: 16679: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16668: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16615: 16611: 16604: 16600: 16595: 16591: 16584: 16579: 16577: 16572: 16570: 16565: 16564: 16561: 16549: 16541: 16540: 16537: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16507: 16505: 16501: 16495: 16494: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16470: 16466: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16425: 16419: 16418:Self-disorder 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16386: 16382: 16378: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16346: 16344: 16340: 16336: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16272: 16267: 16263: 16262:Schizophrenia 16256: 16251: 16249: 16244: 16242: 16237: 16236: 16233: 16220: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16210:Schizophrenia 16207: 16206: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16193: 16192: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16181: 16177: 16176: 16173: 16169: 16162: 16158: 16157: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16146: 16142: 16140: 16136: 16135: 16131: 16129: 16125: 16124: 16120: 16116: 16114: 16110: 16109: 16105: 16101: 16099: 16095: 16094: 16090: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16077: 16073: 16067: 16063: 16062:Schizophrenia 16060: 16059: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16005: 15997: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15979: 15975: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15956: 15948: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15930: 15926: 15922: 15918: 15914: 15907: 15899: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15871: 15867: 15863: 15856: 15848: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15818: 15814: 15807: 15799: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15772:: 2105–2117. 15771: 15767: 15763: 15756: 15754: 15745: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15701: 15694: 15686: 15682: 15678: 15674: 15670: 15666: 15662: 15658: 15651: 15643: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15625: 15621: 15617: 15610: 15602: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15561: 15553: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15519: 15512: 15504: 15500: 15496: 15492: 15488: 15484: 15477: 15469: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15441: 15437: 15436:PLOS Medicine 15433: 15426: 15418: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15400: 15396: 15392: 15388: 15384: 15377: 15369: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15336: 15328: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15295: 15287: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15259: 15255: 15251: 15244: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15217: 15209: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15182: 15173: 15168: 15164: 15160: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15141: 15133: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15097: 15090: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15072:0-908011-52-0 15068: 15064: 15057: 15049: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15015: 15011: 15007: 15000: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14980: 14976: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14957: 14949: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14918: 14899: 14892: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14860: 14856: 14849: 14841: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14800: 14792: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14749: 14741: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14707: 14700: 14698: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14654: 14646: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14630: 14626: 14619: 14611: 14605: 14601: 14600: 14592: 14577: 14576: 14571: 14564: 14562: 14553: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14510: 14494: 14488: 14480: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14439: 14431: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14405: 14401: 14397: 14390: 14382: 14378: 14374: 14370: 14366: 14362: 14358: 14354: 14347: 14339: 14337:9781444109740 14333: 14329: 14322: 14314: 14310: 14304: 14296: 14292: 14286: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14243: 14241: 14232: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14199: 14180: 14176: 14169: 14162: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14126: 14119: 14111: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14078: 14070: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14036: 14029: 14021: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13980: 13972: 13968: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13952: 13945: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13910: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13878: 13874: 13867: 13859: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13818: 13810: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13783:: 2047–2055. 13782: 13778: 13774: 13767: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13724: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13689: 13687: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13643: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13600: 13592: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13558: 13551: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13509: 13502: 13494: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13453: 13445: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13412: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13378: 13371: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13321: 13314: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13271: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13244: 13236: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13195: 13187: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13152: 13144: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13101: 13099: 13090: 13084: 13080: 13079: 13071: 13063: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13022: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12979: 12971: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12930: 12928: 12919: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12886: 12878: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12831: 12822: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12781: 12779: 12777: 12768: 12764: 12758: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12715: 12707: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12689: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12666: 12664: 12655: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12622: 12620: 12611: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12570: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12521: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12489: 12482: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12443: 12435: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12402: 12394: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12353: 12351: 12342: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12309: 12301: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12233: 12225: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12184: 12176: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12135: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12099: 12092: 12085: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12041: 12033: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11992: 11984: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11943: 11941: 11932: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11891: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11838: 11836: 11819: 11813: 11806: 11805:public domain 11787: 11783: 11781: 11775: 11769: 11767: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11739: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11695: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11651: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11608: 11600: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11559: 11551: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11515: 11508: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11485:(2): 239–65. 11484: 11480: 11473: 11465: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11424: 11416: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11375: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11340: 11332: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11223:CNS Spectrums 11217: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11182: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11147: 11139: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11098: 11090: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11049: 11047: 11038: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10997: 10990: 10985: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10944: 10936: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10895: 10887: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10846: 10838: 10832: 10828: 10821: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10778: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10751: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10708: 10700: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10649: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10565: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10512: 10510: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10456: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10412: 10410: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10326: 10310: 10306: 10300: 10284: 10278: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10183: 10175: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10134: 10126: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10027: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9986: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9900: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9851: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9800: 9792: 9787: 9785:9780190681425 9781: 9777: 9770: 9762: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9664: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9419: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9378: 9376: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9190: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9105: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9053: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8897: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8807: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8662: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8611: 8603: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8511: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8205:(2): 264–75. 8204: 8200: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8100: 8098: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7960: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7776: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7645:(7): e01900. 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7627: 7618: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7389: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7326: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7299:11573/1387747 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7051:(2): 98–106. 7050: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6842:9780199378067 6838: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6598: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6514: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6315: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6122: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5659: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474:(in French). 5473: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5424:CNS Spectrums 5418: 5416: 5414: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5339:(2): 93–108. 5338: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5271: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4296: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4268:(in French). 4267: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4223:(429): 9–16. 4222: 4218: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4060: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3636: 3627: 3625:9780323530422 3621: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3342: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3002: 2998: 2997:Health topics 2994: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2812:Three Christs 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2752: 2738: 2723: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2642: 2641:, clozapine. 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:Psychosurgery 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605:Insulin shock 2598: 2593: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2507: 2506:Ancient Greek 2503: 2497: 2488: 2487:Ancient Greek 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471:schizophrenia 2467: 2465: 2464:Eugen Bleuler 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2431: 2430:Eugen Bleuler 2426: 2421: 2415: 2404: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2366:In 2017, the 2322: 2317: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2190: 284–295 2184: 273–284 2178: 262–273 2172: 251–262 2166: 240–251 2161: 2158: 229–240 2152: 218–229 2146: 207–218 2140: 197–207 2134: 185–197 2122: no data 2117: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000:group therapy 1997: 1993: 1992:psychotherapy 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:antipsychotic 1947: 1943: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1600:mood disorder 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:Euler diagram 1452: 1446:Comorbidities 1443: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1348:that mediate 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245:phencyclidine 1242: 1241:NMDA receptor 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1168: 1162: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1086:Substance use 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054:Living in an 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 992:, infection, 991: 985: 981: 977: 970:Environmental 967: 965: 960: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 822: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 796: 786: 784: 780: 775: 772: 768: 763: 756: 752: 746: 736: 734: 730: 728: 724: 723:interventions 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 695:Verbal memory 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 648: 647:neural tissue 643: 638: 628: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 477: 473: 469: 460: 458: 453: 449: 445: 442:, along with 441: 437: 433: 432:antipsychotic 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 385:environmental 382: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320:Schizophrenia 312: 308: 304: 300: 297: 293: 291: 287: 284: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 201: 199: 195: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 172:hallucinogens 169: 165: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137:Ages 16 to 30 136: 132: 128: 127:antipsychotic 125:arising from 124: 120: 116: 112: 111:heart disease 108: 106: 105:Complications 102: 99: 95: 91: 87: 84: 82: 78: 75: 72: 70: 66: 62: 57: 53: 48: 45:Schizophrenia 43: 37: 33: 19: 17963: 17953: 17936: 17919: 17907:from Commons 17902: 17885: 17864: 17689:Folie à deux 17657: 17614:Intoxication 17595:substances, 17593:Psychoactive 17512:Night terror 17329:Dissociative 17293:Panic attack 16845:Tic disorder 16491: 16271:risk factors 16261: 16214: 16203: 16189: 16178: 16154: 16143: 16132: 16117: 16102: 16087: 16018: 16014: 16004: 15969: 15965: 15955: 15920: 15916: 15906: 15869: 15865: 15855: 15820: 15816: 15806: 15769: 15765: 15707: 15703: 15693: 15660: 15656: 15650: 15626:(1): 69–80. 15623: 15619: 15609: 15574: 15570: 15560: 15525: 15521: 15511: 15489:(7): 655–9. 15486: 15482: 15476: 15439: 15435: 15425: 15390: 15386: 15376: 15352:(1): 53–55. 15349: 15345: 15335: 15308: 15304: 15294: 15257: 15253: 15243: 15226: 15222: 15216: 15191: 15187: 15181: 15154: 15150: 15140: 15103: 15099: 15089: 15062: 15056: 15013: 15009: 14999: 14966: 14962: 14956: 14923: 14917: 14905:. Retrieved 14891: 14858: 14854: 14848: 14816:(2): 75–83. 14813: 14809: 14799: 14765:(19): 3606. 14762: 14758: 14748: 14713: 14709: 14663: 14659: 14653: 14628: 14624: 14618: 14597: 14591: 14579:. Retrieved 14573: 14523: 14519: 14509: 14497:. Retrieved 14487: 14452: 14448: 14438: 14403: 14399: 14389: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14327: 14321: 14312: 14303: 14295:the original 14285: 14252: 14248: 14212: 14208: 14198: 14186:. 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Retrieved 2920: 2911: 2891: 2844: 2834:(tDCM), and 2828: 2810: 2804: 2801:Jesus Christ 2794: 2791: 2784: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2718: 2713:Sylvia Nasar 2706: 2684: 2661:Eastern Bloc 2654: 2621: 2613:hypoglycemia 2602: 2564: 2556:civil rights 2552: 2543: 2537: 2529: 2501: 2482: 2475:Modern Latin 2470: 2468: 2441: 2435: 2391: 2384: 2373: 2365: 2310:Epidemiology 2299: 2295: 2287: 2275: 2266:suicide rate 2263: 2240: 2232:hyponatremia 2217: 2206: 2059: 2050: 2037:Peer support 2028: 2023: 2016: 2011: 1989: 1944:, including 1940: 1906: 1894: 1878: 1864:, including 1848:that block D 1835: 1800: 1777: 1762: 1758:amphetamines 1744: 1737: 1731: 1713: 1647: 1604: 1591: 1581: 1561:dyslipidemia 1546: 1523: 1504: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1416: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1372: 1370: 1336: 1324: 1308: 1286:Deficits in 1285: 1231:that affect 1218: 1191: 1170: 1148:Cannabis use 1146: 1099: 1068:social group 1064:ethnic group 1053: 1048:toxic stress 1038: 1030:Cat exposure 1023: 1017: 987: 961: 945: 922: 870:transmission 863: 855:genetic loci 846: 831:heritability 828: 809:risk factors 798: 789:Risk factors 776: 758: 731: 660: 652: 624:psychometric 619: 615: 609: 605: 578: 523:(most often 510: 481: 471: 429: 417:homelessness 409: 377: 319: 318: 268:Counseling, 176:amphetamines 159:Risk factors 36: 17887:Definitions 17662:schizotypal 17497:Hypersomnia 17487:Nonorganic 17228:Agoraphobia 16959:Cyclothymia 16954:Bipolar NOS 16929:(affective) 16801:Stereotypic 16709:Kleptomania 16269:Causes and 16180:MedlinePlus 15872:(8): 1837. 15260:: 309–320. 14499:21 February 14455:(1): 3–19. 14359:(1): 3–10. 14309:Schneider K 14188:27 February 13916:L'Encephale 12721:L'Encéphale 12104:: 329–337. 11664:(12): 124. 10581:: 108–123. 10524:: 209–216. 10474:(1): 7–14. 10380:L'Encephale 10002:: 265–289. 9912:: 100–110. 9341:: 381–399. 8678:(1): 9–20. 8627:: 519–534. 7794:: 207–225. 7744:: 393–406. 7475:10481/90076 7284:: 122–135. 7239:(10): 100. 6681:: 146–150. 6480:: 185–194. 6381:L'Encephale 6183:: 9804836. 6130:L'Encephale 6092:L'Encephale 6055:: 222–229. 6010:: 167–196. 5957:L'Encéphale 5714:Social Work 5472:L'Encéphale 4774:: 375–410. 4729:L'Encephale 4694:L'Encephale 4462:29 December 4406:(8): 2087. 4266:L'Encéphale 4048:23 December 3442:: 425–448. 2876:body fluids 2870:disorders; 2560:Black Power 2521:personality 2452:hebephrenia 2448:Arnold Pick 2054:hippocampus 1970:myocarditis 1964:(including 1911:medication 1870:risperidone 1842:haloperidol 1832:medication. 1826:Risperidone 1806:involuntary 1304:grey matter 1265:gamma waves 1118:amphetamine 941:homeostasis 559:in nature. 557:persecutory 440:risperidone 415:, poverty, 403:, and poor 346:. Symptoms 330:(typically 270:life skills 134:Usual onset 61:embroidered 17970:Categories 17938:Quotations 17857:Psychology 17845:Psychiatry 17814:Stereotypy 17677:Delusional 17666:delusional 17639:Withdrawal 17507:Parasomnia 17412:Nosophobia 17192:Adjustment 17180:somatoform 17113:Sundowning 16966:Depression 16949:Bipolar II 16838:Stuttering 16833:Cluttering 16629:Paraphilia 16525:Schizotypy 16356:LY-404,039 16343:management 16205:Patient UK 16156:DiseasesDB 16021:: 101732. 15725:1893/22520 13428:: s71–77. 12321:(Review). 10539:11336/3858 10315:28 January 10289:28 January 8727:: 96–106. 8457:8 December 7888:: 153940. 7407:(1): 6–9. 7008:(11): 82. 6532:(4): 733. 3859:Psychiatry 3799:psychosis. 3776:(Review). 3678:The Lancet 3485:Statistics 3169:The Lancet 2903:References 2847:biomarkers 2823:See also: 2797:case study 2795:In 1964 a 2749:to reduce 2675:See also: 2538:first-rank 2454:. In 1893 2380:prevalence 2360: 7–20 2247:developing 2243:disability 2099:See also: 2083:probiotics 1866:olanzapine 1817:Medication 1768:Management 1733:Prevention 1728:Prevention 1700:, and the 1572:See also: 1509:, such as 1273:astrocytes 1182:childbirth 1165:See also: 1138:loneliness 1114:stimulants 1104:including 1034:odds ratio 964:DNA damage 923:The genes 874:expression 749:See also: 635:See also: 593:asociality 488:perception 444:counseling 436:olanzapine 278:Medication 265:Management 129:medication 74:Psychiatry 17981:Psychosis 17767:Catatonia 17699:Psychosis 17534:Postnatal 17517:Nightmare 17123:Wandering 16976:Dysthymia 16944:Bipolar I 16899:Pervasive 16714:Pyromania 16639:Voyeurism 16634:Fetishism 16385:prognosis 16339:Diagnosis 16199:emerg/520 16191:eMedicine 16045:208790466 15163:0820-3946 15030:1738-3684 14969:: 20–41. 14907:22 August 14430:204702486 14020:206401875 13879:: 11–17. 13634:207492339 13542:204385719 13186:170078453 12853:: 83–91. 12749:150334210 12126:232288918 11882:216596357 11686:208144438 11524:(1): 12. 11280:8 January 11188:Encephale 10742:243933980 10622:(2): 27. 10616:Medicines 10446:260137215 10226:9 January 10221:145820368 10199:: j1821. 9891:147813648 9394:: 75–81. 9312:206104940 9226:205507186 9158:: 90–97. 9121:: 57–67. 9096:205075178 8433:203567900 8337:239003358 8227:205400285 8172:EMedicine 7972:: 55–59. 7910:204704312 7439:206926835 7379:162169817 7347:: 49–66. 7316:211029692 6933:0003-4800 6868:: 89–98. 6703:173991937 6158:150798223 5985:150099236 5786:2299/2735 5540:195814019 5518:(8): 75. 5160:196502392 5117:211141678 5095:: 36–44. 4947:246764656 4400:Molecules 4035:208792724 3592:23 August 3495:23 August 3101:1534-4827 3007:22 August 2964:23 August 2864:MicroRNAs 2765:The book 2699:John Nash 2477:from the 2469:The word 2466:in 1908. 2354: 4–6 2348: 3–3 2342: 2–2 2336: 1–1 2330: 0–0 2249:than the 2236:dry mouth 2089:Prognosis 2075:Vitamin B 2066:vitamin D 1958:clozapine 1946:akathisia 1902:adherence 1888:(lowered 1882:clozapine 1874:serotonin 1802:Voluntary 1686:dementias 1356:Diagnosis 1206:receptors 1025:Chlamydia 1006:cytokines 890:deletions 679:reasoning 663:cognition 597:avolition 589:anhedonia 549:Delusions 513:delusions 500:psychosis 452:clozapine 336:delusions 302:Frequency 290:Prognosis 90:delusions 69:Specialty 17502:Insomnia 17172:Neurotic 17139:Delirium 17065:Dementia 16904:Specific 16548:Category 16381:Symptoms 16294:Estrogen 16196:med/2072 16037:31816349 15996:27264337 15947:31975910 15898:32764320 15847:33397140 15798:31413576 15744:26289586 15685:12991391 15677:21742955 15642:29704415 15601:29234506 15552:30112785 15503:22555313 15468:19668362 15417:31920014 15368:16757998 15327:28177184 15286:29922078 15235:18284271 15208:16187769 15132:24058348 15081:47177633 15048:25395966 14991:49602956 14983:29953902 14948:33739419 14940:17204765 14883:10303872 14875:15914249 14840:31192220 14791:31561488 14740:10741319 14688:41939669 14680:23197117 14552:25035542 14479:30600616 14422:31610542 14381:17314600 14373:23800613 14311:(1959). 14269:15386868 14231:14601041 14179:Archived 14153:19655724 14145:17473901 14110:16520429 14069:31200992 14012:28992741 13971:23816066 13936:28641817 13901:36263370 13893:28302393 13858:25467703 13809:30147318 13758:15581894 13750:15964073 13715:17107571 13677:32975940 13669:15949648 13626:26364648 13591:23450574 13534:20586695 13493:17905787 13444:18019048 13403:28674984 13355:23475454 13347:16756689 13305:26666000 13297:19417668 13262:20704164 13235:29762765 13178:31147816 13143:31598428 13062:22018943 13005:28152356 12970:31496103 12918:28597528 12877:33065406 12821:29206972 12741:29983176 12706:27521348 12654:30858639 12610:30946482 12553:27106681 12512:Archived 12508:17253555 12473:Archived 12469:16235338 12434:30443277 12393:30480760 12341:24385461 12300:28067944 12251:28880347 12224:26043344 12175:19955389 12118:33757817 12076:53872643 12068:30456821 12032:31556864 11983:21154340 11931:30192088 11874:32342999 11786:Archived 11757:16822092 11722:22560607 11678:31745659 11642:29323212 11634:20526897 11599:19160174 11550:28086761 11499:27216902 11464:23512950 11415:31631928 11366:25957394 11331:31828767 11251:22210482 11243:25683467 11208:27161262 11173:17329468 11138:31975812 11089:31523418 11037:23335473 11013:: f185. 10984:33135811 10935:17470445 10886:34406325 10812:12523516 10804:25785709 10769:Archived 10734:29851881 10699:27033328 10648:29587340 10597:31108433 10556:19626589 10548:23318689 10500:29136236 10438:20066610 10400:20004282 10360:24590483 10352:16195122 10269:29410940 10213:31055448 10174:23177956 10125:20558235 10068:19050712 10026:28375719 9977:15504512 9969:26360579 9934:15983622 9926:26598216 9883:28590670 9842:31504236 9761:22407079 9712:18562345 9663:28545597 9614:28369804 9565:19693005 9516:22169777 9467:20844478 9418:24694749 9355:29656029 9304:25847179 9261:15803162 9218:22251963 9180:41179430 9172:26826620 9137:26549579 9088:27317361 9074:: 4–12. 9043:27452791 8994:26946382 8945:22474070 8896:22282454 8847:27256556 8798:24315522 8741:28448827 8702:27720198 8653:32110026 8602:26493362 8553:30065814 8502:53563635 8494:30442059 8425:31563981 8390:32839678 8329:34653393 8285:29413518 8219:18482435 8176:Archived 8153:19794359 8126:17240501 8088:25928123 8037:21391349 8029:17278906 7994:25505446 7986:27720315 7951:15056569 7902:31610855 7867:28689498 7826:84842249 7818:30895531 7766:21614845 7758:28216171 7722:40053289 7714:24012077 7679:31372522 7617:38491934 7608:11059805 7568:22704639 7519:15319094 7484:22104141 7431:26767392 7422:10699337 7371:31115797 7308:32032668 7263:31522306 7214:34340273 7165:26777917 7108:23355297 7073:45179016 7065:20958271 7022:28929285 6984:26817666 6949:49311660 6941:29923609 6892:26555806 6816:25754081 6767:17626963 6695:31200193 6657:12952866 6588:20597333 6558:28358316 6504:27073049 6450:24301647 6401:23528322 6366:30364516 6300:29497198 6244:29412847 6209:31139639 6150:30935493 6112:24854724 6077:56476015 6069:30590276 6034:28715955 5977:30122298 5942:19329561 5893:27730532 5844:20090669 5795:18245021 5744:23252315 5695:26125559 5687:26816133 5649:26289573 5600:31059632 5532:31278495 5492:24084427 5452:24728447 5444:27418328 5404:10970088 5396:21863346 5361:26135485 5353:21320033 5315:27365960 5261:31975837 5201:29975360 5152:29909762 5109:32081498 5061:24275698 5017:13411386 5009:28966139 4974:31158119 4939:30230774 4896:29602739 4858:49428707 4850:29946157 4808:26370946 4749:26923997 4714:26776385 4676:13761854 4668:27429167 4654:: 8–13. 4602:52813070 4594:30244235 4559:32772114 4507:13504781 4499:16143729 4432:30127324 4379:19 April 4340:22661812 4286:19748377 4245:34615961 4237:16445476 4198:32085212 4190:23810019 4154:28655284 4102:20923923 4027:19700006 3992:van Os J 3967:29762765 3913:25316799 3844:35299996 3836:29474266 3794:23810133 3754:27968732 3708:30496104 3656:25180705 3569:27733281 3458:24313570 3406:53951650 3398:30447725 3267:28302261 3199:26777917 3119:31478094 3031:Archived 2627:lobotomy 2525:thinking 2483:schizein 2438:syndrome 2292:Violence 1858:dopamine 1754:cannabis 1706:delirium 1688:such as 1666:epilepsy 1658:syphilis 1475:epilepsy 1471:dystonia 1367:Criteria 1346:circuits 1292:neuropil 1249:ketamine 1227:and the 1116:such as 1110:cannabis 1060:drug use 1036:of 2.4. 933:HPA axis 818:prenatal 771:Estrogen 691:auditory 567:or that 531:such as 492:positive 397:cannabis 272:training 168:cannabis 142:Duration 81:Symptoms 17831:Portals 17211:Anxiety 17050:PDD-NOS 16939:Bipolar 16592: ( 16469:History 16215:Scholia 16150:D012559 15987:5343750 15938:6526854 15889:7463953 15838:8222104 15789:6662171 15735:9395125 15592:5709678 15543:6174929 15459:2718581 15408:6955430 15359:1472254 15277:5997131 15172:1268271 15123:3766833 15106:: 101. 15039:4225199 14831:6528094 14782:6801408 14731:1297956 14645:8434655 14581:5 April 14543:4100404 14470:6313247 14277:5317716 14060:6657025 13849:4269286 13800:6095111 13582:6486303 13484:2632419 13226:6192504 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6883:5380793 6807:4414705 6758:1914490 6549:5412319 6495:4876729 6441:4030327 6357:6196741 6291:5806335 6200:6500669 6025:6345578 5933:2930336 5884:5486866 5835:3055399 5735:3683242 5640:4692466 5591:6502429 5306:4898111 5252:6519630 5069:5172022 4904:4483198 4799:4792780 4550:7825001 4423:6222385 4331:3361848 4145:5697625 4093:2951591 3996:Kapur S 3958:6192504 3699:6227754 3560:5388903 3258:5374256 3190:4940219 3110:6718373 3058:Medsafe 3037:26 June 2917:Jones D 2609:insulin 2517: 2498: 2491:σχίζειν 2397:History 2282:Smoking 2209:obesity 1840:, like 1714:medical 1469:(ASD), 1381:or the 1208:in the 1134:anxiety 1122:cocaine 1106:alcohol 956:alleles 914:15q11.2 910:16p11.2 894:22q11.2 825:Genetic 813:insults 553:bizarre 521:hearing 381:genetic 251:anxiety 145:Chronic 119:obesity 17455:Eating 17303:Stress 17220:Phobia 17176:stress 17035:Autism 16828:Speech 16617:Sexual 16219:Q41112 16185:000928 16139:181500 16066:Curlie 16043: 16035: 15994: 15984: 15945: 15935: 15896: 15886: 15845: 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