308:
29:
354:'s construction of the massive third abbey church, undoubtedly helped publish the wealth of Spain throughout Europe. Unfortunately for Cluny, changing conditions in Spain caused the payments to cease in 1111, and this brought on a financial crisis during the abbacies of
415:, accompanied by gifts of carpets, silks, ivories, plate, and other luxuries not produced widely in Christian Europe. They were extremely large sums for the times, though it is impossible to determine their precise value in modern terms. The
479:
notes, " quickly became among the richest," and "the kingdom of León-Castile, in particular, acquired a reputation for inexhaustible wealth during the second half of the eleventh century," due in large part to the receipt of
349:
in 1090 by this same monarch. This, known as the "Alfonsine census", was "the biggest donation that Cluny ever received from king or layman, and it was never to be surpassed". The large payments to Cluny, which financed
99:
established by treaty. The payee owed the tributary military protection against foes both
Islamic and Christian. Usually the original exaction was forced, either by a large
378:
was sometimes reduced to a quarter or a fifth of state revenue, the
Grenadine kings were forced to tax their subjects far beyond what was permissible under
714:
of
Castile and owed attendance at court as well as military aids, even against Islamic opponents, a grave offence to Islamic law.
702:
Hillgarth, 321. The kingdom of
Granada, bloated with Muslim refugees, was prosperous, due in large part to its valuable port at
504:
811:
374:
to
Castile, did tribute again constitute a major portion of Christian Spain's wealth. Though the burden of these last
209:
153:
669:
Fletcher, 8, quoting
Charles Julian Bishko, "Fernando I y los orígenes de la alianza castellano-leonesa con Cluny",
253:
293:
241:
83:
dominated relations between the
Islamic and the Christian states in the years following the disintegration of the
171:
276:
of
Badajoz and Seville. Eventually all the tribute found its way into the hands of Alfonso VI, who also exacted
801:
806:
591:
500:
45:
456:
285:
105:
or the threat of one, or as the cost of supporting one
Islamic party against another. (The word "
265:
178:
and
Zaragoza after his attack on those territories in 1045. In the 1060s he was still demanding
84:
428:
109:" means "party " and refers to the prevalence of factionalism in Islamic Spain during the
8:
754:
587:
476:
359:
130:
240:
were divided amongst his heirs along with his kingdom in December 1065: the eldest son,
674:
367:
269:
245:
20:
370:, the last remaining Islamic state in Spain, agreed to pay half its annual revenue in
257:
40:
kingdoms and the Christians states at the time of the breakup of the Caliphate (1031).
335:. Sometime between 1053 and 1065 Ferdinand of León pledged an annual census of 1,000
301:
233:
158:
138:
126:
101:
88:
468:
419:
in about 1060, when it was being paid to Ferdinand of León, was worth around 10,000
190:
163:
744:
355:
281:
229:
221:
183:
96:
728:
707:
225:
202:
175:
342:
55:
345:, a donation re-established by Alfonso VI in 1077 and then increased to 2,000
795:
351:
212:. From at least 1060, perhaps as early as 1055, Ferdinand had been exacting
678:
782:
475:
in the 1060s. "From being among the poorest rulers in Europe," historian
332:
328:
307:
76:
435:
from Granada, including two years' worth of arrears, putting the annual
311:
The tower of Cluny III, financed through monies originally collected as
324:
72:
288:(1094), and upon recovery by the Muslims it was forced to briefly pay
149:
703:
758:
411:
62:
784:
The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126
148:
may have been paid by the local Muslim leaders just west of the
711:
395:
379:
337:
198:
523:
405:
67:
760:
The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century
638:
Reilly, 9. There is no reference in Ferdinand's will to the
463:. By comparison, a typical nobleman's ransom cost 500–1,000
471:
400 horses or seventy human slaves were worth about 10,000
208:
In western Spain the first ruler to exact such tribute was
527:, the equivalent of the Islamic head tax on non-believers.
366:
had decreased to a mere "trickle". Only in 1246, when the
304:(1213–76), who put an end to them by conquering Valencia.
292:
to Barcelona, payments which were later re-established by
87:(1031) until the reunification of Islamic Spain under the
28:
517:
According to Catlos, 83, Arabic authors referred to the
706:
and its advanced irrigation techniques that kept the
681:
annually, a paltry sum in light of the Leonese gold.
459:in 1089–91, during which period he took in 146,000
431:acquired it. In 1075 Alfonso VI negotiated 30,000
19:For the son of Philomelus in Greek mythology, see
793:
236:. In accordance with his testament, Ferdinand's
403:, "coins of gold", in Latin), usually Islamic
749:The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History
61:, "to make equal ", i.e. pay) were a form of
730:Studies in Medieval Spanish Frontier History
698:
696:
133:, which exacted a very early one—called the
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
451:on record were those forced on the eastern
300:were still being collected in the reign of
616:
614:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
197:from the king of Zaragoza's underlings at
693:
182:from Lleida and Zaragoza, as well as the
778:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
741:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
306:
27:
776:Making Agreements in Medieval Catalonia
611:
530:
331:, while some found its way back to the
794:
788:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
771:, volume 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
319:Much of the wealth acquired through
170:that can be dated was collected by
13:
393:were generally paid in gold coin (
284:. Valencia fell into the hands of
228:, and Zaragoza, and possibly also
125:pertains to eastern Spain, to the
14:
823:
505:Diccionario de la Lengua Española
764:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
769:The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516
684:
671:Cuadernos de Historia de España
663:
654:
645:
210:Ferdinand I of León and Castile
172:Raymond Berengar I of Barcelona
739:The Victors and the Vanquished
721:
632:
623:
602:
597:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
581:
572:
511:
494:
264:of Toledo; and the third son,
1:
673:, 47–48 (1968), 107. In 1131
467:in contemporary Spain and in
767:Jocelyn N. Hillgarth. 1976.
423:. This was raised to 12,000
7:
10:
828:
751:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
734:London: Variorum Reprints.
599:. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
385:
116:
18:
16:Tribute in medieval Iberia
812:Economic history of Spain
781:Bernard F. Reilly. 1982.
727:Charles J. Bishko. 1980.
121:The earliest evidence of
91:(beginning in 1086). The
710:fertile. The king was a
487:
137:or "old paria"—from the
737:Brian A. Catlos. 2004.
592:Encyclopædia Britannica
425:numos de auro per annum
362:(1122–56). By 1100 the
316:
166:in 1010, the earliest
41:
802:History of al-Andalus
774:Adam J. Kosto. 2001.
457:Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar
310:
302:James I the Conqueror
286:Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar
189:. The Aragonese king
31:
508:, 22nd ed. (online).
455:by Alfonso's vassal
443:, comparable to the
429:Sancho IV of Navarre
399:, "golden ones", or
85:Caliphate of Córdoba
755:Richard A. Fletcher
677:offered 100 silver
360:Peter the Venerable
323:was distributed to
294:Raymond Berengar IV
131:County of Barcelona
675:Henry I of England
368:Kingdom of Granada
317:
252:; the second son,
77:Christian kingdoms
42:
21:Parias (mythology)
807:Taxation in Spain
439:at around 10,000
127:Kingdom of Aragon
89:Almoravid dynasty
819:
745:Thomas N. Bisson
715:
700:
691:
688:
682:
667:
661:
658:
652:
649:
643:
636:
630:
627:
621:
618:
609:
606:
600:
585:
579:
576:
570:
567:
528:
515:
509:
498:
477:Richard Fletcher
356:Pons of Melgueil
97:protection money
827:
826:
822:
821:
820:
818:
817:
816:
792:
791:
724:
719:
718:
701:
694:
689:
685:
668:
664:
659:
655:
650:
646:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
612:
607:
603:
586:
582:
577:
573:
568:
531:
516:
512:
499:
495:
490:
421:aurei per annum
388:
119:
95:were a form of
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
825:
815:
814:
809:
804:
790:
789:
779:
772:
765:
752:
742:
735:
723:
720:
717:
716:
692:
683:
662:
653:
644:
642:from Valencia.
631:
622:
620:Bisson, 23–25.
610:
601:
580:
571:
569:Fletcher, 7–8.
529:
510:
492:
491:
489:
486:
447:. The largest
387:
384:
358:(1109–22) and
352:Hugh the Great
343:Abbey of Cluny
191:Sancho Ramírez
154:Raymond Borrel
118:
115:
79:of the north.
56:medieval Latin
46:medieval Spain
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
824:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
787:
785:
780:
777:
773:
770:
766:
763:
761:
756:
753:
750:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
731:
726:
725:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
690:Fletcher, 15.
687:
680:
676:
672:
666:
657:
648:
641:
635:
626:
617:
615:
605:
598:
595:. 2009. From
594:
593:
589:
584:
575:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
526:
525:
520:
514:
507:
506:
502:
497:
493:
485:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:
408:
407:
402:
401:numos de auro
398:
397:
392:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
114:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
57:
53:
52:
47:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
783:
775:
768:
759:
748:
738:
729:
686:
670:
665:
656:
647:
639:
634:
625:
604:
596:
590:
583:
574:
522:
518:
513:
503:
496:
481:
472:
464:
460:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
420:
416:
410:
404:
400:
394:
390:
389:
375:
371:
363:
346:
336:
320:
318:
312:
297:
289:
277:
273:
261:
249:
237:
217:
213:
207:
194:
184:
179:
167:
157:
145:
139:
134:
122:
120:
110:
106:
100:
92:
80:
66:
65:paid by the
58:
50:
49:
43:
37:
33:
25:
722:Works cited
660:Bisson, 64.
651:Bisson, 33.
629:Bisson, 13.
445:vetus paria
417:vetus paria
380:Islamic law
333:aristocracy
329:monasteries
268:, received
256:, received
250:vetus paria
244:, received
142:of Zaragoza
135:vetus paria
796:Categories
608:Kosto, 13.
578:Reilly, 9.
325:cathedrals
254:Alfonso VI
193:also took
187:of Tortosa
73:al-Andalus
34:in Spanish
501:"parias."
272:with the
266:García II
260:with the
248:with the
242:Sancho II
216:from the
150:Llobregat
36:) of the
757:. 1978.
747:. 1986.
588:"Taifa."
473:mithqals
441:mithqals
433:mithqals
412:mithqals
341:for the
296:. These
234:Valencia
144:. While
129:and the
469:Córdoba
386:Amounts
282:Granada
270:Galicia
246:Castile
230:Badajoz
222:Seville
164:Córdoba
117:History
75:to the
63:tribute
59:pariāre
712:vassal
704:Málaga
519:parias
482:parias
461:dinars
453:taifas
449:parias
437:parias
406:dinars
391:Parias
376:parias
372:parias
364:parias
321:parias
313:parias
298:parias
290:parias
278:parias
274:parias
262:parias
238:parias
226:Toledo
218:taifas
214:parias
203:Tudela
199:Huesca
195:parias
180:parias
176:Lleida
159:razzia
152:after
146:parias
123:parias
113:era.)
111:taifas
102:razzia
93:parias
81:Parias
68:taifas
54:(from
51:parias
679:marks
640:paria
524:jizya
521:as a
488:Notes
465:aurei
427:when
396:aurei
347:aurei
338:aurei
280:from
185:taifa
174:from
168:paria
140:taifa
107:taifa
38:taifa
32:Map (
708:Vega
327:and
258:León
232:and
201:and
409:or
220:of
162:on
156:'s
71:of
44:In
798::
695:^
613:^
532:^
484:.
382:.
224:,
205:.
48:,
786:.
762:.
732:.
315:.
23:.
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