Knowledge

3670:, but were stopped, arrested and expelled from the city by national guardsmen who supported the Republic. On 22 March, when the news of the seizure of power by the Paris Commune reached Lyon, socialist and revolutionary members of the National Guard met and heard a speech by a representative of the Paris Commune. They marched to the city hall, occupied it, and established a Commune of fifteen members, of whom eleven were militant revolutionaries. They arrested the mayor and the prefect of the city, hoisted a red flag over the city hall, and declared support for the Paris Commune. A delegate from the Paris Commune, Charles Amouroux, spoke to an enthusiastic crowd of several thousand people in front of the city hall. However, the following day the national guardsmen from other neighborhoods gathered at the city hall, held a meeting, and put out their own bulletin, declaring that the takeover was a "regrettable misunderstanding," and declared their support for the government of the Republic. On 24 March, the four major newspapers of Lyon also repudiated the Commune. On 25 March, the last members of the Commune resigned and left the city hall peacefully. The Commune had lasted only two days. 1995: 2137:, began a systematic siege and a heavy bombardment of the fort that lasted three days and three nights. At the same time Cissey sent a message to Colonel Megy, with the permission of Marshal MacMahon, offering to spare the lives of the fort's defenders, and let them return to Paris with their belongings and weapons, if they surrendered the fort. Colonel Megy gave the order, and during the night of 29–30 April, most of the soldiers evacuated the fort and returned to Paris. But news of the evacuation reached the Central Committee of the National Guard and the Commune. Before General Cissey and the Versailles army could occupy the fort, the National Guard rushed reinforcements there and re-occupied all the positions. General Cluseret, commander of the National Guard, was dismissed and put in prison. General Cissey resumed the intense bombardment of the fort. The defenders resisted until the night of 7–8 May, when the remaining national guardsmen in the fort, unable to withstand further attacks, decided to withdraw. The new commander of the National Guard, 2880:. The official army report by General Félix Antoine Appert mentioned only Army casualties, which amounted, from April through May, to 877 killed, 6,454 wounded, and 183 missing. The report assessed information on Communard casualties only as "very incomplete". The issue of casualties during the Bloody Week arose at a National Assembly hearing on 28 August 1871, when Marshal MacMahon testified. Deputy M. Vacherot told him, "A general has told me that the number killed in combat, on the barricades, or after the combat, was as many as 17,000 men." MacMahon responded, "I don't know what that estimate is based upon; it seems exaggerated to me. All I can say is that the insurgents lost a lot more people than we did." Vacherot continued, "Perhaps this number applies to all of the siege, and to the fighting at Forts d'Issy and Vanves." MacMahon replied, "the number is exaggerated." Vacherot persisted, "It was General Appert who gave me that information. Perhaps he meant both dead and wounded." MacMahon replied, "That's a different matter." 3680:, and demanded a plebiscite for the establishment of a Commune. Revolutionary members of the National Guard and a unit of regular army soldiers supporting the Republic were both outside the city. The prefect, an engineer named de L'Espée, was meeting with a delegation from the National Guard in his office when a shot was fired outside, killing a worker. The national guardsmen stormed the city hall, capturing the prefect. In the resulting chaos, more shots were fired and the prefect was killed. The National Guard members quickly established an executive committee, sent soldiers to occupy the railway station and telegraph office, and proclaimed a Commune, with elections to be held on 29 March. However, on the 26th, the more moderate republican members of the National Guard disassociated themselves from the Commune. An army unit entered the city on the morning of 28 March and went to the city hall. The few hundred revolutionary national guardsmen still at the city hall dispersed quietly, without any shots being fired. 1223:. An ardent republican and fierce disciplinarian, he had helped suppress the armed uprising of June 1848 against the Second Republic. Because of his republican beliefs, he had been arrested by Napoleon III and exiled, and had only returned to France after the downfall of the Empire. He was particularly hated by the national guardsmen of Montmartre and Belleville because of the severe discipline he imposed during the siege of Paris. Earlier that day, dressed in civilian clothes, he had been trying to find out what was going on, when he was recognized by a soldier and arrested, and brought to the building at rue des Rosiers. At about 5:30 on 18 March, the angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at rue des Rosiers seized Clément-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. A few minutes later, they did the same to General Lecomte. Doctor 3699:, to see what would happen. The revolutionary commission soon split into two factions, one in the city hall and the other in the prefecture, each claiming to be the legal government of the city. On 4 April, General Espivent, with six to seven thousand regular soldiers supported by sailors and National Guard units loyal to the Republic, entered Marseille, where the Commune was defended by about 2,000 national guardsmen. The regular army forces laid siege to the prefecture, defended by about 400 national guardsmen. The building was bombarded by artillery and then stormed by the soldiers and sailors. About 30 soldiers and 150 insurgents were killed. As in Paris, insurgents captured with weapons in hand were executed, and about 900 others were imprisoned. Gaston Cremieux was arrested, condemned to death in June 1871, and executed five months later. 175: 131: 4304: 3062: 2726: 3118: 3341: 1154:, d'Aurelle de Paladines, and Vinoy, who argued that the move was premature, because the army had too few soldiers, was undisciplined and demoralized, and that many units had become politicized and were unreliable. Vinoy urged that they wait until Germany had released the French prisoners of war, and the army returned to full strength. Thiers insisted that the planned operation must go ahead as quickly as possible, to have the element of surprise. If the seizure of the cannon was not successful, the government would withdraw from the centre of Paris, build up its forces, and then attack with overwhelming force, as they had done during the uprising of June 1848. The Council accepted his decision, and Vinoy gave orders for the operation to begin the next day. 2944:. Du Camp had witnessed the last days of the Commune, went inside the Tuileries Palace shortly after the fires were put out, witnessed the executions of Communards by soldiers, and the bodies in the streets. He studied the question of the number of dead, and studied the records of the office of inspection of the Paris cemeteries, which was in charge of burying the dead. Based on their records, he reported that between 20 and 30 May, 5,339 Communard corpses had been taken from the streets or Paris morgue to the city cemeteries for burial. Between 24 May and 6 September, the office of inspection of cemeteries reported that an additional 1,328 corpses were exhumed from temporary graves at 48 sites, including 754 corpses inside the old quarries near 2563: 2306: 1260: 1378:. Other candidates who were elected, including about twenty moderate republicans and five radicals, refused to take their seats. In the end, the council had just 60 members. Nine of the winners were Blanquists (some of whom were also from the International); twenty-five, including Delescluze and Pyat, classified themselves as "Independent Revolutionaries"; about fifteen were from the International; the rest were from a variety of radical groups. One of the best-known candidates, Clemenceau, received only 752 votes. The professions represented in the council were 33 workers; five small businessmen; 19 clerks, accountants and other office staff; twelve journalists; and a selection of workers in the liberal arts. 20 members were 3082:] are still meeting and the summary executions continue, less numerous, it's true. The sound of firing squads, which one still hears in the mournful city, atrociously prolongs the nightmare ... Paris is sick of executions. It seems to Paris that they're shooting everyone. Paris is not complaining about the shooting of the members of the Commune, but of innocent people. It believes that, among the pile, there are innocent people, and that it's time that each execution is preceded by at least an attempt at a serious inquiry ... When the echoes of the last shots have ceased, it will take a great deal of gentleness to heal the million people suffering nightmares, those who have emerged, shivering from the fire and massacre." 2232: 2869: 2737: 2503: 2424:, the celebrated "Red Virgin of Montmartre", who had already participated in many battles outside the city. She was seized by regular soldiers and thrown into the trench in front of the barricade and left for dead. She escaped and soon afterwards surrendered to the army, to prevent the arrest of her mother. The battalions of the National Guard were no match for the army; by midday on the 23rd the regular soldiers were at the top of Montmartre, and the tricolor flag was raised over the Solferino tower. The soldiers captured 42 guardsmen and several women, took them to the same house on rue des Rosier where generals Clement-Thomas and Lecomte had been executed, and shot them. On the 2403: 3076:, reported on the fall of the Commune, and was one of the first reporters to enter the city during Bloody Week. On 25 May he reported: "Never in civilised times has such a terrible crime ravaged a great city... The men of the Hôtel de Ville could not be other than assassins and arsonists. They were beaten and fled like robbers from the regular army, and took vengeance upon the monuments and houses.... The fires of Paris have pushed over the limit the exasperation of the army. ...Those who burn and who massacre merit no other justice than the gunshot of a soldier." But on 1 June, when the fighting was over, his tone had changed, "The court martials [ 2819:, where they were held in extremely crowded and unsanitary conditions until they could be tried. More than half of the prisoners, 22,727, were released before trial for extenuating circumstances or on humanitarian grounds. Since Paris had been officially under a state of siege during the Commune, the prisoners were tried by military tribunals. Trials were held for 15,895 prisoners, of whom 13,500 were found guilty. Ninety-five were sentenced to death; 251 to forced labour; 1,169 to deportation, usually to New Caledonia; 3,147 to simple deportation; 1,257 to solitary confinement; 1,305 to prison for more than a year; and 2,054 to prison for less than a year. 1820: 1171: 3887:, the famous "Red Virgin", was sentenced to transportation to a penal colony in New Caledonia, where she served as a schoolteacher. She received amnesty in 1880, and returned to Paris, where she resumed her career as an activist and anarchist. She was arrested in 1880 for leading a mob that pillaged a bakery, was imprisoned, then pardoned. She was arrested several more times, and once was freed with the intervention of Georges Clemenceau. She died in 1905, and was buried near her close friend and colleague during the Commune, Théophile Ferré, the man who had signed the death warrant for the archbishop of Paris and other hostages. 2069: 2331:. The Versailles forces enjoyed a centralised command and had superior numbers. Equally important, they had learned the tactics of street fighting from 1848 and earlier uprisings. They avoided making frontal attacks on Commune barricades. They tunnelled through walls of neighbouring houses to establish positions above the barricades, and gradually worked their way around and behind them, usually forcing the Communards to withdraw without a fight. The majority of the barricades in Paris were abandoned without combat. On the morning of 22 May, the regular army occupied a large area from the Porte Dauphine; to the 3187:: the Commune was, he said, the first "dictatorship of the proletariat", a state run by workers and in the interests of workers. But Marx and Engels also analyzed what they perceived to be the weaknesses or errors of the commune, including its inability to link up with the rest of the French people, its failure to completely re-organize state machinery, its Central Committee passing over power too soon to the representative assembly, its failure to immediately pursue the retreating bourgeois, and the failure to recognize the possibility that France and Prussia would unite against the commune. 598:, had been growing in influence with hundreds of societies affiliated to it across France. In early 1867, Parisian employers of bronze-workers attempted to de-unionise their workers. This was defeated by a strike organised by the International. Later in 1867, a public demonstration in Paris was answered by the dissolution of its executive committee and the leadership being fined. Tensions escalated: Internationalists elected a new committee and put forth a more radical programme, the authorities imprisoned their leaders, and a more revolutionary perspective was taken to the International's 3270:, but he offered no evidence to support his claim. Lissagaray also claimed that the artillery fire by the French army was responsible for probably half of the fires that consumed the city during the Bloody Week. However, photographs of the ruins of the Tuileries Palace, the Hotel de Ville, and other prominent government buildings that burned show that the exteriors were untouched by cannon fire, while the interiors were completely gutted by fire; and prominent Communards such as Jules Bergeret, who escaped to live in New York, proudly claimed credit for the most famous acts of arson. 2803: 2060:. High religious officials had been arrested: Archbishop Darboy, the Vicar General Abbé Lagarde, and the Curé of the Madeleine Abbé Deguerry. The policy of holding hostages for possible reprisals was denounced by some defenders of the Commune, including Victor Hugo, in a poem entitled "No Reprisals" published in Brussels on 21 April. On 12 April, Rigault proposed to exchange Archbishop Darboy and several other priests for the imprisoned Blanqui. Thiers refused the proposal. On 14 May, Rigault proposed to exchange 70 hostages for the extreme-left leader, and Thiers again refused. 2272: 1163: 2778: 1369: 1235:, the future commander of the forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. As soon as he heard the news of the uprising, he made his way to the railway station, where national guardsmen were already stopping and checking the identity of departing passengers. A sympathetic station manager hid him in his office and helped him board a train, and he escaped the city. While he was at the railway station, national guardsmen sent by the Central Committee arrived at his house looking for him. 3175:(1871), written during the Commune, praised the Commune's achievements, and described it as the prototype for a revolutionary government of the future, "the form at last discovered" for the emancipation of the proletariat. Marx wrote that, "Working men's Paris, with its Commune, will be forever celebrated as the glorious harbinger of a new society. Its martyrs are enshrined in the great heart of the working class. Its exterminators, history has already nailed to that eternal pillory from which all of the prayers of their priest will not avail to redeem them." 1941:. The National Guard troops were quickly repulsed by the Army, with a loss of about twelve soldiers. One officer of the Versailles army, a surgeon from the medical corps, was killed; the National Guardsmen had mistaken his uniform for that of a gendarme. Five national guardsmen were captured by the regulars; two were Army deserters and two were caught with their weapons in their hands. General Vinoy, the commander of the Paris Military District, had ordered any prisoners who were deserters from the Army to be shot. The commander of the regular forces, Colonel 1410: 1953:. They advanced on the morning of 3 April—without cavalry to protect the flanks, without artillery, without stores of food and ammunition, and without ambulances—confident of rapid success. They passed by the line of forts outside the city, believing them to be occupied by national guardsmen. In fact the army had re-occupied the abandoned forts on 28 March. The National Guard soon came under heavy artillery and rifle fire; they broke ranks and fled back to Paris. Once again national guardsmen captured with weapons were routinely shot by army units. 2823: 2484:, connected to the Tuileries, was also set on fire and entirely destroyed. The rest of the Louvre was saved by the efforts of the museum curators and fire brigades. The consensus of later historians is that most of the major fires were started by the National Guard and several organised Communard groups; but that few if any fires were started by women. In addition to public buildings, the National Guard also started fires at the homes of a number of residents associated with the regime of Napoleon III, such as that of historian and playwright 2130:, south of the city near the Porte de Versailles, which blocked the route of the Army into Paris. The fort's garrison was commanded by Leon Megy, a former mechanic and a militant Blanquist, who had been sentenced to 20 years of hard labour for killing a policeman. After being freed he had led the takeover of the prefecture of Marseille by militant revolutionaries. When he came back to Paris, he was given the rank of colonel by the Central Committee of the National Guard, and the command of Fort Issy on 13 April. 2207: 2995: 2392: 15608: 13451: 4385: 1706: 10003: 2623: 841:, called new demonstrations at the Hôtel de Ville against General Trochu and the government. Fifteen thousand demonstrators, some of them armed, gathered in front of the Hôtel de Ville in pouring rain, calling for the resignation of Trochu and the proclamation of a commune. Shots were fired from the Hôtel de Ville, one narrowly missing Trochu, and the demonstrators crowded into the building, demanding the creation of a new government, and making lists of its proposed members. 2923: 3695: 1011: 626: 1202: 15571: 1248: 212: 191: 151: 63: 613:, wrote in his diary in February: "Every night isolated barricades were thrown up, constructed for the most part out of disused conveyances, especially omnibuses, a few shots were fired at random, and scenes of disorder were taken part in by a few hundreds of persons, mostly quite young". He noted, however, that "working-men, as a class, took no part in the proceedings." A coup was attempted in early 1870, but tensions eased significantly after the 9993: 1406:, who had been elected to both Commune and National Assembly. Seeing the more radical political direction of the new Commune, Tirard and some twenty republicans decided it was wisest to resign from the Commune. A resolution was also passed, after a long debate, that the deliberations of the council were to be secret, since the Commune was effectively at war with the government in Versailles and should not make its intentions known to the enemy. 1227:, who examined the bodies shortly afterwards, found forty bullets in Clément-Thomas's body and nine in Lecomte's back. By late morning, the operation to recapture the cannons had failed, and crowds and barricades were appearing in all the working-class neighborhoods of Paris. General Vinoy ordered the army to pull back to the Seine, and Thiers began to organise a withdrawal to Versailles, where he could gather enough troops to take back Paris. 12403: 4371: 812: 7503: 2895:, could not find the source Lissagaray cited for the city payment for seventeen thousand burials, and Lissagaray provided no evidence that thousands of Communards were cremated or buried outside Paris. "It is no exaggeration," Lissagaray concluded, "to say twenty thousand, a number admitted by the officers." But neither MacMahon or Appert had "admitted" that twenty thousand were killed, they both said the number was exaggerated. 1351: 10151: 2709: 1857: 4413: 2839:, who had proposed the destruction of the column in Place Vendôme. They were tried by a panel of seven senior army officers. Ferré was sentenced to death, and Courbet was sentenced to six months in prison, and later ordered to pay the cost of rebuilding the column. Courbet was given a lighter sentence than other Commune leaders; six months in prison and a fine of five hundred Francs. Serving part of his sentence in the 1490: 15620: 15596: 13463: 4399: 848:, issuing orders and decrees to his followers, intent upon establishing his own government. While the formation of the new government was taking place inside the Hôtel de Ville, however, units of the National Guard and the Garde Mobile loyal to General Trochu arrived and recaptured the building without violence. By three o'clock, the demonstrators had been given safe passage and left, and the brief uprising was over. 3830: 15583: 2614:, the Archbishop of Paris, and three priests. The governor of the prison, M. François, refused to give up the Archbishop without a specific order from the Commune. Genton sent a deputy back to the Prosecutor, who wrote "and especially the archbishop" on the bottom of his note. Archbishop Darboy and five other hostages were promptly taken out into the courtyard of the prison, lined up against the wall, and shot. 2887:, who had fought on the barricades during Bloody Week, and had gone into exile in London, wrote a highly popular and sympathetic history of the Commune. At the end, he wrote: "No one knows the exact number of victims of the Bloody Week. The chief of the military justice department claimed seventeen thousand shot." This was inaccurate; Appert made no such claim, he referred only to prisoners. "The municipal 2259: 1962: 10013: 3507: 9769: 2602: 1094: 2417:, where the uprising had begun. The National Guard had built and manned a circle of barricades and makeshift forts around the base of the butte. The eighty-five cannon and twenty rapid-firing guns captured from the army at the beginning of the Commune were still there, but no one had expected an attack and they had no ammunition, powder cartridges or trained gunners. 2673: 591:), in Lyon and Paris in the 1830s. Many Parisians, especially workers and the lower-middle classes, supported a democratic republic. A specific demand was that Paris should be self-governing with its own elected council, something enjoyed by smaller French towns but denied to Paris by a national government wary of the capital's unruly populace. 3025:, an ardent republican who had taken part in the 1848 revolution, took the opposite view. She wrote "The horrible adventure continues. They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. They have taken over all the city halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions and the food supplies." Soon after the Commune began, 567:, various members of the middle and upper classes departed the city. At the same time, there was an influx of refugees from parts of France occupied by the Germans. The working class and immigrants suffered the most from the lack of industrial activity due to the war and the siege; they formed the bedrock of the Commune's popular support. 3203:. For Lenin, the Communards "underestimated the significance of direct military operations in civil war; and instead of launching a resolute offensive against Versailles that would have crowned its victory in Paris, it tarried and gave the Versailles government time to gather the dark forces and prepare for the blood-soaked week of May". 3593:" stated, "It is necessary to institute a system of general elections, like that of the Paris Commune, for electing members to the cultural revolutionary groups and committees and delegates to the cultural revolutionary congresses." During the phase of the Cultural Revolution where mass political mobilization was trending downward, the 3458:. By taking up arms, they spread their ideas faster and more forcefully than they would have with the written word. The historian Zoe Baker writes that "while a person must find, buy, and read a book or newspaper for it to radicalise them, an insurrection rapidly gains the attention of large numbers of people, including 1835:. On 2 April, soon after the Commune was established, it voted a decree accusing the Catholic Church of "complicity in the crimes of the monarchy." The decree declared the separation of church and state, confiscated the state funds allotted to the Church, seized the property of religious congregations, and ordered that 3638:, as of 2021, supporters of the Paris Commune view it as "a springtime of hope bloodily repressed by the forces of conservatism", while members of the political right view the Commune as "a time of chaos and class vengeance. They remembered the killings of priests and the burning of landmarks like the Hôtel de Ville." 2374:. Barricades had not been prepared in advance; some nine hundred barricades were built hurriedly out of paving stones and sacks of earth. Many other people prepared shelters in the cellars. The first serious fighting took place on the afternoon of the 22nd, an artillery duel between regular army batteries on the 1688: 2610:, hesitated and then wrote a note: "Order to the Citizen Director of La Roquette to execute six hostages." Genton asked for volunteers to serve as a firing squad, and went to the La Roquette prison, where many of the hostages were being held. Genton was given a list of hostages and selected six names, including 560: 2192:. "I lack artillerymen and workers to hold off the catastrophe." On 19 May, while the Commune executive committee was meeting to judge the former military commander Cluseret for the loss of the Issy fortress, it received word that the forces of Marshal MacMahon were within the fortifications of Paris. 3198: 3178: 2092: 1936: 1358: 1321: 1201: 957: 2967: 2788: 2470: 2262: 1985: 1948: 1692: 1687: 1675: 991: 3253: 3182: 2672: 2601: 2322: 2291: 2258: 1892: 3117: 2859: 2843: 2769: 2300: 2242: 1961: 1923: 1270: 1238: 1112: 971: 4034: 3053: 2708: 1409: 938: 2514: 1139:, which further inflamed Parisian radical opinion. Thiers also decided to move the National Assembly and government from Bordeaux to Versailles, rather than to Paris, to be farther away from the pressure of demonstrations, which further enraged the National Guard and the radical political clubs. 559: 3694: 3630: 2959: 2898: 2076: 3876: 2518: 1839: 1230: 1368: 731: 3393: 2002: 1424: 3061: 776:—marched to the centre of the city and demanded that a new government, a Commune, be elected. They were met by regular army units loyal to the Government of National Defence, and the demonstrators eventually dispersed peacefully. On 5 October, 5,000 protesters marched from Belleville to the 8265:(length: 24 minutes, 55 seconds); Dramatic historical evocation of the Paris Commune, and its Bloody Week, featuring numerous documents, photographs, and drawings, animated with special effects, and underscored with music, describing major events of the Commune, while presenting its leaders 3194: 2471: 3584: 3224: 2764: 1932: 1331: 2598:, and other locations around Paris. The hands of captured prisoners were examined to see if they had fired weapons. The prisoners gave their identity, sentence was pronounced by a court of two or three gendarme officers, the prisoners were taken out and sentences immediately carried out. 461:("bloody week") beginning on 21 May 1871. The national forces still loyal to the government either killed in battle or executed an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 Communards, though one unconfirmed estimate from 1876 put the toll as high as 20,000. In its final days, the Commune executed the 1884:, was one of the most prominent civic events during the Commune. It was voted on 12 April by the executive committee of the Commune, which declared that the column was "a monument of barbarism" and a "symbol of brute force and false pride." The idea had originally come from the painter 1847: 1500: 741: 3646: 3743:, no Commune was declared, but from 3 to 5 April revolutionary National Guard soldiers blockaded the city hall, mortally wounded an army colonel, and briefly prevented a regular army unit from being sent to Paris to fight the Commune, before being themselves disarmed by the army. 1318:. At eight in the morning the next day, the Central Committee was meeting in the Hôtel de Ville. By the end of the day, 20,000 national guardsmen camped in triumph in the square in front of the Hôtel de Ville, with several dozen cannons. A red flag was hoisted over the building. 3760: 2665:. Delescluze and the remaining leaders of the Commune, about 20 in all, were at the city hall of the 13th arrondissement on Place Voltaire. A bitter battle took place between about 1,500 national guardsmen from the 13th arrondissement and the Mouffetard district, commanded by 1271: 2141:, issued a terse bulletin: "The tricolor flag flies over the fort of Issy, abandoned yesterday by the garrison." The abandonment of the fort led the Commune to dismiss Rossel, and replace him with Delescluze, a fervent Communard but a journalist with no military experience. 1744:. Their offices were invaded and closed by crowds of the Commune's supporters. After 18 April other newspapers sympathetic to Versailles were also closed. The Versailles government, in turn, imposed strict censorship and prohibited any publication in favour of the Commune. 2814: 1190:, and the National Guard; one guardsman, named Turpin, was shot, later dying. Word of the shooting spread quickly, and members of the National Guard from all over the neighbourhood, along with others including Clemenceau, hurried to the site to confront the soldiers. 1021: 4073: 2976: 1578:, the right of divorce for women, the right to secular education, and professional education for girls. They also demanded suppression of the distinction between married women and concubines, and between legitimate and illegitimate children. They advocated the 1210:. The officers were pelted with rocks, struck, threatened, and insulted by the crowd. In the middle of the afternoon, Lecomte and the other officers were taken to 6 rue des Rosiers by members of a group calling themselves the Committee of Vigilance of the 18th 1901:". The first effort to pull down the column failed, but at 5:30 in the afternoon the column broke from its base and shattered into three pieces. The pedestal was draped with red flags, and pieces of the statue were taken to be melted down and made into coins. 2117: 1505:, a washer woman, picked up a gun during the battles of May 22–23rd and said, "You cowardly crew! Go and Fight! If I'm killed it will be because I've done some killing first!" She was arrested as an incendiary, but there is no documentation that she was a 851: 398: 480:). Thousands of other Commune members, including several of the leaders, fled abroad, mostly to England, Belgium and Switzerland. All the surviving prisoners and exiles received pardons in 1880 and could return home, where some resumed political careers. 3817: 8090: 751: 663:. Clemenceau tried to negotiate a compromise between the Commune and the government, but neither side trusted him; he was considered extremely radical by the provincial deputies of rural France, but too moderate by the leaders of the Commune. 1529:. While carrying back the laundry she was given by the guardsmen, she carried away the body of her lover, Jean Guy, who was a butcher's apprentice. There were reports in various newspapers of female arsonists, but evidence remains weak. The 1443:. Despite internal differences, the council began to organise public services for the city which at the time consisted of two million residents. It also reached a consensus on certain policies that tended towards a progressive, secular, and 1290:. The first vote of the new Central Committee was to refuse to recognise the authority of General D'Aurelle de Paladines, the official commander of the National Guard appointed by Thiers, or of General Vinoy, the Military Governor of Paris. 3626: 2378: 543: 1398:; a proposal to send delegates to other cities to help launch communes there; and a resolution declaring that membership in the Paris Commune was incompatible with being a member of the National Assembly. This was aimed particularly at 1773: 1109:, Buttes-Chaumont and Montmartre, to keep them away from the regular army and to defend the city against any attack by the national government. Thiers was equally determined to bring the cannons under national-government control. 1049:(Philippe's supporters) and moderately conservative. They were led by Adolphe Thiers, who was elected in 26 departments, the most of any candidate. There were an equal number of more radical republicans, including Jules Favre and 4070:(2016) depicts the survival of fictional opera singer Lilliet Berne during the siege of Paris. The novel's heroine also interacts with several notable figures of the day, including George Sand and the Empress Eugénie de Montijo. 1293: 1105:, paid for by the Paris public via a subscription, remained in the city. The new Central Committee of the National Guard, now dominated by radicals, decided to put the cannons in parks in the working-class neighborhoods of 2971: 1382:. All were men; women were not allowed to vote. The winners were announced on 27 March, and a large ceremony and parade by the National Guard was held the next day in front of the Hôtel de Ville, decorated with red flags. 3651:, from 23 March to 4 April, which was suppressed with the loss of thirty soldiers and one hundred and fifty insurgents. None of the other Communes lasted more than a few days, and most ended with little or no bloodshed. 3249: 2080: 3199: 476:. More than half of the prisoners were released immediately. Around 15,000 were tried in court, 13,500 of whom were found guilty, 95 were sentenced to death, 251 to forced labor, and 1,169 to deportation (mostly to 2834: 1186:, where the largest collection of cannons, 170 in number, were located. A small group of revolutionary national guardsmen were already there, and there was a brief confrontation between the brigade led by General 3862:, was condemned to death in absentia in 1873, and went into exile in England. After the general amnesty in 1881 he returned to Paris, and in March 1888 was elected to the National Assembly for the department of 2180:. Dombrowski reported that the soldiers he had sent to defend the ramparts of the city between Point du Jour and Porte d'Auteuil had retreated to the city; he had only 4,000 soldiers left at la Muette, 2,000 at 2072: 3018:, "...the bleeding has been done thoroughly, and a bleeding like that, by killing the rebellious part of a population, postpones the next revolution... The old society has twenty years of peace before it..." 3179: 1113: 1053:, who wanted a republic without a monarch, and who felt that signing the peace treaty was unavoidable. Finally, on the extreme left, there were the radical republicans and socialists, a group that included 3214: 3110: 2847: 2084: 888:, and found that none of them were willing to support France against the Germans. He reported to the government that there was no alternative to negotiating an armistice. He travelled to German-occupied 2872: 2752: 11374: 11364: 3614: 3477:, near the location of the cannon park and where General Clément-Thomas and General Lecomte were killed, specifying that it be erected to "expiate the crimes of the Commune". A plaque and a church, 927: 3332: 3006: 1072:. He was considered to be the candidate most likely to bring peace and to restore order. Long an opponent of the Prussian war, Thiers persuaded parliament that peace was necessary. He travelled to 674: 2319: 2033: 1893: 3837: 3611: 655: 8510: 4207: 3783:, leader of the regular army that crushed the Commune, served as the president of the Third Republic from 1873 to 1879. When he died in 1893, he was buried with the highest military honours at 1559: 908:, and enormous reparations. The Government of National Defence decided to continue the war and raise a new army to fight the Germans. The newly organized French armies won a single victory at 7249: 5519: 2251: 1840: 7280: 3303: 3094: 2713:. National guardsmen in the crowd opened fire along with the firing squad. The hostages were shot from all directions, then beaten with rifle butts and stabbed with bayonets. According to 3414: 1904: 4808: 1994: 1811: 1314:, as well as the Ministry of Justice. That night, the National Guard occupied the offices vacated by the government; they quickly took over the Ministries of Finance, the Interior, and 3735: 1945:, went further and ordered that all four prisoners be summarily shot. The practice of shooting prisoners captured with weapons became common in the bitter fighting in the weeks ahead. 1868:. After the end of the Commune, Courbet was sentenced to six months in prison and later ordered to pay for putting the column back up. He could never pay, and died soon after in exile. 12537: 9692: 2519: 7213: 1747: 1365:, which were occupied by more radical national guardsmen. "We are caught between two bands of crazy people," Clemenceau complained, "those sitting in Versailles and those in Paris." 931:, or letters packed in iron balls floated down the Seine. Rumours and conspiracy theories abounded. Because supplies of ordinary food ran out, starving denizens ate most of the city 1359: 1150:, commander of the regular army units in Paris. Thiers announced a plan to send the army the next day to take charge of the cannons. The plan was initially opposed by War Minister 972: 3262:, may have been exaggerated or a myth. Lissagaray claimed that because of this myth, hundreds of working-class women were murdered in Paris in late May, falsely accused of being 2891:," Lissagaray continued, "paid for the burial of seventeen thousand bodies; but a large number of persons were killed or cremated outside of Paris." Later historians, including 1390: 2515: 6594: 3519: 3478: 3134: 2243: 1659:, was one of those who symbolised the active participation of a small number of women in the insurrectionary events. A women's battalion of the National Guard defended the 1570:, was also active in the Women's Union. Believing that the situation of women could only be improved through a global struggle against capitalism, the association demanded 1322: 5203: 1275:(who was in Italy and respectfully declined the title), and created a Central Committee of 38 members, which made its headquarters in a school on the rue Basfroi, between 7583: 2247:. MacMahon promptly gave orders, and two battalions passed through the fortifications without meeting resistance. The Versailles forces were able to swiftly capture the 1231: 6198: 2951: 256: 6314: 3049:, "As for the Commune, which is about to die out, it is the last manifestation of the Middle Ages." On 10 June, when the Commune was finished, Flaubert wrote to Sand: 2856:, succeeded in slipping out of Paris before the end of the battle, and went into exile; some 3,500 going to England, 2,000–3,000 to Belgium, and 1,000 to Switzerland. 2477:. Bergeret sent a message to the Hotel de Ville: "The last vestiges of royalty have just disappeared. I wish that the same will happen to all the monuments of Paris." 1174: 636: 2789: 1981:. The National Assembly in Versailles responded to the decree the next day; it passed a law allowing military tribunals to judge and punish suspects within 24 hours. 9273: 2287: 670:, a charismatic professional revolutionary who had spent most of his adult life in prison. He had about a thousand followers, many of them armed and organized into 3846:, who had been a former military leader of the Commune, and member of the Committee of Public safety. On the Commune he organised the destruction of the column in 1924: 1676: 965: 9053: 8154: 732: 15735: 10049: 6146: 727:, numbering about 300,000 men. They also had very little training or experience. They were organised by neighbourhoods; those from the upper- and middle-class 4358:(episode 27, screened 10 December 1972), shipowner James Onedin is lured into the Commune in pursuit of a commercial debt and finds himself under heavy fire. 3322: 2048:, it began to make several arrests, usually on suspicion of treason, intelligence with the enemy, or insults to the Commune. Those arrested included General 1203: 499:. Well and good, gentlemen, do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like? Look at the Paris Commune. That was the Dictatorship of the Proletariat." 6490: 3823: 1786: 1136: 4572: 3877: 2456: 2356: 1280: 4575:[The military aspects of the Commune by Colonel Rol-Tanguy] (in French). Association des Amies et Amis de la Commune de Paris 1871. Archived from 3488:(Our Lady of the Hostages) on Rue Haxo mark the place where fifty hostages, including priests, gendarmes and four civilians, were shot by a firing squad. 1672: 15730: 14147: 2089:, but few national guardsmen were trained to use them. Between the end of April and 20 May, the number of trained artillerymen fell from 5,445 to 2,340. 283: 6350: 13960: 7537:"In his later years, the story of the Commune so gripped Morris's imagination that it provided the climax for his long poem, "The Pilgrims of Hope"... 4107:, the Commune provides the historical context to Karl Marx's revolutionary struggles, and is depicted "as a symbol of an unfinished political project." 6904: 453: 10987: 692: 7239: 5826: 5514: 3586: 2852:—25 were shot, including Ferré and Gustave Genton, who had selected the hostages for execution. Thousands of Communards, including leaders such as 700:'s command, had only 50,000 professional soldiers of the line; the majority of the French first-line soldiers were prisoners of war, or trapped in 2238:, a Polish exile and former military officer, was one of the few capable commanders of the National Guard. He was killed early in the Bloody Week. 2056:, alleged to have caused the assassination of revolutionaries in December 1851—as well as more recent commanders of the National Guard, including 1998: 923: 7272: 3290: 1447:. Because the Commune met on fewer than sixty days before it was suppressed, only a few decrees were actually implemented. The decrees included: 829: 3676:. On 24 March, inspired by the news from Paris, a crowd of republican and revolutionary workers and national guardsmen invaded the city hall of 15500: 12771: 6709: 4792: 575: 7518: 5722: 5417: 3542: 1142: 11389: 9593: 9379: 8945: 7744: 7609: 3279: 2952: 2440: 2960: 10838: 7197: 2041:(1793–94). Because of the implications carried by its name, many members of the Commune opposed the Committee of Public Safety's creation. 1586:, or legal brothels). The Women's Union also participated in several municipal commissions and organised cooperative workshops. Along with 6637: 5971: 15715: 11486: 5492: 1789:, which was both violently anti-Versailles and critical of the faults and excesses of the Commune. The most popular republican paper was 877: 7523: 7479: 2915: 12336: 10042: 2339:, where General Cissey established his headquarters; to the Porte de Vanves. In a short time the 5th corps of the army advanced toward 1005: 609: 7441: 15660: 12781: 12715: 10459: 8718: 7012: 3710: 3045:! But our good Frenchmen hasten to pull down their house as soon as the chimney takes fire..." Near the end of the Commune, Flaubert 6585: 6509: 5928:, Bernard Grasset (1959). The father of the author of this book was an assistant curator at the Louvre, and helped put out the fires 3227: 13227: 12532: 2669:, a Polish exile who had participated in the uprising against the Russians, against three brigades commanded by General de Cissey. 602:. The International had considerable influence even among unaffiliated French workers, particularly in Paris and the large cities. 6266: 13175: 8544: 8304: 3524: 3389:. The Commune was regarded with admiration and awe by later Communist and leftist leaders. Vladimir Lenin identified the Russian 2725: 992: 276: 5183: 3727:. There were attempts to establish Communes in other cities. A radical government briefly took charge in the industrial town of 2231: 15655: 14091: 12776: 11341: 9093: 9078: 8995: 7579: 5459: 1651:, close to the IWA activists, and founder of a cooperative bakery in 1867, also fought during the Commune and the Bloody Week. 784: 8235: 7005:"No. 1262 – Rapport d'information de M. Bernard Accoyer fait au nom de la mission d'information sur les questions mémorielles" 4618:"annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875" [appendix to the minutes of the session of July 20, 1875], 4303: 2420: 1372: 780:, demanding immediate municipal elections and rifles. On 8 October, several thousand soldiers from the National Guard, led by 15705: 13351: 11421: 10864: 10035: 8846: 8137: 8111: 8060: 8012: 7974: 7915: 7892: 7852: 7715: 7473: 7160: 7121: 7079: 6760: 6740: 6685: 6543: 6184: 5453: 5354: 4802: 4726:, pp. 264–270, citing remarks by Frederick Engels, London, on the 20th anniversary of the Paris Commune, March 18, 1891. 3300:, Thiers had no other option to restore the unity of a country fractured by an overwhelming defeat and innumerable factions. 2981: 2784:, one of the leaders of the Commune, was captured and shot by soldiers at Montmartre on 28 May, the last day of the uprising. 2536: 2219: 614: 17: 7721: 7314: 5420: 2637: 1864: 15700: 14096: 12761: 11816: 11235: 9477: 7007:[No. 1262 – Information report by Mr. Bernard Accoyer made on behalf of the information mission on memory issues]. 3662: 3419: 3690: 3410: 3340: 3286:. As he put it, "the exile of so many extremists enabled the new Republic to develop in a peaceful and orderly fashion." 3010: 2760:, defended by about 200 men. At 6:00 in the evening, the army used cannon to demolish the gates and the First Regiment of 1638: 795: 13500: 12454: 11976: 11916: 10560: 9200: 8963: 8619: 8609: 8332: 7174: 4467: 2359:. Little resistance was encountered in the west of Paris, but the army moved forward slowly and cautiously, in no hurry. 495:. Engels wrote: "Of late, the Social-Democratic philistine has once more been filled with wholesome terror at the words: 462: 4620: 3916:, whose poem "Sur une barricade", written on 11 June 1871 and published in 1872 in a collection of poems under the name 3499:. Memorial commemorations are held at the cemetery every year in May to remember the Commune. Another plaque behind the 815: 11411: 10245: 9048: 8216: 8086: 6797: 6460: 5282: 5052: 4852: 4537: 3731:, from 24 to 27 March, but left without violence when confronted by the army. The city hall, prefecture and arsenal of 2562: 2328: 2305: 1965: 1929: 676: 269: 13842: 8181: 3483: 2323: 1763: 1711: 1468: 1259: 932: 15670: 13305: 9922: 9586: 9020: 9005: 7993: 7806: 7784: 7763: 7684: 7654: 7550: 7207: 6964: 6880: 6826: 6371: 6284: 5398: 4860: 3054: 3042: 2443:, one of the original leaders of the Commune, took cans of oil and set fire to buildings near the rue Royale and the 2034: 599: 556:. In Paris, however, the republican candidates dominated, winning 234,000 votes against 77,000 for the Bonapartists. 3503: 515: 15720: 15492: 13893: 13326: 12756: 10702: 10207: 9917: 9768: 9718: 9288: 9129: 9083: 8391: 7966: 6466: 3293:, who writes that "the crushing of the communards was ultimately to facilitate the advent of the Third Republic." 2955: 2435: 1799:, which condemned both Thiers and the killing of generals Lecomte and Clement-Thomas by the Communards. Its editor 1207: 545: 7932: 6487: 2868: 2736: 2093: 1477: 15745: 15587: 14236: 13950: 13798: 12766: 12587: 12251: 11966: 8325: 8224: 3159: 2701: 1143: 1035: 876:, the leader of the National Assembly conservatives, had toured Europe, consulting with the foreign ministers of 492: 13099: 4576: 2444: 15690: 14890: 14780: 14086: 13388: 12256: 9308: 8883: 7389: 6939: 6851: 5197: 4320: 2432:; 300 prisoners captured with their weapons were shot there, the largest of the mass executions of the rebels. 1889: 532: 411: 50: 14705: 8161: 8155: 4035: 2502: 1328:, led by Clemenceau, to negotiate with Thiers in Versailles to obtain a special independent status for Paris. 1220: 833:, with heavy losses. On 31 October, the leaders of the main revolutionary groups in Paris, including Blanqui, 825: 15740: 14459: 14216: 13813: 13542: 13398: 12527: 11831: 11806: 11272: 11132: 10527: 10202: 9686: 9231: 8851: 8792: 8787: 6347: 2402: 2362: 1465: 996:'s request, Bismarck agreed not to disarm the National Guard, so that order could be maintained in the city. 856: 747: 31: 10150: 8873: 3530: 15725: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15556: 15531: 15453: 14499: 13420: 13336: 13278: 13217: 12638: 12547: 12166: 12126: 11842: 11811: 11102: 11009: 10814: 10722: 10464: 9733: 9579: 9559: 9298: 8777: 8614: 6896: 4248: 4204: 4166:(first performed at Hebbel am Ufer in 2010), the final part of a tetralogy dealing with failed revolutions. 3867: 3765: 3386: 3282: 2662: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2520: 2497: 2049: 1841: 1824: 1543:, the Hotel de Ville and other landmarks, the reports of women participating were exaggerated at the time. 660: 564: 8115: 4794: 2694: 15551: 15244: 14479: 14288: 14246: 13739: 13356: 13074: 12572: 12306: 11826: 11182: 10909: 10823: 10222: 9777: 9416: 9136: 9010: 9000: 8748: 8589: 8537: 8453: 8366: 8297: 8258: 8210: 6253: 3163: 3095: 2658: 2654: 1533: 1474: 1403: 948: 920: 423: 335: 14434: 11127: 10997: 4624: 4175: 3601: 2666: 2532: 1496:, anarchist and famed "Red Virgin of Montmartre", became an important part of the legend of the Commune. 1224: 15505: 15349: 14860: 14685: 13712: 13383: 12376: 12016: 11801: 11446: 11306: 11194: 10469: 10133: 9907: 9327: 9248: 9015: 8925: 8904: 8604: 8594: 8584: 8048: 7465: 6818: 4552: 3466: 2884: 2717:, a defender of the Commune, a total of 63 people were executed by the Commune during the bloody week. 2714: 2448: 2436: 2363: 1728: 1600: 1432: 897: 524: 473: 14581: 11731: 8246: 15695: 14725: 14660: 14561: 13729: 12814: 12746: 12206: 11821: 11501: 11496: 10977: 10965: 10843: 10787: 10762: 10712: 10647: 10577: 10275: 9881: 9671: 9507: 9263: 9178: 9151: 9068: 8863: 8708: 8485: 8279:; After opening credits, at 03:37 begins with extensive scenes of the 1871 Siege and Commune of Paris 8176: 7833: 6649: 4542: 3554: 3370: 3297: 3034: 1832: 1721: 1451: 1077: 728: 712:, new recruits with little training or experience. 17,000 of them were Parisian, and 73,000 from the 641: 617:. The war with Prussia, initiated by Napoleon III in July, was initially met with patriotic fervour. 6678: 6429: 6410: 3977: 3878: 3774: 3511: 3492: 2757: 2730: 2674: 2068: 1819: 1170: 791: 15710: 14870: 14730: 14363: 14152: 13888: 12221: 12181: 12131: 11996: 11586: 11491: 11416: 11405: 11301: 11250: 10942: 10828: 10627: 9088: 9058: 8663: 8446: 8398: 7152: 7113: 5716: 5540: 4193: 3798: 3382: 2945: 2710: 2626: 2524: 2510:, the headquarters of the Commune, attacked by the Versailles Army and burned by the National Guard 1942: 1315: 1198: 1027: 913: 853: 838: 330: 320: 195: 11621: 8172: 7741: 3500: 2840: 2507: 2101:; they played a prominent role in the last days of the Commune. One of these officers was General 2044: 1596:, which served free food for indigents, and then fought during the Bloody Week on the barricades. 1558:, a young Russian exile and member of the Russian section of the First International, created the 777: 15650: 15624: 14571: 14206: 13945: 13837: 13724: 13619: 13493: 13410: 12725: 12618: 12447: 12291: 11981: 11951: 11896: 11891: 11122: 10902: 10880: 10833: 10553: 10270: 9932: 9344: 9226: 9173: 9119: 9073: 8762: 8478: 7605: 6722: 4437: 4133: 3366: 3171: 3135: 3038: 2931: 2528: 2177: 1610: 1345: 1307: 1252: 1117: 1097: 959: 952: 724: 684: 671: 379: 216: 159: 71: 11666: 9845: 4492: 4002: 3717:. An insurrection was planned for late May or early June 1871; the plan was abandoned following 3667: 2367: 2352: 1808: 844: 15645: 15189: 15174: 14850: 14845: 14469: 14414: 14338: 14293: 14211: 14164: 14071: 13754: 13692: 12266: 12201: 12136: 12061: 12041: 12036: 11881: 11871: 11716: 11220: 11037: 11019: 10972: 10919: 10853: 10848: 10727: 10717: 10707: 10652: 10358: 10353: 10240: 10113: 10081: 9723: 9676: 9449: 9411: 9369: 9354: 9146: 8968: 8868: 8530: 8290: 8262: 6623: 6529: 5480: 4641: 4546: 4532: 3986: 3794: 3470: 3099: 2263: 1583: 769: 483: 15264: 8052: 5346: 5339: 4047:. The book itself is supposedly his account. Painter Gustave Courbet also makes an appearance. 3919: 2629:, last military leader of the Commune, was shot dead after he stood atop a barricade, unarmed. 2581: 1555: 1219: 632:, leader of the Commune's far-left faction, was imprisoned for the entire time of the Commune. 15044: 14910: 14675: 14640: 14600: 14348: 14169: 13673: 13609: 13361: 13180: 12668: 12517: 12497: 12366: 12176: 12156: 12116: 12101: 11946: 11926: 11706: 11481: 11456: 11399: 11349: 10797: 10742: 10607: 10597: 10592: 10402: 10308: 10197: 10167: 10059: 9973: 9912: 9681: 9666: 9621: 9374: 9364: 9156: 8980: 8888: 8823: 7459: 7071: 6994: 5966: 5390: 5189: 4442: 4313: 3998: 3873: 3757: 3283: 3046: 2802: 2770: 2753: 2685: 2540: 2114: 1881: 1395: 1285: 1069: 704:, surrounded by the Germans. The regulars were thus supported by around 5,000 firemen, 3,000 667: 629: 528: 387: 135: 7438: 6627: 3631: 2244: 2185: 2144: 1759:, which was published from 22 February until 23 May. Another highly popular publication was 1502: 516: 15149: 14855: 14810: 14695: 14464: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14137: 13940: 13878: 13624: 13557: 13524: 13520: 13310: 13300: 13237: 13232: 13129: 13109: 12730: 12720: 12702: 12507: 12421: 12282: 12271: 12261: 12246: 12236: 12186: 12141: 12121: 12071: 12051: 12046: 12026: 12021: 12006: 12001: 11986: 11971: 11956: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11886: 11876: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11792: 11606: 11576: 11566: 11322: 11296: 10479: 9815: 9656: 9399: 8940: 8878: 8767: 8658: 8425: 8358: 4487: 4432: 4031: 3961:, between 1878 and 1880, the complete novels being published only in 1886, after his death. 3573: 3407: 3123: 3119: 2973: 2827: 2686: 2634: 2607: 2485: 2271: 2189: 2153: 1950: 1303: 1276: 1264: 1073: 1068: 830: 826: 792: 705: 610: 520: 305: 8186: 7639: 7004: 5445: 3308: 2777: 2587: 2447:. Following the example set by Brunel, guardsmen set fire to dozens of other buildings on 1162: 535: 8: 15665: 15354: 15179: 15154: 14835: 14655: 14610: 14519: 14509: 14419: 14409: 14388: 14358: 14256: 14196: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14015: 13986: 13903: 13820: 13776: 13771: 13764: 13415: 13331: 13260: 13247: 13222: 13195: 13185: 13104: 12989: 12864: 12791: 12751: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12661: 12646: 12542: 12487: 12356: 12241: 12231: 12216: 12196: 12191: 12171: 12151: 12146: 12111: 12106: 12096: 12076: 12031: 12011: 11931: 11921: 11851: 11746: 11636: 11517: 11431: 11394: 11369: 11336: 11311: 11278: 11267: 11087: 11077: 10992: 10960: 10873: 10802: 10502: 10265: 10260: 10217: 10091: 10086: 9891: 9753: 9748: 9728: 9713: 9636: 9602: 9482: 9439: 9359: 9313: 9190: 9183: 9163: 9124: 9036: 8828: 8797: 8772: 8738: 8640: 8635: 8350: 8241: 8194: 8042: 7665: 6633: 6506: 6224: 4831: 4775: 4427: 4279: 4241: 4209: 4052: 3930:' sequence of poems, "The Pilgrims of Hope" (1885), features a climax set in the Commune. 3590: 3577: 3569: 3496: 3378: 3246: 3241: 2771: 2741: 2603: 2556: 2429: 2252: 2248: 2235: 2157: 2102: 1970: 1575: 1436: 1031: 909: 820: 713: 595: 552: 375: 179: 54: 15144: 15089: 14576: 8272: 5856:, 3 vol. Paris, Librairies-impremeries reunies, 1903–1905, III, p. 81. Serman, William, 3863: 3706: 2498: 2173: 1770: 1471: 15575: 15536: 15274: 15229: 15214: 14999: 14770: 14537: 14484: 14444: 14313: 14303: 14282: 14122: 14023: 13965: 13851: 13793: 13707: 13567: 13547: 13532: 13486: 13435: 13393: 13366: 13271: 13207: 13202: 13190: 12959: 12879: 12623: 12440: 12414: 12226: 12211: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12056: 11991: 11941: 11936: 11721: 11646: 11461: 11451: 11354: 11290: 11256: 11210: 10546: 10250: 10212: 10192: 9743: 9394: 9339: 9293: 9141: 9107: 8691: 8160: 6703: 6323: 4497: 4253: 4091: 3790: 3374: 3346: 3191: 3011: 2749: 2702: 2467: 1677: 1547: 1272: 1062: 917: 861: 845: 788: 761: 697: 656: 649: 14954: 13094: 11591: 10318: 9820: 9805: 4836:. London, S. Sonnenschein & co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan & co. pp. 7–9. 4780:. London, S. Sonnenschein & co., ltd.; New York, Macmillan & co. pp. 3–6. 3924:, honours the bravery of a twelve-year-old Communard being led to the execution squad. 2822: 2336: 1898: 1697: 1539: 410:, which was an eclectic mix of many 19th-century schools. These policies included the 402: 15389: 15329: 15114: 14825: 14566: 14454: 14449: 14251: 14066: 14045: 13925: 13883: 13786: 13697: 13654: 13634: 13594: 13562: 13255: 13212: 13034: 12924: 12914: 12844: 12673: 12562: 12557: 12522: 12492: 12386: 12316: 12161: 12066: 11961: 11676: 11546: 11331: 11284: 11047: 10924: 10777: 10637: 10348: 10140: 10118: 9963: 9785: 9738: 9646: 9540: 9522: 9517: 9502: 9487: 9426: 9389: 9303: 9236: 9214: 9195: 9063: 8990: 8813: 8713: 8599: 8579: 8556: 8406: 8220: 8133: 8107: 8082: 8066: 8056: 8008: 7989: 7970: 7949: 7943: 7911: 7888: 7848: 7798: 7780: 7759: 7711: 7680: 7650: 7546: 7469: 7385: 7203: 7166: 7156: 7127: 7117: 7085: 7075: 6960: 6935: 6876: 6847: 6822: 6793: 6756: 6736: 6691: 6681: 6539: 6456: 6367: 6327: 6280: 6180: 5449: 5394: 5350: 5278: 5193: 4866: 4856: 4798: 4527: 4291: 4221: 4006: 3806: 3718: 3462:, and puts them in a position where they must take a side in the ongoing struggle." 3459: 3122:. Following the 1871 Paris Commune, the anarchist movement, as with the whole of the 2908: 2849: 2761: 2690: 2677:, climbed to the top and showed himself to the soldiers, and was promptly shot dead. 2591: 2571: 2425: 2380: 2215: 2210: 2201: 2181: 1986: 1800: 1648: 1194: 1106: 893: 753: 456: 325: 13044: 13019: 12884: 8252: 5443: 3793:, the mayor of Montmartre at the beginning of the Commune, became the leader of the 3344: 1873: 1861: 1151: 15612: 15600: 15473: 15339: 15324: 15299: 15279: 15109: 15039: 14949: 14920: 14905: 14880: 14840: 14830: 14795: 14790: 14735: 14710: 14700: 14670: 14630: 14439: 14424: 14373: 14353: 14221: 14201: 14110: 13759: 13702: 13629: 13599: 13467: 13455: 13346: 13154: 13054: 12949: 12894: 12849: 12839: 12824: 12710: 12613: 12582: 12407: 12296: 11736: 11681: 11596: 11466: 11441: 11384: 11359: 11262: 11204: 11172: 11157: 11092: 11032: 11002: 10982: 10950: 10914: 10897: 10885: 10792: 10752: 10662: 10657: 10512: 10417: 10187: 10182: 10123: 10016: 10006: 9996: 9978: 9855: 9651: 9454: 9406: 9278: 9253: 8743: 8439: 8166: 8119: 8099: 7826: 7701: 7382: 4482: 4462: 4447: 4404: 4390: 4376: 3947: 3780: 3558: 3447: 3390: 3350: 3236: 3147: 3026: 2888: 2489: 2463: 2134: 2098: 2057: 1925: 1836: 1655:, the famed "Red Virgin of Montmartre" (see photo), who would later be deported to 1579: 1540: 1444: 1232: 773: 488: 439: 315: 220: 199: 14665: 14650: 10432: 8916: 8755: 6899:[The responsibility of the press in the repression of the Paris Commune]. 5486: 4477: 4217: 3847: 3677: 3103: 2781: 1587: 1311: 1310:, while other units occupied the former headquarters of the National Guard at the 1058: 796: 781: 744: 15344: 15314: 15124: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15034: 15024: 15019: 15004: 14974: 14900: 14760: 14740: 14715: 14645: 14605: 14494: 14489: 14368: 14333: 14328: 14323: 13998: 13955: 13856: 13719: 13582: 13577: 12979: 12919: 12909: 12904: 12834: 12603: 12577: 12552: 12512: 12502: 12477: 12346: 11756: 11656: 11651: 11631: 11601: 11556: 11551: 11541: 11506: 11379: 11230: 11052: 11027: 10955: 10732: 10612: 10397: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10313: 10303: 10255: 10172: 10098: 9840: 9825: 9790: 9626: 9549: 9512: 9497: 9492: 9434: 9349: 8909: 8650: 8432: 8231: 7936: 7748: 7736: 7705: 7445: 7306: 6535: 6513: 6494: 6446: 6433: 6414: 6354: 6189: 5975: 5523: 5496: 5415: 4354: 4268: 4230: 4225: 3971: 3822: 3810: 3714: 3691: 3663: 3358: 3325: 3232: 3151: 3107: 3091: 3030: 3003: 2978: 2963: 2836: 2720: 2544: 2375: 2313: 2106: 2038: 1938: 1894: 1885: 1865: 1693: 1571: 885: 800: 637: 508: 427: 415: 366: 354: 310: 14690: 11711: 11531: 8895: 8204: 6525: 4512: 4044: 3940: 1756: 757: 15433: 15374: 15334: 15319: 15284: 15249: 15239: 15219: 15209: 15199: 15159: 15139: 15079: 15029: 14989: 14964: 14959: 14885: 14815: 14680: 14625: 14474: 14241: 14226: 14157: 14076: 13781: 13295: 13149: 13089: 13059: 12944: 12939: 12859: 12854: 12829: 12482: 12361: 12351: 11611: 11526: 11436: 11152: 11147: 11137: 11072: 11042: 10757: 10687: 10642: 10622: 10617: 10507: 10392: 10343: 10177: 10128: 9968: 9860: 9830: 9810: 9800: 9703: 9698: 9641: 9472: 9467: 9459: 9283: 9241: 8818: 8276: 7538: 6619: 6331: 4849: 4502: 4140: 4067: 3981: 3927: 3890: 3851: 3753: 3550: 3007: 2935: 2912: 2611: 2575: 2165: 1974: 1689: 1684: 1647: 1626: 1563: 1551: 1440: 1333: 1187: 1039: 1014: 881: 873: 645: 466: 391: 15438: 15069: 14745: 8502: 8493: 8268: 7614: 7089: 4452: 3265: 3257: 2994: 2348: 446: 15639: 15463: 15304: 15294: 15259: 15234: 15204: 15134: 15129: 15064: 15059: 14979: 14915: 14895: 14805: 14785: 14765: 14615: 14383: 14318: 14308: 14276: 14127: 14115: 14081: 13991: 13977: 13930: 13572: 13430: 13144: 13124: 13114: 13039: 12994: 12974: 12964: 12889: 12869: 11771: 11726: 11691: 11671: 11626: 11581: 11476: 11426: 11167: 11112: 10697: 10692: 10672: 10412: 10368: 10363: 9958: 9927: 9850: 9795: 9554: 9384: 9168: 8856: 8094: 7953: 7802: 7527:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 675–676. 7514: 7509: 7276: 7273:"After 150 years, the legacy of the Paris Commune continues to divide France" 7170: 7131: 6931: 6695: 4870: 4522: 4517: 4472: 4418: 4338: 4334: 4287: 4200: 4170: 4152: 4126: 4027: 3884: 3784: 3766: 3623: 3598: 3451: 3411: 3354: 3235:, writing in his personal diary which is quoted at length in noted historian 3114: 2964: 2904: 2548: 2481: 2452: 2421: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2371: 2332: 2301: 2280: 2276: 2094: 2053: 2045: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1493: 1459: 1399: 1391: 1295: 928: 588: 576: 477: 403: 383: 14875: 10373: 8070: 5048: 4457: 3964: 3834: 3065: 2853: 2830:, who handed over six hostages for execution, was executed in November 1871. 2206: 1982: 1705: 1516: 1508: 1046: 834: 15404: 15384: 15379: 15369: 15309: 15184: 15049: 14775: 14755: 14750: 14720: 14620: 14142: 13808: 13744: 13341: 13134: 13084: 13079: 13069: 13049: 13004: 12999: 12984: 12874: 12809: 12608: 12567: 12311: 12301: 11776: 11701: 11641: 11616: 11561: 11215: 11177: 11142: 10667: 10602: 10437: 10427: 10422: 10407: 10002: 9835: 9758: 9708: 9631: 9268: 8973: 8930: 8730: 8701: 8384: 8198: 8125: 7407: 7244: 7065: 4507: 4275: 4104: 4099: 4015: 3894: 3819: 3615: 3455: 3443: 3432: 2956: 2900: 2892: 2766: 2680: 2622: 2595: 2552: 2344: 2340: 2138: 1978: 1618: 1524: 1455: 1147: 1124: 709: 512: 15014: 8230:"Caricatures of the Franco-Prussian War and the Paris Commune (1870–71)": 7904: 7792: 7146: 7107: 6897:"La responsabilité de la presse dans la répression de la Commune de Paris" 4639: 4286:, showed a split-screen entry connecting the work of 1970s Left filmmaker 2922: 2689:. The National Guard still held parts of the 3rd Arrondissement, from the 680:, to give guidance to his followers. Though their numbers were small, the 15468: 15458: 15409: 15399: 15394: 15364: 15194: 15169: 15164: 15119: 14984: 14925: 14865: 14820: 14635: 14542: 14504: 14429: 14378: 14298: 14050: 13749: 13659: 13587: 13425: 13159: 13139: 13014: 13009: 12969: 12954: 12899: 12804: 11781: 11751: 11741: 11696: 11571: 11162: 11117: 11082: 10772: 10682: 10522: 9886: 8935: 8838: 8683: 8038: 7871: 7148: 5185: 4259: 4083: 4057: 3913: 3859: 3802: 3770: 3762: 3608: 3594: 3518: 3200: 3158:, tried to draw major theoretical lessons (in particular as regards the " 3058: 3022: 2877: 2748: 2698: 2145: 2086: 1804: 1622: 1614: 1567: 1379: 1054: 1050: 1010: 993: 693: 606: 553: 549: 419: 395: 141: 12538:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 10027: 7908: 7569:, Archives of American Art Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (1989), (pp. 4, 13) 6450: 3365: 1299: 625: 15478: 15414: 15084: 15074: 14994: 14132: 14003: 13868: 13827: 13803: 13678: 13639: 13029: 13024: 12934: 12929: 12341: 12326: 12321: 11766: 11240: 10890: 10767: 10737: 10632: 10108: 9953: 9444: 8673: 8471: 6507: 4030:-winning novel is an account of the tumultuous events of 1871, told in 3993: 3843: 3829: 3728: 3581: 3474: 3415: 3273: 3207: 3184: 3139: 2756:. One of the last remaining strongpoints of the National Guard was the 2414: 2149: 2015: 1877: 1731: 1680:, then paid the bills from the city account, which was soon exhausted. 1247: 1183: 1178: 1065:. This group was dominant in Paris, where they won 37 of the 42 seats. 1026: 857: 681: 450: 386: 155: 62: 9571: 7929: 7240:"Vive la Commune? The working-class insurrection that shook the world" 2466:, which had been the residence of most of the monarchs of France from 15526: 15521: 15448: 15269: 15054: 15009: 14944: 14800: 14404: 14343: 14231: 14101: 13972: 13898: 13863: 13687: 13614: 13552: 13510: 13405: 13119: 13064: 12819: 12628: 12463: 12381: 12331: 11661: 11225: 10782: 10677: 10569: 10517: 10497: 10076: 9992: 9948: 8782: 7924: 6789: 4251: 3855: 3687: 3666: 3648: 3619: 3436: 3396: 3304: 2324: 2127: 1793: 1739: 1694: 811: 765: 484: 443: 435: 407: 68: 2876: 1831: 15546: 15541: 15443: 14969: 13913: 13908: 13873: 13734: 13644: 13376: 13371: 13265: 12656: 11686: 11245: 10929: 10747: 10474: 7461: 5822: 3736: 3732: 3635: 1717: 1350: 1023: 905: 717: 431: 9693: 8511: 7508: 5051:(in French). Aubervilliers: Le Maitron Dictionnaire Biographique. 4189: 1856: 1423: 999: 15359: 15254: 14174: 13649: 13604: 12651: 12371: 10587: 10103: 9661: 9616: 8696: 8564: 7619: 4283: 3740: 3696: 3604: 3562: 3538: 3223: 2037:, modelled on and named after the committee that carried out the 1910:, on 6 April, it was not voted upon by the Commune until 10 May. 1489: 1017:, the chief executive of the French Government during the Commune 469:, and about one hundred hostages, mostly gendarmes and priests. 8522: 8282: 7580:"Marx as Flawed, Manic, and One of Us: a Review of Marx Returns" 4573:"Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy" 3777:, where one of the final battles of the Commune had been fought. 3709: 1966: 1157: 1093: 740: 666: 261: 111: 15289: 15224: 13935: 12799: 11536: 11471: 8985: 8553: 6366: 3546: 3534: 3002: 2816: 2807: 2633: 2574: 2292: 2161: 2097: 1102: 901: 867: 174: 130: 15619: 15595: 13462: 10012: 6765: 5512: 4398: 3506: 2721: 1560: 708:, and 15,000 sailors. The regulars were also supported by the 519:, the acting Regent, fled the city, and the government of the 13919: 11761: 9865: 8191:, a collection of writings by Marx and Engels on the subject. 8130: 6593:(6th ed.). Paris: Foreign Languages Press. p. 127. 6017: 3155: 2411: 2169: 1777: 1354: 1179: 1045: 924: 889: 659:, who was a member of the National Assembly and Mayor of the 582: 371: 370:) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in 13478: 12432: 10538: 6957: 6680:. Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham. p. 423. 6250: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5296: 5294: 4911: 4909: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4060: 3102: 2930: 1427: 803: 9258: 8668: 6978: 6976: 6426: 6407: 5218: 5029: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4688: 4686: 3659: 3143: 2774:, and is the site of annual commemorations of the Commune. 2266: 1480: 1080: 701: 7777: 7395: 7362: 7350: 7338: 6389: 4717: 3881:, where one of the last battles of the Commune was fought. 3495: 3469: 2387: 1101: 548: 523: 7310: 6142: 6140: 6101: 6053: 6041: 6005: 5993: 5948: 5931: 5761: 5737: 5684: 5672: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5584: 5387: 5306: 5291: 5254: 5103: 4981: 4969: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4906: 4894: 4877: 4673: 4671: 4290: 3078: 644:, as well as subsequent failed attempts such as the 1832 7307:"Paris Commune: The revolt dividing France 150 years on" 6973: 6875:] (in French). Paris: François Maspéro. p. 72. 6565: 6125: 5805: 5803: 5778: 5776: 5649: 5647: 4700: 4683: 4626:] (in French), Versailles: Assemblée nationale, 1875 3842: 3183: 2681: 1193: 30: 8081:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 7644: 7413: 7384:, Besançon, Cahier d'Études comtoises, 1990, 83 pages ( 7109: 6632:. Vol. 13. Translated by Isaacs, Bernard. Moscow: 6452: 6348: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6229: 5127: 5079: 5067: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4598: 4596: 4594: 3568: 2543:. Most of the Palais de Justice was destroyed, but the 735: 7695: 7419: 6341: 6137: 6113: 5017: 4957: 4668: 4158: 2697:, and the National Guard still had artillery at their 2559: 2523:. More public buildings were set afire, including the 2428:, soldiers seized the formidable barricade around the 2406: 2296: 2164: 570: 6289: 6077: 6029: 5981: 5834: 5800: 5788: 5773: 5749: 5696: 5644: 5572: 5560: 5318: 5242: 5005: 4993: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4307: 3231: 2792: 1918: 1550:, following earlier attempts in 1789 and 1848. Thus, 1475: 1306:. Four battalions crossed the Seine and captured the 7794: 6652: 6301: 6065: 5230: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5115: 5091: 4755: 4729: 4662: 4591: 4366: 3274: 2063: 1851: 1590:, Nathalie Lemel created the cooperative restaurant 4117:At least three plays have been set in the Commune: 3957: 3866:. He took his seat on the extreme Left; he died at 3126:, was decapitated and severely crippled for years. 2989: 2212: 1913: 394:from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the 8211:Association Les Amis de la Commune de Paris (1871) 5901:. Vol. 17 (14th ed.). 1956. p. 293. 5370:Marx and the Proletariat: A Study in Social Theory 5338: 4648: 3212:The Importance of Commemorating the Paris Commune. 2570:As the army continued its methodical advance, the 1625:and finally became the wife of Blanquist activist 1599:Paule Minck opened a free school in the Church of 1435:during its brief existence and used the socialist 8104:Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune 6815:The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 4645:, September 2012, vol. 55, issue 03, pp. 619–704. 4274:Moinak Biswas, Indian filmmaker and professor of 4026:deals with the rise and fall of the Commune. The 3442:The Communards inspired many anarchists, such as 2439:symbolising the government. The guardsmen led by 2410:On 23 May the next objective of the army was the 2126:One of the key strategic points around Paris was 472:43,522 Communards were taken prisoner, including 406:, anti-religious system of their own self-styled 15637: 8205:The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution 7615:"'জ্বলন্ত শব্দের পথ' (Across the Burning Track)" 4613: 4611: 3756:was formally elected the first President of the 3587:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 1937:by five battalions who crossed the Seine at the 1827:was briefly turned into a Socialist women's club 1216:, who demanded that they be tried and executed. 1088: 507:On 2 September 1870, France was defeated in the 390:in September 1870 (under French chief executive 7885:The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871) 7847:] (in French). Paris: La Decouverte/Poche. 7567:Olin Levi Warner's Defense of the Paris Commune 7543:William Morris : Romantic to Revolutionary 6439: 4119: 3912:Among the first to write about the Commune was 3893:, the last surviving communard, settled in the 3166:") from the limited experience of the Commune. 2148:. On 20 May, MacMahon's artillery batteries at 1298:and took charge of the gunpowder stored in the 1000:Adolphe Thiers; parliamentary elections of 1871 716:. These included twenty battalions of men from 620: 491:, who described it as the first example of the 8259:Documentary (in French): Commune de Paris (LA) 7756:Adolphe Thiers ou De la nécessité en politique 7457: 6735:, Cambridge University Press, 1981, 272 pages 6587:Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism: a Primer 4337:adapted Vautrin's novel (listed above) into a 4199:, which runs for 5¾ hours and was directed by 2617: 1385: 1263:Barricades during the Paris Commune, near the 935:'s animals, then resorted to feeding on rats. 15736:States and territories disestablished in 1871 13494: 12448: 10554: 10043: 9587: 8538: 8298: 7881:L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) 7067:Cultural Revolution and revolutionary culture 7035:An Exercise in Terror: the Paris Commune 1871 5275:Dictionnaire universel de la franc-maçonnerie 4608: 4318: 4267:includes an appearance by French philosopher 4235: 4228:wrote and directed, in 1929, the silent film 3990:, is in part set in Paris during the Commune. 3426: 2383:were given a summary hearing, and then shot. 2279:during Bloody Week, whose defenders included 1635:with André Léo. She was also a member of the 1413: 1242: 1158:Failed seizure attempt and government retreat 587:was a Lyonnais silk worker, often working on 424:right of employees to take over an enterprise 277: 8914: 8893: 8753: 8041:(1988). "The Paris Commune and its Legacy". 7707:The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy 7233: 7231: 6925: 6841: 6168:A History of Modern France. Vol 2: 1799–1861 5484: 4343: 4191: 4160: 4145: 4131: 4037: 4020: 4003: 3969: 3955: 3945: 3917: 3510:A plaque honours the dead of the Commune in 3401: 3316: 3263: 3255: 3070: 2939: 2579: 2566:Execution of Communards by Versailles troops 2472: 2226: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1905: 1844:, were turned into socialist meeting clubs. 1791: 1779: 1761: 1749: 1737: 1729: 1709: 1636: 1630: 1604: 1591: 1534: 1522: 1514: 1506: 1373: 1360: 1323: 1211: 1129: 1115: 982: 974: 966: 958:working-class neighbourhoods of Belleville, 868:Negotiations with the Germans; continued war 580: 454: 442:(a mix of reformism and revolutionism), and 88:(2 months, 1 week and 3 days) 6959:. Cambridge University Press. p. 251. 6488:The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State 6185:"In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel" 5508: 5506: 5504: 2998:View of the Rue de Rivoli after Bloody Week 27:Revolutionary city council of Paris of 1871 15731:States and territories established in 1871 13501: 13487: 12455: 12441: 12337:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 10561: 10547: 10050: 10036: 9594: 9580: 8545: 8531: 8305: 8291: 8182:Paris Commune Archive at Anarchist Archive 7861: 7838: 7700: 7374: 6771: 6708:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6023: 5133: 5109: 4694: 4088:The Red Republic: A Romance of the Commune 3394:Bolshevik government were given the title 2740:Execution of Communards at Père-Lachaise ( 2195: 1724:, about to be torn down by the Communards. 1006:French legislative election, February 1871 988:of Pyat, and arrested 83 revolutionaries. 912:on 10 November, but an attempt by General 900:Chancellor demanded the cession of all of 418:, the remission of rent, the abolition of 284: 270: 253:877 killed, 6,454 wounded, and 183 missing 61: 10057: 7304: 7228: 6173: 4790: 3641: 942: 806: 723:The largest armed force in Paris was the 374:from 18 March to 28 May 1871. During the 8275:(length: 2 hours, 12 minutes); Music by 8271:(released: 26 January 1976) directed by 7983: 7960: 7513: 6982: 6571: 6445: 6427:11th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune 6179: 6131: 5501: 5441: 5384: 5341:Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris 5260: 4975: 4963: 4833:The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 4777:The history of the Paris Commune of 1871 4723: 4677: 4635: 4633: 4302: 3850:, as well the demolition of the home of 3828: 3505: 3339: 3289:This view is shared by French historian 3222: 3190:The other point of disagreement was the 2993: 2921: 2867: 2821: 2801: 2776: 2735: 2724: 2621: 2561: 2501: 2401: 2395:Communards defending a barricade on the 2390: 2304: 2270: 2267:22 May: Barricades, first street battles 2230: 2205: 2067: 1993: 1855: 1818: 1704: 1488: 1422: 1349: 1258: 1246: 1169: 1161: 1092: 1009: 810: 739: 624: 13956:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought 9601: 7988:(in French). Paris: Editions du Seuil. 7674: 7663: 7458:Aldrich, Robert; Connell, John (2006). 6954: 6812: 6408:4th letter of Émile Zola on the Commune 6235: 5534: 5272: 4846: 4761: 4330:), which is based on the Paris Commune. 4328:In the Bright Sunshine, Heavy with Love 4240:) about the Paris Commune. It features 3400:, which was borrowed directly from the 3335: 2797: 2121: 1484: 14: 15638: 13961:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path 11342:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 10460:International Workingmen's Association 8037: 7901: 7878: 7753: 7645:De la Croix de Castries, René (1983). 7561: 7559: 7425: 7401: 7368: 7356: 7344: 7300: 7298: 7237: 7101: 7099: 6866: 6755:, Cornell Univ Press, 1996, 304 pages 6671: 6669: 6667: 6524: 6395: 6247: 6119: 6107: 6083: 6059: 6047: 6035: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5954: 5942: 5840: 5809: 5794: 5767: 5755: 5743: 5714: 5702: 5690: 5678: 5653: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5566: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5248: 5236: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5121: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4987: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4900: 4888: 4740: 4711: 4602: 4352:In the long-running British TV series 3711:International Workingmen's Association 1562:on 11 April 1871. The feminist writer 15501:International socialist organizations 13482: 13352:Mass killings under communist regimes 12436: 10542: 10031: 9575: 8526: 8286: 8269:Movie (in Polish): Jarosław Dąbrowski 8002: 7862:Lissagaray, Prosper-Olivier (2012) . 7839:Lissagaray, Prosper-Olivier (2000) . 7835:(University of Michigan Press, 1996). 7790: 7216:from the original on 11 November 2023 7195: 7063: 6675: 6618: 6583: 6500: 6295: 6201:from the original on 19 December 2015 6071: 5782: 5725:from the original on 20 February 2014 5413: 5380: 5378: 5224: 5055:from the original on 14 November 2022 5035: 4829: 4773: 4659: 4630: 3314:Even a moderate daily newspaper like 2606:. The new prosecutor of the Commune, 1956: 687: 365: 265: 8124: 7941: 7809:from the original on 30 January 2022 7586:from the original on 5 December 2018 7270: 6948: 6783: 6636:(published 1972). pp. 475–478. 6469:from the original on 14 January 2014 6095: 5336: 4103:by the British writer and filmmaker 3439:carried part of a Communard banner. 3098:Courbet, Longuet, and Vermorel, the 2214:, Libertalia publ., Montreuil 2021, 1339: 736:Siege of Paris; first demonstrations 15582: 7679:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. 7556: 7295: 7199:Pol Pot: The History of a Nightmare 7105: 7096: 6846:. Collins Educational. p. 95. 6664: 6600:from the original on 3 October 2022 5878:Milza, Pierre, "La Commune", p. 391 4468:Historiography of the Paris Commune 3218: 2903:("...As many as twenty thousand"), 2459:, rue de Lille, and other streets. 1814: 1513:(female arsonist). She worked as a 571:Radicalisation of the Paris workers 24: 15716:Riots and civil disorder in France 8079:The Paris Commune: A Brief History 8030: 7910:] (in French). Paris: Perrin. 7887:] (in French). Paris: Perrin. 7724:from the original on 29 March 2017 7482:from the original on 6 August 2020 7317:from the original on 19 April 2021 7283:from the original on 19 April 2021 7252:from the original on 19 April 2021 7144: 6640:from the original on 12 March 2018 5537:The Paris Commune: A Brief History 5462:from the original on 15 March 2016 5423:from the original on 11 April 2016 5375: 5206:from the original on 10 March 2021 4811:from the original on 10 March 2021 4538:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877 2899:Lissagaray's estimate, among them 2793:Communard prisoners and casualties 2355:and General Clichant occupied the 1919:Failure of the march on Versailles 1431:The Commune adopted the discarded 1166:A Battery in the Montmartre Hills. 677:Instructions for an Armed Uprising 430:churches and schools were closed. 25: 15757: 13306:Criticism of communist party rule 9923:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution 8552: 8312: 8148: 7779:. Frankfurt 1979. Campus Verlag. 7448:" (PDF). IEOM Nouvelle-Calédonie. 7305:Schofield, Hugh (18 March 2021). 7015:from the original on 19 July 2011 6955:Harding, Neil (4 December 2006). 6279:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. 5448:. Basic Books. pp. 156–157. 3797:in the National Assembly. He was 3572:. When students put up the first 3033:did not go into Revolution after 2064:Composition of the National Guard 1989: 1852:Destruction of the Vendôme Column 1666: 1639:Comité de vigilance de Montmartre 594:Socialist movements, such as the 291: 15661:1871 disestablishments in France 15618: 15606: 15594: 15581: 15570: 15569: 13461: 13449: 13327:21st-century communist theorists 12401: 11375:International Conference of Rome 11365:International Conference of Rome 10149: 10011: 10001: 9991: 9918:Fields, Factories, and Workshops 9767: 8392:Declaration to the French People 8007:(in French). Paris: Flammarion. 7967:Presses universitaires de France 7598: 7572: 7545:. London : PM Press, 2013. 7531: 7501: 7494: 7451: 7431: 7329: 7264: 7189: 7177:from the original on 27 May 2024 7138: 7057: 7044: 7027: 6997: 6988: 6919: 6907:from the original on 22 May 2020 6889: 6860: 6835: 6806: 6777: 6745: 6725: 6716: 6612: 6577: 6552: 6518: 6481: 6455:. The World Publishing Company. 6420: 6401: 6377: 6360: 6317: 6269: 6260: 6241: 6213: 6161: 6149: 5915:Folio Society London 1982 p. 185 5277:. Paris: Larousse. p. 226. 4438:Castilian War of the Communities 4411: 4397: 4383: 4369: 3713:, in connection with the future 3491:A plaque also marks the wall in 3307:), 'those abominable ruffians' ( 2990:Contemporary artists and writers 2826:The Commune's deputy prosecutor 1914:War with the national government 1083: 962:, Montmartre, and Gros-Caillou. 210: 189: 173: 149: 129: 15425: 14936: 14592: 14553: 14529: 14237:Dictatorship of the proletariat 12588:Dictatorship of the proletariat 10384: 10295: 8225:Northwestern University Library 8195:Karl Marx and the Paris Commune 8167:La Commune de 1871 by JP Achard 8157:, Heidelberg University Library 7775:Haupt, Gerhard; Hausen, Karin: 7238:Conman, Julian (7 March 2021). 7196:Short, Philip (25 April 2013). 6926:Morris, T.; Murphy, D. (2000). 6869:Les écrivains contre la Commune 6842:Morris, T.; Murphy, D. (2000). 6336:Pages from the Goncourt Journal 6089: 5960: 5918: 5905: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5846: 5815: 5708: 5659: 5547: 5528: 5474: 5435: 5407: 5363: 5330: 5266: 5175: 5041: 4853:McGill-Queen's University Press 4840: 4823: 4784: 4767: 4746: 3160:dictatorship of the proletariat 2329:Haussmann's renovation of Paris 2113:), a Polish noble and a former 1036:Prince Philippe, Count of Paris 538: 497:Dictatorship of the Proletariat 493:dictatorship of the proletariat 14480:Organizational self-management 11487:Australian Anarchist Centenary 11412:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8884:Government of National Defense 8238:, Cambridge University Library 8163:, Cambridge University Library 7868:History of the Commune of 1871 7864:Histoire de la Commune de 1871 7845:History of the Commune of 1871 7841:Histoire de la Commune de 1871 7649:. Librarie Academique Perrin. 7630: 5515:On les disait 'pétroleuses'... 4791:Waldersee, Alfred von (2019). 4565: 4549:named after the Paris Commune. 3897:in 1928 where he died in 1942. 3106:and Louise Michel." Anarchist 2176:—with shells falling close to 1973:, and the archbishop of Paris 1890:Government of National Defence 1771:similar paper of the same name 1582:(obtaining the closing of the 1554:, a socialist bookbinder, and 1402:, the republican mayor of the 533:Government of National Defence 412:separation of church and state 13: 1: 15656:1871 establishments in France 14460:Free association of producers 14217:Critique of political economy 13508: 12528:Critique of political economy 12462: 11128:Decentralized planned economy 10568: 10528:Critique of political economy 8793:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 8788:War of the Spanish Succession 8261:(released: 1951) directed by 6170:, Penguin Books, 1965. p. 215 5869:Lissagaray (1896) pp. 349–351 4559: 3901: 3085: 2863: 2480:The Richelieu library of the 2310:A street in Paris in May 1871 1089:Dispute over cannons of Paris 49:Part of the aftermath of the 15706:Left-wing populism in France 15557:Socialist calculation debate 15532:Economic calculation problem 14500:Socialist mode of production 13421:Socialist mode of production 13337:Anti-communist mass killings 13279:Workers of the world, unite! 12548:Proletarian internationalism 10723:Proletarian internationalism 9734:Proletarian internationalism 8077:Eichner, Carolyn J. (2022). 7738:American Sociological Review 7414:De la Croix de Castries 1983 5718:Jarosław Dąbrowski 1836–1871 4752:Haupt/Hausen 1979, pp. 74–75 3854:and the expiatory chapel to 3801:during the pivotal years of 3747: 3591:Great Proletarian Revolution 3520:Place de la Commune-de-Paris 2445:rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré 2133:The army commander, General 2050:Edmond-Charles de Martimprey 1880:, topped by a statue of the 1418: 1144:Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines 621:Radicals and revolutionaries 546:1869 parliamentary elections 7: 15701:Far-left politics in France 15625:Organized Labour portal 14354:Socialisation of production 13389:Marx's theory of alienation 11422:1919 United States bombings 7870:] (in French). London: 7271:Vock, Ido (18 March 2021). 6873:Writers against the Commune 6733:The War Against Paris: 1871 6254:Manchester University Press 5557:(ed. McLellan), pp. 592–594 4847:Pilbeam, Pamela M. (2000). 4362: 4321:Al gran sole carico d'amore 3686:. Even before the Commune, 3164:withering away of the state 2984: 2618:25 May: Death of Delescluze 2547:survived. Fires set at the 1876:honouring the victories of 1386:Organisation and early work 1221:Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas 949:January 1871 Paris uprising 720:, who spoke little French. 426:deserted by its owner. All 10: 15762: 14861:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin 14686:Victor Prosper Considerant 12377:Situationist International 11447:Spanish Revolution of 1936 11307:Self-managed social center 10470:Spanish Revolution of 1936 9908:Anarchism and Other Essays 9274:French subdivisions by GDP 9021:2022 presidential election 9006:2017 presidential election 8049:Princeton University Press 7984:Rougerie, Jacques (2004). 7961:Rougerie, Jacques (2014). 7466:Cambridge University Press 7064:Russo, Alessandro (2020). 7052:A History of Modern France 7041:, Volume 39, Issue 2, 1989 7009:www.assemblee-nationale.fr 6819:Cambridge University Press 6584:Sison, Jose Maria (2020). 5924:Rene Heron de Villefosse, 5721:. Wydawnictwo Literackie. 4553:Fires at the Paris Commune 4162:Paris 1871 Bonjour Commune 4111: 3858:. He escaped Paris during 3531:Straße der Pariser Kommune 3129: 3090:The anarchist philosopher 2885:Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray 2715:Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray 2199: 2035:Committee of Public Safety 1977:, who was confined at the 1949:hours at the gates of the 1601:Saint Pierre de Montmartre 1433:French Republican Calendar 1414:Administration and actions 1343: 1243:National Guard takes power 1003: 946: 872:In September and October, 818: 787:Later in October, General 605:The killing of journalist 502: 29: 15565: 15514: 15491: 15423: 14934: 14726:William Batchelder Greene 14661:Francisco Largo Caballero 14590: 14551: 14527: 14518: 14397: 14187: 14059: 14014: 13836: 13672: 13531: 13518: 13444: 13319: 13288: 13246: 13168: 12790: 12739: 12701: 12637: 12596: 12470: 12396: 12281: 11841: 11791: 11516: 11502:Really Really Free Market 11497:1999 Seattle WTO protests 11321: 11193: 11101: 11065: 11018: 10941: 10872: 10863: 10813: 10788:Temporary autonomous zone 10713:Permanent autonomous zone 10648:Consensus decision-making 10576: 10488: 10450: 10382: 10293: 10284: 10231: 10158: 10147: 10067: 9987: 9941: 9900: 9882:Insurrectionary anarchism 9874: 9776: 9765: 9672:Consensus decision-making 9609: 9535: 9425: 9335: 9326: 9222: 9213: 9115: 9106: 9044: 9035: 8956: 8837: 8806: 8778:Second Hundred Years' War 8729: 8682: 8649: 8628: 8620:Liberalism and radicalism 8572: 8563: 8486:Federated Legion of Women 8463: 8417: 8376: 8342: 8320: 8177:Marxists Internet Archive 8106:. New York: Basic Books. 7945:Gustave Courbet – peintre 7831:Johnson, Martin Phillip. 7823:The Paris commune of 1871 7675:Edwards, Stewart (1971). 6650:Marxists Internet Archive 6562:, English Edition of 1871 5887:Lissagaray (1896), p. 318 5535:Eichner, Carolyn (2022). 4543:Pamyat Parizhskoy Kommuny 3934: 3906: 3371:Hungary (March–July 1919) 3100:libertarian collectivists 3072:Le Sémaphore de Marseille 2948:, for a total of 6,667. 2926:Communards killed in 1871 2580: 2227:21 May: Army enters Paris 1888:, who had written to the 1842:Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois 1825:Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois 1683:The gold reserves of the 1580:abolition of prostitution 1251:A barricade thrown up by 1076:, where Bismarck and the 827:surrounded by the Germans 642:French Revolution of 1848 301: 247: 234: 165: 121: 78: 67:A barricade thrown up by 60: 48: 43: 32:Paris Commune (1789–1795) 15671:19th-century revolutions 14871:Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz 14364:Socialist market economy 12573:Workers' self-management 11492:Carnival Against Capital 11417:Bavarian Soviet Republic 11406:Manifesto of the Sixteen 11302:Radical environmentalism 11251:Independent Media Center 11183:Workers' self-management 10628:Autonomous social center 10465:Revolutions of 1917–1923 10223:Workers' self-management 9049:Administrative divisions 8399:Massacre in the Rue Haxo 7791:Horne, Alistair (2012). 7747:28 November 2020 at the 7667:Les Convulsions de Paris 7664:du Camp, Maxime (1881). 7153:Harvard University Press 7114:Cornell University Press 6624:"Lessons of the Commune" 6357:. online-literature.com. 6248:Wilson, Colette (2007). 5541:Rutgers University Press 5389:. New Haven and London: 5345:. W. W. Norton. p.  5273:de Jode, M.Cara (2011). 5188:. New Haven and London: 4664:(in French). Libertalia. 4298: 3799:Prime Minister of France 3014:wrote, three days after 2946:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont 2941:Les Convulsions de Paris 2667:Walery Antoni Wróblewski 2627:Louis Charles Delescluze 2578:were established at the 2541:Church of Saint-Eustache 2437:burning public buildings 2111:Jarosław Żądło-Dąbrowski 1943:Georges Ernest Boulanger 1700: 1629:, founded the newspaper 1621:, who declined to marry 1225:Jean Casimir Félix Guyon 1028:Henri, Count of Chambord 914:Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot 854:arrondissements of Paris 839:Louis Charles Delescluze 382:had defended Paris, and 15721:Sieges involving France 14582:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 14572:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably 14252:Equality of opportunity 14207:Criticism of capitalism 13951:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 13708:Left-wing laissez-faire 13411:Revolutionary socialism 12619:Socialization (Marxism) 11123:Cost the limit of price 10271:Participatory economics 10114:Chalieu-Montal Tendency 9933:Post-Scarcity Anarchism 9269:Franc (former currency) 8874:Coup of 2 December 1851 8847:Long nineteenth century 8247:Encyclopædia Britannica 7935:3 February 2021 at the 7902:Milza, Pierre (2009b). 7879:Milza, Pierre (2009a). 7754:Guiral, Pierre (1986). 7524:Encyclopædia Britannica 7444:9 November 2017 at the 7335:Le Figaro, May 30, 2021 7054:, p. 215. Penguin Books 7050:Cobban, Alfred (1965), 6813:Plessis, Alain (1985). 6676:Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). 6560:The Civil War in France 6497:, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871 6493:3 February 2014 at the 6432:22 January 2022 at the 6413:22 January 2022 at the 5899:Encyclopædia Britannica 5442:Merriman, John (2014). 5385:Merriman, John (2014). 4660:Audin, Michele (2021). 4183: 4169:New York theatre group 3833:The popular journalist 3420:dreadnought battleship 3330:France 1848–1945, vol.I 3172:The Civil War in France 3136:participatory democracy 2806:Communard prisoners at 1872:The destruction of the 1716:looks at the statue of 1663:during the repression. 1611:Church of Saint-Sulpice 1546:Some women organised a 1346:Commune Council (Paris) 1304:Orléans railway station 1206:at the ballroom of the 953:Armistice of Versailles 846:Prefecture of the Seine 563:During the war and the 378:of 1870–71, the French 367:[kɔ.myndəpa.ʁi] 15746:Revolutionary communes 15245:José Carlos Mariátegui 15190:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 15175:Martin Luther King Jr. 14851:Luis Emilio Recabarren 14846:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 14781:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin 14470:Labor-time calculation 14435:Decentralized planning 14339:Proletarian revolution 14294:State-owned enterprise 14212:Criticism of socialism 11917:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10728:Propaganda of the deed 10718:Prefigurative politics 10708:Participatory politics 10653:Conscientious objector 10359:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 10354:Francesc Pi i Maragall 10246:Decentralized planning 10082:Collectivist anarchism 9724:Prefigurative politics 9677:Co-operative economics 9289:Science and technology 8946:Provisional Government 8915: 8894: 8754: 8023:The Paris Commune 1871 8005:La Guerre Contre Paris 8003:Tombs, Robert (2009). 7942:Riat, Georges (1906). 7677:The Paris Commune 1871 7641:(Pantheon Books, 2010) 6620:Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 6531:The Women Incendiaries 6338:(Oxford, 1962), p. 194 5968:The Paris Commune 1871 5715:Zdrada, Jerzy (1973). 5485: 5049:"Mayer Simon, Charles" 4830:March, Thomas (1896). 4774:March, Thomas (1896). 4642:The Historical Journal 4547:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 4533:Republic of Tarnobrzeg 4344: 4319: 4308: 4236: 4192: 4161: 4146: 4132: 4120: 4086:and in the same year, 4064:The Queen of the Night 4038: 4021: 4004: 3970: 3956: 3946: 3918: 3879:Père Lachaise Cemetery 3838: 3775:Père Lachaise Cemetery 3642:Other communes of 1871 3515: 3512:Père Lachaise Cemetery 3493:Père Lachaise Cemetery 3471:Basilica of Sacré-Cœur 3431:. In the years of the 3427: 3402: 3375:Canton (December 1927) 3367:Moscow (December 1905) 3362: 3317: 3264: 3256: 3228: 3071: 3068:, as a journalist for 3056: 2999: 2940: 2938:, wrote a new history 2927: 2873: 2831: 2811: 2785: 2758:Père Lachaise Cemetery 2745: 2733: 2675:Place du Château-d'Eau 2630: 2567: 2511: 2473: 2407: 2399: 2316: 2303: 2294: 2284: 2283:and a unit of 30 women 2239: 2223: 2110: 2077:absent without leave. 2073: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1930:fighting the Austrians 1906: 1869: 1828: 1792: 1780: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1730: 1725: 1710: 1637: 1631: 1605: 1592: 1535: 1523: 1515: 1507: 1497: 1428: 1374: 1361: 1355: 1324: 1267: 1256: 1212: 1175: 1167: 1130: 1116: 1098: 1018: 983: 975: 967: 943:Uprising and armistice 816: 807:Uprising of 31 October 770:Faubourg Saint-Antoine 748: 633: 600:1868 Brussels Congress 581: 455: 358: 166:Commanders and leaders 86:18 March – 28 May 1871 15691:Communist revolutions 15588:Socialism WikiProject 15350:Léopold Sédar Senghor 15045:Cornelius Castoriadis 14911:Alfred Russel Wallace 14676:Nikolay Chernyshevsky 14641:Louis Auguste Blanqui 14601:Stephen Pearl Andrews 14430:Cooperative ownership 13946:Maoism–Third Worldism 13362:Intentional community 12498:Collective leadership 12367:Libertarian socialism 11482:Kate Sharpley Library 11457:Red inverted triangle 11400:High Treason Incident 11390:Congress of Amsterdam 10798:Voluntary association 10608:Anti-authoritarianism 10598:Anarchist criminology 10593:Anarchist Black Cross 10403:Cornelius Castoriadis 10309:Stephen Pearl Andrews 10198:Egalitarian community 10168:Anti-authoritarianism 10060:Libertarian socialism 9974:Libertarian socialism 9913:The Conquest of Bread 9892:Synthesis federations 9682:Egalitarian community 9622:Anti-authoritarianism 8367:January 1871 uprising 8351:October 1870 uprising 8173:Paris Commune Archive 7710:. London: Bookmarks. 7582:. 17 September 2018. 7202:. John Murray Press. 7072:Duke University Press 6867:Lidsky, Paul (1982). 6784:Bury, J.P.T. (2003). 6753:Unruly Women of Paris 6629:Lenin Collected Works 6353:22 March 2014 at the 5978:, Robert Tombs, p. 11 5522:26 March 2009 at the 5495:12 March 2007 at the 5481:Women and the Commune 5391:Yale University Press 5337:Robb, Graham (2010). 5190:Yale University Press 5182:Milner, John (2000). 4443:Gustave Paul Cluseret 4306: 4080:A Girl of the Commune 3999:The Werewolf of Paris 3996:'s 1933 horror novel 3874:Louis Auguste Blanqui 3832: 3758:French Third Republic 3618:, planted a memorial 3509: 3479:Notre-Dame-des-Otages 3460:those who cannot read 3343: 3226: 3051: 2997: 2925: 2871: 2841:Sainte-Pélagie Prison 2825: 2805: 2780: 2754:French Foreign Legion 2739: 2728: 2711:shot in groups of ten 2625: 2565: 2505: 2405: 2394: 2308: 2298: 2289: 2274: 2234: 2209: 2115:Imperial Russian Army 2071: 1997: 1859: 1822: 1708: 1492: 1426: 1396:military conscription 1353: 1262: 1250: 1173: 1165: 1096: 1013: 814: 799:departed the city by 743: 668:Louis Auguste Blanqui 630:Louis Auguste Blanqui 628: 248:Casualties and losses 18:Paris Commune of 1871 15741:Rebellions in France 15613:Communism portal 15601:Socialism portal 15552:Socialism by country 15150:Pablo Iglesias Posse 14856:Henri de Saint-Simon 14811:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky 14465:Industrial democracy 14272:History of socialism 14267:History of communism 14262:History of anarchism 13468:Socialism portal 13456:Communism portal 13311:Criticism of Marxism 13301:Communist propaganda 12731:Fourth International 12721:Second International 12508:Communist revolution 12408:Anarchism portal 11812:Fictional characters 11297:Radical cheerleading 10480:New social movements 9875:Organizational forms 9846:Ricardo Flores Magón 9816:Buenaventura Durruti 9094:World Heritage Sites 9011:Coronavirus pandemic 8188:On the Paris Commune 7928:15#1 (1972): 75–86. 7693:Eichner, Carolyn J. 7155:. pp. 145–146. 7151:. Cambridge, Mass.: 7145:Wu, Yiching (2014). 6654:Zagranichnaya Gazeta 6512:10 July 2009 at the 6221:On the Paris Commune 6183:(July–August 2004). 5414:Perny, Paul (1871). 5192:. pp. 143–145. 4493:Eugène Edine Pottier 4433:Crimes de la commune 4244:'s first film score. 4134:Die Tage der Commune 4076:Woman of the Commune 3668:Hôtel de Ville, Lyon 3574:big character poster 3555:Công xã Paris Square 3336:Influence and legacy 3318:le Drapeau tricolore 3247:Simon & Schuster 3120:penal transportation 3016:La Semaine Sanglante 2974:Battle of Gettysburg 2798:Prisoners and exiles 2687:Place de la Bastille 2651:20th arrondissements 2529:Prefecture de Police 2122:Capture of Fort Issy 1951:Palace of Versailles 1809:François-Victor Hugo 1584:maisons de tolérance 1485:Feminist initiatives 1308:prefecture of police 1277:Place de la Bastille 1265:Place de la Concorde 648:and the uprising of 611:Alfred von Waldersee 15726:Socialism in France 15686:Communism in France 15681:Anarchist uprisings 15676:Anarchism in France 15355:George Bernard Shaw 15265:François Mitterrand 15180:Alexandra Kollontai 15155:Jayaprakash Narayan 14836:Constantin Pecqueur 14656:Philippe Buonarroti 14611:John Goodwyn Barmby 14510:Workplace democracy 14420:Calculation in kind 14410:Anarchist economics 14359:Socialist economics 14257:Equality of outcome 14197:Anarchist economics 13904:Ho Chi Minh Thought 13777:Libertarian Marxism 13772:Left-libertarianism 13416:Socialist economics 13332:Anti anti-communism 13261:Red flag (politics) 12726:Third International 12716:First International 12543:Market abolitionism 12488:Class consciousness 12357:Left-libertarianism 11432:Kronstadt rebellion 11370:Trial of the Thirty 11337:Revolutions of 1848 11279:No gods, no masters 11088:Synthesis anarchism 11078:Anarcho-syndicalism 11066:Types of federation 10503:Left-libertarianism 10266:Market abolitionism 10261:Inclusive Democracy 10092:Anarcho-syndicalism 10087:Anarchist communism 9729:Primitive communism 9714:Market abolitionism 9637:Class consciousness 9603:Anarchist communism 9232:Automotive industry 9016:2021 labor protests 8773:Peace of Westphalia 8641:History of Normandy 8636:History of Brittany 8255:on Encyclopedia.com 8227:Special Collections 8044:Anarchist Portraits 7697:(Indiana UP, 2004). 7637:Butterworth, Alex. 7439:Rapport annuel 2010 7416:, pp. 422–461. 7404:, pp. 173–176. 7371:, pp. 165–170. 7359:, pp. 160–162. 7347:, pp. 158–160. 6903:(in French). 2017. 6774:, pp. 277–278. 6634:Progress Publishers 6398:, pp. 457–460. 6275:Sears, Stephen W., 6225:Progress Publishers 6110:, pp. 436–437. 6062:, pp. 413–414. 6050:, pp. 411–412. 6026:, pp. 355–356. 6014:, pp. 404–407. 6002:, pp. 403–404. 5974:22 May 2020 at the 5957:, pp. 397–398. 5945:, pp. 396–397. 5911:Joanna Richardson, 5858:La Commune de Paris 5770:, pp. 379–380. 5746:, pp. 327–330. 5693:, pp. 345–350. 5681:, pp. 346–347. 5641:, pp. 141–152. 5629:, pp. 138–139. 5617:, pp. 296–298. 5605:, pp. 294–296. 5593:, pp. 350–354. 5372:by Timothy McCarthy 5315:, pp. 118–119. 5303:, pp. 109–113. 4990:, pp. 420–421. 4954:, pp. 420–425. 4942:, pp. 257–259. 4930:, pp. 212–213. 4918:, pp. 206–213. 4903:, pp. 143–165. 4891:, pp. 143–145. 4714:, pp. 431–432. 4428:Canton of Cartagena 4280:Jadavpur University 4242:Dmitri Shostakovich 4053:The Prague Cemetery 4032:free indirect style 3987:The Old Wives' Tale 3870:the following year. 3826:and Louise Michel. 3773:. He was buried in 3578:May 16 Notification 3570:Cultural Revolution 3428:Parizhskaya Kommuna 3242:The Greater Journey 3041:, nor Russia after 2653:, and parts of the 2582:École Polytechnique 2521:11th arrondissement 2449:rue Saint-Florentin 2364:rue Saint-Florentin 2236:Jaroslav Dombrowski 2103:Jaroslav Dombrowski 1928:, who had won fame 1860:Destruction of the 1606:Club de la Victoire 1556:Élisabeth Dmitrieff 1441:republican tricolor 1394:; the abolition of 1204:Simon Charles Mayer 896:on 1 November. The 821:1870 Paris uprising 661:18th arrondissement 596:First International 529:new French Republic 463:Archbishop of Paris 376:Franco-Prussian War 196:Louis C. Delescluze 180:Patrice de MacMahon 55:Franco-Prussian War 15537:Marxist philosophy 15454:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 15275:Gamal Abdel Nasser 15230:Alasdair MacIntyre 15000:Simone de Beauvoir 14771:Ferdinand Lassalle 14538:Tommaso Campanella 14485:Production for use 14445:Economic democracy 14314:Mode of production 14304:Left-wing politics 14283:The Internationale 13966:Xi Jinping Thought 13436:Worker cooperative 13394:National communism 13367:Left-wing politics 13272:The Internationale 12624:Economic democracy 12307:Anti-globalization 11977:Dominican Republic 11802:Anarcho-punk bands 11462:Labadie Collection 11452:Barcelona May Days 11355:Cantonal rebellion 11291:Property is theft! 11257:The Internationale 11211:Anarchist bookfair 11010:Without adjectives 10865:Schools of thought 10251:Economic democracy 10213:Worker cooperative 10193:Economic democracy 9744:Worker cooperative 9299:Telecommunications 9001:2015 Paris attacks 8864:Revolution of 1848 8692:Visigothic Kingdom 8232:Virtual exhibition 8217:Digital collection 8025:(Routledge, 2014). 7963:La Commune de 1871 7926:Historical Journal 7670:. Paris: Hachette. 7380:Michel Cordillot, 7106:Kim, Suzy (2016). 6324:Edmond de Goncourt 6181:Anderson, Benedict 6098:, pp. 120–122 5852:Da Costa, Gaston, 5785:, pp. 320–321 4797:. Borodino Books. 4309: 4247:British filmmaker 4220:Soviet filmmakers 4092:Robert W. Chambers 3953:, wrote a trilogy 3839: 3824:Henri de Rochefort 3791:Georges Clemenceau 3739:(23–28 March). In 3516: 3435:, the spaceflight 3363: 3353:third from right, 3347:Kliment Voroshilov 3229: 3192:anti-authoritarian 3047:wrote to her again 3037:, nor Italy after 3012:Edmond de Goncourt 3000: 2932:Académie française 2928: 2874: 2860:return to France. 2832: 2812: 2786: 2750:Paul de Ladmirault 2746: 2734: 2703:Canal Saint-Martin 2631: 2572:summary executions 2568: 2537:Porte-Saint-Martin 2531:, the theatres of 2512: 2408: 2400: 2357:Gare Saint-Lazaire 2317: 2285: 2245:Fort Mont-Valérien 2240: 2224: 2074: 2052:, the governor of 2000: 1957:Decree on Hostages 1870: 1829: 1726: 1671:The Commune named 1503:Joséphine Marchais 1498: 1429: 1404:2nd arrondissement 1356: 1281:Rue de la Roquette 1273:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1268: 1257: 1176: 1168: 1099: 1063:Georges Clemenceau 1019: 980:of Delescluze and 916:on 29 November at 862:Georges Clemenceau 817: 789:Louis Jules Trochu 774:Faubourg du Temple 749: 688:Defenders of Paris 657:Georges Clemenceau 634: 217:Jarosław Dąbrowski 107:Revolt suppressed 15633: 15632: 15506:Socialist parties 15487: 15486: 15390:Ram Manohar Lohia 15330:Gaetano Salvemini 15115:Mikhail Gorbachev 14826:Antonie Pannekoek 14455:Equal opportunity 14450:Economic planning 14183: 14182: 14072:African-Caribbean 14060:Regional variants 13787:Council communism 13655:Saint-Simonianism 13476: 13475: 13256:Hammer and sickle 12747:Communist Parties 12563:Stateless society 12558:Social revolution 12523:Communist society 12493:Classless society 12430: 12429: 12387:Spontaneous order 12317:Anti-war movement 11822:Jewish anarchists 11332:French Revolution 11285:Popular education 11061: 11060: 10778:Spontaneous order 10638:Classless society 10536: 10535: 10446: 10445: 10349:Antonie Pannekoek 10141:Utopian socialism 10119:Council communism 10025: 10024: 9964:Council communism 9901:Theoretical works 9786:Alexander Berkman 9739:Stateless society 9647:Classless society 9569: 9568: 9531: 9530: 9322: 9321: 9209: 9208: 9201:Political parties 9137:Foreign relations 9102: 9101: 9031: 9030: 8814:French Revolution 8768:Thirty Years' War 8749:Absolute monarchy 8714:Kingdom of France 8610:Foreign relations 8590:Political history 8520: 8519: 8454:Butte-aux-Cailles 8407:Semaine sanglante 8139:978-1-78168-839-7 8132:. London: Verso. 8112:978-0-465-02017-1 8062:978-0-691-04753-9 8014:978-2-0802-4351-5 7976:978-2-13-062078-5 7948:. Paris: Floury. 7917:978-2-262-02498-7 7894:978-2-262-03073-5 7854:978-2-70-714520-8 7821:Jellinek, Frank. 7758:. Paris: Fayard. 7717:978-1-90-519214-4 7702:Gluckstein, Donny 7475:978-0-521-03036-6 7162:978-0-674-41985-8 7123:978-1-5017-0568-7 7081:978-1-4780-1218-4 6928:Europe, 1870–1991 6786:France, 1814–1940 6761:978-0-8014-8318-9 6741:978-0-521-28784-5 6687:978-0-8223-7461-9 6545:978-1-931859-46-2 6328:Jules de Goncourt 5926:Histoire de Paris 5913:Paris under Siege 5555:Selected Writings 5455:978-0-465-02017-1 5356:978-0-393-06724-8 5263:, pp. 58–60. 5088:, pp. 18–19. 5076:, pp. 16–18. 4978:, pp. 40–41. 4804:978-1-163-18135-5 4528:Strandzha Commune 4312:Italian composer 4292:Shanghai Biennale 4222:Grigori Kozintsev 4203:. It was made in 4179:in 2004 and 2008. 4056:, Italian author 4007:Semaine Sanglante 3807:Versailles Treaty 3805:, and signed the 3719:Semaine sanglante 3467:National Assembly 3408:Lenin's Mausoleum 3377:, most famously, 3309:Countess of Ségur 3124:workers' movement 2909:Benedict Anderson 2691:Carreau du Temple 2592:Luxembourg Palace 2525:Palais de Justice 2474:Pavillon de Flore 2368:Avenue de l'Opéra 2353:Place de l'Étoile 2220:978-2-37729-176-2 2202:Semaine sanglante 2152:, Mont-Valerian, 2087:ramparts of Paris 1801:Auguste Vacquerie 1649:Victorine Brocher 1548:feminist movement 1340:Council elections 1255:on 18 March 1871. 894:Otto von Bismarck 615:plebiscite in May 525:National Assembly 457:semaine sanglante 344: 343: 336:Butte-aux-Cailles 326:Semaine sanglante 260: 259: 117: 116: 74:on 18 March 1871. 16:(Redirected from 15753: 15696:Anti-clericalism 15623: 15622: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15599: 15598: 15585: 15584: 15573: 15572: 15474:Yanis Varoufakis 15427: 15340:Jean-Paul Sartre 15325:Bertrand Russell 15300:Sylvia Pankhurst 15280:Jawaharlal Nehru 15145:Dolores Ibárruri 15110:Einar Gerhardsen 15090:Alexander Dubček 15040:Nikolai Bukharin 14950:Salvador Allende 14938: 14921:Wilhelm Weitling 14906:Suzanne Voilquin 14891:William Thompson 14881:Lysander Spooner 14841:Georgi Plekhanov 14831:Giovanni Pascoli 14796:Errico Malatesta 14791:Helen Macfarlane 14736:Alexander Herzen 14711:Friedrich Engels 14706:Prosper Enfantin 14701:W. E. B. Du Bois 14671:Edward Carpenter 14631:Eduard Bernstein 14594: 14577:Sylvain Maréchal 14555: 14531: 14525: 14524: 14490:Public ownership 14440:Direct democracy 14425:Common ownership 14389:Workers' council 14374:State capitalism 14289:Internationalism 14222:Critique of work 14202:Anti-revisionism 13879:Marxism–Leninism 13713:Left-wing market 13670: 13669: 13630:Social democracy 13513: 13503: 13496: 13489: 13480: 13479: 13466: 13465: 13454: 13453: 13452: 13357:Internationalism 13347:Communitarianism 12711:Communist League 12614:Common ownership 12583:World revolution 12533:Free association 12457: 12450: 12443: 12434: 12433: 12406: 12405: 12404: 12297:Anti-consumerism 12292:Anti-corporatism 11442:Amakasu Incident 11385:Strandza Commune 11360:Haymarket affair 11263:Jewish anarchism 11205:A las Barricadas 11173:Social ownership 11158:Market socialism 11133:Free association 11093:Union of egoists 10870: 10869: 10803:Workers' council 10793:Union of egoists 10753:Security culture 10663:Decentralization 10658:Critique of work 10563: 10556: 10549: 10540: 10539: 10513:Social democracy 10418:Takis Fotopoulos 10386: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10218:Workers' control 10203:Free association 10188:Decentralization 10183:Common ownership 10153: 10124:Frankfurt School 10062: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10029: 10028: 10015: 10005: 9995: 9979:Social anarchism 9856:Errico Malatesta 9771: 9754:Workers' council 9749:Workers' control 9687:Free association 9657:Common resources 9652:Common ownership 9596: 9589: 9582: 9573: 9572: 9333: 9332: 9249:Economic history 9220: 9219: 9113: 9112: 9042: 9041: 8920: 8899: 8798:Seven Years' War 8763:Wars of Religion 8759: 8744:House of Bourbon 8739:Early modern era 8719:Fundamental laws 8595:Military history 8570: 8569: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8524: 8523: 8513: 8506: 8497: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8428: 8410: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8369: 8362: 8353: 8335: 8328: 8307: 8300: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8143: 8120:Robert O. Paxton 8074: 8018: 7999: 7986:Paris libre 1871 7980: 7957: 7921: 7898: 7875: 7858: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7774: 7769: 7740:(1991): 716–729 7733: 7731: 7729: 7690: 7671: 7660: 7625: 7624: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7554: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7455: 7449: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7235: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7103: 7094: 7093: 7061: 7055: 7048: 7042: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6844:Europe 1870–1991 6839: 6833: 6832: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6788:(6th ed.). 6781: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6751:Gay Gullickson, 6749: 6743: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6707: 6699: 6673: 6662: 6661: 6647: 6645: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6599: 6592: 6581: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6522: 6516: 6504: 6498: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6447:Woodcock, George 6443: 6437: 6424: 6418: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6385:L'Année Terrible 6381: 6375: 6364: 6358: 6345: 6339: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5929: 5922: 5916: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5861: 5854:La Commune vecue 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5827:Journal officiel 5819: 5813: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5532: 5526: 5510: 5499: 5491:, 19 March 2005 5490: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5344: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5289: 5288: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5026:, pp. 9–11. 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4875: 4874: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4698: 4692: 4681: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4615: 4606: 4600: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4483:Medieval commune 4463:Paschal Grousset 4448:Gustave Flourens 4421: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4405:Socialism portal 4402: 4401: 4393: 4391:Communism portal 4388: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4377:Anarchism portal 4374: 4373: 4372: 4347: 4345:Le Cri du Peuple 4324: 4316:wrote the opera 4239: 4197: 4164: 4149: 4137: 4123: 4041: 4039:Le Cri du Peuple 4024: 4022:Le Cri du Peuple 4010: 3975: 3959: 3951: 3948:Le Cri du Peuple 3923: 3920:L'Année terrible 3864:Bouches-du-Rhône 3781:Patrice MacMahon 3707:Besançon Commune 3607:, the leader of 3559:Ho Chi Minh City 3528: 3497:Communards' Wall 3487: 3448:Errico Malatesta 3430: 3406:of the Commune. 3405: 3379:Petrograd (1917) 3351:Grigory Zinoviev 3320: 3269: 3261: 3237:David McCullough 3219:Other commentary 3074: 3029:wrote to Sand, " 3027:Gustave Flaubert 2943: 2889:council of Paris 2772:Communards' Wall 2742:Communards' Wall 2729:Last battles at 2585: 2584: 2476: 2464:Tuileries Palace 2430:Madeleine church 2347:, while General 2135:Ernest de Cissey 2099:January Uprising 2058:Gustave Cluseret 2032: 2030:Le Cri du Peuple 2026: 2020: 2014: 2012:Le Père Duchesne 2008: 1971:Madeleine church 1926:Patrice MacMahon 1909: 1837:Catholic schools 1815:Anti-clericalism 1797: 1783: 1769:, inspired by a 1767: 1753: 1751:Le Cri du Peuple 1743: 1735: 1715: 1642: 1634: 1608: 1595: 1541:Tuileries Palace 1538: 1528: 1520: 1512: 1445:social democracy 1439:rather than the 1377: 1364: 1327: 1289: 1233:Patrice MacMahon 1215: 1133: 1121: 1118:Le Cri du Peuple 986: 978: 970: 696:in Paris, under 586: 489:Friedrich Engels 460: 440:social democracy 369: 364: 359:Commune de Paris 296: 286: 279: 272: 263: 262: 227: 225: 215: 214: 213: 204: 194: 193: 192: 182: 178: 177: 154: 153: 152: 134: 133: 80: 79: 65: 41: 40: 21: 15761: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15754: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15711:May 1871 events 15636: 15635: 15634: 15629: 15617: 15607: 15605: 15593: 15561: 15510: 15483: 15419: 15345:Arthur Scargill 15315:Pierre Renaudel 15125:Antonio Gramsci 15105:Muammar Gaddafi 15100:Faiz Ahmad Faiz 15095:Albert Einstein 15035:Aristide Briand 15025:Murray Bookchin 15020:Grace Lee Boggs 15005:Walter Benjamin 14975:Chiang Kai-shek 14955:Inejirō Asanuma 14930: 14901:Benjamin Tucker 14761:Peter Kropotkin 14741:Thomas Hodgskin 14716:Charles Fourier 14696:Théodore Dézamy 14646:Philippe Buchez 14606:Mikhail Bakunin 14586: 14562:Gracchus Babeuf 14547: 14514: 14495:Social dividend 14393: 14369:Socialist state 14334:Post-capitalism 14329:Planned economy 14324:Nationalization 14189: 14179: 14055: 14010: 13840: 13832: 13730:Insurrectionary 13676: 13668: 13534: 13527: 13514: 13509: 13507: 13477: 13472: 13460: 13450: 13448: 13440: 13315: 13284: 13242: 13164: 12786: 12735: 12697: 12633: 12604:Planned economy 12592: 12578:World communism 12553:Labour movement 12513:Communist state 12503:Communist party 12478:Anti-capitalism 12466: 12461: 12431: 12426: 12402: 12400: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12347:Labour movement 12277: 12276: 12275: 11837: 11836: 11835: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11507:Occupy movement 11380:Ferrer movement 11317: 11316: 11315: 11231:Escuela Moderna 11189: 11188: 11187: 11097: 11057: 11014: 10978:Insurrectionary 10937: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10733:Refusal of work 10618:Anti-militarism 10613:Anti-capitalism 10572: 10567: 10537: 10532: 10491: 10484: 10452: 10442: 10398:Murray Bookchin 10378: 10339:Herbert Marcuse 10334:Gustav Landauer 10329:Peter Kropotkin 10324:Thomas Hodgskin 10319:Joseph Déjacque 10314:Mikhail Bakunin 10304:Charles Fourier 10287: 10280: 10256:Guild socialism 10234: 10227: 10173:Anti-capitalism 10161: 10154: 10145: 10099:Guild socialism 10069: 10063: 10058: 10056: 10026: 10021: 9983: 9937: 9896: 9870: 9841:Peter Kropotkin 9826:Iosif Bleikhman 9821:Sébastien Faure 9806:Joseph Déjacque 9791:Murray Bookchin 9772: 9763: 9627:Anti-capitalism 9605: 9600: 9570: 9565: 9564: 9545: 9527: 9508:Public holidays 9421: 9380:Life expectancy 9318: 9205: 9098: 9027: 8996:Great Recession 8969:Fourth Republic 8964:1900 to present 8952: 8869:Second Republic 8833: 8802: 8725: 8678: 8645: 8624: 8559: 8551: 8521: 8516: 8509: 8500: 8491: 8484: 8479:Commune Council 8477: 8470: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8431: 8424: 8413: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8372: 8365: 8356: 8349: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8316: 8311: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8063: 8033: 8031:Further reading 8028: 8021:Tombs, Robert. 8015: 7996: 7977: 7937:Wayback Machine 7918: 7895: 7855: 7812: 7810: 7772: 7766: 7749:Wayback Machine 7727: 7725: 7718: 7687: 7657: 7647:Monsieur Thiers 7633: 7628: 7613: 7610:Wayback Machine 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7564: 7557: 7536: 7532: 7517:, ed. (1911). 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5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5200: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5134:Gluckstein 2006 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5110:Gluckstein 2006 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5014:, pp. 8–9. 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4878: 4863: 4845: 4841: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4805: 4789: 4785: 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4701: 4695:Lissagaray 2000 4693: 4684: 4676: 4669: 4658: 4649: 4638: 4631: 4617: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4579:on 4 March 2016 4571: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4355:The Onedin Line 4301: 4269:Jacques Derrida 4231:The New Babylon 4226:Leonid Trauberg 4186: 4147:Le Printemps 71 4114: 3980:British writer 3937: 3909: 3904: 3811:Alsace-Lorraine 3750: 3715:Jura Federation 3692:Gaston Cremieux 3664:Mikhail Bakunin 3644: 3622:tree native to 3589:concerning the 3522: 3481: 3359:Nikolay Antipov 3345: 3338: 3326:Theodore Zeldin 3276: 3233:Elihu Washburne 3221: 3152:Mikhail Bakunin 3132: 3108:Mikhail Bakunin 3092:George Woodcock 3088: 3004:Gustave Courbet 2992: 2987: 2979:Reign of Terror 2866: 2837:Gustave Courbet 2828:Théophile Ferré 2800: 2795: 2723: 2695:Arts-et-Metiers 2683: 2620: 2608:Théophile Ferré 2576:military courts 2545:Sainte-Chapelle 2500: 2486:Prosper Mérimée 2389: 2337:École Militaire 2314:Maximilien Luce 2275:A barricade on 2269: 2229: 2204: 2198: 2124: 2066: 2039:Reign of Terror 1992: 1959: 1939:Pont de Neuilly 1921: 1916: 1899:Chant du Départ 1895:La Marseillaise 1886:Gustave Courbet 1866:Gustave Courbet 1854: 1833:Catholic Church 1817: 1787:Henri Rochefort 1764:Le Père Duchêne 1755:, published by 1712:Le Père Duchêne 1703: 1678:Rothschild Bank 1673:François Jourde 1669: 1487: 1421: 1416: 1388: 1375:arrondissements 1362:arrondissements 1348: 1342: 1325:arrondissements 1283: 1253:national guards 1245: 1199:Buttes-Chaumont 1160: 1137:Henri Rochefort 1091: 1086: 1008: 1002: 955: 947:Main articles: 945: 886:Austria-Hungary 870: 823: 809: 752:neighbourhoods— 738: 729:arrondissements 690: 623: 573: 541: 531:, and formed a 527:proclaimed the 509:Battle of Sedan 505: 362: 347: 346: 345: 340: 297: 292: 290: 230: 221: 211: 209: 208: 200: 190: 188: 172: 171: 158: 150: 148: 136:French Republic 128: 98: 87: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15759: 15749: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15651:1870s in Paris 15648: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15627: 15615: 15603: 15591: 15579: 15566: 15563: 15562: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15518: 15516: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15508: 15503: 15497: 15495: 15489: 15488: 15485: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15434:Pedro Castillo 15430: 15428: 15421: 15420: 15418: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15375:E. P. Thompson 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15335:Bernie Sanders 15332: 15327: 15322: 15320:B. T. Ranadive 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15285:Ernst Niekisch 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15250:Adrien Marquet 15247: 15242: 15240:Nelson Mandela 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15220:Rosa Luxemburg 15217: 15212: 15210:Vladimir Lenin 15207: 15202: 15200:Henri Lefebvre 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15160:Russell Jacoby 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15140:Saddam Hussein 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15080:Eugene V. Debs 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15030:Bertolt Brecht 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14990:Henri Barbusse 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14965:Clement Attlee 14962: 14960:Hafez al-Assad 14957: 14952: 14947: 14941: 14939: 14932: 14931: 14929: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14886:Fred M. Taylor 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14816:William Morris 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14681:James Connolly 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14626:Edward Bellamy 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14597: 14595: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14567:Victor d'Hupay 14564: 14558: 14556: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14545: 14540: 14534: 14532: 14522: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14475:Labour voucher 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14401: 14399: 14395: 14394: 14392: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14242:Egalitarianism 14239: 14234: 14229: 14227:Class struggle 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14193: 14191: 14185: 14184: 14181: 14180: 14178: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14155: 14153:In one country 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14119: 14118: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14094: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14063: 14061: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14042: 14041: 14036: 14026: 14020: 14018: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14006: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13980: 13970: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13876: 13866: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13848: 13846: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13830: 13825: 13824: 13823: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13790: 13789: 13782:Left communism 13774: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13716: 13715: 13710: 13700: 13695: 13684: 13682: 13667: 13666: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13591: 13590: 13585: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13539: 13537: 13529: 13528: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13506: 13505: 13498: 13491: 13483: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13470: 13458: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13402: 13401: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13374: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13323: 13321: 13320:Related topics 13317: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13296:Anti-communism 13292: 13290: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13275: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13252: 13250: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13199: 13198: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13172: 13170: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12796: 12794: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12707: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12693: 12683: 12678: 12677: 12676: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12659: 12649: 12643: 12641: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12483:Class conflict 12480: 12474: 12472: 12468: 12467: 12460: 12459: 12452: 12445: 12437: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12418: 12411: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12362:Libertarianism 12359: 12354: 12352:Left communism 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12283:Related topics 12279: 12278: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12252:United Kingdom 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11967:Czech Republic 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11789: 11788: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11622:González Prada 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11437:Makhnovshchina 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11350:Hague Congress 11347: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11287: 11282: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11191: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11153:Labour voucher 11150: 11148:Give-away shop 11145: 11140: 11138:General strike 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11096: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11073:Affinity group 11069: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11043:Post-anarchist 11040: 11035: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 11007: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10966:Social ecology 10963: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10943:Post-classical 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10922: 10912: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10878: 10876: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10811: 10810: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10763:Social ecology 10760: 10758:Self-ownership 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10688:Horizontalidad 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10643:Class struggle 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10623:Affinity group 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10566: 10565: 10558: 10551: 10543: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10508:Libertarianism 10505: 10500: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10456: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10393:Michael Albert 10389: 10387: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10344:William Morris 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10298: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10178:Class conflict 10175: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10129:Freudo-Marxism 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10101: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10073: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10055: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10032: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10009: 9999: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9969:Left communism 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9945: 9943: 9942:Related topics 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9863: 9861:Albert Meltzer 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9831:Luigi Galleani 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9811:Clarissa Dixon 9808: 9803: 9801:Emilio Covelli 9798: 9793: 9788: 9782: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9704:General strike 9701: 9699:Give-away shop 9696: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9642:Class struggle 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9599: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9576: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9464:Cultural icons 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9284:Stock exchange 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9234: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9166: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9084:National parks 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9059:Climate change 9056: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8981:Fifth Republic 8978: 8977: 8976: 8966: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8889:Third Republic 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8843: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8826: 8824:First Republic 8821: 8819:Napoleonic era 8816: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8711: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8664:Greek colonies 8661: 8655: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8574: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8527: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8507: 8498: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8363: 8354: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8333:Historiography 8329: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8310: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8277:Wojciech Kilar 8266: 8263:Robert Ménégoz 8256: 8250: 8239: 8228: 8221:research guide 8214: 8208: 8202: 8192: 8184: 8179: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8150: 8149:External links 8147: 8145: 8144: 8138: 8122: 8100:Merriman, John 8097: 8087:978-1978827684 8075: 8061: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8013: 8000: 7994: 7981: 7975: 7958: 7939: 7922: 7916: 7899: 7893: 7876: 7859: 7853: 7836: 7829: 7819: 7788: 7770: 7764: 7751: 7734: 7716: 7698: 7691: 7685: 7672: 7661: 7655: 7642: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7623:. 5 July 2019. 7597: 7571: 7565:Albert Boime, 7555: 7539:E. P. Thompson 7530: 7515:Chisholm, Hugh 7493: 7474: 7468:. p. 46. 7450: 7430: 7428:, p. 366. 7418: 7406: 7394: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7337: 7328: 7294: 7263: 7227: 7208: 7188: 7161: 7137: 7122: 7116:. p. 33. 7095: 7080: 7056: 7043: 7026: 6996: 6987: 6985:, p. 264. 6972: 6965: 6947: 6940: 6934:. p. 95. 6918: 6888: 6881: 6859: 6852: 6834: 6827: 6805: 6799:978-0415316002 6798: 6776: 6764: 6744: 6731:Robert Tombs, 6724: 6715: 6686: 6663: 6611: 6576: 6574:, p. 269. 6564: 6551: 6544: 6517: 6499: 6480: 6462:978-0140168211 6461: 6438: 6419: 6400: 6388: 6383:Hugo, Victor, 6376: 6359: 6340: 6332:Robert Baldick 6316: 6300: 6298:, p. 421. 6288: 6268: 6259: 6252:. Manchester: 6240: 6238:, p. 303. 6228: 6212: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6136: 6134:, p. 120. 6124: 6122:, p. 440. 6112: 6100: 6088: 6086:, p. 414. 6076: 6074:, p. 360. 6064: 6052: 6040: 6038:, p. 410. 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5990:, p. 401. 5980: 5959: 5947: 5930: 5917: 5904: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5845: 5843:, p. 386. 5833: 5814: 5812:, p. 394. 5799: 5797:, p. 381. 5787: 5772: 5760: 5758:, p. 337. 5748: 5736: 5707: 5705:, p. 317. 5695: 5683: 5671: 5669:, 8 April 1871 5658: 5656:, p. 153. 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5581:, p. 253. 5571: 5569:, p. 250. 5559: 5546: 5527: 5500: 5473: 5454: 5434: 5406: 5399: 5393:. p. 81. 5374: 5362: 5355: 5329: 5327:, p. 129. 5317: 5305: 5290: 5284:978-2035848406 5283: 5265: 5253: 5251:, p. 103. 5241: 5229: 5217: 5198: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5112:, p. 231. 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 5002:, p. 421. 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4905: 4893: 4876: 4861: 4855:. p. 33. 4839: 4822: 4803: 4783: 4766: 4754: 4745: 4728: 4716: 4699: 4697:, p. 383. 4682: 4680:, p. 118. 4667: 4647: 4629: 4607: 4605:, p. 319. 4590: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545:a town in the 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4503:Arthur Rimbaud 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4408: 4394: 4380: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4350: 4341:, also called 4333:Comics artist 4331: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4272: 4245: 4218: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4167: 4156: 4141:Bertolt Brecht 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4095: 4071: 4068:Alexander Chee 4061: 4048: 4018:'s 1998 novel 4014:French writer 4012: 3991: 3984:'s 1908 novel 3982:Arnold Bennett 3978: 3967:'s 1892 novel 3962: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3928:William Morris 3925: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3891:Adrien Lejeune 3888: 3882: 3871: 3852:Adolphe Thiers 3815: 3814: 3788: 3778: 3754:Adolphe Thiers 3749: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3722: 3700: 3681: 3671: 3643: 3640: 3576:following the 3551:Czech Republic 3529:in Paris, the 3501:Hôtel de Ville 3418:renamed their 3387:Shanghai, 1967 3383:Shanghai, 1927 3337: 3334: 3284:Third Republic 3275: 3272: 3220: 3217: 3131: 3128: 3087: 3084: 3008:Anatole France 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2936:Maxime Du Camp 2913:Vladimir Lenin 2865: 2862: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2762:naval infantry 2722: 2719: 2682: 2679: 2619: 2616: 2612:Georges Darboy 2508:Hôtel de Ville 2499: 2496: 2388: 2385: 2268: 2265: 2253:Champs-Élysées 2228: 2225: 2197: 2196:"Bloody Week" 2194: 2146:walls of Paris 2123: 2120: 2065: 2062: 1991: 1990:Radicalisation 1988: 1975:Georges Darboy 1958: 1955: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1907:Le Mot d'Ordre 1874:Vendôme Column 1862:Vendôme Column 1853: 1850: 1823:The Church of 1816: 1813: 1781:Le Mot d'Ordre 1722:Vendôme column 1720:on top of the 1702: 1699: 1690:Charles Beslay 1685:Bank of France 1668: 1667:Bank of France 1665: 1627:Victor Jaclard 1617:. The Russian 1566:, a friend of 1552:Nathalie Lemel 1525:Enfants perdus 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1452: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1387: 1384: 1341: 1338: 1334:Rue de la Paix 1244: 1241: 1213:arrondissement 1188:Claude Lecomte 1159: 1156: 1152:Adolphe Le Flô 1131:Le Mot d'Ordre 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1078:German Emperor 1070:Third Republic 1040:Louis Philippe 1015:Adolphe Thiers 1001: 998: 968:Gardes Mobiles 944: 941: 929:carrier pigeon 874:Adolphe Thiers 869: 866: 819:Main article: 808: 805: 778:Hôtel de Ville 737: 734: 725:National Guard 698:General Trochu 689: 686: 646:June Rebellion 622: 619: 589:Jacquard looms 572: 569: 565:Siege of Paris 540: 537: 511:, and Emperor 504: 501: 467:Georges Darboy 392:Adolphe Thiers 388:Third Republic 380:National Guard 342: 341: 339: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 302: 299: 298: 289: 288: 281: 274: 266: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 232: 231: 229: 228: 206: 185: 183: 168: 167: 163: 162: 160:National Guard 146: 145: 144: 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114: 113: 112: 104: 100: 99: 96: 94: 90: 89: 84: 76: 75: 72:National Guard 58: 57: 51:Siege of Paris 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15758: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15646:Paris Commune 15644: 15643: 15641: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15614: 15604: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15590: 15589: 15580: 15578: 15577: 15568: 15567: 15564: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15513: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15496: 15494: 15493:Organizations 15490: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15464:Lula da Silva 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15429: 15422: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15305:Fred Paterson 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15295:George Orwell 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15260:Salama Moussa 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15235:Nestor Makhno 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15215:György Lukács 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15205:Claude Lefort 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15135:Eric Hobsbawm 15133: 15131: 15130:Safdar Hashmi 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15065:Jeremy Corbyn 15063: 15061: 15060:G. D. H. Cole 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14980:Deng Xiaoping 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14933: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14916:Josiah Warren 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14896:Pyotr Tkachev 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14806:Louise Michel 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14786:Pierre Leroux 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14766:Paul Lafargue 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14666:Étienne Cabet 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14651:Georg Büchner 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14616:Enrico Barone 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14589: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14557: 14550: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14396: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14384:Welfare state 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14319:Nanosocialism 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14309:Mixed economy 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14284: 14280: 14278: 14277:Impossibilism 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14247:Equal liberty 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14186: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14117: 14116:Eurocommunism 14114: 14113: 14112: 14109: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14089: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14058: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14013: 14005: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13997: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13979: 13978:Neo-Stalinism 13976: 13975: 13974: 13971: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13931:Khrushchevism 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13921: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13839: 13838:Authoritarian 13835: 13829: 13826: 13822: 13819: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13725:Individualist 13723: 13721: 13718: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13675: 13671: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13620:Revolutionary 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13580: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13540: 13538: 13536: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13504: 13499: 13497: 13492: 13490: 13485: 13484: 13481: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13457: 13447: 13446: 13443: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13431:War communism 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13400: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13369: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13287: 13280: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13245: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13197: 13194: 13193: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13167: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13155:Moufawad-Paul 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12789: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12740:Organisations 12738: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12692: 12689: 12688: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12667: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12636: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12458: 12453: 12451: 12446: 12444: 12439: 12438: 12435: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12412: 12410: 12409: 12398: 12395: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12257:United States 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12017:French Guiana 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11846: 11844: 11840: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11427:Biennio Rosso 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11407: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346:Paris Commune 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11280: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11168:Mutual credit 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11113:Communization 11111: 11110: 11106: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10904: 10903:Philosophical 10901: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10881:Individualist 10879: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10824:Animal rights 10822: 10818: 10816: 10812: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10693:Individualism 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10673:Direct action 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10564: 10559: 10557: 10552: 10550: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10449: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10433:Daniel Guérin 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10413:G. D. H. Cole 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10381: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10369:Rudolf Rocker 10367: 10365: 10364:Wilhelm Reich 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10292: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10276:Socialization 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10157: 10152: 10142: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10066: 10061: 10053: 10048: 10046: 10041: 10039: 10034: 10033: 10030: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9959:Communization 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9928:Now and After 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9851:Nestor Makhno 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9796:Carlo Cafiero 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9770: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9590: 9585: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9345:Birth control 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9120:Constitutions 9118: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8924: 8919: 8918: 8917:Années folles 8913: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8879:Second Empire 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8857:July Monarchy 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756:Ancien Régime 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8548: 8543: 8541: 8536: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8359:Affiche Rouge 8355: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8314:Paris Commune 8308: 8303: 8301: 8296: 8294: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8278: 8274: 8273:Bohdan Poręba 8270: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8253:Paris Commune 8251: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8242:Paris Commune 8240: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8126:Ross, Kristin 8123: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8095:David A. Bell 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8047:. Princeton: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7995:2-02-055465-8 7991: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7785:3-593-32607-8 7782: 7778: 7771: 7767: 7765:2-213-01825-1 7761: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7686:0-413-28110-8 7682: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7656:2-262-00299-1 7652: 7648: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7552: 7551:9781604868418 7548: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7510:public domain 7497: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7454: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7398: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7341: 7332: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7299: 7282: 7278: 7277:New Statesman 7274: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7232: 7215: 7211: 7209:9781444780307 7205: 7201: 7200: 7192: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7102: 7100: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7060: 7053: 7047: 7040: 7039:History Today 7036: 7030: 7014: 7011:(in French). 7010: 7006: 7000: 6991: 6984: 6983:Rougerie 2004 6979: 6977: 6968: 6966:9781139053600 6962: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6884: 6882:9782707113412 6878: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6828:9780521358569 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6719: 6711: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6596: 6589: 6588: 6580: 6573: 6572:Rougerie 2004 6568: 6561: 6555: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6526:Thomas, Édith 6521: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6436:, 1 June 1871 6435: 6431: 6428: 6423: 6417:, 25 May 1871 6416: 6412: 6409: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6373: 6372:2-07-036141-1 6369: 6363: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6344: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6285:0-395-86761-4 6282: 6278: 6272: 6263: 6256:. p. 20. 6255: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6169: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6143: 6141: 6133: 6132:Rougerie 2014 6128: 6121: 6116: 6109: 6104: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5900: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5665:Zola, Emile, 5662: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5482: 5477: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5400:9780465020171 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5261:Rougerie 2014 5257: 5250: 5245: 5239:, p. 97. 5238: 5233: 5227:, Chapter 18. 5226: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5178: 5172:, p. 77. 5171: 5166: 5160:, p. 45. 5159: 5154: 5148:, p. 35. 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5124:, p. 76. 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5100:, p. 19. 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5038:, Chapter 17. 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4976:Rougerie 2014 4972: 4966:, p. 39. 4965: 4964:Rougerie 2014 4960: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4902: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4862:9780773583856 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4834: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4749: 4743:, p. 65. 4742: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4724:Rougerie 2004 4720: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4678:Rougerie 2014 4674: 4672: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4523:January Storm 4521: 4519: 4518:Paul Verlaine 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:Élisée Reclus 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4478:Édouard Manet 4476: 4474: 4473:Paul Lafargue 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4419:France portal 4409: 4406: 4400: 4395: 4392: 4381: 4378: 4367: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4339:graphic novel 4336: 4335:Jacques Tardi 4332: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4293: 4289: 4288:Ritwik Ghatak 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4237:Novyy Vavilon 4233: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4201:Peter Watkins 4198: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4176:Paris Commune 4172: 4171:The Civilians 4168: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4153:Arthur Adamov 4150: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4127:Nordahl Grieg 4124: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4033: 4029: 4028:Prix Goncourt 4025: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3885:Louise Michel 3883: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3868:Saint-Gratien 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3848:Place Vendome 3845: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3795:Radical Party 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785:Les Invalides 3782: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3767:Leon Gambetta 3764: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3678:Saint-Étienne 3675: 3674:Saint-Étienne 3672: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3639: 3637: 3634:According to 3632: 3628: 3625: 3624:New Caledonia 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3521: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452:Carlo Cafiero 3449: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3355:Avel Enukidze 3352: 3349:is at right, 3348: 3342: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3298:David Thomson 3294: 3292: 3291:Alain Plessis 3287: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3259: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3115:Louise Michel 3112: 3109: 3105: 3104:Elisée Reclus 3101: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3021:On 23 April, 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2965:Michele Audin 2961: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:Alfred Cobban 2902: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2804: 2790: 2783: 2782:Eugène Varlin 2779: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2738: 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Tawney 15310:Karl Polanyi 15185:James Larkin 15050:Noam Chomsky 14776:Pyotr Lavrov 14756:Karl Kautsky 14751:Mother Jones 14731:Charles Hall 14721:Emma Goldman 14691:Claire Démar 14621:August Bebel 14415:Basic income 13918: 13794:Luxemburgism 13745:Neozapatismo 13693:Collectivist 13543:21st century 13384:LGBTQ rights 13342:Anti-fascism 13228:Soviet Union 12609:Gift economy 12568:Wage slavery 12420: 12413: 12399: 12312:Anti-statism 12302:Anti-fascism 12207:South Africa 11707:Pi i Margall 11404: 11255: 11216:Anarcho-punk 11203: 11178:Wage slavery 11143:Gift economy 11038:Postcolonial 11020:Contemporary 10973:Independence 10920:Collectivist 10839:Love and sex 10668:Deep ecology 10603:Anationalism 10438:Chris Pallis 10428:Robin Hahnel 10423:Paul Goodman 10408:Noam Chomsky 10134:Situationism 9836:Emma Goldman 9759:Wage slavery 9709:Gift economy 9632:Anti-statism 9450:Coat of arms 9440:Architecture 9412:Social class 9370:Homelessness 9355:Demographics 9309:Trade unions 9242:Central bank 9184:criminal law 9147:Human rights 9130:presidential 8974:Algerian War 8957:Contemporary 8931:Vichy France 8926:World War II 8896:Belle Époque 8829:First Empire 8731:Early Modern 8702:West Francia 8501: 8492: 8405: 8385:Lyon Commune 8357: 8313: 8245: 8207:by Paul Dorn 8199:C.L.R. James 8187: 8129: 8103: 8078: 8043: 8039:Avrich, Paul 8022: 8004: 7985: 7962: 7944: 7925: 7907: 7903: 7884: 7880: 7867: 7863: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7822: 7811:. Retrieved 7793: 7776: 7755: 7737: 7726:. Retrieved 7706: 7694: 7676: 7666: 7646: 7638: 7618: 7606:Ghostarchive 7604:Archived at 7600: 7588:. Retrieved 7574: 7566: 7542: 7533: 7522: 7496: 7484:. Retrieved 7460: 7453: 7433: 7421: 7409: 7397: 7381: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7331: 7319:. Retrieved 7285:. Retrieved 7266: 7254:. Retrieved 7245:The Guardian 7243: 7218:. Retrieved 7198: 7191: 7179:. Retrieved 7147: 7140: 7108: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7017:. Retrieved 7008: 6999: 6990: 6956: 6950: 6927: 6921: 6909:. Retrieved 6900: 6891: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6843: 6837: 6814: 6808: 6785: 6779: 6767: 6752: 6747: 6732: 6727: 6718: 6677: 6657: 6653: 6648:– via 6642:. Retrieved 6628: 6614: 6602:. Retrieved 6586: 6579: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6530: 6520: 6502: 6483: 6471:. 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Retrieved 4577:the original 4567: 4513:Jules Vallès 4508:Louis Rossel 4353: 4342: 4327: 4317: 4276:film studies 4264: 4258: 4252: 4249:Ken McMullen 4229: 4214: 4210:Edvard Munch 4208: 4190: 4174: 4159: 4144: 4130: 4118: 4105:Jason Barker 4100:Marx Returns 4098: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4045:Jules Vallès 4043:, edited by 4036: 4019: 4016:Jean Vautrin 3997: 3985: 3968: 3954: 3944: 3943:, editor of 3941:Jules Vallès 3895:Soviet Union 3820:penal colony 3816: 3809:, restoring 3725:Other cities 3724: 3702: 3683: 3673: 3655: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3616:Anne Hidalgo 3613: 3603: 3567: 3517: 3490: 3464: 3456:Andrea Costa 3444:Paul Brousse 3441: 3433:Soviet Union 3421: 3403:Commissaires 3395: 3364: 3357:fourth, and 3329: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3277: 3254:Commune, or 3252: 3240: 3230: 3211: 3205: 3197: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3168: 3154:, and later 3133: 3113: 3089: 3077: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3020: 3015: 3001: 2970: 2962: 2957:Robert Tombs 2950: 2929: 2916: 2901:Pierre Milza 2897: 2893:Robert Tombs 2882: 2875: 2858: 2846: 2833: 2813: 2787: 2767:Mazas Prison 2747: 2707: 2699:strongpoints 2684: 2671: 2632: 2600: 2596:Parc Monceau 2569: 2553:Palais-Royal 2517: 2513: 2506:Fire at The 2490: 2488:, author of 2479: 2461: 2434: 2419: 2409: 2376:Quai d'Orsay 2361: 2345:Place Clichy 2341:Parc Monceau 2321: 2318: 2309: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2261: 2257: 2241: 2211: 2143: 2139:Louis Rossel 2132: 2125: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2043: 2027:and Valles' 2009:of Pyat and 2001: 1979:Mazas Prison 1964: 1960: 1947: 1935: 1922: 1903: 1871: 1846: 1830: 1807:, whose son 1790: 1778: 1776: 1760: 1757:Jules Vallès 1748: 1746: 1727: 1682: 1670: 1619:Anne Jaclard 1603:and ran the 1598: 1545: 1530: 1499: 1462:in bakeries; 1456:child labour 1430: 1408: 1389: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1330: 1320: 1292: 1269: 1237: 1229: 1218: 1192: 1177: 1148:Joseph Vinoy 1146:and General 1141: 1128: 1125:Jules Valles 1114: 1111: 1100: 1067: 1044: 1020: 990: 981: 973: 964: 956: 937: 922: 871: 858:Montmartrean 850: 843: 824: 786: 758:Ménilmontant 750: 722: 710:Garde Mobile 691: 675: 665: 654: 635: 604: 593: 574: 562: 558: 542: 539:Demographics 513:Napoleon III 506: 496: 482: 471: 449:The various 448: 438:, old style 401: 350: 348: 293: 222: 201: 127: 122:Belligerents 106: 36: 15469:Evo Morales 15459:Kim Jong Un 15439:Hugo Chávez 15410:Howard Zinn 15400:Cornel West 15395:H. G. Wells 15365:Sun Yat-sen 15195:Jack Layton 15170:Kim Il Sung 15165:Kim Jong-il 15120:Maxim Gorky 15070:Marcel Déat 14985:Jiang Zemin 14926:Oscar Wilde 14866:George Sand 14821:Robert Owen 14746:Jean Jaurès 14636:Louis Blanc 14543:Thomas More 14505:Technocracy 14379:Trade union 14349:Revisionism 14299:Land reform 14170:Third World 14097:Nationalist 13884:Brezhnevism 13857:Nechayevism 13799:Mao-Spontex 13765:Syndicalist 13755:Communalism 13750:Platformism 13703:Free-market 13674:Libertarian 13660:Technocracy 13610:Nationalist 13588:Syndicalism 13426:Trade union 13218:Philippines 12669:Pre-Marxist 12662:Libertarian 12222:Switzerland 12182:Puerto Rico 12167:Philippines 12132:New Zealand 12127:Netherlands 11997:El Salvador 11832:Periodicals 11395:Tragic Week 11268:Lifestylism 11163:Mutual bank 11118:Cooperative 11083:Platformism 11033:Free-market 10961:Primitivist 10844:Nationalism 10773:Somatherapy 10683:Freethought 10523:Syndicalism 10451:Significant 10241:Communalism 9887:Platformism 9560:WikiProject 9375:Immigration 9365:Health care 9227:Agriculture 9179:enforcement 8936:Free France 8905:World War I 8852:Restoration 8839:Late Modern 8709:Middle Ages 8684:Middle Ages 8669:Celtic Gaul 8503:Pétroleuses 8447:Fort d'Issy 8213:(in French) 8169:(in French) 8051:. pp.  7872:Verso Books 7797:. Picador. 7773:(in German) 7631:Works cited 7519:Pyat, Felix 7486:14 December 7426:Guiral 1986 7402:Milza 2009a 7369:Milza 2009a 7357:Milza 2009a 7345:Milza 2009a 6558:Karl Marx, 6396:Milza 2009a 6120:Milza 2009a 6108:Milza 2009a 6084:Milza 2009a 6060:Milza 2009a 6048:Milza 2009a 6036:Milza 2009a 6012:Milza 2009a 6000:Milza 2009a 5988:Milza 2009a 5955:Milza 2009a 5943:Milza 2009a 5841:Milza 2009a 5831:22 May 1871 5810:Milza 2009a 5795:Milza 2009a 5768:Milza 2009a 5756:Milza 2009a 5744:Milza 2009a 5703:Milza 2009a 5691:Milza 2009a 5679:Milza 2009a 5654:Milza 2009a 5639:Milza 2009a 5627:Milza 2009a 5615:Milza 2009a 5603:Milza 2009a 5591:Milza 2009a 5579:Milza 2009a 5567:Milza 2009a 5553:Karl Marx: 5325:Milza 2009a 5313:Milza 2009a 5301:Milza 2009a 5249:Milza 2009a 5237:Milza 2009a 5170:Milza 2009a 5158:Milza 2009a 5146:Milza 2009a 5122:Milza 2009a 5098:Milza 2009a 5086:Milza 2009a 5074:Milza 2009a 5059:14 November 5024:Milza 2009a 5012:Milza 2009a 5000:Milza 2009b 4988:Milza 2009b 4952:Milza 2009a 4940:Milza 2009b 4928:Milza 2009b 4916:Milza 2009b 4901:Milza 2009b 4889:Milza 2009b 4815:18 November 4741:Milza 2009a 4712:Milza 2009a 4603:Milza 2009a 4488:Felix Nadar 4453:Leó Frankel 4265:Ghost Dance 4257:(1983) and 4254:Ghost Dance 4084:G. A. Henty 4078:(1895, AKA 4058:Umberto Eco 3914:Victor Hugo 3860:Bloody Week 3803:World War I 3771:Victor Hugo 3763:Jules Ferry 3609:Khmer Rouge 3595:Shengwulian 3523: [ 3482: [ 3280:J.P.T. Bury 3266:pétroleuses 3258:pétroleuses 3201:class enemy 3162:" and the " 3059:Victor Hugo 3023:George Sand 2953:Paul Lidsky 2878:Bloody Week 2850:in absentia 2604:La Roquette 2441:Paul Brunel 2349:Félix Douay 1897:" and the " 1805:Victor Hugo 1623:Dostoyevsky 1568:Paule Minck 1536:pétroleuses 1284: [ 1055:Louis Blanc 1051:Jules Ferry 994:Jules Favre 960:La Chapelle 904:, parts of 762:La Villette 694:French Army 607:Victor Noir 554:legitimists 550:Bonapartist 474:1,054 women 420:child labor 404:progressive 396:French Army 321:Fort d'Issy 142:French Army 15666:1871 riots 15640:Categories 15576:Categories 15479:Xi Jinping 15415:J. Posadas 15085:John Dewey 15075:Guy Debord 14995:Jyoti Basu 14876:Eugène Sue 14190:and issues 14188:Key topics 14165:Sri Lankan 14138:Melanesian 14133:Indonesian 14082:Bolivarian 14004:Lassallism 13992:Tkachevism 13869:Bolshevism 13843:from above 13828:Third camp 13804:Trotskyism 13679:from below 13645:Icarianism 13640:Fourierism 13625:Scientific 13558:Democratic 13533:Schools of 13035:Berlinguer 12925:Khrushchev 12342:Dual Power 12327:Autonomism 12322:Autarchism 11982:East Timor 11952:Costa Rica 11897:Bangladesh 11892:Azerbaijan 11602:Feyerabend 11241:Freeganism 10891:Illegalist 10829:Capitalism 10768:Sociocracy 10738:Revolution 10703:Mutual aid 10633:Black bloc 10374:Otto Rühle 10208:Mutual aid 10109:Autonomism 10070:of thought 9954:Autonomism 9719:Mutual aid 9503:Philosophy 9488:Literature 9400:secularism 9196:Parliament 8991:2005 riots 8941:Liberation 8807:Revolution 8674:Roman Gaul 8659:Prehistory 8615:Journalism 8472:Communards 8426:Courbevoie 8343:Precursors 8326:Chronology 7590:4 December 7390:2251604197 7112:. Ithaca: 7090:1156439609 7070:. Durham: 6941:0003271331 6853:0003271331 6296:Tombs 2009 6277:Gettysburg 6223:, Moscow, 6157:La Commune 6072:Tombs 2009 5783:Tombs 2009 5729:2 February 5539:. Camden: 5487:L'Humanité 5225:Horne 2012 5199:0300084072 5036:Horne 2012 4560:References 4458:André Gill 4314:Luigi Nono 4215:La Commune 4194:La Commune 4173:performed 4121:Nederlaget 3994:Guy Endore 3972:La Débâcle 3965:Émile Zola 3902:In fiction 3844:Felix Pyat 3835:Félix Pyat 3813:to France. 3729:Le Creusot 3582:Mao Zedong 3553:, and the 3475:Montmartre 3422:Sevastopol 3416:Bolsheviks 3278:Historian 3210:published 3208:Mao Zedong 3185:Bolsheviks 3140:grassroots 3096:mutualists 3086:Anarchists 3066:Émile Zola 3043:Sebastopol 2864:Casualties 2854:Félix Pyat 2557:Notre-Dame 2539:, and the 2457:rue du Bac 2426:rue Royale 2415:Montmartre 2381:rue du Bac 2370:, and the 2325:boulevards 2249:city gates 2200:See also: 2190:Saint Ouen 2150:Montretout 2024:La Justice 2018:La Commune 2006:Le Vengeur 1983:Émile Zola 1878:Napoleon I 1732:Le Gaulois 1632:La Sociale 1593:La Marmite 1517:vivandière 1509:pétroleuse 1460:night work 1380:Freemasons 1344:See also: 1195:Belleville 1184:Montmartre 1107:Belleville 1074:Versailles 1047:Orléanists 1004:See also: 835:Félix Pyat 831:Le Bourget 772:, and the 754:Belleville 682:Blanquists 451:Communards 422:, and the 363:pronounced 306:Courbevoie 156:Communards 15527:Communism 15522:Anarchism 15449:Hu Jintao 15270:Imre Nagy 15055:M. 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Roy 15015:Léon Blum 15010:Tony Benn 14945:Tariq Ali 14801:Karl Marx 14405:Adhocracy 14344:Reformism 14232:Democracy 14102:Chiangist 14092:Communist 14039:communism 14034:anarchism 14029:Christian 14016:Religious 13973:Stalinism 13899:Guevarism 13889:Castroism 13864:Blanquism 13740:Mutualism 13698:Communist 13688:Anarchism 13615:Reformist 13583:Labourism 13553:Communist 13511:Socialism 13406:Red Scare 13289:Criticism 13169:By region 13150:Hatherley 12980:Althusser 12915:Togliatti 12865:Kollontai 12860:Luxemburg 12845:Pannekoek 12840:Malatesta 12835:Kropotkin 12691:Christian 12686:Religious 12681:Primitive 12647:Anarchist 12629:Use value 12597:Economics 12464:Communism 12382:Socialism 12332:Communism 12267:Venezuela 12202:Singapore 12137:Nicaragua 12062:Indonesia 12042:Hong Kong 12037:Guatemala 11882:Australia 11872:Argentina 11843:By region 11827:Musicians 11732:Santillán 11682:Malatesta 11652:Kropotkin 11632:Guillaume 11312:Symbolism 11226:DIY ethic 11103:Economics 11048:Post-left 10993:Christian 10988:Religious 10925:Communist 10910:Mutualist 10874:Classical 10834:Education 10783:Squatting 10743:Rewilding 10678:Free love 10570:Anarchism 10518:Socialism 10498:Communism 10077:Anarchism 10017:Socialism 10007:Communism 9997:Anarchism 9949:Anarchism 9360:Education 9314:Transport 9164:Judiciary 9125:Elections 9079:Mountains 9037:Geography 8783:Louis XIV 8573:Overviews 7965:. 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