724:
47:
1324:
772:
235:
243:
740:
756:
69:
200:. They can vary in colour and form significantly based on their altitude. They also exhibit altitudinal melananism, a high-altitude adaptation. They have dark bodies and darker coloring at the base of their wings, which allows them to absorb solar energy more quickly.
723:
1912:
1626:
Michel, F.; Rebourg, C.; Cosson, E. & Descimon, H. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of
Parnassiinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on the sequences of four mitochondrial DNA segments".
1417:: Specimens largely determined by Curt Eisner types listed in Ackery, P. R. (1973): A list of the type-specimens of Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in the British Museum (Natural History).
280:
that seals the female genitalia after mating. This is believed to ensure the success of the male and to prevent other males from mating and avoids sperm competition.
1750:
1372:) and the ancestor of the remaining seven subgenera. The existence of the subgenera is confirmed by molecular phylogenies. Six of the other subgenera have
2011:
1407:. Leiden. E.J.Brill, 1966. 190 pp. Col.frontispiece & 84 plts.(Zool. Verh. RMNH, 81). Review of worldwide species of Parnassiidae, 719
1649:
2050:
1600:"Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and taxonomic ranking of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) based on morphology and seven genes"
1577:
Keyghobadi, N., Roland, J. & Strobeck, C. (1999). "Influence of landscape on the population genetic structure of the alpine butterfly
1539:
1537:
Ehrlich, A. H. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1978). "Reproductive strategies in the butterflies: I. Mating frequency, plugging, and egg number".
1760:
1611:
1437:
1985:
2024:
1783:
1768:
1755:
1722:
Korb, S., 2020 An annotated checklist of the tribus
Parnassiini sensu Korshunov of the Old World (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae)
1657:
771:
2029:
1422:
1682:
1964:
276:
butterflies also have a peculiar reproductive strategy in that the male has special accessory glands that produce a
2055:
1977:
1469:
1414:
739:
2037:
1392:
261:
species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the
755:
46:
1884:
1889:
586:
68:
20:
2096:
1556:
Dechaine, Eric G. & Martin, Andrew P. (2004). "Historic Cycles of
Fragmentation and Expansion in
1493:
1346:
Salvin 1893, rather than belonging to an outgroup
Baroniinae belongs to Parnassiini, together with
712:
1323:
1643:
1337:
691:
684:
544:
537:
266:
1814:
670:
635:
481:
446:
411:
2016:
2101:
1599:
1267:
730:
698:
677:
523:
488:
460:
390:
369:
348:
295:. Their patchy distribution and restricted migration makes them vulnerable to the effects of
262:
234:
226:. Unlike most butterflies that have exposed pupae, they pupate inside a loose silken cocoon.
130:
2068:
269:. The exact number of species within the genus is disputed and numbers range from 38 to 47.
1933:
1861:
1852:
1789:
1328:
892:
875:
778:
762:
663:
621:
600:
579:
572:
551:
530:
516:
474:
8:
2091:
1342:
819:
705:
656:
642:
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502:
439:
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418:
404:
355:
320:
288:
628:
614:
467:
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334:
242:
63:
55:
2063:
1920:
1678:
1653:
746:
593:
558:
509:
383:
341:
327:
251:
167:
299:
and considerable colour variations can exist in individuals from different regions.
1866:
1441:
1381:
607:
1925:
1765:
1772:
1615:
1448:
1966. Les types et typoides de
Parnassius (s.l.) se trouvant au Museum de Paris.
649:
495:
313:
2042:
1514:
1972:
1959:
1837:
1494:"A guide to the genera and species of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)"
1400:
284:
2085:
1445:
1427:
1369:
296:
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1348:
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1998:
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277:
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189:
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120:
1990:
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1645:
Threatened
Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book
976:
918:
223:
222:
families, and like the other swallowtail butterfly larvae, possess an
188:
is a genus of northern circumpolar and montane (alpine and
Himalayan)
2003:
1946:
1526:
1100:
1000:
952:
292:
100:
80:
27:
1808:
1951:
1897:
1831:
173:
1376:
as the larval food plant, while the larvae of the remaining genus
1062:
283:
Butterflies of this genus have been widely used models to study
110:
90:
1938:
1468:
Katoh, T.; Chichvarkhin, A.; Yagi, T. & Omoto, K. (2005).
1434:
collection: Type list available on CD (Nash, R and Eisner, C.)
1598:
Nazari, V.; Zakharov, E. V. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2007).
1408:
1710:
Catalogue of the
Butterflies of the United States and Canada
1799:
1498:
Bulletin of the
British Museum (Natural History) Entomology
1419:
Bulletin of the
British Museum (Natural History) Entomology
265:. The phylogeny of the group is still under study using
1474:: inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences".
214:
The larvae feed on species of plants belonging to the
1470:"Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus
1356:. Secondly that the earliest split within the genus
1560:(Papilionidae) Inferred Using Mitochondrial DNA".
2083:
1364:(the 'apollo' group, whose caterpillars feed on
1677:Tshikolovets, Kiev 64 col plates, maps, figs
1450:Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France
1252:Other names that are no longer valid include:
1642:Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985).
1641:
1628:Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
1405:Parnassiidae-Typen in der Sammlung J.C.Eisner
1318:
229:
1521:. Version 7 July 2006 (under construction).
1540:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1662:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1393:National Museum of Natural History, Leiden
45:
1395:, (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie)
1689:Butterflies through Binoculars, The West
1386:
1322:
241:
233:
1452:71 95-103, 163-166. 9 229-233, 304-309.
238:Species differences in female genitalia
2084:
1703:Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies
1694:Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H.
1675:Parnassius of Tibet and Adjacent Areas
1340:study from 2008 suggests firstly that
1813:
1812:
1701:James, David G. and Nunnallee, David
1604:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1978:aab82986-2008-4b84-803a-eb67575eacd2
1438:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
1308:. (Illiger) 6: 283 - type species:
1147:. 24 (6): 185, 199 - type species:
13:
1667:
14:
2113:
1730:
1242:65: 630, 673-674 - type species:
1103:are recognized within the genus:
770:
754:
738:
722:
67:
1696:Butterflies of British Columbia
1421:29 (1) (9.XI.1973): 1—35, 1 pl.
1794:at Butterflies of the Americas
1726:Sibirica ISSN : 2412-1908
1620:
1592:
1571:
1550:
1531:
1507:
1486:
1462:
1415:Natural History Museum, London
1204:, 5 (53): 120 - type species:
1185:, 5 (53): 118 - type species:
1166:, 5 (53): 116 - type species:
203:Although classified under the
1:
1756:Images with text in Japanese.
1456:
1266:. (6): 90 (or misspelled or
1223:65: 538-540 - type species:
1089:A proposed phylogeny of the
205:swallowtail butterfly family
7:
1717:The Butterflies of Cascadia
786:
10:
2118:
1319:Evolutionary relationships
587:Parnassius nandadevinensis
302:
230:Identification and ecology
25:
18:
1821:
1648:. Gland & Cambridge:
1440:, Paris: Types listed by
1058:
1014:
997:
990:
973:
966:
949:
942:
915:
889:
872:
865:
858:
833:
816:
809:
801:
211:species possesses tails.
165:
158:
64:Scientific classification
62:
53:
44:
37:
26:For the plant genus, see
1523:Tree of Life Web Project
1513:Nazari, Vazrick (2006).
713:Parnassius tianschanicus
249:(mating plug) in female
19:Not to be confused with
1264:Verz. bekannter Schmett
692:Parnassius stubbendorfi
685:Parnassius stoliczkanus
545:Parnassius kiritshenkoi
538:Parnassius jacquemontii
1786:Genetic (DNA) vouchers
1492:Ackery, P. R. (1975).
1338:molecular phylogenetic
1333:
1289:.: 75 - type species:
1187:Parnassius charltonius
671:Parnassius staudingeri
636:Parnassius przewalskii
482:Parnassius hannyngtoni
447:Parnassius dongalaicus
412:Parnassius charltonius
255:
239:
1766:GloBIS/Gart Checklist
1761:Photos de Parnassidae
1751:Type specimens at ETH
1715:Pyle, Robert Michael
1614:June 6, 2011, at the
1403:listed in Eisner, C.
1387:Important collections
1326:
1287:Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb
1225:Parnassius hardwickii
1145:Nouv. Dict. Hist. nat
731:Parnassius eversmanni
699:Parnassius szechenyii
678:Parnassius stenosemus
524:Parnassius inopinatus
489:Parnassius hardwickii
461:Parnassius eversmanni
391:Parnassius boedromius
370:Parnassius autocrator
349:Parnassius apollonius
245:
237:
1973:Fauna Europaea (new)
1780:Includes type images
1579:Parnassius smintheus
1558:Parnassius smintheus
1360:is between subgenus
1329:Parnassius mnemosyne
1306:Magazin f. Insektenk
1244:Parnassius imperator
1093:and related groups.
893:Doritites bosniackii
779:Parnassius mnemosyne
763:Parnassius glacialis
664:Parnassius smintheus
622:Parnassius patricius
601:Parnassius nordmanni
580:Parnassius mnemosyne
573:Parnassius maximinus
552:Parnassius labeyriei
531:Parnassius jacobsoni
517:Parnassius imperator
475:Parnassius glacialis
267:molecular techniques
1687:Glassberg, Jeffrey
1343:Baronia brevicornis
1270:?) - type species:
1206:Parnassius delphius
1130:Parnassius tenedius
706:Parnassius tenedius
657:Parnassius simonius
643:Parnassius schultei
566:Parnassius maharaja
503:Parnassius honrathi
440:Parnassius delphius
433:Parnassius davydovi
419:Parnassius cephalus
405:Parnassius cardinal
356:Parnassius arcticus
321:Parnassius acdestis
289:population genetics
1771:2010-09-09 at the
1477:Zoological Science
1334:
1202:Lepidoptera Indica
1183:Lepidoptera Indica
1164:Lepidoptera Indica
629:Parnassius phoebus
615:Parnassius orleans
468:Parnassius felderi
454:Parnassius epaphus
426:Parnassius clodius
398:Parnassius bremeri
377:Parnassius baileyi
363:Parnassius ariadne
335:Parnassius andreji
256:
240:
56:Parnassius phoebus
2079:
2078:
2064:Open Tree of Life
1815:Taxon identifiers
1708:Pelham, Jonathan
1659:978-2-88032-603-6
1583:Molecular Ecology
1581:(Papilionidae)".
1314:
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1115:Papilio mnemosyne
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903:
846:
845:
747:Parnassius apollo
594:Parnassius nomion
559:Parnassius loxias
510:Parnassius huberi
384:Parnassius behrii
342:Parnassius apollo
328:Parnassius actius
307:Species include:
252:Parnassius apollo
192:usually known as
181:
180:
2109:
2097:Butterfly genera
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2058:
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1673:Kocman, S. 2009
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1368:, exceptionally
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72:
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16:Genus of insects
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1778:GloBIS Database
1773:Wayback Machine
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1668:Further reading
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1616:Wayback Machine
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1141:Latreille, 1804
1133:Eversmann, 1851
1126:Korshunov, 1988
1111:Korshunov, 1988
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650:Parnassius simo
496:Parnassius hide
314:Parnassius acco
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285:metapopulations
232:
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1283:Billberg, 1820
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1272:Papilio apollo
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1330:
1325:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1240:Das Tierreich
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1221:Das Tierreich
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1106:
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1104:
1102:
1092:
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1056:
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1034:
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1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
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1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
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995:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
978:
971:
970:
964:
963:
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955:
954:
947:
946:
939:
938:
935:
934:
926:
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922:
921:
920:
913:
912:
909:
908:
900:
899:
896:
895:
894:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
877:
870:
869:
863:
862:
856:Luehdorfiini
855:
854:
851:
850:
842:
841:
838:
837:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
821:
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813:
806:
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798:
797:
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792:
781:
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773:
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764:
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689:
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654:
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647:
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633:
631:
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626:
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623:
619:
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616:
612:
610:
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605:
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598:
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584:
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563:
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560:
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388:
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367:
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336:
332:
330:
329:
325:
323:
322:
318:
316:
315:
311:
310:
308:
300:
298:
297:genetic drift
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
254:
253:
248:
244:
236:
227:
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65:
61:
58:
57:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
33:
29:
22:
2102:Papilionidae
1822:
1803:of the World
1800:
1791:
1744:
1738:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1674:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1589:: 1481–1495.
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:(1): 113–127
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1483:(3): 343-51.
1480:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1449:
1442:Bernardi, G.
1418:
1404:
1399:collection:
1377:
1366:Crassulaceae
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:Hypermnestra
1347:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:Papilio acco
1167:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1098:
1090:
1061:
1059:
1018:Allancastria
1016:
1015:
999:
998:
975:
974:
951:
950:
917:
916:
891:
890:
874:
873:
835:
834:
820:Hypermnestra
818:
817:
807:Parnassiini
799:Parnassinae
777:
761:
745:
729:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
319:
312:
306:
282:
273:
271:
258:
257:
250:
220:Crassulaceae
216:Papaveraceae
213:
208:
202:
198:snow Apollos
197:
193:
184:
183:
182:
166:
160:Type species
151:
150:
131:Papilionidae
54:
38:
32:
1999:iNaturalist
1847:Wikispecies
1745:Insecta.pro
1610:: 131-156.
1432:H.M Peebles
1430:, Belfast,
1397:Curt Eisner
1378:Kreizbergia
1374:Fumariaceae
1332:caterpillar
940:Zerythiini
278:mating plug
190:butterflies
141:Parnassiini
121:Lepidoptera
2092:Parnassius
2086:Categories
1867:Parnassius
1853:Parnassius
1823:Parnassius
1801:Parnassius
1792:Parnassius
1739:Parnassius
1634:(1): 1-36.
1547:: 666-697.
1517:Parnassius
1472:Parnassius
1457:References
1446:Viette, P.
1362:Parnassius
1358:Parnassius
1354:Parnassius
1236:Bryk, 1935
1233:Eukoramius
1217:Bryk, 1935
1138:Parnassius
1091:Parnassius
977:Bhutanitis
919:Luehdorfia
836:Parnassius
274:Parnassius
259:Parnassius
224:osmeterium
209:Parnassius
185:Parnassius
152:Parnassius
101:Arthropoda
39:Parnassius
1910:ButMoth:
1630:. (n.s.)
1562:Evolution
1527:cladogram
1411:included.
1257:Parnassis
1214:Lingamius
1209:Eversmann
1176:Kailasius
1101:subgenera
1001:Zerynthia
953:Sericinus
293:gene flow
263:genitalia
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
28:Parnassia
21:Parnassus
1898:BugGuide
1874:BioLib:
1838:Q1766885
1832:Wikidata
1769:Archived
1612:Archived
1525:. Shows
1380:feed on
1313:Linnaeus
1294:Linnaeus
1275:Linnaeus
1260:Hübner,
1247:Oberthür
1195:Koramius
1152:Linnaeus
787:Synonymy
247:Sphragis
174:Linnaeus
127:Family:
97:Phylum:
91:Animalia
77:Domain:
2017:1326989
1991:1938238
1913:21917.0
1737:"Genus
1299:Doritis
1280:Therius
1268:emended
1198:Moore,
1179:Moore,
1157:Tadumia
1123:Sachaia
1063:Thaites
303:Species
194:Apollos
147:Genus:
137:Tribe:
117:Order:
111:Insecta
107:Class:
2069:144693
2030:777518
1965:440693
1952:1PRNSG
1796:Images
1790:Genus
1719:(2002)
1712:(2008)
1705:(2011)
1698:(2001)
1691:(2001)
1681:
1656:
1444:, and
1160:Moore
1108:Driopa
1099:Eight
876:Archon
176:, 1758
2056:42291
2012:IRMNG
2004:57486
1939:15298
1903:23999
1877:51291
1401:Types
2051:NCBI
2025:ITIS
1986:GBIF
1947:EPPO
1926:6HYL
1890:6843
1885:BOLD
1679:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1650:IUCN
1409:taxa
1352:and
1228:Gray
1190:Gray
1171:Gray
291:and
272:The
218:and
2038:NBN
1934:EoL
1921:CoL
1862:ADW
1784:NSG
1504:(4)
1423:pdf
196:or
2088::
2066::
2053::
2040::
2027::
2014::
2001::
1988::
1975::
1962::
1949::
1936::
1923::
1900::
1887::
1864::
1849::
1834::
1743:.
1652:.
1632:44
1608:42
1606:.
1602:.
1585:.
1566:58
1564:.
1545:51
1543:.
1502:31
1500:.
1496:.
1481:22
1479:.
1336:A
1304:;
1285:;
1262:;
1238:;
1219:;
1200:;
1181:;
1162:;
1143:;
1060:?
287:,
1747:.
1741:"
1587:8
1515:"
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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