Institutional Revolutionary Party

1594:

that Mexico would be capitalist in its economic model; that the masses of workers and peasants would be kept in check – as separate units and not allowed to merge into a single sector that would have too much strength; that the state and the party would be the agent for this control; and that the state and private entrepreneurs would compete in the mixed economy. So long as there was general prosperity, the system was stable economically and politically. Political balance meant that sectors had a voice within the party, but the party and the state were the arbiters of the system. Those supporting the system received material rewards that the state distributed. In this period, there was a continuing rapprochement with the United States, which built on their alliance in World War II. Although there was rhetoric about economic nationalism and defense of Mexican sovereignty, there was broad-based cooperation between the two countries.

1906:

This situation became so desperate that Lopez Portillo ordered the suspension on payments of external debt and the nationalization of the banking industry in 1982 consistent with the Socialist goals of the PRI. Capital fled Mexico at a rate never seen before in history. The Mexican government provided subsidies to staple food products and rail travel; this diminished the consequences of the crises on the populace. Job growth stagnated and millions of people migrated North to escape the economic stagnation. López Portillo's reputation plummeted and his character became the butt of jokes from the press. In his last presidential address on 1 September 1982, he nationalized foreign banks. During his campaign, López Portillo promised to defend the peso "como un perro" ("like a dog"), López Portillo refused to devalue the currency saying "The president who devalues, devalues himself."

1921: 1238:

conservative in his views, ending land reform for all practical purposes and cracking down on organized labor. Under Cárdenas, unions went on strike and were not suppressed by the government. As Cárdenas increasingly diverged in his thinking and practice from Calles, Calles sought to regain control. Cárdenas, however, had outmaneuvered Calles politically, gaining allies among labor unions and peasants as well as the Catholic Church. Calles had attempted to strictly enforce the anticlerical provisions of the Constitution, which led directly to conflict with the Catholic Church and its loyalists, so that in the conflict between the two generals, the Church sided with Cárdenas. Cárdenas had Calles arrested along with many of his allies, exiling the former president to the United States.

1378: 1097:. Calles was ineligible to run for president, since he had just completed a four-year term, because of the prohibition in the 1917 Constitution of re-election directly after serving a term as president. Calles sought to stop the violent struggle for power between the victorious factions of the Revolution, particularly around the presidential elections and to guarantee the peaceful transmission of power for members of the party. A conclave of revolutionary generals including Calles met to create a national party, forging together their various regional strongholds. They were not primarily concerned with ideology, but rather to hold power. Formally, the PNR was a political party, but it has been labeled a "confederation of 1202: 2861: 1124: 1252: 1702: 3764: 3729: 1007: 819:) of the president pointing to the next PRI candidate for the presidency, meaning the president choosing his successor. Right up to the moment the president considered optimal, several pre-candidates would attempt to demonstrate their loyalty to the President and their high competence in their respective positions, usually as prominent members of the cabinet. Until the 2000 election, the party had no direct input into the president's decision, although he could consult with constituencies. The president's decision was a closely-kept secret, even from the victor. 8636: 399: 1713:(1964–1970) ordered the army to occupy the university to suppress the mobilization and minimize the disruption of the Olympic Games. Orderly large-scale protests in downtown Mexico City showed the discontent of students and their largely middle-class supporters. As the opening ceremonies of the Olympics approached, the government sought help from the United States in dealing with the protests. Unaccustomed to this type of protest, the Mexican government made an unusual move by asking the United States for assistance, through 1863:(14,900 m/d) at the beginning of his administration to 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m/d) at the end of his administration and Mexico became the fourth largest oil producer in the world. The price for a barrel of oil also increased from three dollars in 1970 to 35 dollars in 1981. The government attempted to develop heavy industry. However, waste became the rule as centralized resource allocation and distribution systems were accompanied by inefficiently located factories incurring high transport costs. 1498: 697: 1902:

Resources, Industrial Support, Fisheries and Human Settlements and Public Works. Mexico then obtained high economic growth, a recuperation of salaries and an increase in spending on education and infrastructure. This way, social and regional inequalities started to diminish. The attempted industrialization had not been responsive to consumer needs. Therefore, unprecedented urbanization and overcrowding followed and so, substandard pre-fabricated apartment blocs had to be built in large cities.

5285: 5238: 4758: 4675: 1424:'s term of office. The sectoral representation in the party continued for the workers, peasants, and the popular sector, but the military was no longer represented by its own sector. The Mexican president was at the apex of the political system with the PRI. To reach the top of the government, as the candidate and then president of the republic, the path was only through membership and leadership in the party and government service. Within the party, there were factions, the 1819: 49: 5191: 5144: 5100: 5031: 4994: 4957: 4922: 4885: 4848: 4599: 4521: 4447: 4372: 4297: 4223: 4151: 4082: 4012: 3950: 3888: 3826: 1016: 1198:, the 1929 campaign saw the PNR's "initiation into the technology of electoral fraud, a 'science' that later became its highly refined speciality." Tactics included breaking up political meetings and insults, to the extreme of murder of Vasconcelos supporters. Ortiz Rubio won the election in a landslide, but the results would likely have been different were the election clean. The party did largely contain the political violence of former revolutionary generals. 1968: 939: 1787:, to succeed him as president. Echeverría's administration (1970–76) increased social spending, through external debt, at a time when oil production and prices were surging. However, the growth of the economy came accompanied by inflation and then by a plummeting of oil prices and increases in interest rates. Investment started fleeing the country and the peso became overvalued, to prevent a devaluation and further fleeing of investments, the 906: 1460:("cowboy") unions turned out the labor vote at election time, a guaranteed base of support for the party. During prosperous years, CTM could argue for benefits of the rank-and-file, such as higher wages, networking to provide jobs for union loyalists, and job security. The principle of no-reelection did not apply to the CTM, so that the party loyalist Velázquez provided decades of continuity even as the presidency changed every six years. 1261: 5348: 987:

not-consecutive. With that change, Obregón ran in the 1928 election and won; but before his inauguration he was assassinated by a religious fanatic. Given that Calles had just served as president, even with the constitutional change to allow a form of re-election, he was ineligible to run. The founding of a national political party that had an existence beyond elections became the mechanism to control the power through peaceful means.

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fiscal declaration. A revised, less comprehensive version of the law was accepted but it does not oblige politicians to make the three items. While it was completely legal for the deputies from the PRI to vote against such a law, some news media outlets interpreted the votes against the promulgation of such law as the political party protecting itself from the findings that could surface if such declarations were to be made.

3560: 3454: 3412: 3378: 3344: 3311: 3278: 3244: 3206: 3172: 3130: 3096: 3054: 1621: 2666: 2747:, which had already cost over 50,000 lives, would make Mexicans question on why they should "pay the price for a US drug habit". Peña Nieto denied, however, that his party would tolerate corruption, and stated he would not make deals with the cartels. In spite of Peña's words, a poll from 20 September 2016, revealed that 83% of Mexican citizens perceived the PRI as the most corrupt political party in Mexico. 1389:

the basic structure was retained. Cárdenas's calculation that the military's incorporation into the PRM would undermine its power was essentially correct, since it disappeared as a separate sector of the party, but was absorbed into the "popular" sector. The organizational change in the PNR to the PRM, and later the PRM to the PRI, were "imposed by Mexican presidents without any discussion within the party."

3000:(considered close to the National Action Party) for President, who finished in second place. The party recorded its worst result by vote share in its history, although narrowly managed to avoid its worst seat results thanks to a slight gain made in the Senate. It was also the first time in its history that the party failed to win at least 10 constituency seats in the Chamber of Deputies. 1325:, (CNC); and the middle class sector by the Federation of Unions of Workers in Service to the State (FSTSE). The party incorporated the majority of Mexicans through their mass organizations, but absent from the structure for ideological reasons were two important groups, private business interests and adherents of the Catholic Church. Those two came together in 1939 to form the 3632: 3597: 3524: 3492: 1733:

officials themselves – began to question the efficiency and morality of an authoritarian state that required violence against middle-class students to maintain its position of authority and legitimacy to govern." Intellectuals were alienated from the regime, after decades of cooperation with the government and receiving benefits for that service. The poet and essayist

970:. Bonillas had zero revolutionary credentials and no power base of his own, with the implication that Carranza intended to hold onto power after the end of his term. This would have been a violation of the no re-election principle of post-revolutionary Mexico, which had its origins in the 19th century. With the support of the revolutionary army, the Sonoran generals' 2825:(who is the cousin of Enrique Peña Nieto and whom several of his relatives have also been governors of said entity). The article claims it has been the most corrupt election in modern Mexican history, and directly blames the PRI. Despite all the evidence, Alfredo del Mazo was declared winner of the election by the electoral tribunals, and served a term as governor. 1771:, putting the long-term future of Mexican industry in doubt. Meanwhile, ubiquitous poverty combined with a dearth of agricultural investment and infrastructure caused continuous migration from rural to urban areas; in 1971, Mexican agriculture was in such a state that the country had become a net importer of food. Overvaluation of the peso led to a decline in the 2010:, obtaining 50.89% of the votes (according to official figures) versus 32% of Cárdenas. The official results were delayed, with the Secretary of the Interior (until then, the organizer of elections) blaming it on a computer system failure. Cárdenas claimed to have won and claimed such computer failure was caused by a manipulation of the system to count votes. 1571:, whose strength was in Mexico's north, garnered a majority of votes in an election, the PRI often used its control of local government to rig election results in its favor. Voter apathy was characteristic in this period, with low turnout in elections. The PRI co-opted criticism by incorporating sectors of society into its hierarchy. PRI-controlled 2949:, which was previously implicated in Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, suggesting a "modus operandi" in Mexico similar to the one in the United States. The information indicated they worked together at least until January 2018. An investigation was requested. The PRI has denied ever contracting Cambridge Analytica. 979:

only a few years after the apparent end of the Mexican Revolution, raising the specter of renewed violence. Calles succeeded Obregón in 1924, and shortly thereafter he began enforcing the restrictions on the Catholic Church in the year of 1917 Constitution, resulting in a huge rebellion by those opposed to such restrictions, known as the

1674:

demanded redress from the government. Rather than give into such demands, President Díaz Ordaz sent in riot troops to suppress the strike with brute force and arrest leaders. Two hundred doctors were fired. Díaz Ordaz's hard line on this strike by a sector of the middle class presaged even harsher suppression during the summer of 1968.

1472:), which was integral in the continued success of the PRI towards the end of the 20th century. In essence, given the PRI's overwhelming dominance, and its control of the electoral apparatus, the president chose his successor. The PRI's dominance was near-absolute at all other levels as well. It held an overwhelming majority in the 1439:

influence, along with the other sectors. The structure of the party remained sectoral, but the Alemanistas abandoned the goal that had been "the preparation of the people for the implementation of a workers' democracy and for the arrival of a socialist regime." The party slogan was changed from the PRM's "or a workers' democracy" (

5332:

fictional stand-in for Enrique Peña Nieto) from a political party (serving as a fictional stand-in for the PRI), and how he makes a deal with TV MX (which serves as a stand-in to Televisa) to manipulate the diffusion of news towards his benefit, in order to save his political career. The director made it based on the perceived

1898:, the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, an organization created "to defend democracy and all lawful political institutions and to support their development and improvement to strengthen the principle of self determination of the peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean". 2845:, because it favors the discretional usage of the army forces. The CNDH said it "endangered citizens by giving a blank check to the army" and the president to order an attack towards any group of people they consider a danger without requiring an explanation. This could include people such as social activists. 1370:

the party, Cárdenas saw it as a way to assert civilian control. He is quoted as saying, "We did not put the Army in politics. It was already there. In fact it had been dominating the situation, and we did well to reduce its voice to one in four." In general, the corporatist model is most often associated with

1612:) in 1962, metaphorically the death of the ideals of the Mexican Revolution. The fictional Cruz had been a revolutionary soldier, corrupt politician, and businessman, now on his deathbed. Considered a landmark in Latin American literature, it highlighted aspects of Mexican history and its political system. 2919:'s Baker Institute, suggesting that both vote buyouts and computer hackings were possible, citing the 1988 previous electoral fraud committed by the PRI. Bloomberg's article also suggested Meade could also receive unfair help from the over-budget amounts of money spent in publicity by incumbent president 1120:, the interim president of Mexico, for disrespecting Morones personally. It was a political gaffe for Calles, and he withdrew from the organizing committee of the party, but he turned it to his advantage in the long run, appearing to be a referee or arbiter in the party, and impartial senior statesman. 2933:

2 billion on publicity during his first five years as president, the largest publicity budget ever spent by a Mexican president. Additionally, the article noted the concerns of news journalists, 68 percent of whom claimed to not believe they had enough freedom of speech. To support the statement, the

2833:

Law 3 of 3 Anticorruption controversy: In early 2016, a controversy arose when all the Senate disputes from the PRI, voted against the "Ley 3 de 3 (Law 3 of 3)", a law that would have obligated every politician to announce three items: a public patrimonial declaration, an interests declaration, and a

2774:

PRI corrupt ex-governors declared criminals by the Mexican government: During Peña Nieto's government multiple members of the PRI political party were declared criminals by the Mexican government, which surprised the public given they were elected as PRI members and state governors within the Mexican

1948:, in which his administration was criticised for its slow and clumsy reaction, added more woe to the problems. As a result of the crisis, black markets supplied by goods stolen from the public sector appeared. Galloping inflation continued to plague the country, hitting a record high in 1987 at 159%. 1647:

was appointed president of the party and undertook serious reforms in 1964–65. PRI legislators were attempting to negate the principle of no-reelection for members of congress, which many of supported. Madrazo went further in reform attempts, seeking to democratize the electoral process for municipal

1438:

was the PRI's candidate in the 1946 elections, but he did not run unopposed. Alemán and his circle had hoped to abandon sectoral representation in the party and separate the party as an organism of the state, but there was considerable pushback from the labor sector and the CTM, which would have lost

1388:

But Cárdenas was emphatically opposed to fascism; however, he created the PRM and organized the Mexican state on authoritarian lines. That reorganization can be seen as the enduring legacy of the Cárdenas presidency. Although the PRM was reorganized into the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1946,

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on 23 June 2012, part of the reason why Peña Nieto and the PRI were voted back to the presidency after a 12-year struggle lay in the disappointment of PAN rule. Buffeted by China's economic growth and the economic recession in the United States, the annual growth of Mexico's economy between 2000 and

2631:

The PRI regained the governorship of Yucatán in 2007, and was the party with the most mayorships and state congresspeople in the elections in Yucatán (tying with the PAN in the number of deputies), Chihuahua, Durango, Aguascalientes, Veracruz, Chiapas and Oaxaca. The PRI obtained the most mayorships

2099:

at the time party president attempted a "democratic experiment" to open up the party at the level of candidates for gubernatorial and municipal elections, which would bar precandidates from campaigning for the nomination, but without a democratic tradition within the party and as basic a fact as the

1455:

became even more closely identified with the party. The more radical left of the labor movement, under Vicente Lombardo Toledano, split from the PRI, the Partido Popular. Although the party gave voice to workers' demands, since it was outside the umbrella of the PRI and lost power and influence. The

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By incorporating the military into the PRM structure, Cárdenas's aim was to make it politically dependent on the party rather than allow it to be a separate group outside the party and potentially a politically interventionist force. Although some critics questioned the military's incorporation into

1185:

was held, the first political test of the newly founded party. Calles made a speech in June 1929 saying that while the Revolution had produced achievements in the economic and social spheres that in the political sphere it was a failure. He called for a "struggle of ideas" that invited the formation

1038:

The party had two names before taking its third and current name, but its core has remained the same. It has been characterized as "in the 1960s as 'strongly dominant party', in the 1970s a 'pragmatic hegemonic state', and in the 1990s as a 'single party'". The close relationship between the PRI and

2738:

were worried about the PRI's return to power and that it could dissuade many from returning to their homeland. The vast majority of the 400,000 voters outside of Mexico voted against Peña Nieto, and said they were "shocked" that the PRI – which largely convinced them to leave Mexico – had returned.

2681:

and after ruling for most of the past century in Mexico, the PRI returned to the presidency as it had brought hopes to those who gave the PRI another chance and fear to those who worry about the old PRI tactics of making deals with the cartels in exchange for relative peace. According to an article

2079:

as cabinet members and Clouthier as cabinet coordinator. The purpose of this cabinet was to vigilate the actions of the government. Clouthier died next October in an accident with Javier Calvo, a federal deputy. The accident has been claimed by the PAN as a state assassination since then. That same

1862:

helped the economy to recover and López Portillo promised to "administer the abundance." The development of the promising oil industry was financed through external debt which reached 59 billion dollars (compared to 25 billion during Echeverría). Oil production increased from 94,000 barrels per day

1673:

The improvement of the economy had a disparate impact in different social sectors and discontent started growing within the middle class as well as the popular classes. The doctors' strike in 1965 was a manifestation of middle-class discontent. Seeking better wages and workplace conditions, doctors

1593:

rarely challenged the ideals of the Mexican Revolution. In this way, PRI rule was supported by a broad national consensus that held firm for decades, even as polarizing forces gradually worked to divide the nation in preparation for the crises of the 1970s and 1980s. The consensus specifically held

1559:

A major impact of Mexico's economic growth was urban population growth, transforming the country from a largely rural one to urban. The middle class grew substantially. The overall population of Mexico grew substantially with a greater proportion being under the age of 16. These factors combined to

1538:

policies implemented in the 1930s effectively closed off Mexico to foreign trade and speculation, so that the economy was fueled primarily by state investment and businesses were heavily reliant on government contracts. As a result of these policies, Mexico's capitalist impulses were channeled into

1463:

The PRI won every presidential election from 1929 to 1982, by well over 70 percent of the vote – margins that were usually obtained by massive electoral frauds. Toward the end of his term, the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders, selected the PRI's candidate in the

922:

When it was founded in 1929, the party structure created a means to control political power and to perpetuate it with regular elections validating the party's choice. Before the party was founded, political parties were not generally the means in which to achieve the presidency. The creation of the

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coalition, the PRI suffered a monumental legislative defeat, scoring the lowest number of seats in the party's history. Presidential candidate José Antonio Meade also only scored 16.4% of the votes, finishing in third place, while the party only managed to elect 42 deputies (down from 203 of 2015)

5833: 1905:

All this prosperity ended when the over-supply of oil in early 1982 caused oil prices to plummet and severely damaged the national economy. Interest rates skyrocketed in 1981 and external debt reached 86 billion dollars and exchange rates went from 26 to 70 pesos per dollar and inflation of 100%.

1853:

Although López Portillo's term started with economic difficulties, the discovery of significant oil reserves in Mexico allowed him to borrow funds from foreign banks to be repaid in dollars against future revenues to allocate funds for social spending immediately. The discovery of significant oil

1732:

Political life in Mexico was changed that day. 2 October 1968, the date of what is known as the Tlatelolco massacre, is a turning point in Mexican history. That date "marks a psychological departure in which Mexicans – particularly urban, well-educated citizens, intellectuals, and even government

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and workers in the Laborist Party. "The PNR is the instrument of political action by means of which Mexico's great campesino and worker masses fight to keep control of the public power in their hands, a control wrested from the landowning and privileged minorities through the great armed movement

978:

As Obregón's four-year term was ending, Calles made a bid for the presidency. De la Huerta, a fellow Sonoran, challenged Calles with a massive and bloody uprising, supported by other revolutionary generals opposed to Calles. The De la Huerta rebellion was crushed, but the outbreak of violence was

1901:

Social programs were also created through the Alliance for Production, Global Development Plan, el COPLAMAR, Mexican Nourishing System, to attain independence on food, to reform public administration. López Portillo also created the secretaries of Programming and Budgeting, Agriculture and Water

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towards the PRI, and the concept of the "cortinas de humo (smoke screens)" was explored in the Mexican black-comedy film, whose plot directly criticizes both the PRI and Televisa. Taking place in a Mexico with a tightly controlled media landscape, the plot centers around a corrupt politician (a

2612:

and evaluated by the Mexican Election Tribunal amidst a controversy, was Calderón. On 20 November that year, a group of young PRI politicians launched a movement that was set to reform and revolutionize the party. The PRI candidate failed to win a single state in the 2006 presidential election.

587:, and telecommunication industries. Furthermore his administration carried out extensive land reform and oversaw the largest campaign of land expropriation in Latin American history. With his term expiring in 1940 Cárdenas left office as the final military general of the revolution and returned 1729:

metropolis. They killed and wounded a large but unknown number of protesters. Despite that the Olympics went forward on schedule, with the president of the Olympic Committee declaring that the protests were against the Mexican government and not the Olympics themselves, so the games proceeded.

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slated for October, the government poured huge resources into preparing facilities. Mexico wanted to showcase its economic achievements and sought the international focus on the country. Maintaining an image of a prosperous and well-ordered Mexico was important for the Mexican government. In a

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large personal fortunes through their control over state-funded programs. State monopoly over key industries like electricity and telecommunication allowed a small clique of businessmen to dominate their sectors of the economy by supplying government-owned companies with goods and commodities.

2758:

faced multiple scandals and allegations of corruption. Reforma, which has conducted polls of presidential approval since 1995, revealed that Peña Nieto had received the lowest presidential approval in modern history since it had begun polling on the subject in 1995; he had received a mere 12%

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alleged that these signs were "not as bad as they look", since Mexico was more democratic, it contained a competitive export market, had a well-run economy despite the crisis, and there were tentative signs that the violence in the country may be plummeting. But if voters wanted the PRI back,

1728:

After weeks of huge and largely peaceful demonstrations in Mexico City in August and September by students and middle-class Mexicans, the government cracked down on 2 October, with army and special tactical units opening fire on a relatively small demonstration in Tlatelolco, a section of the

1237:

had no idea that Cárdenas would take his own path as he settled into the presidency. He had campaigned widely throughout the country, making a national reputation for himself and forming personal connections throughout the country outside the corridors of power. Calles had become increasingly

6080:

History books will tell you that for seven decades, from the end of the Mexican Revolution until the presidential election in 2000, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) ruled Mexico. Mis-ruled, however, is really a more accurate verb.The PRI, screened by a cleverly executed political

6275:

Perhaps the PRI's greatest achievement – as well as the strategy that allowed it to retain power for so long – was that it found a way to institutionalize the Mexican Revolution. … as paradoxical as the project might sound. Calles decided to institutionalize the Revolution and subsume its

986:

Obregón sought to run again for the presidency in 1928 to succeed Calles, but because of the principle of no-re-election in the Mexican Constitution, the two Sonorans sought a loophole to allow the former president to run. The Constitution was amended to allow re-election if the terms were

1795:

with the promise of stabilizing the economy. External debt reached the level of $ 25 billion. Unable to contain the fleeing of dollars, Echeverría allowed the peso to float for the first time on 31 August 1976, then again later and the peso lost half of its value. Echeverría designated

2579:

Montiel won the right to run against Madrazo for the candidacy but withdrew when it was made public that he and his French wife owned large properties in Europe. Madrazo and Everardo Moreno contended in the primaries which was won by the first. Madrazo then represented the PRI and the

2326:

The favorites in the primaries were Labastida and Madrazo, and the latter initiated a campaign against the first, perceived as Zedillo's candidate since many former secretaries of the interior were chosen as candidates by the president. His campaign, produced by prominent publicist

2255:, was accused in 1999 of drug trafficking. When the evidence against him became strong enough to warrant an arrest, he disappeared from the public eye two days before the end of his term, being absent at the ceremony at which he was to hand the office over to his elected successor, 897:("hauling"), the practice of trucking PRI-supporters to rallies to cheer the candidate and to polling places to cast votes – in exchange for gifts of some kind. The party would shift voting booths from one place to another, making it difficult for people to cast their votes. 1833:

faced no real opposition, not even the National Action Party, which did not field a candidate in this election due to an ideological split. The lack of the appearance of democracy in the national elections undermined the legitimacy of the system. He proposed a reform called

1355:(CNC), or National Peasant Confederation, which Cárdenas saw as a force against landowners, but it became the vehicle for patron-client / state-campesino relationships. Whether the intention or not of Cárdenas, the CNC became a means to channel and control the peasantry. 6276:

disruptive energy into a mammoth bureaucracy. Institutionalizing became the PRI's most cunning strategy of survival. Whenever it faced opposition from the outside, the party would respond by incorporating the rebellious group or individual into its massive bureaucracy.

2953:

acquired the 57-page proposal of Cambridge Analytica's outlining a strategy of collaboration to benefit the PRI by hurting MORENA's candidate López Obrador. The political party rejected Cambridge Analytica's offer but paid the firm to not help the other candidates.

1762:

By the early 1970s, fundamental issues were emerging in the industrial and agricultural sectors of Mexico's economy. Regional underdevelopment, technological shortages, lack of foreign competition, and uneven distribution of wealth led to chronic underproduction of

828:(the unveiling), that is, the announcement of the president's choice, would occur at the PRI's National Assembly (which would typically take place in November of the year previous to the elections), with losing pre-candidates learning only then themselves. Once the 1846:. This law also created positions in the lower chamber of congress for opposition parties through proportionality of votes, relative majority, uninominal and plurinominal. As a result, in 1979, the first independent (non-PRI) communist deputies were elected to the 1640:, president of the party, had been in favor of primaries, but Alemán's viewpoint prevailed and PRI candidates were chosen in closed party assemblies. Sánchez was replaced as titular head of the party, and the president of the republic remained firmly in control. 935:, who were important for the post-revolutionary history of Mexico. Their collective and then internecine struggles for power in the decade after the end of the military phase of the Mexican Revolution had a direct impact on the formation of the party in 1929. 1543:, which helped to urbanize the mostly-agrarian country, funded generous welfare subsidies for the working class, and fueled considerable advances in communication and transportation infrastructure. This period of commercial growth created a significant urban 543:

which improved the quality of life of most people and created political stability during the early decades of the party's rule, issues such as inequality, corruption, and a lack of political freedoms cultivated growing opposition against the PRI. Amid the

500:. The party was created with the intent of providing a political space in which all the surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution could participate to solve the severe political crisis caused by the assassination of president-elect 1305:

Cárdenas's intention was to establish the broad-based political alliances necessary for the party's long-term survival, as a national party with territorial presence in state and municipal governments, and organization of mass interest groups, via

1362:(CNOP), which was formed in 1943 to integrate sectors of the urban middle class into the party. Unlike the peasantry or labor, the popular sector was a more ill-defined segment, but it did include the large Federation of Unions of Civil Servants ( 6016: 1563:

The general economic prosperity served to legitimize PRI hegemony in the eyes of most Mexicans, and for decades the party faced no real opposition on any level of government. On the rare occasions when an opposition candidate, usually from the

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2012 was 1.8%. Poverty grew worse, and without a ruling majority in Congress, the PAN presidents were unable to pass structural reforms, leaving monopolies and Mexico's educational system unchanged. In 2006, Felipe Calderón chose to make the

1348:, who remained head of the CTM until his death at age 97. Within the party structure and the government, labor has had a continuous, formalized, visual corporate role, but with Velazquez's death in 1997, organized labor has fractured. 1310:. The structure he established has remained intact. He created sectors of the party and structured them into mass organizations to represent different interest groups within the party, to protect the interests of workers and peasants. 974:

successfully challenged Carranza's attempt to perpetuate his power; Carranza was killed as he was fleeing the country. De la Huerta became interim president of Mexico and Obregón was elected president for a four-year term, 1920–1924.

1344:, formed a rival labor confederation, the CTM in 1936, which became the mass organization of labor within the PRM. Lombardo stepped down from the leadership of the CTM in 1941, after Cárdenas left the presidency. He was replaced by 2032:, Mexico's president at the time of the 1988 election, admitted in 2004 that, on the evening of the election, he received news that Cárdenas was going to win by a majority, and that he and others rigged the election as a result. 1174:, who was the brother-in-law of Calles's son, and was involved with Calles family businesses, but his political views were too far to the right of the PNR to be considered. Ideology trumped family connections. The choice fell to 1635:

When Alemán became president in 1946, the PRI had begun experiments in internal primaries, but Alemán cracked down on this democratic opening and had congress pass a law against parties holding primaries. Revolutionary general

1943:

reforms, causing the number of state-owned industries to decline from 1155 to a mere 412. After the 1982 default, crisis lenders were unwilling to loan Mexico and this resulted in currency devaluations to finance spending.

1775:

industry (which had previously compensated for failures in industry and agriculture) meant that by the early 1970s, the economy had begun to falter, and they believed the only sure source of capital was external borrowing.

2877:

announced he would compete in the 2018 presidential election, representing the PRI. He was reported to have been handpicked directly by president Peña Nieto through the traditional and now controversial practice known as

5956: 1400:, with PRM victory coming via fraud after a violent campaign period. Cárdenas is said to have secured the support of the CTM and the CNC for Ávila Camacho by personally guaranteeing their interests would be respected. 1597:

Cracks appeared in the system. There was significant labor unrest with strikes by railway workers, electricians, and even medical doctors that were brutally suppressed. Culturally the mood was changing as well, with

631:

famously described Mexico under the PRI as being "the perfect dictatorship", stating: "I don't believe that there has been in Latin America any case of a system of dictatorship which has so efficiently recruited the

1994:) of the PRI, which criticized the federal government for reducing spending on social programs to increase payments on foreign debt. The members of the Democratic Current were expelled from the party and formed the 1157:

of Emilio Portes Gil, the current interim president. CROM's political arm, the Laborist Party, was not part of the coalition. The party developed a written set of principles and a platform that drew support from

2820:

published an article accusing the PRI of breaking at least 16 state laws during the elections, which were denounced 619 times. They said that all of them were broken in order to favor PRI candidate for governor

2603:

of the ruling PAN ran a more successful campaign, later surpassing Madrazo as the second favorite. Gordillo, also the teachers' union leader, resentful against Madrazo, helped a group of teachers constitute the

2598:

AMLO was by then the favorite in the polls, with many followers within the PRI. Madrazo, second at the polls, then released TV spots against AMLO with little success; his campaign was managed again by Alazraki.

1648:

candidates, which sectoral leaders and local PRI bossed opposed because it would undermine their hold on local elections. It was implemented in just seven states. Madrazo was forced to resign. Madrazo died in

2104:

resisted any attempts to reform the party. At the end of 1994, after the assassination of Colosio who had been designated the PRI presidential candidate, the party did move toward greater internal democracy.

1560:

decrease the pull of the past. The policies promoting industrial growth helped fuel the growth of Mexico's north as a center of economic dynamism, with the city of Monterrey becoming Mexico's second-largest.

1450:

In practice after Cárdenas left office, the party became more centrist, and his more radical agrarian policies were abandoned. With Lombardo Toledano's replacement as leader of the CTM, labor under the CTM's

8533: 2338:

The growth of the PAN and PRD parties culminated in 2000, when the PAN won the presidency, and again in 2006 (won this time by the PAN with a small margin over the PRD.) Many prominent members of the PAN

1721:(CIA) of the US to obtain information from Mexico. The CIA responded by sending military radios, weapons and ammunition. The LITEMPO had previously provided the Díaz Ordaz government with 1,000 rounds of 7271: 6013: 560:

killed hundreds of unarmed demonstrators in Mexico City. Subsequently, a series of economic crises beginning in the 1970s drastically lowered the living standards of much of the country's population.

5318:

in Mexico under the PRI regime. It was notably the first film to criticize the PRI explicitly by name and carried some controversy and censorship attempts from the Mexican government because of it.

659:

finishing in third place without carrying a single state, the PRI continued to control most state governments through the 2000s and performed strongly at local levels. As a result, the PRI won the

8141: 5529: 2693:

the centerpiece of his presidency. Nonetheless, with over 60,000 dead and a lack of any real progress, Mexican citizens became tired of a fight they had first supported, and not by majority.

2278:

Prior to the 2000 general elections, the PRI held its first primaries to elect the party's presidential candidate. The primary candidates, nicknamed "los cuatro fantásticos" (Spanish for

6152: 2335:" with "madrazo" being an offensive slang term for a "strike" and "dedazo" a slang used to describe the unilaterally choosing of candidates by the president (literally "finger-strike"). 8224: 2739:

Voters who favored Peña Nieto, however, believed that the PRI "had changed" and that more jobs would be created under the new regime. Moreover, some U.S. officials were concerned that

6201:, its nationalization of petroleum, as well as its foreign policy of supporting the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, came closest to the social-democratic model of European states. 5997: 7558: 2192:

did not work and elections were just a ritual to simulate the appearance of a democracy. However, the three major parties now make the same claim against each other (PRD against

504:

in 1928. Although Calles himself fell into political disgrace and was exiled in 1936, the party continued ruling Mexico until 2000, changing names twice until it became the PRI.

1456:

leadership of component unions became advocates of PRI policy at the expense of the rank and file in exchange for political backing from the party and financial benefits. These

644:; the perfect dictatorship is Mexico. Because it is a camouflaged dictatorship." The phrase became popular in Mexico and around the world until the PRI fell from power in 2000. 2885:

There were concerns about the possibility of fraud in the presidential election following allegations of electoral fraud concerning the election of Enrique Peña Nieto's cousin

8386:: " We are a nationalist party that is, proud of the ideological principles of the Mexican Revolution, promotes the modernization of Mexico with democracy and social justice. 1483:

The political stability and economic prosperity in the late 1940s and the 1950s benefited the party, so that in general Mexicans did not object to the lack of real democracy.

2743:

meant the return to the old and corrupt practices of the PRI regime, where the government made deals with and overlooked the cartels in exchange for peace. They worried that

2837:

In November 2017, Aristegui Noticias reported that "the PRI and their allies were seeking to approve the "Ley de Seguridad Interior (Law of Internal Security)". The Mexican

2638:

The PRI benefited from both the growing unpopularity of Felipe Calderón's administration as president due to the notorious increase in the homicide rate as a result of his

8090: 2512:, left his post to seek a nomination as the party's candidate in the 2006 presidential election. According to the statutes, the presidency of the party would then go to 5700: 723:

due to its dominance of domestic politics and the inextricable connection between the party and the identity of the Mexican nation-state for much of the 20th century.

2718:

to have carried out a "shambolic campaign". Thus, Peña Nieto won by default, having been perceived (per the magazine) as the "least bad choice" for reform in Mexico.

6081:

propaganda operation that combined nationalist passion, socialist rhetoric and fraudulent elections, ran an autocratic, endemically corrupt, crony-ridden government.

1866:

Mexico increased its international presence during López Portillo: in addition to becoming the world's fourth oil exporter, Mexico restarted relations with the post

515:

belonged to the PRI until 1976, and all state governors were also from the PRI until 1989. Throughout the seven decades that the PRI governed Mexico, the party used

7954: 5794: 3069:

claimed victory for himself and refused to recognize the official results, claiming that the elections were rigged; then he unsuccessfully attempted to organize an

1194:. Vasconcelos had considerable support among university students, the middle class, intellectuals, and some workers from Mexico's northeast. According to historian 8678: 8541: 1218:(named after the title Calles gave himself as "Maximum Chief of the Revolution"), Calles remained the dominant leader of the country and Ortiz Rubio (1929–32) and 2938:, who was controversially fired shortly after revealing the Mexican White House scandals concerning a conflict of interest regarding a house owned by Peña Nieto. 2413:

After much restructuring, the party was able to make a recovery, winning the greatest number of seats (5% short of a true majority) in Congress in 2003: at these

8303: 6126: 5688:... Mexico spent most of the twentieth century governed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI, a bigtent, catch-all alliance that included everyone ... 2635:

In 2009, the PRI regained plurality control of the Mexican congress; this was the first time the congress had fallen to PRI control since PAN's victory in 2000.

2147:, as the new PRI candidate, who was subsequently elected. The 1994 elections were the first Mexican presidential election monitored by international observers. 1090:

was interim president of Mexico from December 1928 until February 1930, while a political rather than military solution was sought for presidential succession.

539:

were characterized by massive irregularities and fraudulent practices denounced by both domestic and international observers. While Mexico benefited from an

5433: 2227:

became more evident, as the drug trade saw a massive increase, which worsened corruption in the party and at all spheres of Government. In 1984, journalist

8379: 2378:) were once members of the PRI, including many presidential candidates from the opposition (Clouthier, López Obrador, Cárdenas, González Torres, Campa and 1709:

They protested lack of democracy and social justice in Mexico. Middle-class university students had largely been apolitical up until this point. President

2905:. Cited was the controversial law of internal security that the PRI senators approved as the means to diminish the protests towards such electoral fraud. 2591:

During his campaign Madrazo declared that the PRI and PRD were "first cousins"; to this Emilio Chuayffet Chemor responded that if that were the case then

5922: 5397:"El Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Algunas Notas sobre su Pasado Inmediato para su Comprensión en un Momento de Reorientación. Los Años Recientes" 927:

had laid bare the problem of presidential succession with no institutional structures. Obregón was one of three revolutionary generals from Sonora, with

2509: 1804:, as his successor for the term 1976–82, hoping that the new administration would have a tighter control on inflation and to preserve political unity. 996: 846:

was also a delicate moment, for party unity depended on the losers acceding to the president's choice without public rancor or dissent. When President

7681: 8197: 8149: 7740: 7343: 1886:

in its rebellion against the United States supported government. López Portillo also proposed the Plan Mundial de Energéticos in 1979 and summoned a

7845: 1116:. Calles went to the Laborist Party convention and addressed the membership in a conciliatory fashion, but Morones launched into a diatribe against 805:

There is a lexicon of terms used to describe people and practices of the PRI, that were fully operative until the 1990s. The most important was the

2608:. Divisions within the party and a successful campaign of the PAN candidate caused Madrazo to fall to third place. The winner, as announced by the 1748:

as the PRI candidate in the 1970 election. As the Minister of the Interior, Echeverría was operationally responsible for the Tlatelolco massacre.

5653:

Changing Patterns: Latin America's Vital Media: a Report of The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center at Columbia University in the City of New York

750:; many educated Mexicans and urban dwellers in the 21st century worried that its return to power would lead to regression to its worst excesses. 17: 2169:(PAN) became a stronger party after 1976 when it obtained the support from businessmen after recurring economic crises. Consequently, the PRI's 1589:(state-owned plots of land that peasants could farm but not own), and generous financial support of universities and the arts ensured that most 7202: 6094: 6064: 834:

occurred, in general the members of the PRI would demonstrate their enthusiasm for the candidate and their loyalty to the party, known as the

8401: 6191:

control of the ruling party has consistently swung from left to right and back again, making the PRI's ideology difficult to pinpoint. The

8671: 7817: 5469: 572: 210: 8452: 2814:

were highly controversial, with multiple media outlets feeling there was electoral fraud committed by the PRI. In November 2017, magazine

8029: 7383: 595:, presided over a rightward shift that escalated in the 1980s. At the start of the decade, the party moved to the centre-right and later 7367: 2243:

as head of the Instituto Nacional de Combate a las Drogas, was arrested after it was discovered that he had been collaborating with the

1392:

Cárdenas followed the pattern of Calles and Obregón before him, designating his choice in the upcoming elections; for Cárdenas this was

8844: 2352: 8644: 2807:, along their unknown multiple allies who enabled their corruption. All of them supported Peña Nieto during his presidential campaign. 1178:, a revolutionary general who had been out the country, serving as Mexico's ambassador to Brazil, so had no political base in Mexico. 8270: 1508:

Starting with the Alemán administration (1946–1952) until 1970, Mexico embarked on a sustained period of economic growth, dubbed the

1333: 1105: 1066:

had ended in 1920, Mexico continued to encounter political unrest. A grave political crisis caused by the July 1928 assassination of

355: 8656: 1233:. Cárdenas was originally from the southern state of Michoacan, but he joined the Revolution in the north, serving with Calles. The 2520:

instead to become president of the party. After what was perceived an imposition of Madrazo as candidate a group was formed called

1687: 1298:. That same year Cárdenas put his own stamp on the party, reorganizing it in 1938 as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Spanish: 7766: 2740: 1850:. Within the PRI, party president Carlos Sansores pushed for what he called "transparent democracy", but the effort went nowhere. 1757: 8664: 8321: 8171: 8011: 7407: 2236: 1190:, but running against him as the candidate for the Anti-Reelectionist Party was the high-profile former Secretary of Education, 8849: 6537: 2213: 1212:

In the first years of the party's existence, the PNR was the only political machine in existence. During this period, known as

8564: 6597:

Aguilar García, Javier, "Luis Napoleón Morones", in Encyclopedia of Mexico, p. 953. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997, p. 953

1322: 8864: 8340: 6857: 6808: 6730: 6519: 5905: 5704: 1920: 8115: 6979: 8854: 8818: 8047: 7069:

Schmidt, Henry (Summer 1985). "The Mexican Foreign Debt and the Sexennial Transition from López Portillo to de la Madrid".

2643: 1883: 6153:

Decision of the Congress regarding Membership: XXII Congress of the Socialist International, São Paulo, 27–29 October 2003

2131:("the perfect dictatorship"). Despite that perception, a major blow came with the assassination of the 1994 PRI candidate 1686:

riot police used violence to tamp down the incident. However, the crackdown had the opposite effect, with students at the

8687: 7964: 7902: 6039: 2217: 456: 414: 7792: 7469: 7221: 7001: 5547: 5415: 2966:

and 14 senators (down from 61 in 2012). The PRI was also defeated in each of the nine elections for state governor; the

2397:, after getting only 36.1% of the popular vote. It was to be the first Presidential electoral defeat of the PRI. In the 671:

regained the presidency. However, dissatisfaction with corruption in Peña Nieto's administration, the escalation of the

8749: 5667: 5381: 3036: 2882:(literally, "the finger strike", evoking an image of the incumbent president directly pointing towards his successor). 2702:

claimed, it was because "the alternatives weak". The magazine also alleged that Mexico's preferences should have gone

2294: 2174: 2040: 1995: 1780: 1407:, the Institutional Revolutionary Party, pairing seemingly contradictory terms of "institutional" and "revolutionary." 1377: 1273:, President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, being chosen under the PNR since it was not until 1938 that he founded the PRM 1131: 612: 369: 8514: 8358: 8251: 6657:

Davis, Diane, "Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares" (CNOP). Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 289-94.

6620: 3221:

claimed victory and refused to recognize the official results, claiming that massive electoral fraud had taken place.

6261: 6224: 6177: 6047: 5932: 5681: 5634: 5614: 5588: 5443: 5040: 4689: 4612: 4534: 4456: 4381: 4307: 4232: 4160: 4091: 4021: 3959: 3897: 3835: 3773: 3145:

refused to recognize the official results, claiming that a massive electoral fraud had taken place. He later fled to

1104:

The new party-in-formation did not contain any labor elements. At the time, the strongest labor organization was the

872: 660: 8859: 8780: 7711: 7655: 5291: 5231: 4764: 4668: 3642: 2993: 2707: 2592: 2558: 2528:(Spanish: "Everybody United Against Madrazo" or "TUCOM") which was formed by governors and former state governors: 2355: 2197: 1318: 734:-ridden government". The elites of the PRI controlled the police and the judicial system, and were susceptible to 459:

that was founded in 1929 and held uninterrupted power in the country for 71 years, from 1929 to 2000, first as the

262: 184: 3423:

All of the opposition parties claimed that the election was rigged and refused to recognize the official results;

2235:(Buendía had been investigating possible ties between Drug cartels, the CIA and the FSD itself). In 1997, general 8718: 7928: 2581: 2536: 341: 8376: 2726:

When the PRI lost the presidency in 2000, few expected that the "perfect dictatorship", a description coined by

2568: 8723: 8708: 7449: 6795:

Crandall, R. (2004). "Mexico's Domestic Economy". In Crandall, Russell; Paz, Guadalupe; Roett, Riordan (eds.).

5361: 2975: 2967: 2898: 2764: 2166: 2151: 2015: 1691: 1678: 1568: 1326: 923:

party in the wake of the assassination of revolutionary general, former president, and in 1928 president-elect

863: 712:(the Tricolor) because of its use of the Mexican national colors of green, white and red as they appear on the 5626:

Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior

2201: 2060: 511:

for the majority of the twentieth century; besides holding the Presidency of the Republic, all members of the

6365: 5251: 5204: 5157: 5110: 5066: 5003: 4966: 4931: 4894: 4857: 4818: 4724: 4641: 4565: 4487: 4413: 4338: 4263: 4189: 4119: 4050: 3984: 3922: 3860: 3798: 3738: 3701: 3614: 3579: 3542: 3506: 3474: 3436: 3394: 3360: 3326: 3293: 3260: 3226: 3188: 3154: 3112: 3107:

As PNR. Revolutionary general. First president to serve a six-year term; chosen by Calles as party candidate

3078: 2989: 2958: 2855: 2660: 2621: 2441:

members of the city assembly. The PRI recouped some significant losses on the state level (most notably, the

2422: 2418: 2398: 2386: 2273: 2144: 2132: 2114: 2044: 2003: 1962: 1915: 1813: 1801: 1473: 1230: 1182: 680: 664: 652: 648: 622: 588: 536: 532: 528: 7691: 2754:

Low levels of presidential approval and allegations of presidential corruption: The government of President

1637: 1403:

In the final year of Ávila Camacho's term the party assembly decided on a new name, pushed by the circle of

1317:), "popular", mainly teachers and civil servants; and the military. The labor section was organized via the 4878: 4075: 3218: 2632:

in Zacatecas and the second-most deputies in the congressional elections of Zacatecas and Baja California.

2232: 866:

which followed is widely considered to have been fraudulent, and was confirmed as such by former president

327: 202: 7495: 7351: 6390: 5729: 2259:. Villanueva remained a fugitive from justice for many months, until being captured and arrested in 2001. 1302:, PRM) whose aim was to establish a democracy of workers and socialism. However, this was never achieved. 59: 8795: 8754: 8304:"Exigen al INAI investigar a Cambridge Analytica, Facebook y desarrolladoras de Apps en México – Proceso" 2609: 2605: 2371: 2256: 2085: 1945: 1718: 885:(alchemists) referred to PRI specialists in vote-rigging. To achieve a complete sweep of elections – the 867: 8289: 7623: 2780: 2473:

of Tijuana for 15 years. Six out of eight gubernatorial elections held during 2005 were won by the PRI:

8759: 7850: 7434: 6391:"Discurso de Plutarco Elías Calles al abrir las sesiones ordinarias del Congreso. Informe Presidencial" 5876: 5580: 2771:(2000–2006) and Felipe Calderón (2006–2012), had higher presidential approvals than the PRI presidents. 1936: 1737:, who would later win the Nobel Prize in Literature, resigned as Mexican Ambassador to India. Novelist 7186: 146: 8686: 8480:"La Ley de Herodes (2000) – Luis Estrada | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related" 7535: 7181: 5606: 4987: 4290: 3819: 3399: 3159: 2390: 2320: 2286: 2209: 2140: 2101: 2064: 2007: 1604: 1504:

was the first civilian president following the Mexican Revolution and son of a revolutionary general.

1501: 1435: 1404: 1341: 851: 604: 527:, and political repression to maintain political power. In particular, the presidential elections of 214: 71: 5871: 5508: 1974:, seen here in 2002, split from the PRI, running unsuccessfully for president in 1988, 1994 and 2000 1280: 950:

and whose assassination in 1928 touched off a political crisis leading to the formation of the party

8728: 8225:"Con su enorme presupuesto de publicidad, el gobierno mexicano controla los medios de comunicación" 5548:"Se transforma el PRI en "socialdemócrata" por acuerdo de su comisión de deliberación – la Jornada" 5323: 4915: 4144: 3424: 3331: 2792: 2517: 2430: 2359: 2036: 1979: 1971: 1839: 1830: 1822: 1797: 1695: 855: 81: 2711: 2367: 2344: 2067:, Francisco Villarreal Torres, Rogelio Sada Zambrano, María Elena Álvarez Bernal, Moisés Canales, 1983: 1219: 1142: 1083: 1054: 1025: 928: 909: 487: 101: 8775: 7822: 7793:"Former governor of Mexico's Veracruz state extradited from Guatemala to face corruption charges" 6110:

Justice was available, if purchased with a bribe. PRI cronies owned the police and the judiciary.

5733: 5460: 5311: 2438: 2300: 1843: 1540: 1279:

Cárdenas became perhaps Mexico's most popular 20th-century president, most renowned for the 1938

1201: 1113: 754: 283: 135: 8427: 8065: 3757: 3117: 1655:

Only in 2000 did the PRI choose its presidential candidate through a primary, but its candidate

1421: 1393: 1381: 592: 91: 8785: 8091:"Más poder al Presidente y a las Fuerzas Armadas: las entrañas de la Ley de Seguridad Interior" 7244: 7145: 2971: 2617: 2552: 2414: 2076: 2072: 1887: 1167: 1150: 7393: 6847: 6703:

Weston, "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 400, fn. 53 quoting Brandenburg, Frank.

6251: 6214: 5895: 5624: 3943: 3231: 3142: 2379: 1714: 1397: 859: 7364: 7024:, Michael Meyer and William Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, pp. 610–611 6890:

Castañeda, V. Émilio, "'The Death of Artemio Cruz': The False Gods and the Death of Mexico".

6033: 5598: 5574: 3501:

First PRI presidential candidate chosen by a primary. First loss in a presidential election.

3431:

both claimed victory. First election where the PRI candidate received under 70% of the vote.

2886: 2822: 2497:. The PRI then controlled the states on the country's northern border with the US except for 1931:

When López Portillo left office in December 1982, the economy was in shambles. He designated

6719:

The Rightward Drift of Mexico's Former Revolutionaries: The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama

5184: 4841: 4592: 4005: 3584: 3547: 3265: 2920: 2874: 2860: 2755: 2678: 1710: 676: 668: 8733: 8534:"Mexican Film 'La dictadura perfecta' ("The Perfect Dictatorship") Depicts Mexican Reality" 6192: 5315: 5197: 4605: 3881: 3722: 3572: 3466: 3193: 3083: 2981:

Amid the party's worsening electoral performance, it has attempted to redefine itself as a

2562: 2513: 2466: 2162: 2096: 1987: 1701: 1531: 1525: 1270: 1226: 1205: 1123: 743: 580: 549: 247: 8388:

That is why we are part of the social-democratic current of contemporary political parties

7873: 7114: 6155:– "Change of Status{:] To full membership Mexico: Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI" 2595:(AMLO), candidate of the PRD, would also be a first cousin and he might win the election. 2139:

in 1928, which led to Calles forming the PRN to deal with the political vacuum. President

2002:) in 1987. The following year, the FDN elected Cárdenas as presidential candidate for the 8: 7686: 7563: 7321: 5150: 4950: 4527: 4216: 3763: 3728: 3619: 3534: 3479: 3365: 3041: 2997: 2946: 2585: 2572: 2304: 2290: 2205: 2081: 2029: 1932: 1924: 1682:

relatively low-level conflict in late July 1968 between young people in Mexico City, the

1668: 1656: 1649: 1548: 1513: 1251: 1187: 1175: 1127: 1093:

The intent to found the party was to institutionalize the power of particular victors of

1071: 1067: 1049:"Today we have the chance, unique in many years, to go from the category of a country of 1029: 971: 955: 943: 932: 862:

left the PRI to form a separate party, and Cárdenas challenged Salinas at the polls. The

847: 596: 568: 553: 501: 419: 7020:

Camp, Roderic Ai. "The Time of the Technocrats and Deconstruction of the Revolution" in

5924:

Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order

5244: 4681: 3607: 3066: 2962: 2548: 2486: 1428:, bureaucrats with specialized knowledge and training, especially with the economy, and 1191: 252: 8823: 8649: 8635: 8600: 7959: 7086: 6895: 6797: 6722: 5565: 5333: 3070: 2925: 2816: 2763:(1994-2000), also from the PRI. It also revealed that both presidents elected from the 2727: 2703: 2470: 2314: 2200:'s PRD, and the PRI against the PAN at the local level and local elections such as the 2155: 2124: 1847: 1694:(IPN) putting aside their traditional rivalries and joining together in protest in the 1094: 1063: 1006: 963: 947: 786: 628: 576: 497: 409: 398: 228: 7429: 5137: 4514: 3298: 2600: 1784: 1745: 1452: 1345: 611:. Subsequently, many left-wing members of the party abandoned the PRI and founded the 8489: 7454: 7415: 6853: 6804: 6726: 6257: 6220: 6173: 6043: 5976: 5928: 5901: 5853: 5814: 5775: 5677: 5630: 5610: 5584: 5439: 5407: 5278: 4751: 2982: 2810:

State of Mexico allegations of electoral fraud (2017): The 2017 elections within the

2796: 2458: 2189: 2185: 1871: 1772: 1644: 1624: 1374:, whose rise in Germany and Italy in the 1930s coincided with Cárdenas's presidency. 1117: 1087: 959: 636:, bribing it with great subtlety. The perfect dictatorship is not communism, nor the 8790: 8453:"Se define PRI como socialdemócrata, de centro izquierda, feminista y ambientalista" 6668:

Mexican Militarism: The Political Rise and fall of the Revolutionary Army, 1919–1940

6545: 2228: 2136: 1396:. In the 1940 election, Ávila Camacho's main rival was former revolutionary general 924: 8800: 7388: 7078: 6936:, Michael Meyer and William Beezley. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, p. 598 6621:

https://web.archive.org/web/20050217055354/http://ueinternational.org/vol2spec.html

5968: 5845: 5806: 5767: 3428: 2935: 2744: 2731: 2690: 2639: 2625: 2478: 2426: 2402: 2340: 2248: 2047:, demanding that the electoral packages be opened. In 1989, Clouthier presented an 2019: 2011: 1867: 1764: 1552: 1465: 1075: 967: 812: 777:, as the term "revolution" may imply the destruction of institutions. According to 758: 726:

According to Austin Bay, for more than seven decades, the PRI ran Mexico under an "

672: 545: 512: 447: 435: 218: 7517: 6127:"Mexico elections: Voters could return Institutional Revolutionary Party to power" 4717: 3065:

As PNR, first election after the formation of the party. The opposition candidate

2829:

The Chamber of Deputies also suffered from controversies from members of the PRI:

2244: 257: 8813: 8592: 8383: 7371: 6987: 6167: 6035:

Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal Reform in Mexico

6020: 5024: 4365: 3511: 3441: 2916: 2902: 2890: 2811: 2760: 2542: 2505: 2498: 2462: 2328: 2310: 2240: 2212:

privatized many outmoded industries, including banks and businesses, entered the

2181: 2170: 1935:

as the PRI candidate, the first of a series of economists to rule the country, a

1792: 1580: 1520:. From 1940 to 1970 GDP increased sixfold while the population only doubled, and 1509: 1497: 1492: 1477: 1337: 1109: 914: 747: 656: 540: 524: 508: 7408:"Integrantes del Tucom, de políticos pobres a precandidatos que gastan millones" 6965: 5849: 2750:

The return of the PRI brought some perceived negative consequences, among them:

2043:. Clouthier and his followers then set up other protests, among them one at the 1967: 696: 8610: 5306: 4684:. First time not obtaining at least 100 seats or 10% of the constituency vote. 2942: 2907: 2532: 2363: 2056: 1788: 1738: 1722: 1599: 1432:, the seasoned politicians, many of whom had regional roots in state politics. 1329:, which grew to be the major opposition party, winning the presidency in 2000. 1269:

Emblem of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (1938–1946) which was founded by

1195: 713: 633: 8341:"Mexico's Hardball Politics Get Even Harder as PRI Fights to Hold On to Power" 5972: 5957:"The Fingerprints of Fraud: Evidence from Mexico's 1988 Presidential Election" 5755: 5396: 2223:

In the final decades of the PRI regime, the connections between the party and

778: 8838: 7628: 7600: 5980: 5857: 5818: 5779: 5771: 5411: 5353: 2800: 2784: 2735: 2684: 2375: 2348: 2052: 1940: 1768: 1590: 1535: 1284: 608: 600: 7163: 2734:

published an article in July 2012 noting that many immigrants living in the

2446: 1171: 1024:

Emblem of the National Revolutionary Party (1929–1938) which was founded by

905: 7716: 7290: 5468:. Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. 2842: 2804: 2474: 2252: 1894:

in 1981 to seek solutions to social problems. In 1979, the PRI founded the

1875: 1572: 1565: 1544: 1521: 1295: 980: 794: 641: 557: 8595:"Mexican Presidential Candidates: Changes & Portents for the Future". 7878: 7682:"Mexico Elections: PRI Could Return To Power With Pena Nieto As President" 5513: 3645:

coalition. First time PRI made a coalition with PAN. First woman nominee.

3255:

First Mexican presidential elections in which women were allowed to vote.

2401:

of the same date, the party won with 38.1%, or 33 out of 128 seats in the

1818: 1551:

bureaucrats and office workers, and allowed high-ranking PRI officials to

1332:

The most powerful labor union prior to the formation of the party was the

8479: 7595: 6131: 5673: 5093: 4440: 2768: 2670: 2394: 2224: 2193: 2068: 1734: 1307: 1074:

led to the founding on 4 March 1929 of the National Revolutionary Party (

966:. Carranza had attempted to impose his own candidate for the presidency, 782: 516: 179: 150: 8252:"Cambridge Analytica trabajó con el PRI: Channel 4 News • Forbes México" 8172:"PRI prepara un fraude electoral en 2018, alertan académicos y expertos" 6899: 5284: 5237: 4757: 4674: 2469:

respectively. The PAN had held control of the president's office of the

1015: 983:(1926–29). The Cristero War was ongoing when elections were to be held. 8604: 7226: 7090: 6754:

quoted in Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucial (PRI)", p. 1058.

6172:. Vol. 1: The Left. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. p. 765. 2911:

also supported that possible outcome, with Tony Payan, director of the

2776: 2154:, caused the PRI to lose its absolute majority in both chambers of the 946:

in a business suit, tailored to show that he lost his right arm in the

739: 720: 167: 6339:

Garrido, Luis Javier, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)" in

6287:

Garrido, Luis Javier, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)" in

2331:, had the motto "Dale un Madrazo al dedazo" or "Give a Madrazo to the 1340:, an ally of Obregón and Calles. A dissident within the CROM, Marxist 938: 900: 8142:"Código Alfa: La estrategia del dedazo en la precandidatura de Meade" 5650: 3465:

Chosen as the PRI candidate after the 23 March 1994 assassination of

1628: 1517: 1291: 1137:

The PNR incorporated other political parties under its umbrella, the

790: 785:

nature of the party; the PRI subsumed the "disruptive energy" of the

727: 520: 7818:"Mexico: Ex-governor flees to Texas to evade corruption allegations" 7082: 5603:

Mexico: Migration, U.S. Economic Issues and Counter Narcotic Efforts

5190: 5143: 5099: 5030: 4993: 4956: 4921: 4884: 4847: 4598: 4520: 4446: 4371: 4296: 4222: 4150: 4081: 4011: 3949: 3887: 3825: 2516:

as party secretary. The rivalry between Madrazo and Gordillo caused

1891: 1222:(1932-34), have been considered in practice subordinates of Calles. 48: 8484: 7955:"'Ni libre, ni auténtica', la elección en Edomex: Ni un Fraude Más" 7770: 7006: 5834:"The sui generis Impact of the Russian Revolution on Latin America" 5810: 5487: 5328: 2788: 2494: 2442: 2135:, the first high-level assassination since that of president-elect 2120: 2080:

year, the PRI lost its first state government with the election of

1859: 1662: 1260: 1214: 1050: 770: 731: 564: 237: 233: 8402:"El PRI busca una salida socialdemócrata a su crisis de identidad" 8288:

Peinado, Fernando; Palomo, Elvira; Galán, Javier (22 March 2018).

6571:

Charles H. Weston, Jr. "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas",

6000:(Vargas Llosa, 20 years after "Mexico is a perfect dictatorship"). 2945:

story claiming the existence of proof of ties between the PRI and

2710:– engaged in "disgraceful behaviour". The conservative candidate, 1358:

The so-called "popular" sector of the party was organized via the

563:

Throughout its nine-decade existence, the party has represented a

8359:"El PRI se queda sin nada: Morena gana 5 gubernaturas y el PAN 3" 7712:"US concerned Mexico's new president may go easy on drug cartels" 7042:

Young, Dolly J. "Mexican Literary Reactions to Tlatelolco 1968".

6166:

Purdy, Elizabeth (2005). "Mexico". In Carlisle, Rodney P. (ed.).

5760:

EIAL - Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe

2912: 2490: 2454: 1895: 1855: 1620: 1583:; the PRI held rural farmers in check through its control of the 1371: 1098: 781:, the concept of institutionalizing the revolution refers to the 774: 735: 579:. It experienced a sharp, leftward turn during the presidency of 273: 8048:"Nuevamente el PRI vota en contra de de los ciudadanos: PAN BCS" 7203:"Ex-President in Mexico Casts New Light on Rigged 1988 Election" 7115:"Prelude to Disaster: José López Portillo and the Crash of 1976" 5756:"Tzvi Medin y su Ideología y praxis política de Lázaro Cárdenas" 2665: 7261:

Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)", p. 1061.

6923:

Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)", p. 1060.

6823:

Smith, Peter H. "Mexico Since 1946", in Bethell, Leslie (ed.),

6763:

Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)", p. 1059.

6694:

Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)", p. 1058.

2923:(who also campaigned with the PRI). A December 2017 article in 2482: 2450: 2100:

lack of lists of party membership meant the experiment failed.

1879: 1585: 1464:

next election in a procedure known as "the tap of the finger" (

1364:

Federación de Sindicatos de Trabajadores al Servicio del Estado

1288: 571:. Formed from an amalgamation of the various ideologies of the 7487: 6954:

Sherman, "The Mexican 'Miracle' and its Collapse", pp. 598–602

5921:

Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E. (2014).

5530:"Autoridad y Memoria: El Partido Revolucionario Institucional" 2161:

After several decades in power the PRI had become a symbol of

1951: 1838:

which gave official registry to opposition groups such as the

1836:

Ley Federal de Organizaciones Políticas y Procesos Electorales

1057:, during his last Address to the Congress on 1 September 1928. 8565:"Mexican filmmaker Luis Estrada's satirical agenda hits home" 8290:"The distorted online networks of Mexico's election campaign" 8030:"Ley #3de3 avanza en comisiones del Senado; PAN vota a favor" 7903:"En México se acumulan los gobernadores corruptos, e impunes" 6376:

Ames, Barry. "Bases of Support for Mexico's Dominant Party."

5492: 2901:

party, warned about the possibility of the PRI committing an

1909: 1039:

the Mexican state has been examined by a number of scholars.

584: 320: 302: 296: 6644:

Stanford, Lois, "Confederación Nacional Campesina (CNC)" in

6238:

Don't revolutions, by definition, do away with institutions?

5998:

Vargas Llosa a 20 años de "México es una dictadura perfecta"

1758:

Economic history of Mexico § Deterioration in the 1970s

891:("full car") – the party used the campaign mechanism of the 603:

state-run companies, establishing closer relations with the

490:, Mexico's paramount leader at the time and self-proclaimed 124: 6932:

Sherman, John. "The Mexican 'Miracle' and Its Collapse" in

6799:

Mexico's Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics

6418:. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers 1998, p. 18 6195:

regime , with its policies of land reform, support for the

5485: 4767:. First time not obtaining at least 10 constituency seats. 3146: 2930: 2838: 2449:). On 6 August 2004, in two closely contested elections in 1410: 769:

The name "Institutional Revolutionary Party" appears as an

637: 621:, PRD) in 1989 following the controversial, and fraudulent 314: 7767:"Why Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto is so unpopular" 5527: 2849: 7680:

Castillo, E. Eduardo; Corcoran, Katherine (1 July 2012).

7384:"Los 'cuatro fantásticos' del PRI, listos para las urnas" 7347: 6827:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. pp. 329–332 6520:"The Mexican Revolution - Consolidation (1920–40) Part 2" 3389:

Last election where the PRI faced no serious opposition.

2941:

In April 2018, Forbes republished a British news program

2108: 308: 118: 7986: 7929:"Conoce a los 11 exgobernadores más corruptos de México" 7559:"Mexico elections: Enrique Peña Nieto pledges a new era" 5554: 5431: 3709: 3141:

As PRM. Revolutionary general. The opposition candidate

1420:

The party's name was changed in 1946, the final year of

700:

Central offices of the Institutional Revolutionary Party

8198:"Mexico's Presidential Election Could Get Really Dirty" 4822: 3183:

First civilian president since the Mexican Revolution.

1807: 738:. During its time in power, the PRI became a symbol of 112: 8012:"Aprueba el Senado versión 'light' de la 'Ley 3 de 3'" 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 6682:

Weston, "Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 395.

6362:

Popular Participation in the Mexican 'One-Party System

6330:. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, pp. 471–475. 6302:

Perpetuating Power: How Mexican Presidents Were Chosen

5920: 5914: 3149:

and unsuccessfully tried to organize an armed revolt.

2262: 1939:

who turned his back on populist policies to implement

1652:

in 1969, which at the time was considered suspicious.

954:

In 1920, the Sonorans staged a coup against President

5458: 2996:

coalition, the party supported independent candidate

2721: 2706:, but the candidate that represented that movement – 2026:) also claimed to have won, although not as vocally. 1829:

In the 1976 election, the PRI presidential candidate

575:, the party originated as a centre-left party on the 8629: 7656:"Immigrants express shock at return of Mexico's PRI" 7596:"Mexico's presidential election: Back to the future" 6670:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. 5343: 2759:

approval rating. The second-lowest approval was for

2421:, remaining as the largest single party in both the 2091: 1166:

One possible presidential candidate for the PNR was

683:with the worst performance in the party's history. 548:

dissidents, primarily students protested during the

389: 7846:"PGR e Interpol capturan a Roberto Borge en Panamá" 7741:"PRI, el más corrupto según encuesta de percepción" 7518:"Concluye cómputo municipal y distrital en Chiapas" 7121: 6562:, 5th edition. Oxford University Press 2007, p. 137 5651:Jon Vanden Heuvel, Everette E. Dennis, ed. (1995). 3008: 2267: 1643:During the early presidency of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1415: 901:

Presidential succession before the party, 1920–1928

8515:"'La dictadura perfecta': más allá de la película" 8322:"Niega PRI haber contratado a Cambridge Analytica" 8287: 7322:"El de Buendía, el primer crimen de narcopolítica" 6796: 2524:(Spanish: "Democratic Unity"), although nicknamed 1360:Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares 997:President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party 7344:"Cartel worker reportedly spied on DEA in Mexico" 7272:"Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta"" 6972: 6317:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2004, p. 56 5394: 2642:, as well as internal conflicts in the left-wing 1677:With the choice of capital for the venue for the 1528:parity was maintained at a stable exchange rate. 8836: 7679: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7239: 7237: 6455:Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution 5563:Eluniversal.com.mx, Septiembre de 2006, México. 5435:El constitucionalismo en el continente americano 1956: 1663:Political impact of the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre 704:The adherents of the PRI are known in Mexico as 8613:"Mexico Since 1946", in Bethell, Leslie (ed.), 8271:"Cambridge Analytica, sigan la ruta del dinero" 7536:"Mexico's ruling party loses midterm elections" 6014:Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta" 5623:Samuels, David J.; Shugart, Matthew S. (2010), 5528:Juan Jose de la Cruz Arana (16 February 2012). 5327:(2014), dealt with the political favoritism of 2251:, a member of the PRI and outgoing governor of 1751: 793:and incorporating its enemies into the party's 583:who instituted extensive reforms including the 567:, typically following from the policies of the 448:[paɾˈtiðoreβolusjoˈnaɾjojnstitusjoˈnal] 145:Av. Insurgentes Norte 59 col. Buenavista 06359 8501:The first film to criticize the PRI by name... 8116:"Meade es el dedazo de siempre, dice Barrales" 7649: 7647: 7002:"1968: Student riots threaten Mexico Olympics" 6803:. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reiner Publishers. 5889: 5887: 5753: 5622: 5486:José Antonio Aguilar Rivera (31 August 2016). 2799:(no family relation between both Duarte), and 8672: 8617:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 7705: 7703: 7701: 7579: 7450:"Madrazo Set to Win PRI Presidential Primary" 7392:(in Spanish). 4 November 1999. Archived from 7234: 6845: 6648:.Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 286–289. 6544:(in Spanish). 13 October 2000. Archived from 6457:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 2007, 149. 6326:Benjamin, Thomas. "Rebuilding the Nation" in 6256:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 135. 6219:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 135. 6196: 5665: 3641:Vote totals are only for the PRI line of the 2775:government, among them Tomas Yarrington from 2649: 2173:wing separated and formed its own party, the 1186:of new parties. The PNR had as its candidate 892: 886: 880: 841: 835: 829: 823: 806: 616: 491: 8249: 6606:Carr, Barry. "Vicente Lombardo Toledano" in 6442:El Partido de la Revolución Institucionizada 5900:. University of Toronto Press. p. 155. 2433:the PRI obtained only one borough mayorship 2417:, the party won 224 out of 500 seats in the 1990:) formed the "Democratic Current" (Spanish: 483:) and finally as the PRI beginning in 1946. 7644: 6610:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp.754-56 6120: 6118: 5884: 5629:, Cambridge University Press, p. 141, 5509:"La muerte del nacionalismo revolucionario" 5506: 2730:, would return again in only 12 years. The 2351:), most of the PRD (most notably all three 2039:then complained before the building of the 1952:Transition to multi-party system: 1988–2000 1615: 8679: 8665: 8634: 8599:, vol. 16, no. 4, 1984, pp. 588–605, 8339:Ahmed, Azam; Hakim, Danny (24 June 2018). 8338: 7698: 7414:(in Spanish). 25 July 2005. Archived from 7264: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 6291:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1059. 5432:Daniel Bonilla Maldonado (18 April 2016). 5404:Convergencia: Revista de Ciencias Sociales 3651: 2893:, in December 2017. The Mexican newspaper 2714:, was deemed worthy but was considered by 2620:the party won 106 out of 500 seats in the 1986:and son of the former president of Mexico 1910:First of the technocratic presidents, 1982 1579:unions") maintained a tight grip over the 1313:The PRM had four sectors: labor, peasant ( 397: 8562: 7874:"Corrupción envuelve a 11 exgobernadores" 7059:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 427. 6849:Opening Mexico: The Making Of A Democracy 6343:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1058 6315:Opening Mexico: The Making of a Democracy 5897:Class and Race Formation in North America 5872:"Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich" 5864: 5831: 5795:"The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas" 2408: 1874:to visit Mexico, welcomed U.S. president 1334:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 1106:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 8512: 7200: 6919: 6917: 6794: 6788: 6253:New Tendencies in Mexican Art: The 1990s 6216:New Tendencies in Mexican Art: The 1990s 6115: 5754:Pérez Montfort, Ricardo (30 June 2022). 5488:"Nota sobre el nacionalismo claudicante" 2868: States governed by the PRI in 2024 2859: 2664: 2143:designated Colosio's campaign director, 1966: 1919: 1817: 1700: 1619: 1496: 1411:PRI and Dominant-party state (1946–1988) 1376: 1200: 1122: 1086:, Mexico's president from 1924 to 1928. 990: 937: 904: 719:Some scholars characterise the PRI as a 695: 8377:Declaración de Principios del PRI, 2013 8268: 7738: 7709: 7616: 7556: 7295:Law and Business Review of the Americas 7288: 7097: 7068: 6980:"Documents link past presidents to CIA" 6881:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946" pp. 336–337. 6846:Preston, Julia; Dillon, Samuel (2005). 6690: 6688: 6512: 6124: 6095:"A New PRI or the Old PRI in Disguise?" 6065:"A New PRI or the Old PRI in Disguise?" 6031: 5893: 5438:. Siglo del Hombre. pp. 219, 220. 2850:Second time in opposition: 2018–present 2839:National Human Rights Commission (CNDH) 2465:won the races for the governorship and 1705:Armored cars in the Zócalo, summer 1968 1443:) to the PRI's "emocracy and justice" ( 546:global climate of social unrest in 1968 14: 8837: 8459:(in Mexican Spanish). 13 December 2021 8393: 7900: 7739:Digital, Milenio (20 September 2016). 7653: 7219: 7055:Schmidt, Samuel. "Luis Echeverría" in 6872:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946" pp. 334–335 6416:Mexico" From Corporatism to Pluralism? 5793:Jr, Charles H. Weston (January 1983). 5596: 3656: 2841:had previously said that law violated 2239:, who had been appointed by president 2214:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 2165:and electoral fraud. The conservative 2109:Political turmoil and decline of power 1791:borrowed 360 million dollars from the 1112:, the political wing of which was the 675:, and rising crime led to PRI nominee 589:political power to civilian leadership 552:Tensions escalated culminating in the 8660: 8399: 8222: 7790: 7764: 7358: 7112: 6963: 6914: 6894:, vol. 30, no. 2, 1986, pp. 139–147. 6716: 6249: 6212: 6165: 5987: 5954: 5724: 5722: 5572: 5299: 4795: 3678: 647:Despite losing the presidency in the 585:nationalization of Mexico's petroleum 446: 7624:"Mexico's election: The PRI is back" 7498:from the original on 12 October 2007 7319: 6685: 6304:. New York: The New Press 2000, p 74 5475:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5421:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2897:, which is officially linked to the 2654: 2644:Partido de la Revolucion Democratica 2127:called the government under the PRI 1884:Sandinista National Liberation Front 1808:Election of 1976, PRI runs unopposed 1323:National Confederation of Campesinos 753:The PRI became a full member of the 618:Partido de la Revolución Democrática 440:Partido Revolucionario Institucional 40:Partido Revolucionario Institucional 8563:Linthicum, Kate (3 November 2014). 8513:Maraboto, Mario (28 October 2014). 8052:El Informante – Baja California Sur 7901:Malkin, Elisabeth (19 April 2017). 6911:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 344. 6836:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 334. 6772:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 343. 6745:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 335. 6092: 6062: 6040:Pennsylvania State University Press 5693: 5669:Dopeworld: Adventures in Drug Lands 4773: 3003: 2929:reported Peña Nieto spending about 2646:(PRD) that deteriorated its image. 2263:First time in opposition: 2000–2012 2218:North American Free Trade Agreement 2150:A number of factors, including the 1539:massive industrial development and 1225:Calles chose revolutionary general 1062:Even though the armed phase of the 24: 8750:Party of the Democratic Revolution 8586: 7963:. 16 November 2017. Archived from 7470:"AMLO, 'primo hermano': Chuayffet" 7430:"Montiel deja vía libre a Madrazo" 7146:"Biography of José López Portillo" 7033:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 361 6945:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946" p. 359. 6313:Preston, Julia and Samuel Dillon, 5792: 5719: 5576:Urban Protest in Mexico and Brazil 5462:Constitucionalismo en el siglo XXI 2934:cited award-winning news reporter 2722:Aftermath of the return of the PRI 2175:Party of the Democratic Revolution 1486: 1441:Por una democracia de trabajadores 1241: 1170:, former governor of the state of 1053:, to a Nation of Institutions." - 1042: 958:, the civilian First Chief of the 800: 613:Party of the Democratic Revolution 550:Olympic games held in Mexico City. 25: 8876: 8845:Institutional Revolutionary Party 8714:Institutional Revolutionary Party 8621: 8400:Reina, Elena (16 December 2021). 8148:. 4 December 2017. Archived from 7350:. 29 October 2008. Archived from 7201:Thompson, Ginger (9 March 2004). 6986:. 20 October 2006. Archived from 6378:American Political Science Review 5961:American Political Science Review 2092:Attempt at internal reform, 1990s 1321:(CTM); the peasant sector by the 1300:Partido de la Revolución Mexicana 873:American Political Science Review 757:in 2003. It is also considered a 477:Partido de la Revolución Mexicana 432:Institutional Revolutionary Party 37:Institutional Revolutionary Party 8691: 8645:"Mexican Democracy's Lost Years" 8556: 8531: 8525: 8506: 8477: 8471: 8445: 8420: 8369: 8351: 8332: 8314: 8296: 8281: 8269:Murillo, Javier (6 April 2018). 8262: 8243: 8223:Ahmed, Azam (25 December 2017). 8216: 8190: 8164: 8134: 8108: 8083: 8058: 8040: 8022: 8004: 7979: 7947: 7921: 7894: 7866: 7838: 7810: 7784: 7758: 7732: 7673: 7550: 7528: 7510: 7480: 7462: 7442: 7422: 7400: 7376: 7289:Poitras, Guy (27 October 2017). 6444:. Mexico City: Siglo XXI p. 103. 6125:Jackson, Allison (1 July 2012). 5955:Cantú, Francisco (August 2019). 5346: 5283: 5236: 5189: 5142: 5098: 5029: 4992: 4955: 4920: 4883: 4846: 4756: 4673: 4597: 4519: 4445: 4370: 4295: 4221: 4149: 4080: 4010: 3948: 3886: 3824: 3762: 3727: 3630: 3595: 3558: 3522: 3490: 3452: 3410: 3376: 3342: 3309: 3276: 3242: 3204: 3170: 3128: 3094: 3052: 3009:Presidential elections 1929–2024 2268:Loss of the presidency of Mexico 2247:. In another infamous incident, 2188:and violence, was used when the 1416:Change in structure and ideology 1353:Confederación Nacional Campesina 1351:Peasants were organized via the 1319:Confederation of Mexican Workers 1259: 1250: 1014: 1005: 850:(in office: 1982 to 1988) chose 185:Confederation of Mexican Workers 47: 8719:Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 8066:"Aristegui Noticias on Twitter" 7336: 7313: 7282: 7278:(in Spanish). 1 September 1990. 7255: 7245:"Biography of Manuel Clouthier" 7213: 7194: 7182:"Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano" 7174: 7156: 7062: 7049: 7036: 7027: 7014: 6994: 6964:Doyle, Kate (10 October 2003). 6957: 6948: 6939: 6926: 6905: 6884: 6875: 6866: 6839: 6830: 6817: 6775: 6766: 6757: 6748: 6739: 6710: 6697: 6676: 6660: 6651: 6638: 6625: 6613: 6600: 6591: 6578: 6565: 6552: 6530: 6499: 6486: 6473: 6460: 6447: 6434: 6421: 6408: 6383: 6370: 6346: 6333: 6320: 6307: 6294: 6281: 6243: 6206: 6158: 6146: 6086: 6056: 6025: 6003: 5948: 5825: 5786: 5747: 5659: 5644: 5274: 5227: 5180: 5133: 5089: 5057: 5020: 4983: 4946: 4911: 4874: 4837: 4747: 4712: 4664: 4635: 4588: 4557: 4510: 4479: 4436: 4404: 4361: 4330: 4286: 4255: 4212: 4181: 4140: 4111: 4071: 4042: 4001: 3976: 3939: 3914: 3877: 3852: 3815: 3790: 3753: 3718: 2582:Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 2537:governor of the State of Mexico 1946:An earthquake in September 1985 1476:, as well as every seat in the 1281:expropriating the oil interests 1080:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 486:The PNR was founded in 1929 by 473:Party of the Mexican Revolution 465:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 18:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 8250:Forbes Staff (30 March 2018). 7765:Ortiz, Erik (31 August 2016). 7524:(in Spanish). 12 October 2007. 7438:(in Spanish). 21 October 2005. 7220:Rascón, Marco (18 July 2006). 7044:Latin American Research Review 6852:. Macmillan. pp. 54–184. 5927:. Cambridge University Press. 5540: 5521: 5507:Laura Rojas (17 August 2014). 5500: 5479: 5459:Francisco Paoli Bolio (2017). 5452: 5425: 5395:Carlos Báez Silva (May 2001). 5388: 5374: 5362:History of democracy in Mexico 2968:National Regeneration Movement 2741:Peña Nieto's security strategy 2691:battle against organized crime 2389:of 2 July 2000, its candidate 2317:and Secretary of the Interior) 2231:was murdered by agents of the 2152:1994 economic crisis in Mexico 1717:, a spy-program to inform the 1692:National Polytechnic Institute 1679:1968 Mexico City Olympic Games 1480:and every state governorship. 1147:Partido Socialists del Sureste 1130:, candidate of the PNR in the 746:, economic mismanagement, and 13: 1: 8850:1929 establishments in Mexico 7710:Carroll, Rory (2 July 2012). 7654:Watson, Julie (2 July 2012). 7113:Doyle, Kate (14 March 2004). 6366:Northwestern University Press 5832:Dominguez, Francisco (2018). 5367: 2970:won four, PAN three, and the 2856:2018 Mexican general election 2661:2012 Mexican general election 2274:2000 Mexican general election 2145:Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon 2115:1994 Mexican general election 1963:1988 Mexican general election 1957:Left-wing splits from the PRI 1916:1982 Mexican general election 1814:1976 Mexican general election 1231:1934 Mexican general election 1229:as the PNR candidate for the 1183:1929 Mexican general election 1155:Partido Socialista Fronterizo 565:very wide array of ideologies 507:The PRI governed Mexico as a 8865:Parties of one-party systems 7557:Sanchez, Raf (2 July 2012). 7476:(in Spanish). 15 March 2006. 7365:Mario Villanueva Madrid Case 7117:. National Security Archive. 7022:The Oxford History of Mexico 6968:. National Security Archive. 6934:The Oxford History of Mexico 6717:Lucas, Jeffrey Kent (2010). 6328:The Oxford History of Mexico 6012:(Madrid). 1990 September 1. 5838:Journal of Global Faultlines 5061:First loss of supermajority 4302:First loss of supermajority 2233:Federal Security Directorate 2204:). Two other PRI presidents 2158:for the first time in 1997. 1752:Economic crisis of the 1970s 764: 461:National Revolutionary Party 7: 8855:Political parties in Mexico 8796:Progressive Social Networks 8688:Political parties in Mexico 8054:(in Spanish). 18 June 2016. 8036:(in Spanish). 14 June 2016. 8018:(in Spanish). 15 June 2016. 6705:The Making of Modern Mexico 6575:vol. 39, no. 3 (Jan. 1963). 6538:"The Foundation of the PRI" 6093:Bay, Austin (4 July 2012). 6063:Bay, Austin (4 July 2012). 5850:10.13169/jglobfaul.4.2.0123 5666:Niko Vorobyov, ed. (2019). 5339: 5314:, is a political satire of 5292:Fuerza y Corazón por México 5232:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 4765:Fuerza y Corazón por México 4669:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 3643:Fuerza y Corazón por México 2994:Fuerza y Corazón por México 2765:National Action Party (PAN) 2708:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2610:Federal Electoral Institute 2593:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2526:Todos Unidos Contra Madrazo 2356:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2202:2007 Yucatán state election 2086:governor of Baja California 2061:Diego Fernández de Cevallos 2000:Frente Democrático Nacional 1719:Central Intelligence Agency 1294:companies in the run-up to 868:Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado 708:and the party is nicknamed 686: 623:1988 presidential election. 263:Fuerza y Corazón por México 10: 8881: 8760:Solidarity Encounter Party 7249:Memoria Política de México 7150:Memoria Política de México 6507:Mexico: Biography of Power 6395:Memoria Política de México 5894:Russell, James W. (2009). 5581:Cambridge University Press 2853: 2658: 2650:Return to power: 2012–2018 2618:2006 legislative elections 2271: 2112: 2004:1988 presidential election 1960: 1913: 1811: 1755: 1741:denounced the repression. 1666: 1490: 1139:Partido Radical Tabasqueño 1132:1929 presidential election 994: 870:and in an analysis by the 864:1988 presidential election 854:as the candidate in 1988, 691: 681:2018 presidential election 599:pursuing policies such as 8819:List of political parties 8809: 8768: 8742: 8701: 8615:Mexico Since Independence 8382:27 September 2017 at the 7046:, 20, no 2. (1985), 71–85 6966:"The Tlatelolco Massacre" 6825:Mexico Since Independence 6666:quoted in Edwin Lieuwen, 6619:Fidel Velázquez obituary 5973:10.1017/S0003055419000285 5607:Stanford University Press 5597:Storrs, K. Larry (2005), 5028: 5023: 4988:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 4798: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4672: 4667: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4518: 4513: 4444: 4439: 4369: 4364: 4294: 4291:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 4289: 4220: 4215: 4148: 4143: 4079: 4074: 4009: 4004: 3947: 3942: 3885: 3880: 3823: 3818: 3761: 3756: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3400:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 3217:The opposition candidate 2445:of former PAN stronghold 2391:Francisco Labastida Ochoa 2321:Humberto Roque Villanueva 2295:Secretary of the Interior 2287:Francisco Labastida Ochoa 2210:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 2141:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 2102:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 2065:Fernando Canales Clariond 2063:, Jesús González Schmal, 2041:Secretary of the Interior 2008:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1996:National Democratic Front 1878:and broke relations with 1610:La Muerte de Artemio Cruz 1605:The Death of Artemio Cruz 1342:Vicente Lombardo Toledano 962:faction that had won the 852:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 661:2009 legislative election 627:In 1990, Peruvian writer 569:President of the Republic 457:political party in Mexico 405: 387: 382: 368: 354: 340: 326: 289: 280:International affiliation 279: 269: 243: 227: 215:Revolutionary nationalism 201: 190: 178: 166: 156: 141: 131: 107: 97: 87: 77: 72:Carolina Viggiano Austria 65: 60:Alejandro Moreno Cárdenas 55: 46: 34: 7987:"Discusión en el senado" 6380:, issue 64 (March 1970). 6169:Encyclopedia of Politics 5772:10.61490/eial.v33i1.1753 5573:Bruhn, Kathleen (2008), 5324:The Perfect Dictatorship 2781:Eugenio Hernández Flores 2518:Mariano Palacios Alcocer 2216:and also negotiated the 2037:Rosario Ibarra de Piedra 2035:Clouthier, Cárdenas and 1888:North-South World Summit 1870:-Spain in 1977, allowed 1840:Mexican Democratic Party 1696:Mexican Student Movement 1616:Attempts at party reform 1101:" ("political bosses"). 8860:Socialist International 8781:Social Democratic Party 8292:– via elpais.com. 7823:The Dallas Morning News 7187:Encyclopædia Britannica 6902:accessed 10 April 2019. 6357:Padgett, Vincent Leon, 6019:24 October 2011 at the 5734:Socialist International 5599:"Mexico-U.S. Relations" 5321:A latter Estrada film, 5105:First loss of majority 4879:Luis Echeverría Álvarez 4408:First loss of majority 4076:Luis Echeverría Álvarez 3652:Congressional elections 3219:Miguel Henríquez Guzmán 2779:(along his predecessor 2301:Roberto Madrazo Pintado 2237:Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo 2024:Partido Acción Nacional 1844:Mexican Communist Party 1638:Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada 1541:social welfare programs 755:Socialist International 730:, endemically corrupt, 655:presidential candidate 496:(Supreme Chief) of the 284:Socialist International 270:Continental affiliation 229:Political position 27:Mexican political party 8786:Social Encounter Party 8095:Aristegui Noticias.com 7791:McDonnell, Patrick J. 7057:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6646:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6608:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6440:Garrido, Javier Luis. 6341:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6289:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6197: 5406:. Convergencia: 5, 6. 2972:Social Encounter Party 2870: 2674: 2673:as president of Mexico 2553:governor of Tamaulipas 2409:As an opposition party 2387:presidential elections 2382:, among many others). 2257:Joaquín Hendricks Díaz 2077:Luis Felipe Bravo Mena 2073:Carlos Castillo Peraza 2023: 1975: 1928: 1826: 1706: 1632: 1505: 1469: 1385: 1209: 1151:Felipe Carrillo Puerto 1134: 1079: 1060: 951: 919: 893: 887: 881: 842: 836: 830: 824: 816: 807: 701: 617: 609:free-market capitalism 492: 476: 464: 439: 8709:National Action Party 7291:"The Rise of the Pan" 7164:"¿Qué es la COPPPAL?" 6892:The Centennial Review 6494:Plutarco Elías Calles 6481:Plutarco Elías Calles 6468:Plutarco Elías Calles 6250:Gallo, Rubén (2004). 6213:Gallo, Rubén (2004). 6032:MacLeod, Dag (2005). 5730:"Full Member Parties" 5701:"¿Qué es la COPPPAL?" 5382:"Padrón de afiliados" 3573:Compromiso por México 2990:2024 general election 2959:2018 general election 2887:Alfredo del Mazo Maza 2873:On 27 November 2017, 2863: 2712:Josefina Vázquez Mota 2669:Enrique Peña Nieto's 2668: 2368:Jorge González Torres 2345:Addy Joaquín Coldwell 2167:National Action Party 2129:la dictadura perfecta 2016:National Action Party 1992:Corriente Democrática 1984:Governor of Michoacán 1970: 1923: 1821: 1779:Díaz Ordaz chose his 1704: 1623: 1569:National Action Party 1500: 1445:Democracia y justicia 1380: 1327:National Action Party 1220:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 1204: 1163:that began in 1910." 1143:Tomás Garrido Canabal 1126: 1108:(CROM) controlled by 1084:Plutarco Elías Calles 1055:Plutarco Elías Calles 1046: 1026:Plutarco Elías Calles 991:Founding of the Party 941: 929:Plutarco Elías Calles 910:Plutarco Elías Calles 908: 699: 488:Plutarco Elías Calles 248:Compromiso por México 102:Plutarco Elías Calles 7370:5 April 2011 at the 6781:Preston and Dillon, 6725:. pp. 171–203. 6427:Preston and Dillon, 6300:Castañeda, Jorge G. 5198:Commitment to Mexico 4606:Commitment to Mexico 3882:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 3820:Miguel Alemán Valdés 3758:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3467:Luis Donaldo Colosio 3194:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 3160:Miguel Alemán Valdés 3118:Manuel Ávila Camacho 2915:'s Mexico Center at 2563:governor of Coahuila 2514:Elba Esther Gordillo 2510:president of the PRI 2467:municipal presidency 2399:senatorial elections 2133:Luis Donaldo Colosio 2097:Luis Donaldo Colosio 1802:Secretary of Finance 1781:government secretary 1725:ammunition in 1963. 1659:lost that election. 1532:Economic nationalist 1502:Miguel Alemán Valdés 1422:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1394:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1382:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1145:; the Yucatán-based 593:Manuel Ávila Camacho 244:National affiliation 173:Red Jóvenes x México 123:18 January 1946 (as 92:Rubén Moreira Valdez 8538:Atención San Miguel 8275:elfinanciero.com.mx 8152:on 28 December 2017 7687:The Huffington Post 7660:The Huffington Post 7564:The Daily Telegraph 7458:. 14 November 2005. 7396:on 23 January 2009. 7354:on 29 October 2008. 6990:on 23 January 2009. 6548:on 19 October 2009. 6479:quoted in Buchenau, 6099:Real Clear Politics 6069:Real Clear Politics 5534:Distintas Latitudes 5151:Alliance for Mexico 4951:Miguel de la Madrid 4916:José López Portillo 4528:Alliance for Mexico 4217:Miguel de la Madrid 4145:José López Portillo 3944:Adolfo López Mateos 3657:Chamber of Deputies 3480:Francisco Labastida 3425:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 3366:Miguel de la Madrid 3355:Elected unopposed. 3332:José López Portillo 3232:Adolfo López Mateos 3143:Juan Andreu Almazán 3042:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 2985:party since 2021. 2947:Cambridge Analytica 2889:as governor of the 2793:César Duarte Jáquez 2622:Chamber of Deputies 2586:Alliance for Mexico 2573:governor of Hidalgo 2439:first-past-the-post 2435:(jefe delegacional) 2423:Chamber of Deputies 2419:Chamber of Deputies 2380:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 2360:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 2305:governor of Tabasco 2291:governor of Sinaloa 2206:Miguel de la Madrid 2196:'s PAN and PAN vs. 2082:Ernesto Ruffo Appel 2049:alternative cabinet 2045:Chamber of Deputies 2030:Miguel de la Madrid 1980:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 1972:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 1933:Miguel de la Madrid 1925:Miguel de la Madrid 1831:José López Portillo 1823:José López Portillo 1798:José López Portillo 1688:National University 1669:Tlatelolco massacre 1657:Francisco Labastida 1514:import substitution 1474:Chamber of Deputies 1398:Juan Andreu Almazán 1188:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1176:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1128:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1030:President of Mexico 972:Plan of Agua Prieta 956:Venustiano Carranza 933:Adolfo de la Huerta 860:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 856:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 848:Miguel de la Madrid 811:, with the finger ( 634:intellectual milieu 554:Tlatelolco massacre 328:Chamber of Deputies 82:Manuel Añorve Baños 8824:Politics of Mexico 8755:New Alliance Party 8724:Citizens' Movement 8650:The New York Times 8428:"La muerte acecha" 8375:Artículo 1° de la 8345:The New York Times 8229:The New York Times 8204:. 18 December 2017 8178:. 25 December 2017 8122:. 27 November 2017 7967:on 20 January 2018 7907:The New York Times 7538:. CNN. 7 July 2009 7320:Becerril, Andres. 7207:The New York Times 6723:Edwin Mellen Press 6633:Politics in Mexico 6586:Politics in Mexico 6560:Politics in Mexico 6558:Camp, Roderic Ai. 6453:Buchenau, Jürgen. 6042:. pp. 37–38. 5880:. 11 January 2018. 5560:Multiple sources: 5334:media manipulation 5300:In popular culture 5185:Enrique Peña Nieto 4842:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 4593:Enrique Peña Nieto 4006:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 3585:José Antonio Meade 3548:Enrique Peña Nieto 3535:Alianza por México 3266:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 2976:Citizens' Movement 2951:The New York Times 2926:The New York Times 2921:Enrique Peña Nieto 2875:José Antonio Meade 2871: 2756:Enrique Peña Nieto 2728:Mario Vargas Llosa 2679:Enrique Peña Nieto 2675: 2624:and 35 out of 128 2606:New Alliance Party 2522:Unidad Democrática 2437:out of 16, and no 2353:Mexico City mayors 2315:governor of Puebla 2280:The Fantastic Four 2125:Mario Vargas Llosa 1976: 1929: 1882:and supported the 1848:Congress of Mexico 1827: 1711:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 1707: 1633: 1506: 1386: 1336:(CROM), headed by 1210: 1135: 1095:Mexican Revolution 1064:Mexican Revolution 964:Mexican Revolution 952: 948:Mexican Revolution 920: 787:Mexican Revolution 702: 677:José Antonio Meade 669:Enrique Peña Nieto 629:Mario Vargas Llosa 577:political spectrum 573:Constitutionalists 498:Mexican Revolution 410:Politics of Mexico 370:State legislatures 117:30 March 1938 (as 8832: 8831: 8569:Los Angeles Times 8490:All Media Network 7797:Los Angeles Times 7455:Los Angeles Times 7010:. 2 October 1968. 6859:978-0-374-52964-2 6810:978-1-58826-300-1 6732:978-0-7734-3665-7 6526:. 9 October 2008. 6505:Krauze, Enrique. 6414:Grayson, George, 5907:978-0-8020-9678-4 5566:PRI: ¿ave fénix?" 5297: 5296: 5279:Claudia Sheinbaum 4771: 4770: 4752:Claudia Sheinbaum 3649: 3648: 2992:, as part of the 2983:social democratic 2961:, as part of the 2745:Mexico's drug war 2655:Return of the PRI 2545:(federal senator) 2459:Ulises Ruiz Ortiz 2457:, PRI candidates 2190:political machine 2186:voter suppression 2006:which was won by 1872:Pope John Paul II 1744:Díaz Ordaz chose 1650:an airplane crash 1645:Carlos A. Madrazo 1625:Carlos A. Madrazo 1168:Aarón Sáenz Garza 1118:Emilio Portes Gil 1088:Emilio Portes Gil 1058: 1032:from 1924 to 1928 960:Constitutionalist 759:social democratic 428: 427: 415:Political parties 211:Constitutionalism 111:4 March 1929 (as 67:Secretary-General 16:(Redirected from 8872: 8801:Force for Mexico 8696: 8695: 8694: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8658: 8657: 8641: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8630:Official website 8593:Camp, Roderic A. 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8540:. Archived from 8529: 8523: 8522: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8478:Crow, Jonathan. 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8397: 8391: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8328:. 31 March 2018. 8318: 8312: 8311: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8146:SDP Noticias.com 8138: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7707: 7696: 7695: 7694:on 2 April 2014. 7690:. Archived from 7677: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7651: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7592: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7492:elmovimiento.org 7484: 7478: 7477: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7418:on 29 June 2011. 7404: 7398: 7397: 7380: 7374: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7241: 7232: 7231: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7142: 7119: 7118: 7110: 7095: 7094: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7047: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7025: 7018: 7012: 7011: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6937: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6912: 6909: 6903: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6843: 6837: 6834: 6828: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6802: 6792: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6764: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6746: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6721:. Lewiston, NY: 6714: 6708: 6701: 6695: 6692: 6683: 6680: 6674: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6649: 6642: 6636: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6589: 6582: 6576: 6569: 6563: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6542:mx.geocities.com 6534: 6528: 6527: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6484: 6477: 6471: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6425: 6419: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6364:. Evanston, IL: 6358: 6353: 6344: 6337: 6331: 6324: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6298: 6292: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6233: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6188: 6186: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6122: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6029: 6023: 6007: 6001: 5996:2010 October 7. 5991: 5985: 5984: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5891: 5882: 5881: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5707:on 25 March 2012 5703:. Archived from 5697: 5691: 5690: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5619: 5593: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5467: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5401: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5287: 5271: 5245:Todos por México 5240: 5224: 5193: 5177: 5146: 5130: 5102: 5086: 5054: 5033: 5017: 4996: 4980: 4959: 4943: 4924: 4908: 4887: 4871: 4850: 4834: 4778: 4777: 4774:Senate elections 4760: 4744: 4709: 4682:Todos por México 4677: 4661: 4632: 4601: 4585: 4554: 4523: 4507: 4476: 4449: 4433: 4401: 4374: 4358: 4327: 4299: 4283: 4252: 4225: 4209: 4178: 4153: 4137: 4108: 4084: 4068: 4039: 4014: 3998: 3973: 3952: 3936: 3911: 3890: 3874: 3849: 3828: 3812: 3787: 3766: 3750: 3731: 3715: 3661: 3660: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3608:Todos por México 3602: 3599: 3598: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3429:Manuel Clouthier 3417: 3414: 3413: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3067:José Vasconcelos 3059: 3056: 3055: 3013: 3012: 3004:Election results 2963:Todos por México 2936:Carmen Aristegui 2867: 2823:Alfredo del Mazo 2732:Associated Press 2559:Enrique Martínez 2549:Tomás Yarrington 2504:Later that year 2487:Estado de México 2431:Federal District 2403:Senate of Mexico 2393:was defeated by 2341:Manuel Clouthier 2249:Mario Villanueva 2156:federal congress 2012:Manuel Clouthier 1263: 1254: 1192:José Vasconcelos 1048: 1018: 1009: 968:Ignacio Bonillas 918:magazine in 1924 912:on the cover of 896: 890: 884: 845: 839: 833: 827: 810: 673:Mexican drug war 620: 607:, and embracing 591:. His successor 495: 450: 445: 401: 396: 393: 391: 377: 363: 349: 335: 319: 313: 307: 301: 295: 253:Todos por México 219:Social democracy 194: 180:Trade union wing 126: 120: 114: 68: 51: 32: 31: 21: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8814:Portal:Politics 8805: 8764: 8738: 8697: 8692: 8690: 8685: 8639: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8611:Smith, Peter H. 8589: 8587:Further reading 8584: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8544:on 13 July 2018 8530: 8526: 8511: 8507: 8494: 8492: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8436: 8434: 8432:Diario Presente 8426: 8425: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8398: 8394: 8384:Wayback Machine 8374: 8370: 8363:Animal Político 8357: 8356: 8352: 8337: 8333: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8310:. 2 April 2018. 8302: 8301: 8297: 8286: 8282: 8267: 8263: 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8176:Regeneracion.mx 8170: 8169: 8165: 8155: 8153: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8089: 8088: 8084: 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7122: 7111: 7098: 7083:10.2307/1052037 7071:Mexican Studies 7067: 7063: 7054: 7050: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7019: 7015: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6962: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6831: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6793: 6789: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6715: 6711: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6583: 6579: 6570: 6566: 6557: 6553: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6487: 6478: 6474: 6465: 6461: 6452: 6448: 6439: 6435: 6426: 6422: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6375: 6371: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6321: 6312: 6308: 6299: 6295: 6286: 6282: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6211: 6207: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6163: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6123: 6116: 6103: 6101: 6091: 6087: 6073: 6071: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6030: 6026: 6021:Wayback Machine 6008: 6004: 5992: 5988: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5892: 5885: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5830: 5826: 5791: 5787: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5728: 5727: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5664: 5660: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5617: 5591: 5559: 5555: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5526: 5522: 5505: 5501: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5302: 5272: 5269: 5225: 5222: 5178: 5175: 5138:Felipe Calderón 5131: 5128: 5087: 5084: 5055: 5052: 5025:Ernesto Zedillo 5018: 5015: 4981: 4978: 4944: 4941: 4909: 4906: 4872: 4869: 4835: 4832: 4776: 4745: 4742: 4710: 4707: 4662: 4659: 4633: 4630: 4586: 4583: 4555: 4552: 4515:Felipe Calderón 4508: 4505: 4477: 4474: 4434: 4431: 4402: 4399: 4366:Ernesto Zedillo 4359: 4356: 4328: 4325: 4284: 4281: 4253: 4250: 4210: 4207: 4179: 4176: 4138: 4135: 4109: 4106: 4069: 4066: 4040: 4037: 3999: 3996: 3974: 3971: 3937: 3934: 3912: 3909: 3875: 3872: 3850: 3847: 3813: 3810: 3788: 3785: 3751: 3748: 3723:Lázaro Cárdenas 3716: 3713: 3659: 3654: 3635: 3631: 3600: 3596: 3563: 3559: 3527: 3523: 3512:Roberto Madrazo 3495: 3491: 3457: 3453: 3442:Ernesto Zedillo 3415: 3411: 3381: 3377: 3347: 3343: 3314: 3310: 3299:Luis Echeverría 3281: 3277: 3247: 3243: 3209: 3205: 3175: 3171: 3133: 3129: 3099: 3095: 3084:Lázaro Cárdenas 3057: 3053: 3011: 3006: 2978:each with one. 2917:Rice University 2903:electoral fraud 2891:state of Mexico 2869: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2812:state of Mexico 2761:Ernesto Zedillo 2724: 2663: 2657: 2652: 2601:Felipe Calderón 2543:Enrique Jackson 2506:Roberto Madrazo 2499:Baja California 2463:Jorge Hank Rhon 2411: 2329:Carlos Alazraki 2311:Manuel Bartlett 2276: 2270: 2265: 2241:Ernesto Zedillo 2182:electoral fraud 2177:(PRD) in 1989. 2117: 2111: 2094: 1998:(FDN, Spanish: 1988:Lázaro Cárdenas 1965: 1959: 1954: 1918: 1912: 1816: 1810: 1793:Federal Reserve 1785:Luis Echeverría 1760: 1754: 1746:Luis Echeverría 1690:(UNAM) and the 1671: 1665: 1618: 1581:working classes 1510:Mexican Miracle 1495: 1493:Mexican Miracle 1489: 1487:Mexican Miracle 1453:Fidel Velázquez 1418: 1413: 1346:Fidel Velázquez 1338:Luis N. Morones 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1271:Lázaro Cárdenas 1266: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1244: 1242:PRM (1938–1946) 1227:Lázaro Cárdenas 1206:Lázaro Cárdenas 1110:Luis N. Morones 1045: 1043:PNR (1929–1938) 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1010: 999: 993: 903: 803: 801:Party practices 767: 748:electoral fraud 694: 689: 657:Roberto Madrazo 605:Catholic Church 581:Lázaro Cárdenas 525:electoral fraud 509:one-party state 471:), then as the 443: 424: 388: 378: 375: 364: 361: 350: 347: 336: 333: 317: 311: 305: 299: 293: 261: 256: 251: 223: 217: 213: 192: 132:Split from 122: 116: 66: 42: 41: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8878: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8791:México Posible 8788: 8783: 8778: 8776:Humanist Party 8772: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8684: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8642: 8623: 8622:External links 8620: 8619: 8618: 8608: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8555: 8532:Ríos, Sandra. 8524: 8505: 8470: 8444: 8419: 8406:El País México 8392: 8368: 8365:. 2 July 2018. 8350: 8331: 8313: 8308:proceso.com.mx 8295: 8280: 8261: 8242: 8215: 8189: 8163: 8133: 8107: 8082: 8057: 8039: 8021: 8003: 7978: 7946: 7920: 7893: 7865: 7837: 7809: 7783: 7757: 7731: 7697: 7672: 7643: 7615: 7604:. 23 June 2012 7578: 7549: 7527: 7509: 7479: 7461: 7441: 7421: 7399: 7375: 7357: 7335: 7312: 7281: 7263: 7254: 7233: 7212: 7193: 7173: 7155: 7120: 7096: 7077:(2): 227–285. 7061: 7048: 7035: 7026: 7013: 6993: 6971: 6956: 6947: 6938: 6925: 6913: 6904: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6858: 6838: 6829: 6816: 6809: 6787: 6783:Opening Mexico 6774: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6731: 6709: 6696: 6684: 6675: 6659: 6650: 6637: 6624: 6612: 6599: 6590: 6577: 6564: 6551: 6529: 6511: 6498: 6485: 6472: 6459: 6446: 6433: 6429:Opening Mexico 6420: 6407: 6382: 6369: 6345: 6332: 6319: 6306: 6293: 6280: 6262: 6242: 6225: 6205: 6178: 6157: 6145: 6114: 6085: 6055: 6048: 6024: 6002: 5986: 5967:(3): 710–726. 5947: 5933: 5913: 5906: 5883: 5863: 5844:(2): 123–137. 5824: 5811:10.2307/981231 5805:(3): 383–405. 5785: 5746: 5718: 5692: 5682: 5658: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5620: 5615: 5609:, p. 56, 5594: 5589: 5583:, p. 18, 5570: 5553: 5539: 5520: 5499: 5478: 5451: 5444: 5424: 5387: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5341: 5338: 5310:, directed by 5304:The 1999 film 5301: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5021:Supermajority 5019: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4984:Supermajority 4982: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4947:Supermajority 4945: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4912:Supermajority 4910: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4881: 4876: 4875:Supermajority 4873: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4838:Supermajority 4836: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256:Supermajority 4254: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4219: 4214: 4213:Supermajority 4211: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182:Supermajority 4180: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4141:Supermajority 4139: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112:Supermajority 4110: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4072:Supermajority 4070: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043:Supermajority 4041: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4003: 4002:Supermajority 4000: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977:Supermajority 3975: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3940:Supermajority 3938: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915:Supermajority 3913: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3878:Supermajority 3876: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853:Supermajority 3851: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3816:Supermajority 3814: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791:Supermajority 3789: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3754:Supermajority 3752: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3719:Supermajority 3717: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3620:Xóchitl Gálvez 3617: 3611: 3610: 3604: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3421: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3296: 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article: 1488: 1485: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1268: 1267: 1258: 1257: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1196:Enrique Krauze 1114:Laborist Party 1072:Álvaro Obregón 1044: 1041: 1023: 1022: 1013: 1012: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 992: 989: 944:Álvaro Obregón 925:Alvaro Obregón 902: 899: 888:carro completo 802: 799: 766: 763: 693: 690: 688: 685: 667:its candidate 649:2000 elections 502:Álvaro Obregón 426: 425: 423: 422: 417: 412: 406: 403: 402: 385: 384: 380: 379: 374: 372: 366: 365: 360: 358: 352: 351: 346: 344: 338: 337: 332: 330: 324: 323: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 245: 241: 240: 231: 225: 224: 222: 221: 207: 205: 199: 198: 195: 188: 187: 182: 176: 175: 170: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 143: 139: 138: 136:Laborist Party 133: 129: 128: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 89: 88:Chamber Leader 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 69: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 39: 36: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8877: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8825: 8822: 8820: 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7966: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7869: 7854:. 5 June 2017 7853: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7798: 7794: 7787: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7648: 7632:. 2 July 2012 7631: 7630: 7629:The Economist 7625: 7619: 7603: 7602: 7601:The Economist 7597: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7537: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7445: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7323: 7316: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7230:(in Spanish). 7229: 7228: 7223: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7170:(in Spanish). 7169: 7165: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7116: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7092: 7088: 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6089: 6082: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6049:0-271-04669-4 6045: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5936: 5934:9781139991384 5930: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5890: 5888: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5689: 5685: 5683:9781317755098 5679: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5662: 5655:. p. 20. 5654: 5647: 5638: 5636:9781139489379 5632: 5628: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5616:9781594546501 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5590:9781139470636 5586: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5471: 5464: 5463: 5455: 5447: 5445:9789586653862 5441: 5437: 5436: 5428: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5354:Mexico portal 5344: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4790:No. of seats 4784:Constituency 4779: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718:Va por México 4715: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4670: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4600: 4594: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4482: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4007: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3979: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3711: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3673:No. of seats 3667:Constituency 3662: 3644: 3640: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3462: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2862: 2857: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801:Roberto Borge 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785:Javier Duarte 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2736:United States 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2716:The Economist 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:The Economist 2696: 2695:The Economist 2692: 2687: 2686: 2685:The Economist 2682:published by 2680: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2376:Roberto Campa 2373: 2369: 2366:), the PVEM ( 2365: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349:Demetrio Sodi 2346: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2275: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245:Juárez Cartel 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2198:López Obrador 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1769:capital goods 1766: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1591:intellectuals 1588: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1536:protectionist 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1436:Miguel Alemán 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1408: 1406: 1405:Miguel Alemán 1401: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285:United States 1282: 1272: 1262: 1253: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1040: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1008: 998: 988: 984: 982: 976: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 949: 945: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 917: 916: 911: 907: 898: 895: 889: 883: 877: 875: 874: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 838: 832: 826: 820: 818: 814: 809: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 762: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 721:"state party" 717: 715: 711: 707: 698: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 630: 625: 624: 619: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 556:in which the 555: 551: 547: 542: 541:economic boom 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 494: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 441: 437: 433: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 404: 400: 395: 386: 381: 373: 371: 367: 359: 357: 356:Governorships 353: 345: 343: 339: 331: 329: 325: 322: 316: 310: 304: 298: 292: 288: 285: 282: 278: 275: 272: 268: 264: 259: 258:Va por México 254: 249: 246: 242: 239: 235: 232: 230: 226: 220: 216: 212: 209: 208: 206: 204: 200: 196: 189: 186: 183: 181: 177: 174: 171: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 80: 78:Senate Leader 76: 73: 70: 64: 61: 58: 54: 50: 45: 33: 30: 19: 8713: 8648: 8640:(in Spanish) 8614: 8596: 8572:. Retrieved 8568: 8558: 8546:. Retrieved 8542:the original 8537: 8527: 8518: 8508: 8500: 8493:. Retrieved 8488:(synopsis). 8483: 8473: 8461:. Retrieved 8456: 8447: 8435:. Retrieved 8431: 8422: 8410:. Retrieved 8408:(in Spanish) 8405: 8395: 8387: 8371: 8362: 8353: 8344: 8334: 8325: 8316: 8307: 8298: 8283: 8274: 8264: 8255: 8245: 8233:. Retrieved 8231:(in Spanish) 8228: 8218: 8206:. Retrieved 8201: 8192: 8180:. Retrieved 8175: 8166: 8154:. Retrieved 8150:the original 8145: 8136: 8124:. Retrieved 8120:El Universal 8119: 8110: 8098:. Retrieved 8094: 8085: 8073:. Retrieved 8069: 8060: 8051: 8042: 8033: 8024: 8015: 8006: 7994:. Retrieved 7990: 7981: 7969:. Retrieved 7965:the original 7958: 7949: 7937:. Retrieved 7932: 7923: 7911:. Retrieved 7909:(in Spanish) 7906: 7896: 7884:. Retrieved 7877: 7868: 7856:. Retrieved 7851:El Universal 7849: 7840: 7828:. Retrieved 7821: 7812: 7800:. Retrieved 7796: 7786: 7774:. Retrieved 7760: 7748:. Retrieved 7744: 7734: 7722:. Retrieved 7717:The Guardian 7715: 7692:the original 7685: 7675: 7663:. Retrieved 7659: 7634:. Retrieved 7627: 7618: 7606:. Retrieved 7599: 7569:. Retrieved 7562: 7552: 7540:. Retrieved 7530: 7522:El Universal 7521: 7512: 7500:. Retrieved 7491: 7482: 7473: 7464: 7453: 7444: 7435:El Universal 7433: 7424: 7416:the original 7411: 7402: 7394:the original 7387: 7378: 7360: 7352:the original 7338: 7326:. Retrieved 7315: 7303:. Retrieved 7298: 7294: 7284: 7275: 7266: 7257: 7248: 7225: 7215: 7206: 7196: 7185: 7176: 7167: 7158: 7149: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7056: 7051: 7043: 7038: 7029: 7021: 7016: 7005: 6996: 6988:the original 6984:El Universal 6983: 6974: 6959: 6950: 6941: 6933: 6928: 6907: 6891: 6886: 6877: 6868: 6848: 6841: 6832: 6824: 6819: 6798: 6790: 6785:, pp. 53–54. 6782: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6750: 6741: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6699: 6678: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6653: 6645: 6640: 6635:, pp. 154-55 6632: 6627: 6615: 6607: 6602: 6593: 6585: 6580: 6573:The Americas 6572: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6546:the original 6541: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6509:. pp. 429-31 6506: 6501: 6493: 6488: 6480: 6475: 6467: 6462: 6454: 6449: 6441: 6436: 6428: 6423: 6415: 6410: 6398:. Retrieved 6394: 6385: 6377: 6372: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6340: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6301: 6296: 6288: 6283: 6274: 6267:. Retrieved 6252: 6245: 6237: 6230:. Retrieved 6215: 6208: 6190: 6183:. Retrieved 6168: 6160: 6148: 6136:. Retrieved 6130: 6109: 6102:. Retrieved 6098: 6088: 6079: 6072:. Retrieved 6068: 6058: 6034: 6027: 6009: 6005: 5993: 5989: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5938:. Retrieved 5923: 5916: 5896: 5877:El Universal 5875: 5866: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5802: 5799:The Americas 5798: 5788: 5766:(1): 69–77. 5763: 5759: 5749: 5737:. Retrieved 5709:. 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Excelsior 7305:19 November 7168:COPPPAL.org 6269:13 December 6232:13 December 6132:Global Post 5674:Hachette UK 5336:in Mexico. 5307:Herod's Law 5290:Coalition: 5275:Opposition 5243:Coalition: 5228:Opposition 5196:Coalition: 5168:18,560,755 5162:18,477,441 5149:Coalition: 5134:Opposition 5121:11,681,395 5115:11,622,012 5094:Vicente Fox 5090:Opposition 5077:13,755,787 5071:13,699,799 5045:11,266,155 5008:17,195,536 4899:13,406,825 4862:11,154,003 4796:Presidency 4763:Coalition: 4748:Opposition 4716:Coalition: 4713:Opposition 4680:Coalition: 4665:Opposition 4623:11,638,556 4617:11,604,665 4604:Coalition: 4576:15,513,478 4570:15,166,531 4558:Opposition 4545:12,809,365 4539:12,765,938 4526:Coalition: 4511:Opposition 4498:11,689,110 4492:11,629,727 4480:Opposition 4441:Vicente Fox 4437:Opposition 4424:13,800,306 4418:13,720,453 4392:11,438,719 4386:11,305,957 4349:17,236,836 4343:16,851,082 4318:14,145,234 4312:14,051,349 4243:10,981,938 4237:11,575,063 4200:14,289,793 4194:14,501,988 4124:12,868,104 4055:11,125,770 3679:Presidency 3606:Coalition: 3571:Coalition: 3552:19,226,284 3533:Coalition: 3484:13,579,718 3446:17,181,651 3370:16,748,006 3336:16,727,993 3303:11,970,893 2769:Vicente Fox 2671:investiture 2588:coalition. 2395:Vicente Fox 2194:Vicente Fox 2069:Vicente Fox 1735:Octavio Paz 1602:publishing 1308:corporatism 1235:Jefe Máximo 882:alquimistas 783:corporatist 779:Rubén Gallo 710:El tricolor 679:losing the 601:privatizing 517:corporatism 493:Jefe Máximo 376:184 / 1,123 260:(2020–2023) 255:(2017–2018) 250:(2011–2015) 191:Membership 151:Mexico City 8839:Categories 8463:18 January 8437:16 January 8412:12 January 8016:La Jornada 7665:31 January 7502:24 January 7474:La Jornada 7412:La Jornada 7227:La Jornada 6524:Mexconnect 6104:31 January 5739:11 January 5368:References 5316:corruption 5262:6,530,305 5215:9,013,658 5209:3,855,984 4971:9,263,810 4825:7,837,364 4735:6,623,796 4700:8,715,899 4694:2,715,123 4652:9,310,523 4646:4,351,824 4467:6,196,171 4461:6,166,358 4274:9,276,934 4268:9,276,934 4165:9,418,178 4026:8,342,114 3989:7,807,912 3964:6,178,434 3927:6,467,493 3902:5,562,761 3865:2,713,419 3840:2,031,783 3803:1,687,284 3624:5,736,759 3589:9,289,378 3516:9,301,441 3404:9,687,926 3270:8,368,446 3236:6,767,754 3198:2,713,419 3164:1,786,901 3122:2,476,641 3088:2,225,000 3046:1,947,848 3019:Candidate 2854:See also: 2777:Tamaulipas 2659:See also: 2447:Nuevo León 2272:See also: 2163:corruption 2113:See also: 1961:See also: 1941:neoliberal 1937:technocrat 1914:See also: 1812:See also: 1765:investment 1756:See also: 1172:Nuevo León 1160:agraristas 1153:; and the 1082:, PNR) by 995:See also: 942:President 840:. 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