83:
policies that favor the interests of wealthy donors over the broader public (Davis, 2013). Erosion of Trust: It may erode public trust in government, as people believe elected officials are more responsive to donors than to constituents (Johnson, 2005). Barriers to
Participation: It can discourage individuals without financial means from engaging in the political process, potentially limiting diversity in political leadership (Smith, 2020). These effects highlight the complex and contentious nature of "pay-to-play" dynamics in politics, with implications for democratic principles and governance.
485:. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has created a rule that puts some restrictions on asset managers when they make campaign contributions. The New York and Tennessee Republican parties filed a lawsuit against the SEC in August over the 2010 rule, arguing that it impedes free speech, seeking a preliminary injunction against the rule. U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell questioned whether the parties have standing to bring the case, noting they failed to name the potential donors and did not cite any investment advisers who are upset about the rule.
455:$ 1000/plate dinner or $ 25,000 "breakout session", gain access to power and/or its spoils, to the exclusion of those who cannot or will not pay: "giving certain people advantages that other don't have because they donated to your campaign". Good-government advocates consider this an outrage because "political fundraising should have no relationship to policy recommendations". Citizens for Responsible Ethics in Washington called the "pay-to-play Congress" one of the top 10 scandals of 2008.
507:" (money not contributed directly to candidate campaigns and that does not "expressly advocate" election or defeat of a candidate) donations to state parties and county committees have come under greater scrutiny. This method refers to money that is donated to an intermediary with a higher contribution limit, which in turn donates money to individual candidates or campaign committees who could not directly accept the payor's funds.
443:, influence over legislation, political appointments or nominations, special access or other favors. The contributions, less frequently, may be to nonprofit or institutional entities, or may take the form of some benefit to a third party, such as a family member of a governmental official. Incumbent candidates and their political organizations are typically the greatest beneficiaries of pay-to-play. Both the
348:, thereby losing the protective provisions of the preferred stock. This approach minimizes the fears of major investors that small or minority investors will benefit by having the major investors continue providing needed equity, particularly in troubled economic circumstances for the company. It is considered a "harsh" provision that is usually only inserted when one party has a strong bargaining position.
132:, during the 1980s. It has become common in many U.S. cities at low-turnout all-ages shows where performers are required to guarantee a minimum attendance through pre-show ticket sales. Pay-to-play gigs are a contentious practice in the UK, and some of the largest pay-to-play gig organisers have generated large amounts of discussion and criticism.
106:, to broadcast content promoting the payer's interests. While these types of shows are typically shows that have little sponsor support and have no substantiated audience, some major program producers do purchase airtime to "clear" their programs in certain major markets. This type of format is particularly common among religious broadcasters (
454:
While the direct exchange of campaign contributions for contracts is the most visible form of pay-to-play, the greater concern is the central role of money in politics, and its skewing of both the composition and the policies of government. Thus, those who can pay the price of admission, such as to a
495:
specifically sets out bid processes that are or are not considered fair and open, depending upon who has contributed what to whom. In a series of academic research articles, Christopher Cotton shows how selling access may lead to better policy decisions compared to other means of awarding access. He
251:
In a pay-to-play gig, the performer will either pay the promoter some money to be allowed to perform at the show, or will have to offer some in-kind payment. In a conventional comedy club, the promoter will pay the acts for their performance, and will raise the money to stage the gig by charging the
272:
Similar to the trend cited above in music, pay-to-play is the practice of visual artists paying gallery owners, dealers, curators, publishers, festival and contest sponsors, and better-established artists to critique, review, judge, exhibit, collect, or publish works created in such disparate media
66:
The concept of "pay-to-play" has been present in political discourse for many years (Johnson, 2005). However, it gained significant prominence in the United States during the 20th century, particularly in the context of campaign finance regulations and political fundraising practices (Smith, 2020).
57:
The term "pay-to-play"' in the political context refers to a practice where individuals or entities, often through campaign donations or financial contributions, gain access or influence over government officials and decision-making processes (Smith, 2020). This term is used to describe a perceived
255:
Pay-to-play was cited as a cause of major damage to the quality of the New York comedy scene. In economic terms, a pay-to-play strategy elevates those people who can afford to perform for nothing, or can afford to pay for their stage-time, which has nothing to do with their quality as an act. The
70:
Prominence and Usage: The term "pay-to-play" is most commonly used in discussions about campaign finance, lobbying, and political corruption (Smith, 2020). It gained prominence in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as concerns grew about the increasing influence of money in politics (Brown,
157:
is a booming field in the music industry, whose professionals place music in many kinds of film, television, commercial, web-based and other live and recorded media cues. While some music supervisors are paid only by their employer or per-project, some companies use a pay-to-play model wherein
82:
Undermining Equal
Representation: It can create a perception that those with financial resources have greater access to policymakers, potentially undermining the principle of equal representation (Jones, 2019). Policy Influence: There are concerns that large political contributions can lead to
379:
Pay-to-play occurs when investment firms or their employees make campaign contributions to politicians or candidates for office in the hope of receiving business from the municipalities that those political figures represent. It usually applies to investment banking firms that hope to receive
314:
2014 Global
Economic Crime Survey explored financial corruption in the construction industry. This survey found that asset misappropriation and bribery were the most prevalent crimes, with nearly 70% of crimes being perpetrated by insiders. In 2018, 14 people were charged with bribe-taking,
375:
severely regulated and limited the interactions and gifts-giving practices between the investment industry personnel and politicians and candidates. This can be seen most notably in Rule 206(4)-5 of the
Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and Rules G-37 and G-38 of the MSRB Rule Book.
343:
protections. If the stockholder does not purchase his or her pro rata share in the subsequent offering, then the stockholder loses the benefit(s) of the antidilution provisions. In extreme cases, investors who do not participate in subsequent rounds must convert to
300:
exchanges of money or gifts and providing sponsorships such that the engineering, design, or construction company gets considered for work that would not otherwise be available (this in essence becomes a type of pre-qualification for work—contracts;
428:. Almost always used in criticism, the phrase also refers to the increasing cost of elections and the "price of admission" just to run for office and the concern "that one candidate can far outspend his opponents, essentially buying the election".
58:
link between political contributions and political favors or access (Jones, 2019). While it is a widely used term in discussions about campaign finance and political corruption, it doesn't have a single origin or a specific creator (Brown, 2017).
259:
In some shows, the performer is asked to bring a certain number of paying audience members. As a payment-in-kind policy, this has caused similar controversy to pay-to-play. A show where the acts are obliged to bring the audience is called a
67:
The specific phrase "pay-to-play" is believed to have emerged organically within political and media discussions, reflecting the idea that political access and influence could be bought through financial contributions (Davis, 2013).
252:
audience. Some clubs offer open mic slots, where newer acts are allowed to learn the craft, unpaid; this is not the same as pay-to-play. Many comedians are against pay-to-play schemes, which they consider exploitative.
48:
is exchanged for services or the privilege to engage in certain activities. The common denominator of all forms of pay-to-play is that one must pay to "get in the game", with the sports analogy frequently arising.
481:
Many agencies have been created to regulate and control campaign contributions. Furthermore, many third-party government "watchdog" groups have formed to monitor campaign donations and make them more
458:
Many seeking to ban or restrict the practice characterize pay-to-play as legalized corruption. Pay-to-Play practices have come under scrutiny by both the federal government and a number of states. In
474:
after the arrest of Gov. Blagojevich in
December 2008, on charges that, among other things, he and a staffer attempted to "sell" the vacated U.S. Senate seat of then-president-elect
256:
pay-to-play promoter is able to profit from the goodwill and desire to perform of the acts, while discouraging appearances by those who cannot afford to perform without payment.
1194:
128:
The term also refers to a growing trend, where venue owners charge an up-front fee to performing artists for the use of their facilities. The practice began in
384:
underwriting business in return or to investment management firms that hope to be selected for the management of government funds such as state pension funds.
1114:
308:
Pay-to-play might also be used to explain the appearance of engineering, design, and construction public work being done not in an open and fair manner.
281:
that moves away from visual artists. Pay-to-play is sold to visual artists and justified by visual artists as "an investment in future sales" and may be
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1250:
1135:
1033:
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692:
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143:(later renamed to "Stay Away"). The refrain referred to the practice of a band or their record label paying radio stations to put a song into
1385:
1229:
1202:
888:
1169:
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monetary and gift exchanges to persuade decision makers such that they make decisions in favor of those offering the money or gifts;
1056:
403:
368:
364:
653:
363:
In the U.S., after discovering that this practice was not uncommon and was undermining the integrity of the financial markets,
372:
1462:
Cotton, Christopher (2009). "Should we tax or cap political contributions? A lobbying model with policy favors and access".
184:
The term is also used as slang to refer to
Internet services that require that users pay to use them. Usually, it refers to
1499:
Cotton, Christopher (2012). "Pay-to-play politics: Informational lobbying and contribution limits when money buys access".
1131:
Governor Giving Carte
Blanche, Special Access to Major Donors: Pay-to-Play Abuses Aimed at Derailing Public Employee Unions
102:
The term also refers to a growing trend in which individuals or groups may purchase radio or television airtime, much like
1330:
1314:
1267:
1346:
669:
568:
471:
782:
496:
also illustrates how wealthy interest groups are not necessarily better off from having better access to politicians.
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describes the practice of giving gifts to political figures in the hopes of receiving investment business in return.
339:
financing) that requires stockholders to participate in subsequent stock offerings in order to benefit from certain
463:
448:
444:
1107:
553:
243:, where there are games inside the game, which you may pay-to-play to join into a game whilst it is in progress.
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492:
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558:
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refers to a system, akin to payola in the music industry, by which one pays (or must pay) money to become a
824:
563:
388:
224:
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218:
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features both free accounts for no money or pay-to-play accounts, with a much larger list of features.
162:
intermediary again at a cost of half of its earning for the track placement should it win a placement.
158:
artists pay to submit tracks for consideration to a variety of media concerns, only to have to pay the
1393:
1084:
482:
1513:
1476:
1546:
1283:
79:"Pay-to-play" practices can have various effects on the political system and the general populace:
889:
https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/economic-crime-survey/assets/economic-crime-survey-2014-construction.pdf
399:
129:
1508:
1471:
311:
1002:
851:
809:
1222:
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538:
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and other charges relating to construction projects at
Bloomberg LP's offices in New York.
204:
games. Many formerly pay-to-play MMORPGs have switched to a free-to-play model, including
97:
8:
1551:
711:
548:
395:
462:, federal prosecutors in 2006 were investigating "pay-to-play allegations that surround
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Artist & Art
Competitions, Contests, Opportunities, Gallery Show Scams, Pay to Play
825:"Stop this monkey business! : News 2010 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide"
733:
577:
425:
282:
136:
1154:
Politicos should return money from casino owner who admits trying to buy their support
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officials, or parties themselves, and receives political or pecuniary benefit such as
976:
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909:
839:
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572:
332:
196:
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1290:(quoting Danielle Brian, executive director of the Project on Government Oversight).
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27:
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Home News
Tribune, Nov. 1, 2005, reprinted by Common Cause at www.commoncause.org
1060:
1037:
593:
467:
440:
436:
336:
293:
Pay-to-play in the engineering, design, and construction industry can refer to:
1361:"Criminal Complaint Reveals Extent of Gov. Blagojevich's 'Pay-for-Play' Scheme"
1170:"Criminal Complaint Reveals Extent of Gov. Blagojevich's 'Pay-for-Play' Scheme"
950:
876:
381:
340:
274:
148:
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864:
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Because of individual federal campaign contribution limits in the wake of the
1535:
968:
934:
913:
522:
107:
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Dollarocracy: Pay-to-play culture still has a chokehold on Illinois politics
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677:
188:, where players must pay to maintain a playing account, as is the case with
603:
475:
391:
387:
An example of this form of corruption or bribery is the 2009 probe by then
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201:
20:
712:"EVE Online is not for Everyone: Exceptionalism in Online Gaming Cultures"
959:
587:
517:
488:
The opposite of a pay-to-play system is one that is "fair and open"; the
273:
as painting, photography, video, and sculpture. Pay-to-play is a type of
239:
171:
103:
935:"The Corporate Design of Investments in Startups: A European Experience"
902:"Corruption Currents: Bribe 'Sandwiches' in Bloomberg Construction Case"
634:
470:'s administration". The allegations of pay-to-play in Illinois became a
1270:
Neighborhoods for Sale: How cash, clout transform Chicago neighborhoods
543:
504:
489:
190:
175:
652:
Commerce, United States Congress House Interstate and Foreign (1960).
431:
Typically, the payer (an individual, business, or organization) makes
278:
230:
206:
16:
Exchange of money for the privilege to engage in a specific activity
693:"How Macklemore Tapped Major Label Muscle to Market an Indie Album"
459:
613:
527:
320:
1416:"U.S. judge questions Republican challenge to pay-to-play rule"
933:
Giudici, Paolo; Agstner, Peter; Capizzi, Antonio (2022-12-01).
655:
Responsibilities of Broadcasting Licenses and Station Personnel
185:
123:
45:
1266:
Jonathan Fine, president of Preservation Chicago, quoted in
1029:
Pay to Play: Why a Billion-Dollar Election Isn't a Bad Thing
761:"C.R.A.P.P.! Comedians Rail Against Pay-to-Play Comedy Gigs"
288:
237:
The term may also refer to something like the online game
783:"Features 2006 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide"
44:, is a phrase used for a variety of situations in which
1439:
402:
with political connections to obtain business with the
1386:"Blagojevich aide resigns amid 'pay to play' scandal"
932:
147:. The phrase is also the title to a song by the band
1286:
On Heels of 9/11, Clinton Fundraiser Raises Eyebrows
1015:
4 Firms Agree to Settlement in New York Pension Fund
1195:"Experts: 'Pay to play' is the SOP on Capitol Hill"
135:The term pay-to-play was also used as the title to
755:
753:
1533:
86:
750:
451:parties have been criticized for the practice.
369:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)
331:Pay-to-play is a provision in a corporation's
1268:D. Mihalopoulos, R. Becker, & D. Little,
993:, §§ 2:190 to 2:192 (Thomson West, 2014 ed.).
632:
365:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
503:(McCain-Feingold), pay-to-play payments of "
373:Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB)
1054:, CommonDreams.org NewsCenter, Jan. 7, 2004
1158:(contributions to university and schools).
1075:(series of articles from Chicago Tribune)]
823:Solutions, Powder Blue Internet Business.
781:Solutions, Powder Blue Internet Business.
1512:
1475:
1167:
958:
939:European Business Organization Law Review
899:
727:
709:
1192:
1111:, Bluegrassreport.org, February 27, 2007
1031:, The New Republic Online, Mar. 16, 2007
651:
289:In engineering, design, and construction
1383:
1317:Pay-to-Play and the Federal Government,
690:
404:New York State Common Retirement System
326:
151:, in which they denounce the practice.
1534:
1498:
1461:
1413:
822:
780:
1027:M. Schmitt, New America Foundation,
1017:. New York Times, September 17, 2009
635:"Nothing Innocent About Pay-to-Play"
74:
1358:
1272:, Chicago Tribune, January 27, 2008
1087:Pilot shows way to end pay to play,
691:Buerger, Megan (January 28, 2014).
61:
13:
1414:Lynch, Sarah (12 September 2014).
1333:Pay-to-Play and State Governments,
569:Group of States Against Corruption
356:In the finance industry, the term
277:. Pay-to-play is characterized by
246:
14:
1563:
991:Regulation of Investment Advisers
633:Golway, Terry (August 26, 2001).
117:
1003:Go-Between Tied Funds to Carlyle
900:Rubenfeld, Samuel (2018-12-12).
165:
1492:
1455:
1433:
1407:
1377:
1352:
1340:
1324:
1308:
1301:Top Ten Ethics Scandals of 2008
1293:
1277:
1260:
1239:
1216:
1186:
1168:St. Clair, Stacy (2008-12-11).
1161:
1156:, nmpolitics.net, July 18, 2006
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1123:
1101:
1078:
1066:
1043:
1020:
1008:
1005:. New York Times, May 14, 2009
996:
983:
926:
893:
882:
870:
865:Harlan Ellison – Pay the Writer
554:Corruption in the United States
389:New York State Attorney General
335:(usually inserted as part of a
91:
1384:Johnson, Carrie (2008-12-13).
858:
816:
774:
703:
684:
662:
645:
626:
501:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
409:
267:
52:
1:
1523:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.11.005
1486:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.04.005
1347:Chicago Tribune, Nov. 1, 2006
1193:Soraghan, Mike (2008-12-16).
620:
559:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
351:
87:In the entertainment industry
1247:Clean Money, Clean Elections
1073:Chicago's Pay-to-Play Zoning
729:10.17011/ht/urn.201911265022
564:American Anti-Corruption Act
225:The Lord of the Rings Online
7:
1501:Journal of Public Economics
1464:Journal of Public Economics
1441:New Jersey General Assembly
1227:, Illinois Issues, May 2007
1223:C. Canary and E. Wojcicki,
1109:Pay-to-Play, Fletcher-Style
510:
441:no-bid government contracts
219:Aion: The Tower of Eternity
213:Star Wars: The Old Republic
180:Subscription business model
10:
1568:
1052:Execs Pay to Play with GOP
951:10.1007/s40804-022-00265-z
670:"Local News & Reviews"
609:Transparency International
413:
169:
121:
110:), where the related term
95:
26:For the EP by Yashin, see
25:
18:
710:Bergstrom, Kelly (2019).
200:. This is in contrast to
1113:, retrieved 2008-01-31.
699:– via www.wsj.com.
304:illegal acts of bribery.
19:Not to be confused with
1349:, retrieved 2008-01-31.
1337:, retrieved 2008-02-09.
1321:, retrieved 2008-02-09.
1288:, ABC News: The Blotter
1274:, retrieved 2008-01-31.
1098:, retrieved 2008-01-31.
1063:, retrieved 2007-12-12.
879:, retrieved 2008-04-10.
867:, retrieved 2008-04-10.
599:Principal–agent problem
130:Los Angeles, California
1449:Statutes of New Jersey
1445:"N.J.S.A. 19:44A-20.4"
1117:June 10, 2008, at the
433:campaign contributions
1542:Political terminology
639:The New York Observer
435:to public officials,
1205:on December 17, 2008
539:Conflict of interest
416:Political corruption
396:private equity funds
382:municipal securities
327:In corporate finance
98:Brokered programming
906:Wall Street Journal
697:Wall Street Journal
680:on January 6, 2007.
549:Corruption in India
1359:TPR (2008-12-09).
1253:2008-12-14 at the
1232:2008-05-12 at the
1138:2008-12-14 at the
1094:2008-06-10 at the
1059:2008-02-23 at the
1036:2008-05-13 at the
850:has generic name (
808:has generic name (
578:Influence peddling
283:self-victimization
1365:The Public Record
1174:Los Angeles Times
573:Council of Europe
333:charter documents
197:World of Warcraft
160:Music Supervision
155:Music Supervision
75:Effects on people
1559:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1507:(3–4): 369–386.
1496:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1470:(7–8): 831–842.
1459:
1453:
1452:
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1392:. Archived from
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1331:Public Citizen,
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1201:. Archived from
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716:Human Technology
707:
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676:. Archived from
666:
660:
659:
649:
643:
642:
630:
583:Microtransaction
533:Bribery Act 2010
472:national scandal
400:placement agents
317:money laundering
62:Origin and usage
28:Pay to Play (EP)
1567:
1566:
1562:
1561:
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1558:
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1556:
1547:Business models
1532:
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1514:10.1.1.602.7936
1497:
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1477:10.1.1.526.6397
1460:
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1390:Washington Post
1382:
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1315:Public Citizen
1313:
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1265:
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1255:Wayback Machine
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1234:Wayback Machine
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1140:Wayback Machine
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1119:Wayback Machine
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1096:Wayback Machine
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1061:Wayback Machine
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1038:Wayback Machine
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594:Organized crime
571:(GRECO) of the
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493:Pay-to-Play Act
468:Rod Blagojevich
418:
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354:
337:preferred stock
329:
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247:Stand-up comedy
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1152:H. Hausemann,
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1133:, Jun. 6, 2005
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398:payments to
392:Andrew Cuomo
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346:common stock
341:antidilution
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228:. The game
223:
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202:free-to-play
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139:by the band
134:
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112:pay-for-pray
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104:infomercials
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92:Broadcasting
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38:pay-for-play
37:
36:, sometimes
33:
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21:Free-to-play
830:25 November
788:25 November
766:25 November
588:Money trail
518:Bid rigging
483:transparent
422:pay-to-play
410:In politics
358:pay-to-play
268:Visual arts
240:Habbo Hotel
172:Buy-to-play
53:Terminology
34:Pay-to-play
1552:Corruption
1536:Categories
1400:2008-12-23
1370:2008-12-23
1335:02-03-2004
1319:02-03-2004
1209:2009-02-01
1179:2008-12-23
919:2022-11-22
743:2023-04-09
621:References
544:Corruption
505:soft money
490:New Jersey
464:Democratic
449:Republican
445:Democratic
414:See also:
352:In finance
191:Eve Online
176:Pay-to-win
170:See also:
1509:CiteSeerX
1472:CiteSeerX
1284:J. Rood,
977:253165444
969:1741-6205
914:0099-9660
738:213636753
674:Wweek.com
279:cash flow
231:RuneScape
207:EverQuest
114:is used.
1251:Archived
1230:Archived
1199:The Hill
1136:Archived
1115:Archived
1092:Archived
1057:Archived
1034:Archived
840:cite web
798:cite web
511:See also
460:Illinois
371:and the
1420:Reuters
614:Paywall
528:Bribery
262:bringer
186:MMORPGs
149:Cringer
141:Nirvana
71:2017).
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437:party
394:into
312:PwC's
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1427:2014
965:ISSN
910:ISSN
852:help
832:2016
810:help
790:2016
768:2016
535:, UK
447:and
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