580:
619:
415:
592:
886:
foreign traders began assigning a few of their own seamen to these ships as guards. In 1686, Westerners were allowed to rent accommodations in the factory quarter to avoid the necessity of shuttling back to Pazhou each night. For the most part, the supercargos, their assistants, and the bookkeepers stayed at the factories, the crew—except for a few guards or those on shore leave—stayed with the ships, and the captains continued to ferry between the two. A comprador (
922:("French Island"), which they used for their bases. The British were last and outermost. Getting the ship from the Human Strait to Pazhou usually required traveling only by day and assistance from a local pilot, although English merchants occasionally showed off by making the trip unaided. The swift current and lack of wind meant most ships needed towing; this was usually done using the ship's boats but some needed help from other ships' boats or the Chinese
560:
1006:, levies were raised around the villages to protect them from the sea. From Pazhou, one could make out five signal towers, the largest being the Lion's Tower on an island halfway between Pazhou and the Humen Strait. These 9-story towers used signal fires to relay messages, and it was said they could be sent from Guangzhou to
950:
poles and woven mats and known as "bankshalls", were usually rented from local officials, though the French and Swedes received permission to build their own on
Xiaoguwei. They also served as a workshop for careful repairs or living quarters for the ships' supercargos, but most of them preferred to
885:
winds, arriving between June and
September, conducting their business, and then departing between November and February. Typically, cargo was ferried from the ships by its own crew and to the ships at the expense of the Chinese merchants on their "chop boats" (lighters). To avoid theft or piracy,
930:
decked out in a "paunk suite", a brightly colored cloth with yellow ribbons; the crew were also done up in special clothes: black velvet caps, tassels, cotton stockings, buckled knee-garters and shoes, and special buttons. The firing of salutes and replies at Pazhou, where twenty ships might be
1130:
At the time, it was customary to fire salutes of eight blank shots as a mark of respect when passing certain landmarks; when meeting other ships in transit; when ships arrived or left the anchorage; and when prominent officers arrived or left a ship. Given a salute, a ship had to respond in
901:
As an added layer of defense and revenue, city officials continued to enforce anchorage at Pazhou even when smaller private craft began to trade in increasing numbers following the mid-18th discovery of the
Philippine route allowed them to come and go without waiting months for the
784:
and swift currents impeding navigation from the Humen Strait on. Foreign ships usually depended on local pilots; the relative lack of wind also meant that most sailing ships required towing north from the strait. The main anchorage was off southeastern Pazhou. Southeast of this was
991:. He was passing along a request from their supercargo, who in turn was acting on a note from a Swedish captain who had become powerless to keep his men away from it. For the men on the ships, however, sampan ladies would crowd around them to get laundry work or odd jobs.
975:, particularly Hog Lane. Despite the generally healthy climate, fevers still occasionally decimated crews and drunkenness and brawls were common. Officers chaperoned shore leaves but sometimes required help from local authorities, as in 1761 when the Pazhou
765:
and historically about 12 miles (19 km) east of the walled city of
Guangzhou proper, although Guangzhou has since expanded so greatly that Puzhou forms part of its city center. Since the
906:
winds. By then, fixed berths for different nations were established at the anchorage. Innermost and westernmost were the
Americans and after them came the Dutch and the Swedes. Next came the
1104:
The French, British, Swedes, and some Dutch were interred in graves on
Xiaoguwei; the Danes and other Dutchmen buried their dead on Changzhou. Both islands were also used for Chinese graves.
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2329:
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2201:
2186:
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686:. Traders from the "Southern Sea", including Indians, Arabians, and most Europeans, were required to keep their ships at Pazhou while smaller craft ferried goods to and from the
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959:
at
Guangzhou. Foreign crews were usually left on their ships, but captains usually rotated shore leaves and work on land to keep up morale. Common trips were to the
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854:
in 1516 and was originally conducted directly on
Guangzhou's waterfront. Portuguese misconduct—and rumors that they were eating the children they were
3040:
960:
694:. Traders rented storage for ships supplies and repair shops on Whampoa Island. Images of the anchorage were a common theme in 18th-century art.
3248:
3073:
846:(formerly the "Boca Tigris" or "Bogue"). Ships of war were not permitted to pass closer to the city. European trade began with the arrival of
2595:
843:
47:
2899:
2020:
697:
With the expansion of
Guangzhou, the subdistrict is now part of its downtown area, with many commercial and recreational facilities. The
3030:
1714:
3238:
3025:
2957:
2987:
2982:
1095:"Some early Chinese historians go even so far as to give vivid details of the price paid for the children and how they were roasted."
1014:
noted that Pazhou was unsafe for foreigners, with locals beating anyone who entered certain areas. Xiaoguwei was more accommodating.
842:
and northern China via a network of canals. The port was protected by its city wall and by fortifications and naval bases around the
2977:
2836:
2773:
1270:
2793:
1962:
1886:
1221:
745:
of the
Chinese 黃埔, "Yellow Bank". The name was used to refer indifferently to the island, its settlement, and its anchorage.
1029:
and into the 20th century, sailing vessels continued to stop at Pazhou though steamers began to call at Guangzhou directly.
1843:
Lampe, Evan (2010), "'The Most Miserable Hole in the Whole World': Western Sailors and the Whampoa Anchorage, 1770–1850",
2088:
1759:
Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, an Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515
3135:
3130:
3066:
17:
1937:
1906:
1816:
1787:
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1746:
1391:
2128:
2083:
2013:
2952:
2123:
2108:
2073:
2043:
1407:
2718:
2550:
2402:
2098:
2078:
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437:
289:
776:
Before modern dredging, the silt carried by the Pearl River made it shallow and unpredictable as far south as
3228:
3082:
3059:
2879:
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2118:
2113:
2103:
2068:
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1375:
1209:
859:
456:
308:
2555:
2093:
994:
At that time, the land from Pazhou down to the Humen Strait was made up of undulating green hills cut into
2605:
2006:
769:—the ghetto assigned to foreign traders in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries—was located in Guangzhou's
475:
31:
3243:
2482:
1354:
988:
1693:
1687:
1011:
911:
907:
831:
761:
with an area of about 15 km (5.8 sq mi). It lies 25 miles (40 km) upriver of the
1991:
773:, the trip between the anchorage and the wharves at Jack-ass Point was about 16 miles (26 km).
3223:
39:
3125:
1682:
742:
1184:
1010:—a distance of about 1,200 miles (1,900 km)—in less than 24 hours. During his 1832 visit,
1836:
1826:
1704:
1385:
3098:
2520:
1878:
Work, Class, and Power in the Borderlands of the Early American Pacific: The Labors of Empire
1417:
1401:
579:
1998:
3233:
2909:
2565:
2495:
679:
8:
3192:
3170:
1048:
976:
640:
623:
1798:
The Circulation of Foreign Silver Coins in Southern Coastal Provinces of China 1790-1890
3165:
3020:
2929:
2856:
2500:
2344:
1954:
1947:
Wills, John E. Jr.; John Cranmer-Byng; John W. Witek (2010), John E. Wills, Jr. (ed.),
1864:
1076:
972:
964:
956:
847:
766:
687:
655:
178:
170:
3103:
2871:
2412:
2216:
1958:
1933:
1902:
1882:
1868:
1856:
1812:
1783:
1763:
1742:
1022:
870:
were lifted in 1684 Pazhou (as "Whampoa") became an important anchorage as the great
584:
3202:
3145:
3093:
2997:
2919:
2585:
2580:
1848:
1217:
1052:
915:
863:
855:
786:
777:
754:
731:
716:
607:
494:
421:
336:
224:
196:
114:
89:
35:
1025:
was fought between British and Chinese forces on 2 March 1841. Even following the
3140:
3108:
2364:
2261:
2035:
1948:
1927:
1876:
1830:
1757:
1736:
1724:
1056:
1018:
934:
While at anchor, the ships were overhauled: cleaned, repaired, painted, with the
926:. Chinese regulations prescribed that the ships entered the anchorage with their
835:
724:
720:
644:
1950:
China and Maritime Europe, 1500-1800: Trade, Settlement, Diplomacy, and Missions
889:
463:
444:
315:
296:
206:
203:
96:
3187:
3181:
2808:
2710:
2151:
2138:
1993:
Revealing the East—Historical Pictures by Chinese and Western Artists 1750–1950
1852:
1044:
939:
618:
515:
414:
357:
245:
135:
1697:, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 37–9
3217:
1916:
1860:
1709:
1072:
875:
683:
675:
614:("French Island") to its southeast. The "Whampoa Anchorage" lay between them.
62:
49:
1686:
946:
were removed and stored in sheds on Pazhou or Xiaoguwei. The sheds, made of
898:
ladies crowded around the ships to do laundry and odd jobs for the sailors.
591:
3160:
3155:
3120:
2894:
1718:, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 218–220
968:
871:
794:
603:
501:
343:
231:
121:
674:, has a total area of 15 km (5.8 sq mi) and is the site of
1033:
1002:
and vegetables. Since the area was barely above sea level and subject to
851:
828:
816:
702:
1778:
Ostindiska Kompaniet: Människorna, Äventyret och den Ekonomiska Drömmen
1585:
938:
and sails mended. To facilitate loading and unloading cargo, the ships'
3150:
3051:
1807:
Svenska Ostindiska Compagnierna 1731–1813: Kryddor, Te, Porslin, Siden
1026:
995:
984:
466:
447:
318:
299:
3197:
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611:
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371:
259:
149:
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559:
3115:
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824:
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536:
378:
266:
156:
1493:
1452:
1469:
1435:
1007:
1003:
935:
927:
903:
882:
1929:
Images of the Canton Factories 1760–1822: Reading History in Art
1918:
Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat
1068:
980:
947:
923:
895:
867:
808:
770:
691:
30:"Huangpu Island" redirects here. It is not to be confused with
2028:
952:
839:
820:
762:
659:
1986:
1609:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1317:
1315:
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1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1118:
1626:
1624:
1536:
1534:
1363:
1285:
1283:
1978:
1723:
Bridgman, Elijah Coleman; Williams, Samuel Wells (1833),
1327:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1298:
858:—quickly cut off access, but this was regained after the
541:
383:
271:
175:
161:
1573:
1546:
1508:
699:
Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center
1636:
1621:
1561:
1531:
1280:
1140:
The English "bankshall" was mistranslated by Swedes as
1660:
1295:
1113:
The pilot and 30 sampans employed by the Swedish ship
1648:
1597:
1234:
520:
506:
362:
348:
250:
236:
140:
126:
1734:
1502:
1481:
1036:
has been located in Pazhou since its 104th session.
894:) dealt with the ship's provisions at Pazhou, where
811:peoples had settlements around Guangzhou since the
1925:
1901:(in Swedish), Gothenburg: Hansson & Lundvall,
1722:
1591:
1475:
1463:
1446:
1356:The International Relations of the Chinese Empire
3215:
1423:
1210:"The Rise & Fall of the Canton Trade System"
1946:
1735:Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik; Kirkebæk, Mads (2001),
1397:
931:anchored at a time, made the area a noisy one.
595:A map of the islands around Pazhou ("Whampoa")
3254:Subdistricts of the People's Republic of China
1926:Van Dyke, Paul A.; Maria Kar-wing Mok (2015),
834:. From then on, it formed a major port on the
3067:
2014:
1835:, London: Charles Knight & Co., pp.
1782:(in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Höganäs: Wiken,
1359:, New York: Paragon Book Gallery, p. 144
1142:
887:
735:
461:
442:
313:
294:
201:
94:
1811:(in Swedish) (2nd ed.), Malmö: Allhem,
1150:
1148:("devil's" or "brawl hall") and by Danes as
878:turned it into Guangzhou's deep-water port.
1832:Knight's Store of Knowledge for All Readers
1741:, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press,
983:tent set up on Xiaoguwei at the request of
3074:
3060:
2021:
2007:
1932:, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press,
1894:
1845:International Journal of Maritime History
1804:
1775:
1762:, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,
1642:
1615:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1540:
1525:
1369:
1340:
1321:
1306:
1289:
881:Early traders were obliged to follow the
678:. Its eastern bay was formerly the chief
3081:
1755:
1413:
1271:"Pazhou International Exhibition Center"
998:and crowned by groves. Locals also grew
617:
590:
578:
558:
1914:
1738:China and Denmark: Relations Since 1674
1701:
1681:
1666:
1654:
1630:
1603:
1165:Beginning with the 1761 arrival of the
789:("Dane's Island"). South of Pazhou was
14:
3216:
1824:
1381:
606:("Hanan") lies to its west and south,
177:
3249:Township-level divisions of Guangdong
3055:
2029:Subdistricts & Towns in Guangzhou
2002:
1874:
1842:
1487:
1352:
1240:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1800:, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong
1795:
1429:
1827:"Commercial Intercourse with China"
971:and to the shopping streets of the
819:date the city to the foundation of
610:("Dane's Island") to its east, and
24:
3136:Haixinsha Island (Tianhe District)
3131:Haixinsha Island (Haizhu District)
1197:
701:is the current site of the annual
27:Subdistrict of Haizhu in Guangzhou
25:
3265:
3239:History of foreign trade in China
1972:
1702:Douglas, Robert Kennaway (1911),
1039:
1847:, vol. 22, pp. 15–40,
793:("French Island") and southwest
413:
1756:Cortesao, Armando, ed. (1944),
1346:
1159:
1134:
1124:
1107:
1098:
1089:
862:. Their trade was based out of
622:Sampans outside the house of a
542:
384:
272:
176:
162:
1957:: Cambridge University Press,
1921:, New York: Harper & Bros.
1263:
1246:
1177:
838:, connecting its traders with
521:
507:
462:
443:
427:
363:
349:
314:
295:
251:
237:
202:
141:
127:
95:
13:
1:
1897:Historien om Ostindiefararna
1881:, Plymouth: Lexington Books,
1825:Knight, Charles, ed. (1841),
1675:
627:
596:
568:
1353:Morse, Hosea Ballou (1900),
748:
38:, which was the site of the
7:
1805:Kjellberg, Sven T. (1975),
1796:Gong Yibing (August 2006),
1503:Brødsgaard & al. (2001)
1062:
1059:are located on the island.
682:for ships participating in
10:
3270:
1895:Lindqvist, Herman (2002),
1853:10.1177/084387141002200104
1691:, in Baynes, T. S. (ed.),
989:Swedish East India Company
802:
29:
3089:
2996:
2928:
2870:
2807:
2709:
2604:
2481:
2363:
2260:
2137:
2034:
1592:Van Dyke & al. (2015)
1476:Bridgman & al. (1833)
1464:Van Dyke & al. (2015)
1447:Van Dyke & al. (2015)
987:, then the fiador of the
888:
684:Guangzhou's foreign trade
553:
535:
528:
514:
500:
493:
488:
484:
474:
455:
436:
412:
408:
403:
395:
377:
370:
356:
342:
335:
330:
326:
307:
288:
283:
265:
258:
244:
230:
223:
218:
214:
195:
190:
169:
155:
148:
134:
120:
113:
108:
104:
88:
84:
79:
1915:Roberts, Edmund (1837),
1776:Frängsmyr, Tore (1990),
1683:Douglas, Robert Kennaway
1082:
866:, but after the general
860:1554 Luso-Chinese Accord
710:
438:Traditional Chinese
290:Traditional Chinese
40:Whampoa Military Academy
1715:Encyclopædia Britannica
1694:Encyclopædia Britannica
457:Simplified Chinese
309:Simplified Chinese
63:23.09917°N 113.376722°E
1726:The Chinese Repository
1705:"Canton (China)"
1594:, pp. xvii–xviii.
1398:Wills & al. (2010)
1151:
1143:
918:("Dane's Island") and
736:
633:
615:
588:
576:
3099:Chuanshan Archipelago
1987:Canton Fair in Pazhou
621:
594:
582:
562:
3229:Islands of Guangzhou
3083:Islands of Guangdong
1875:Lampe, Evan (2013),
1729:, Tokyo: Maruzen Co.
979:closed down a Dutch
753:Modern Pazhou is an
690:area of Guangzhou's
252:Pʻa1chou1 Chieh1tao4
68:23.09917; 113.376722
3193:Wanshan Archipelago
3171:Nei Lingding Island
1688:"Canton (1.)"
1618:, pp. 105–108.
1117:in 1765 cost it 26
1049:Xingangdong station
59: /
1077:Thirteen Factories
973:Thirteen Factories
965:Hoi Tong Monastery
957:Thirteen Factories
955:or ferried to the
848:Rafael Perestrello
823:by soldiers under
815:era, although the
797:("Honam Island").
767:Thirteen Factories
688:Thirteen Factories
634:
616:
589:
577:
191:Pazhou Subdistrict
18:Pazhou Subdistrict
3244:Pearl River Delta
3211:
3210:
3104:Shangchuan Island
3049:
3048:
1964:978-0-521-17945-4
1888:978-0-7391-8241-3
1372:, pp. 95–99.
1343:, pp. 95–98.
1324:, pp. 70–71.
1275:Life of Guangzhou
1243:, pp. 15–40.
1193:, Haizhu District
1156:("beating hall").
1023:Battle of Whampoa
585:Pearl River Delta
575:
564:Whampoa Anchorage
557:
556:
549:
548:
495:Standard Mandarin
431:
399:
398:
391:
390:
337:Standard Mandarin
279:
278:
225:Standard Mandarin
186:
185:
115:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
3261:
3203:Zhongshan Island
3146:Hengqin New Area
3094:Changzhou Island
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3052:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1983:
1967:
1942:
1922:
1911:
1891:
1871:
1839:
1821:
1801:
1792:
1772:
1751:
1730:
1719:
1707:
1698:
1690:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1643:Kjellberg (1975)
1640:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1616:Kjellberg (1975)
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1580:Kjellberg (1975)
1577:
1571:
1568:Lindqvist (2002)
1565:
1559:
1556:Kjellberg (1975)
1553:
1544:
1541:Lindqvist (2002)
1538:
1529:
1526:Kjellberg (1975)
1523:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1370:Kjellberg (1975)
1367:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1344:
1341:Kjellberg (1975)
1338:
1325:
1322:Frängsmyr (1990)
1319:
1310:
1307:Kjellberg (1975)
1304:
1293:
1290:Kjellberg (1975)
1287:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:Invest Guangzhou
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1170:
1167:Riksens Stränder
1163:
1157:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1053:Modiesha station
893:
892:
739:
669:
647:in southeastern
632:
629:
601:
598:
573:
570:
566:
545:
544:
524:
523:
510:
509:
486:
485:
470:
469:
451:
450:
429:
425:
417:
401:
400:
387:
386:
366:
365:
352:
351:
328:
327:
322:
321:
303:
302:
275:
274:
254:
253:
240:
239:
216:
215:
210:
209:
182:
181:
180:
165:
164:
144:
143:
130:
129:
106:
105:
100:
99:
77:
76:
74:
73:
71:
70:
69:
64:
60:
57:
56:
55:
52:
32:Huangpu District
21:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3224:Haizhu District
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3141:Haizhu District
3109:Xiachuan Island
3085:
3080:
3050:
3045:
2992:
2924:
2866:
2803:
2705:
2600:
2477:
2359:
2256:
2133:
2030:
2027:
1981:
1975:
1965:
1940:
1909:
1889:
1819:
1790:
1770:
1749:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:, p. 70–1.
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1509:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:, p. xvii.
1462:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1414:Cortesao (1944)
1412:
1408:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1254:"Pazhou Island"
1252:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1185:"Pazhou Island"
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1065:
1057:Guangzhou Metro
1042:
1019:First Opium War
836:South China Sea
805:
771:western suburbs
751:
713:
692:western suburbs
665:
630:
599:
571:
522:Huang2pʻu3 Tao3
432:
67:
65:
61:
58:
53:
50:
48:
46:
45:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Shamian Island
3185:
3182:Pratas Islands
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
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3106:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3079:
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3071:
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3056:
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3023:
3018:
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3008:
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2985:
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2796:
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2786:
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2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2656:
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2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
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2608:
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2327:
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2317:
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2297:
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2258:
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2255:
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2214:
2209:
2204:
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2126:
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2106:
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2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1973:External links
1971:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1923:
1912:
1907:
1892:
1887:
1872:
1840:
1822:
1817:
1802:
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1753:
1747:
1732:
1720:
1710:Chisholm, Hugh
1699:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1669:, p. 220.
1667:Douglas (1911)
1659:
1655:Douglas (1878)
1647:
1635:
1631:Roberts (1837)
1620:
1608:
1604:Douglas (1878)
1596:
1584:
1582:, p. 103.
1572:
1560:
1558:, p. 108.
1545:
1530:
1528:, p. 105.
1507:
1492:
1490:, p. 147.
1480:
1478:, p. 222.
1468:
1451:
1449:, p. xvi.
1434:
1422:
1406:
1390:
1374:
1362:
1345:
1326:
1311:
1294:
1292:, p. 101.
1279:
1262:
1245:
1233:
1196:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1158:
1133:
1123:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1064:
1061:
1045:Pazhou station
1041:
1040:Transportation
1038:
1012:Edmund Roberts
804:
801:
750:
747:
741:are irregular
712:
709:
672:Whampoa Island
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
539:
533:
532:
530:Yue: Cantonese
526:
525:
518:
512:
511:
504:
498:
497:
491:
490:
489:Transcriptions
482:
481:
480:Whampoa Island
478:
472:
471:
459:
453:
452:
440:
434:
433:
420:Whampoa, from
418:
410:
409:
406:
405:
404:Whampoa Island
397:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
381:
375:
374:
372:Yue: Cantonese
368:
367:
360:
354:
353:
346:
340:
339:
333:
332:
331:Transcriptions
324:
323:
311:
305:
304:
292:
286:
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:Paazau Gaaidou
269:
263:
262:
260:Yue: Cantonese
256:
255:
248:
242:
241:
234:
228:
227:
221:
220:
219:Transcriptions
212:
211:
199:
193:
192:
188:
187:
184:
183:
173:
167:
166:
159:
153:
152:
150:Yue: Cantonese
146:
145:
138:
132:
131:
124:
118:
117:
111:
110:
109:Transcriptions
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
82:
81:
34:or its island
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Nansha Island
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
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2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
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2492:
2489:
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2429:
2426:
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2399:
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2384:
2381:
2379:
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2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2355:Jiangnanzhong
2353:
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2346:
2343:
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2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
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2308:
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2298:
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2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1939:9789888208555
1935:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:91-85023-02-7
1904:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1818:91-7004-058-3
1814:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1789:91-7024-653-X
1785:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1769:9788120605350
1765:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1748:87-87062-71-2
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1663:
1657:, p. 39.
1656:
1651:
1645:, p. 98.
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1606:, p. 38.
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1570:, p. 95.
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1543:, p. 53.
1542:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1505:, p. 39.
1504:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1382:Knight (1841)
1378:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1309:, p. 95.
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1190:Official site
1189:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1073:Canton System
1070:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:Fanee Gardens
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
897:
891:
884:
879:
877:
876:East Indiamen
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
783:
780:, with large
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
746:
744:
743:romanizations
740:
738:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
708:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:Pazhou Pagoda
673:
668:
667:Pazhou Island
663:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
625:
620:
613:
609:
605:
593:
586:
581:
565:
561:
552:
540:
538:
534:
531:
527:
519:
517:
513:
505:
503:
499:
496:
492:
487:
483:
479:
477:
473:
468:
465:
460:
458:
454:
449:
446:
441:
439:
435:
424:
423:
422:Dane's Island
416:
411:
407:
402:
394:
382:
380:
376:
373:
369:
364:Pʻa2chou1tao3
361:
359:
355:
347:
345:
341:
338:
334:
329:
325:
320:
317:
312:
310:
306:
301:
298:
293:
291:
287:
284:Pazhou Island
282:
270:
268:
264:
261:
257:
249:
247:
243:
238:Pázhōu Jiēdào
235:
233:
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107:
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98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
72:
54:113°22′36.2″E
41:
37:
33:
19:
3180:
3175:
3161:Nanpu Island
3156:Luoxi Island
3121:Ersha Island
2089:Huanghuagang
1992:
1982:(in Chinese)
1949:
1928:
1917:
1899:
1896:
1877:
1844:
1831:
1809:
1806:
1797:
1780:
1777:
1758:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1692:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1488:Lampe (2013)
1483:
1471:
1425:
1409:
1393:
1377:
1365:
1355:
1348:
1274:
1265:
1257:
1248:
1241:Lampe (2010)
1236:
1225:, retrieved
1213:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1166:
1161:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1043:
1031:
1016:
996:rice paddies
993:
933:
900:
880:
850:on a native
844:Humen Strait
806:
799:
775:
763:Humen Strait
752:
734:
727:
714:
707:
696:
671:
666:
664:
636:
635:
563:
502:Hanyu Pinyin
419:
344:Hanyu Pinyin
232:Hanyu Pinyin
122:Hanyu Pinyin
44:
3234:Age of Sail
2596:Zhongluotan
1430:Gong (2006)
1034:Canton Fair
1017:During the
951:be left at
914:, close to
827:during the
759:Pearl River
703:Canton Fair
670:, formerly
641:subdistrict
631: 1800
600: 1840
572: 1810
543:Wongbou Dou
66: /
3218:Categories
3151:Jinshazhou
2900:Wanqingsha
2252:Shiweitang
1979:Pazhou.net
1676:References
1416:, p.
1400:, p.
1384:, p.
1227:27 January
1115:Prins Carl
1027:Opium Wars
985:Puankhequa
782:sand banks
516:Wade–Giles
508:Huángpǔdǎo
358:Wade–Giles
246:Wade–Giles
136:Wade–Giles
51:23°05′57″N
3198:Xiaoguwei
3011:Chengjiao
2943:Zengjiang
2930:Zengcheng
2910:Dongchong
2764:Xiaoguwei
2644:Zhangzhou
2521:Sanyuanli
2458:Fenghuang
2453:Changxing
2438:Tianhenan
2335:Changgang
2325:Nanshitou
2270:Haichuang
2247:Baihedong
2207:Qiaozhong
2129:Kuangquan
2124:Dengfeng
2084:Meihuacun
1955:Cambridge
1869:162354533
1861:0843-8714
1218:Cambridge
1000:sugarcane
977:mandarins
920:Xiaoguwei
916:Changzhou
856:enslaving
813:Neolithic
791:Xiaoguwei
787:Changzhou
749:Geography
680:anchorage
653:Guangdong
649:Guangzhou
612:Xiaoguwei
608:Changzhou
385:Paazaudou
350:Pázhōudǎo
36:Changzhou
3126:Guanzhou
3116:Datansha
3026:Liangkou
2973:Zhongxin
2958:Zhengguo
2953:Yongning
2885:Zhujiang
2827:Huacheng
2789:Dongyong
2749:Donghuan
2724:Zhongcun
2634:Wenchong
2624:Hongshan
2591:Jianggao
2566:Baiyunhu
2561:Yuncheng
2536:Yongping
2511:Tangjing
2506:Huangshi
2496:Songzhou
2448:Longdong
2443:Huangcun
2433:Yuangang
2373:Tianyuan
2350:Guanzhou
2320:Fengyang
2315:Jianghai
2300:Longfeng
2295:Nanhuaxi
2285:Binjiang
2237:Dongjiao
2232:Zhongnan
2212:Chongkou
2197:Zhanqian
2187:Nanyuan
2172:Fengyuan
2167:Changhua
2109:Zhuguang
2074:Dongshan
2044:Hongqiao
1685:(1878),
1152:bankesal
1075:, &
1063:See also
1004:typhoons
928:gunwales
910:and the
868:sea bans
832:conquest
825:Zhao Tuo
656:Province
624:mandarin
537:Jyutping
379:Jyutping
267:Jyutping
157:Jyutping
3036:Taiping
3021:Wenquan
3016:Jiangbu
2998:Conghua
2988:Xiancun
2983:Xiaolou
2968:Xintang
2938:Licheng
2895:Huangge
2890:Longxue
2862:Huadong
2857:Shiling
2842:Huashan
2832:Xiuquan
2779:Hualong
2754:Qiaonan
2719:Shiqiao
2699:Xinlong
2669:Xiagang
2664:Luogang
2649:Suidong
2639:Nangang
2619:Huangpu
2606:Huangpu
2551:Shijing
2491:Jingtai
2473:Xintang
2463:Qianjin
2428:Xiancun
2418:Tangxia
2408:Shadong
2403:Xinghua
2383:Yuancun
2340:Nanzhou
2330:Huazhou
2305:Shayuan
2280:Xingang
2275:Chigang
2242:Dongsha
2227:Hailong
2222:Chajiao
2202:Lingnan
2182:Caihong
2177:Longjin
2152:Shamian
2099:Jianshe
2079:Nonglin
2064:Guangta
2054:Liurong
2049:Beijing
1837:130–152
1712:(ed.),
1144:bängsal
1008:Beijing
936:rigging
924:sampans
904:monsoon
883:monsoon
874:of the
817:Chinese
803:History
757:in the
732:Swedish
728:Whampoa
717:English
430:. 1858)
197:Chinese
163:Paa Zau
142:Pʻachou
90:Chinese
3176:Pazhou
3031:Lütian
3006:Jiekou
2978:Paitan
2963:Shitan
2948:Zhucun
2915:Dagang
2905:Hengli
2880:Nansha
2872:Nansha
2837:Timian
2817:Xinhua
2799:Shawan
2784:Shilou
2774:Xinzao
2769:Nancun
2759:Shatou
2744:Dalong
2694:Longhu
2684:Yonghe
2679:Lianhe
2674:Dongqu
2654:Lilian
2576:Helong
2571:Shimen
2546:Jinsha
2531:Jingxi
2526:Tonghe
2516:Xinshi
2501:Tongde
2483:Baiyun
2398:Shipai
2388:Chebei
2378:Wushan
2365:Tianhe
2345:Pazhou
2310:Ruibao
2262:Haizhu
2162:Duobao
2157:Hualin
2147:Jinhua
2119:Baiyun
2114:Dadong
2104:Datang
2069:Renmin
2059:Liuhua
2036:Yuexiu
1961:
1936:
1905:
1885:
1867:
1859:
1815:
1786:
1766:
1745:
1069:Haijin
1021:, the
981:punsch
948:bamboo
944:sprits
912:French
896:sampan
809:Baiyue
755:island
737:Wampoa
725:Danish
723:, and
721:French
645:Haizhu
637:Pazhou
476:Postal
128:Pázhōu
80:Pazhou
3041:Aotou
2920:Lanhe
2852:Chini
2847:Tanbu
2822:Xinya
2809:Huadu
2794:Shiqi
2739:Luopu
2734:Dashi
2729:Shibi
2711:Panyu
2689:Jiufo
2659:GETDD
2629:Yuzhu
2614:Dasha
2586:Taihe
2581:Renhe
2556:Jiahe
2541:Junhe
2468:Zhuji
2423:Liede
2413:Linhe
2393:Shahe
2290:Sushe
2217:Huadi
2192:Xicun
2139:Liwan
2094:Huale
1865:S2CID
1708:, in
1418:xxxix
1131:kind.
1119:taels
1083:Notes
969:Henan
953:Macao
940:yards
908:Danes
872:draft
864:Macao
840:Hunan
821:Panyu
795:Henan
778:Macao
711:Names
660:China
658:, in
639:is a
604:Henan
1959:ISBN
1934:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1857:ISSN
1813:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1229:2014
1051:and
1032:The
963:and
942:and
852:junk
807:The
730:and
715:The
583:The
1849:doi
1386:135
1222:MIT
1214:OCW
1055:of
967:on
829:Qin
643:of
171:IPA
3220::
1953:,
1863:,
1855:,
1829:,
1623:^
1548:^
1533:^
1510:^
1495:^
1454:^
1437:^
1402:28
1329:^
1314:^
1297:^
1282:^
1273:,
1256:,
1220::
1216:,
1212:,
1199:^
1187:,
1071:,
1047:,
890:買班
719:,
705:.
662:.
651:,
628:c.
626:,
602:.
597:c.
569:c.
464:黄埔
445:黃埔
316:琶洲
297:琶洲
207:街道
204:琶洲
97:琶洲
3075:e
3068:t
3061:v
2022:e
2015:t
2008:v
1968:.
1943:.
1851::
1752:.
1731:.
1432:.
1420:.
1404:.
1388:.
1169:.
1121:.
587:.
574:)
567:(
467:岛
448:島
428:a
426:(
319:岛
300:㠀
42:.
20:)
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