Fabaceae - Knowledge

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the genes associated with the arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis genes, the pollen tube formation genes and the haemoglobin genes. One of the main genes shown to be shared between the arbuscular mycorrhiza pathway and the nodulation pathway is SYMRK and it is involved in the plant-bacterial recognition. The pollen tube growth is similar to the infection thread development in that infection threads grow in a polar manner that is similar to a pollen tubes polar growth towards the ovules. Both pathways include the same type of enzymes, pectin-degrading cell wall enzymes. The enzymes needed to reduce nitrogen, nitrogenases, require a substantial input of ATP but at the same time are sensitive to free oxygen. To meet the requirements of this paradoxical situation, the plants express a type of haemoglobin called leghaemoglobin that is believed to be recruited after a duplication event. These three genetic pathways are believed to be part of a gene duplication event then recruited to work in nodulation.

1530:, suggesting that the majority of the modern Fabaceae groups were already present and that a broad diversification occurred during this period. Therefore, the Fabaceae started their diversification approximately 60 million years ago and the most important clades separated 50 million years ago. The age of the main Cesalpinioideae clades have been estimated as between 56 and 34 million years and the basal group of the Mimosoideae as 44 ± 2.6 million years. The division between Mimosoideae and Faboideae is dated as occurring between 59 and 34 million years ago and the basal group of the Faboideae as 58.6 ± 0.2 million years ago. It has been possible to date the divergence of some of the groups within the Faboideae, even though diversification within each genus was relatively recent. For instance, 3321: 3590: 3407: 2095: 3440: 3539: 3607: 3250: 3624: 1337: 3573: 3556: 3305: 1526:(approximately 65 million years ago). Representatives of the 3 sub-families traditionally recognised as being members of the Fabaceae – Cesalpinioideae, Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae – as well as members of the large clades within these sub-families – such as the genistoides – have been found in periods later, starting between 55 and 50 million years ago. In fact, a wide variety of taxa representing the main lineages in the Fabaceae have been found in the fossil record dating from the middle to the late 3371: 1188: 3424: 2340:. This inhibition caused by 3-NPA is especially toxic to nerve cells and represents a very general toxic mechanism suggesting a profound ecological importance due to the big number of species producing this compound and its derivatives. A second and closely related class of secondary metabolites that occur in many species of leguminous plants is defined by isoxazolin-5-one derivatives. These compounds occur in particular together with 3-NPA and related derivatives at the same time in the same species, as found in 1312:. The upper petal, called the banner or standard, is large and envelops the rest of the petals in bud, often reflexing when the flower blooms. The two adjacent petals, the wings, surround the two bottom petals. The two bottom petals are fused together at the apex (remaining free at the base), forming a boat-like structure called the keel. The stamens are always ten in number, and their filaments can be fused in various configurations, often in a group of nine stamens plus one separate stamen. Various genes in the 2844: 3489: 3288: 368: 152: 3641: 3355: 3271: 3505: 3469: 3389: 9639: 3522: 880: 3338: 2081: 127: 2190:). This grouping indicates that the predisposition for forming nodules probably only arose once in flowering plants and that it can be considered as an ancestral characteristic that has been conserved or lost in certain lineages. However, such a wide distribution of families and genera within this lineage indicates that nodulation had multiple origins. Of the 10 families within the Rosidae, 8 have nodules formed by 3233: 2765: 1578:

The current hypothesis about the evolution of the genes needed for nodulation is that they were recruited from other pathways after a polyploidy event. Several different pathways have been implicated as donating duplicated genes to the pathways need for nodulation. The main donors to the pathway were

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subfamilies Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae they also contain species that do not form nodules. The presence or absence of nodule-forming species within the three sub-families indicates that nodule formation has arisen several times during the evolution of the Fabaceae and that this ability has been

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The rhizobia and their hosts must be able to recognize each other for nodule formation to commence. Rhizobia are specific to particular host species although a rhizobia species may often infect more than one host species. This means that one plant species may be infected by more than one species of

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Legumes have been used as ornamental plants throughout the world for many centuries. Their vast diversity of heights, shapes, foliage and flower colour means that this family is commonly used in the design and planting of everything from small gardens to large parks. The following is a list of the

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can contain seven species of rhizobia belonging to three different genera. The most distinctive characteristics that allow rhizobia to be distinguished apart are the rapidity of their growth and the type of root nodule that they form with their host. Root nodules can be classified as being either

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Legumes are economically and culturally important plants due to their extraordinary diversity and abundance, the wide variety of edible vegetables they represent and due to the variety of uses they can be put to: in horticulture and agriculture, as a food, for the compounds they contain that have

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Article 18.5 states: "The following names, of long usage, are treated as validly published: ....Leguminosae (nom. alt.: Fabaceae; type: Faba Mill. ); ... When the Papilionaceae are regarded as a family distinct from the remainder of the Leguminosae, the name Papilionaceae is conserved against

2249:, the only genus of the 18 Ulmaceae genera that is capable of forming nodules). Nodule formation is present in all the Fabaceae sub-families, although it is less common in the Caesalpinioideae. All types of nodule formation are present in the subfamily Papilionoideae: indeterminate (with the 1637:

but both were nested within the paraphyletic subfamily Caesalpinioideae. All the different approaches yielded similar results regarding the relationships between the family's main clades. Following extensive discussion in the legume phylogenetics community, the Legume Phylogeny Working Group

2720:. They form viscous colloidal solutions. There are different species that produce gums. The most important of these species belong to the Fabaceae. They are widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and textile sectors. They also have interesting therapeutic properties; for example 4602:

Herendeen, P. S., W. L. Crepet, and D. L. Dilcher. 1992. The fossil history of the Leguminosae: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. Pages 303 – 316 in Advances in Legume Systematics, part 4, the fossil record (P. S. Herendeen and D .L. Dilcher, eds). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,

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Doyle, J. J., J. A. Chappill, C.D. Bailey, & T. Kajita. 2000. Towards a comprehensive phylogeny of legumes: evidence from rbcL sequences and non-molecular data. pp. 1 -20 in Advances in legume systematics, part 9, (P. S. Herendeen and A. Bruneau, eds.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,

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indeterminate, cylindrical and often branched, and determinate, spherical with prominent lenticels. Indeterminate nodules are characteristic of legumes from temperate climates, while determinate nodules are commonly found in species from tropical or subtropical climates.

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Wing, S. L., F. Herrera, and C. Jaramillo. 2004. A Palaeocene flora from the Cerrajón Formation, Guajíra Peninsula, north eastern Colombia. Pages 146-147 in VII International Organization of Paleobotany Conference Abstracts (21–26 March). Museo Egidio Feruglio, Trelew,

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Wojciechowski, M. F. 2003. Reconstructing the phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae): An early 21st century perspective. Pp. 5-35, in Klitgaard, B. B. & Bruneau, A. (eds), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 10, Higher Level Systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens,

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Crepet, W. L., and P. S. Herendeen. 1992. Papilionoid flowers from the early Eocene of south eastern North America. Pages 43–55 in Advances in Legume Systematics, part 4, the fossil record (P. S. Herendeen and D. L. Dilcher, eds.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,

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Herendeen, P. S. 1992. The fossil history of Leguminosae from the Eocene of south eastern North America. Pages 85-160 in Advances in Legume Systematics, part 4, the fossil record (Herendeen, P. S., and D. L. Dilcher, eds.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,

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The Fabaceae have an essentially worldwide distribution, being found everywhere except Antarctica and the high Arctic. The trees are often found in tropical regions, while the herbaceous plants and shrubs are predominant outside the tropics.

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and arranged in globose inflorescences. The petals are small and the stamens, which can be more than just 10, have long, coloured filaments, which are the showiest part of the flower. All of the flowers in an inflorescence open at once.

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The gene bank and breeding of grain legumes (lupine, vetch, soya and beah) / B.S. Kurlovich and S.I. Repyev (Eds.), - St. Petersburg, The N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry, 1995, 438p. - (Theoretical basis of plant breeding.

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family. This conclusion has been supported not only by the degree of interrelation shown by different groups within the family compared with that found among the Leguminosae and their closest relations, but also by all the recent

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Nodule formation is common throughout the Fabaceae. It is found in the majority of its members that only form an association with rhizobia, which in turn form an exclusive symbiosis with the Fabaceae (with the exception of

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The order Fabales contains around 7.3% of eudicot species and the greatest part of this diversity is contained in just one of the four families that the order contains: Fabaceae. This clade also includes the families

6296:"Lei Nº 6.607, de 7 de dezembro de 1978. O Presidente da República, faço saber que o Congresso Nacional decreta e eu sanciono a seguinte Lei: Art. 1º- É declarada Árvore Nacional a leguminosa denominada Pau-Brasil ( 2679:

of one plant to others thereby ensuring pollination. Many Fabaceae species are important sources of pollen and nectar for bees, including for honey production in the beekeeping industry. Example Fabaceae such as

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Herendeen, P. S. 2001. The fossil record of the Leguminosae: recent advances. In Legumes Down Under: the Fourth International Legume conference, Abstracts, 34–35. Australian National University, Canberra,

2257:. The latter two are thought to be the most modern and specialised type of nodule as they are only present in some lines of the subfamily Papilionoideae. Even though nodule formation is common in the two 4816:

Bruneau, A., Lewis, G. P., Herendeen, P. S., Schrire, B., & Mercure, M. 2008b. Biogeographic patterns in early-diverging clades of the Leguminosae. Pp. 98-99, in Botany 2008. Botany without Borders.

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are vegetable exudates that are released as the result of damage to the plant such as that resulting from the attack of an insect or a natural or artificial cut. These exudates contain heterogeneous

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Rodríguez-Llorente, Ignacio D.; Pérez-Hormaeche, Javier; Mounadi, Kaoutar El; Dary, Mohammed; Caviedes, Miguel A.; Cosson, Viviane; Kondorosi, Adam; Ratet, Pascal; Palomares, Antonio J. (2004).

6300:, Lam), cuja festa será comemorada, anualmente, quando o Ministério da Educação e Cultura promoverá campanha elucidativa sobre a relevância daquela espécie vegetal na História do Brasil." 4736:

Herendeen, P. S., and S. Wing. 2001. Papilionoid legume fruits and leaves from the Palaeocene of north western Wyoming. Botany 2001 Abstracts, published by Botanical Society of America (

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content than non-legume materials, due to the additional nitrogen that legumes receive through the process. Legumes are commonly used as natural fertilizers. Some legume species perform

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legume species are cultivated to be tilled back into the soil to exploit the high nitrogen levels found in most legumes. Numerous legumes are farmed for this purpose, including

1289:, have asymmetric flowers, with one of the lower petals larger than the opposing one, and the style bent to one side. The calyx, corolla, or stamens can be showy in this group. 6211:

Marquez, A. C., Lara, O.F., Esquivel, R. B. & Mata, E. R. 1999. Composición, usos y actividad biológica: Plantas medicinales de México II. UNAM. First edition. México, D.F.

448: 1361:(opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a "pod", although that can also be applied to a few other fruit types. A few species have evolved 5788:"Large-scale genomic sequence data resolve the deepest divergences in the legume phylogeny and support a near-simultaneous evolutionary origin of all six subfamilies" 5066:

Schrire, B. D.; Lavin, M.; Lewis, G. P. (2005). "Global distribution patterns of the Leguminosae: insights from recent phylogenies". In Friis, I; Balslev, H. (eds.).

3589: 3439: 909:, with the majority being herbaceous perennials. Plants have indeterminate inflorescences, which are sometimes reduced to a single flower. The flowers have a short 3074: 3361: 30:

This article is about Fabaceae s.l. (or Leguminosae), as defined by the APG System. For Fabaceae s.s. (or Papilionaceae), as defined by less modern systems, see

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Allen, O. N., & E. K. Allen. 1981. The Leguminosae, A Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, USA.

5900: 4357: 3320: 3056: 2435:, blooms, pharmaceutical/industrial, fallow/green manure and timber species, with most commercially farmed species filling two or more roles simultaneously. 3406: 3110: 1499:

and its origins date back 94 to 89 million years, although it started its diversification 79 to 74 million years ago. The Fabaceae diversified during the

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reclassified Fabaceae into six subfamilies, which necessitated the segregation of four new subfamilies from Caesalpinioideae and merging Caesapinioideae

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Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S. Kellogg, E. A. Stevens, P.F. Donoghue, M. J. (2002), Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Sinauer Axxoc, 287-292.

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from this period have been found in numerous locations. The earliest fossils that can be definitively assigned to the Fabaceae appeared in the early

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has been found in a wide variety of genera. The family has also evolved a unique chemistry. Many legumes contain toxic and indigestible substances,

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relationship. BNF is carried out in nodules that are mainly located in the root cortex, although they are occasionally located in the stem as in

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Bruneau, A.; Mercure, M.; Lewis, G. P. & Herendeen, P. S. (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes".

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Crepet, W. L.; D. W. Taylor (1986). "Primitive mimosoid flowers from the Palaeocene-Eocene and their systematic and evolutionary implications".

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Lewis G., Schrire B., Mackinder B. and Lock M. 2005. (eds.) Legumes of the world. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Reino Unido. 577 pages. 2005.

863:. The term "faba" comes from Latin, and appears to simply mean "bean". Leguminosae is an older name still considered valid, and refers to the 9914: 6414: 3623: 3538: 1559:

It has been suggested, based on fossil and phylogenetic evidence, that legumes originally evolved in arid and/or semi-arid regions along the

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Crepet, W. L.; Taylor, D. W. (1985). "The Diversification of the Leguminosae: First Fossil Evidence of the Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae".

5407:"A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported sub clades within the family" 4373:"A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid matK gene resolves many well-supported sub clades within the family" 3606: 6195:

Kuklinski, C. 2000. Farmacognosia : estudio de las drogas y sustancias medicamentosas de origen natural. Ediciones Omega, Barcelona.

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amount to about 7% of flowering plant species. Fabaceae is the most common family found in tropical rainforests and dry forests of the

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Chappill JA. (1995). "Cladistic analysis of the Leguminosae: the development of an explicit hypothesis". In Crisp MD, Doyle JJ (eds.).

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Käss E, Wink M (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships in the Papilionoideae (Family Leguminosae) based on nucleotide sequences of cpDNA (

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Koenen EJ, Ojeda DI, Steeves R, Migliore J, Bakker FT, Wieringa JJ, Kidner C, Hardy OJ, Pennington RT, Bruneau A, Hughes CE (2019).

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Zhang R, Wang YH, Jin JJ, Stull GW, Bruneau A, Cardoso D, De Queiroz LP, Moore MJ, Zhang SD, Chen SY, Wang J, Li DZ, Yi TS (2020).

3249: 10144: 10105: 9888: 9836: 5236:"Functional Adaptation of a Plant Receptor- Kinase Paved the Way for the Evolution of Intracellular Root Symbioses with Bacteria" 3874: 3829: 3572: 1596:

of the legumes has been the object of many studies by research groups from around the world. These studies have used morphology,

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Bruneau A, Mercure M, Lewis GP, Herendeen PS (2008). "Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes".

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and tropical roots, a number of Leguminosae have been a staple human food for millennia and their use is closely related to

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Sanderson MJ, Wojciechowski MF (1996). "Diversification rates in a temperate legume clade: are there "so many species" of

5589:"Evolutionary significance of the loss of the chloroplast-DNA inverted repeat in the Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae" 1556:, another genus of the Papilionoideae with approximately 350 species, seems to have diverged in the last 2 million years. 6263: 6090: 1629:

in order to investigate the relationships between the family's different lineages. Fabaceae is consistently recovered as

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has never been found in any of the genera or species analysed. Sugars are transported within the plants in the form of

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that is native to Asia. In Central and South America dyes are produced from two species in the same genus: indigo and

949:, or vines. The latter support themselves by means of shoots that twist around a support or through cauline or foliar 6407: 6284: 6200: 5698: 4574: 4291: 4126: 3698:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" 4428:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II" 698:

sequences. These studies confirm that the Fabaceae are a monophyletic group that is closely related to the families

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with the former subfamily Mimosoideae. The exact branching order of the different subfamilies is still unresolved.

945:, or perennials, without basal or terminal leaf aggregations. Many Legumes have tendrils. They are upright plants, 3304: 10118: 9919: 9862: 4057: 10185: 9981: 4981: 10012: 4856:"Evolutionary Rates Analysis of Leguminosae Implicates a Rapid Diversification of Lineages during the Tertiary" 2472:

are woody shrub or tree species that are either broken down by livestock or regularly cut by humans to provide

3504: 9901: 6441: 5839:"Exploration of Plastid Phylogenomic Conflict Yields New Insights into the Deep Relationships of Leguminosae" 5446:

Käss E, Wink M (1996). "Molecular evolution of the Leguminosae: phylogeny of the three subfamilies based on

9642: 6467: 6457: 6400: 6370: 4147: 3161: 2858: 3287: 1633:. The studies further confirmed that the traditional subfamilies Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae were each 10079: 9706: 5588: 4853: 2801:) has reddish fruit that are used to produce a yellow dye. Indigo dye is extracted from the indigo plant 294: 5743:

Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wykd BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M (2013).

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Wojciechowski, Martin F., Johanna Mahn, and Bruce Jones. 2006. Fabaceae. legumes. Version 14 June 2006.

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Wojciechowski, M. F.; Sanderson, M. J.; Baldwin, B. G.; Donoghue, M. J. (1993). "Monophyly of aneuploid

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does not form nodules, while other species of the same genus readily form nodules, as is the case for

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are common among the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae, and are also found in some Faboideae (e.g.

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Herendeen, Patrick S.; Cardoso, Domingos B. O. S.; Herrera, Fabiany; Wing, Scott L. (January 2022).

3782:"A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny" 490: 6452: 5287:"From pollen tubes to infection threads: Recruitment of Medicago floral pectic genes for symbiosis" 4471:. Tomo I. Descripción de plantas cultivadas. Editorial ACME S.A.C.I., Buenos Aires. pages: 467-538. 3640: 3488: 3173: 3011: 2417: 2337: 2325: 1316:

family are expressed in the upper (also called dorsal or adaxial) petal; in some species, such as

670:(around 400 species), which constitute about a quarter of all legume species. The c. 19,000 known 10261: 10256: 10246: 9810: 3104: 2813: 2752: 2660: 2488: 1006: 435: 427: 9955: 6152: 5942:"A tale of four kingdoms - isoxazolin-5-one- and 3-nitropropanoic acid-derived natural products" 4370: 10172: 9784: 9659: 3668: 3311: 3156: 3038: 2849: 2329: 1470: 4762:"Fossil papilionoids of the Bowdichia clade (Leguminosae) from the Paleogene of North America" 10167: 10136: 9950: 9880: 6340: 4889: 4406: 4351: 4215: 3327: 2924: 2906: 2882: 2538:, which are farmed commercially for their blooms, and thus are popular in gardens worldwide. 1666: 1309: 1234: 1182: 9942: 4968:

Wojciechowski, M. F. (2005). "Astragalus (Fabaceae): A molecular phylogenetic perspective".

3337: 3232: 1322:, these genes are expressed throughout the flower, producing a radially symmetrical flower. 685:

Recent molecular and morphological evidence supports the fact that the Fabaceae is a single

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Duke, J. A. 1992. Handbook of Legumes of Economic Importance. Plenum Press, New York, USA.

5968: 5097:(Fabaceae) from the Late Oligocene (27.23 Ma) Guang River flora of north-western Ethiopia" 4506:"An apparent reversal in floral symmetry in the legume Cadia is a homeotic transformation" 2404:

costs for farmers and gardeners who grow legumes, and means that legumes can be used in a

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in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation"

3596: 3545: 3068: 3005: 2987: 2939: 2900: 2888: 1358: 1130:) out of the air and convert it to a form of nitrogen that is usable to the host plant ( 1073: 885: 732:

The family Fabaceae includes a number of plants that are common in agriculture including

9802: 9776: 6392: 5503: 5463: 5343: 5203: 5178: 4626: 4521: 2348:. 3-NPA and isoxazlin-5-one derivatives also occur in many species of leaf beetles (see 10025: 9797: 9697: 9482: 8700: 8592: 8216: 6703: 6447: 6035: 6010: 5863: 5838: 5814: 5787: 5671: 5623: 5561: 5365: 5262: 5235: 5216: 5154: 5129: 5032: 4993: 4985: 4935: 4910: 4794: 4761: 4689: 4654: 4540: 4505: 4339: 4320:

and legume phylogeny, with particular reference to Phaseoleae, Millettieae, and allies"

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Lavin, M., Herendeen, P. S., y Wojciechowski, M. F.; Herendeen; Wojciechowski (2005).

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Various legume species are farmed for timber production worldwide, including numerous

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proteins are found in the sieve tubes of Fabaceae; uniquely they are not dependent on

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to establish their symbiotic relationship belong to 11 families contained within the

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Ministerio de Educación de la Nación. Subsecretaría de Coordinación Administrativa.

5369: 5220: 4997: 4658: 4207: 10030: 9737: 9323: 9313: 9273: 9253: 9029: 8959: 8934: 8881: 8655: 8645: 8408: 8345: 8289: 8264: 8010: 7915: 7882: 7672: 7586: 7581: 7556: 7457: 7419: 7327: 6991: 6854: 6829: 6824: 6617: 6534: 6126: 6030: 6022: 5963: 5953: 5858: 5850: 5809: 5799: 5766: 5756: 5725: 5716: 5663: 5613: 5605: 5551: 5507: 5467: 5418: 5347: 5298: 5257: 5247: 5198: 5190: 5149: 5141: 5130:"The Rest of the Iceberg. Legume Diversity and Evolution in a Phylogenetic Context" 5108: 5024: 4977: 4930: 4922: 4867: 4836: 4789: 4773: 4681: 4630: 4535: 4525: 4439: 4384: 4331: 4256: 4248: 4185: 4095: 3997: 3947: 3885: 3805: 3795: 3719: 3709: 3455: 3446: 3396: 3239: 3199: 3122: 3062: 2975: 2854: 2825: 2685: 2575: 2029:(80 genera and ~3200 species; mostly tropical and warm temperate Asia and America). 1994: 1970: 1828: 1784: 1414: 1370: 1260: 1052: 906: 835: 610: 587: 526: 323: 291: 10084: 6311: 4826: 4634: 2531:, once extensively cultivated in Europe, forms tubers used for human consumption. 2361:

medicinal uses and for the oil and fats they contain that have a variety of uses.

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Several species of Fabaceae are used to produce dyes. The heartwood of logwood,

2324:, produce chemicals that derive from the compound 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA, 1187: 10004: 9596: 9586: 9568: 9540: 9502: 9492: 9444: 9411: 9401: 9396: 9318: 9268: 9215: 9200: 9085: 8999: 8939: 8929: 8833: 8735: 8670: 8660: 8620: 8602: 8403: 8330: 8118: 8080: 8035: 7970: 7945: 7920: 7864: 7778: 7546: 7493: 7429: 7286: 7178: 7155: 7117: 7094: 7084: 6887: 6749: 6688: 6552: 6072: 5761: 5744: 4335: 4100: 2981: 2742: 2713: 2693: 2487:. The seeds are used for human and animal consumption or for the production of 2484: 2236: 1921: 1362: 1230: 1226: 942: 829: 176: 6260: 5387: 5385: 5352: 5327: 5194: 5068:

Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional and global dimensions

5050: 5015:: Evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences". 4872: 4855: 4171: 2764: 10235: 9578: 9507: 9477: 9454: 9449: 9434: 9386: 9353: 9348: 9283: 9077: 9062: 9009: 8989: 8949: 8944: 8924: 8886: 8838: 8785: 8775: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8695: 8610: 8587: 8569: 8537: 8522: 8484: 8388: 8368: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8206: 8201: 8181: 8166: 8128: 8123: 8070: 8060: 8055: 8005: 7985: 7960: 7950: 7851: 7773: 7753: 7692: 7687: 7667: 7601: 7571: 7531: 7439: 7434: 7381: 7251: 7213: 7188: 7160: 7145: 7089: 7069: 7064: 6981: 6948: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6879: 6869: 6859: 6839: 6809: 6741: 6708: 6698: 6665: 6655: 6645: 6514: 6496: 6428: 6279:

Gilbert Vargas Ulate. 1997. Geografía turística de Costa Rica. EUNED, 180 p.

6138: 5854: 5404: 4785: 4642: 4371:

Wojciechowski, M. F., M. Lavin and M. J. Sanderson; Lavin; Sanderson (2004).

3528: 3413: 3344: 2951: 2421: 2405: 2308: 2199: 2154: 2128: 2009: 1593: 1402: 1318: 1297: 1285: 1237: 691: 84: 6130: 5745:"Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes" 5284: 4584: 4530: 4504:

Hélène L. Citerne; R. Toby Pennington; Quentin C. B. Cronk (8 August 2006).

10198: 9994: 9682: 9517: 9512: 9497: 9487: 9426: 9308: 9293: 9263: 9220: 9210: 9164: 9141: 9131: 9103: 9004: 8984: 8954: 8896: 8843: 8765: 8720: 8680: 8635: 8625: 8615: 8507: 8476: 8441: 8426: 8340: 8335: 8241: 7995: 7990: 7955: 7935: 7910: 7897: 7887: 7859: 7816: 7811: 7768: 7735: 7720: 7682: 7659: 7596: 7591: 7576: 7541: 7523: 7475: 7414: 7409: 7401: 7276: 7236: 7170: 7150: 7140: 7132: 7099: 7059: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6938: 6933: 6897: 6814: 6693: 6650: 6547: 6524: 6488: 6044: 5977: 5885:

NOTE: The subfamilial name Papilionoideae for Faboideae is approved by the

5872: 5823: 5635: 5573: 5511: 5432: 5423: 5406: 5361: 5312: 5271: 5212: 5163: 4944: 4926: 4881: 4803: 4650: 4549: 4398: 4389: 4372: 4270: 4252: 4199: 3134: 2993: 2933: 2786: 2622: 2211: 2203: 2158: 1946: 1928: 1753: 1738: 1705: 1662: 1560: 1496: 1488: 1462: 1454: 1442: 1422: 1342: 1082: 903: 707: 699: 607: 352: 307: 299: 240: 5930:

Sprent, J. I. 2001. Nodulation in legumes. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.

5618: 5519: 5145: 4314:

Kajita, T.; Ohashi, H.; Tateishi, Y.; Bailey, C. D.; Doyle, J. J. (2001).

3779: 1354: 9849: 9691: 9472: 9368: 9328: 9303: 9298: 9288: 9156: 9146: 9136: 9118: 9067: 9019: 9014: 8994: 8974: 8901: 8828: 8770: 8725: 8665: 8630: 8527: 8517: 8461: 8373: 8312: 8307: 8259: 8231: 8211: 8171: 8153: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8020: 8015: 7980: 7874: 7831: 7806: 7730: 7702: 7697: 7536: 7513: 7498: 7467: 7386: 7261: 7241: 7203: 7054: 7049: 7026: 7011: 6953: 6943: 6849: 6844: 6796: 6713: 6637: 6622: 6599: 6594: 6519: 6506: 5533:

Doyle JJ, Doyle JL, Ballenger JA, Dickson EE, Kajita T, Ohashi H (1997).

4564: 4084:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase" 3260: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2390: 2382: 2296: 2207: 2191: 2187: 2026: 2003: 1998: 1982: 1975: 1806: 1682: 1601: 1492: 1458: 1293: 1264: 1241: 1115: 1105: 974: 703: 630: 315: 59: 6058: 4425: 4237:"South American palaeobotany and the origins of neotropical rainforests" 2282:

A large number of species within many genera of leguminous plants, e.g.

1043:) or be rather inconspicuous. Leaf margins are entire or, occasionally, 1015:), in the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae commonly bipinnate (e.g. 10097: 9555: 9545: 9522: 9406: 9343: 9278: 9205: 9182: 9108: 9054: 8964: 8818: 8805: 8780: 8760: 8512: 8494: 8466: 8436: 8431: 8363: 8322: 8299: 8236: 8226: 8176: 8161: 8090: 8045: 8030: 7940: 7841: 7821: 7783: 7763: 7485: 7391: 7271: 7256: 7246: 6976: 6925: 6864: 6819: 6670: 6627: 6586: 6577: 5958: 5941: 5675: 5627: 5565: 5328:"Legume Haemoglobins: Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Needs Bloody Nodules" 5036: 4989: 4693: 4343: 3810: 3724: 3277: 3178: 2768: 2733: 2721: 2605: 2595: 2590: 2491:

for industrial uses. Grain legumes include both herbaceous plants like

2401: 2373:

is tied in closely with that of human civilization, appearing early in

2314: 2302: 2219: 2215: 2195: 2120: 2112: 1963: 1626: 1564: 1543: 1523: 1430: 1394: 1253: 1245: 1218: 1157: 1044: 954: 910: 767: 660: 654: 634: 626: 257: 104: 69: 6026: 5804: 5771: 4777: 4241:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

1092:, the modified hollow stipules are inhabited by ants and are known as 879: 367: 9854: 9771: 9758: 9563: 9532: 9464: 9333: 9192: 9174: 9126: 9095: 9024: 8969: 8906: 8891: 8876: 8813: 8795: 8730: 8705: 8542: 8446: 8398: 8378: 8025: 7930: 7905: 7376: 7368: 7266: 7231: 7208: 7198: 7183: 7122: 7079: 7039: 7016: 6786: 6718: 6609: 5742: 5010: 3217: 3204: 2808: 2782: 2689: 2654: 2633: 2552: 2290: 2258: 2144: 2080: 2032: 1951: 1843: 1634: 1630: 1538: 1500: 1438: 1434: 1426: 1410: 1305: 1280: 1175: 1153: 995: 962: 958: 918: 807: 797: 742: 686: 331: 109: 31: 10123: 9867: 9828: 9653: 5729: 5667: 5609: 5556: 5534: 5028: 4840: 4685: 4569:(rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 100. 1507:, along with many other families belonging to the flowering plants. 1197:, Faboideae. Two petals have been removed to show stamens and pistil 10193: 10064: 9989: 9676: 9416: 9338: 9248: 9230: 8979: 8916: 8868: 8858: 8715: 8532: 8418: 8393: 8355: 8196: 8065: 8050: 7836: 7826: 7801: 7758: 7634: 7561: 7358: 7341: 7193: 7109: 6963: 6778: 6768: 6680: 6114: 3800: 3781: 3480: 2747: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2540: 2520: 2516: 2462: 2409: 2378: 2370: 2253:

retained), determinate (without meristem) and the type included in

2250: 2227: 2223: 2168: 2136: 1957: 1933: 1572: 1515: 1466: 1418: 1398: 1275: 1174:"Pea flower" redirects here. For the flour produced from peas, see 1149: 1123: 1119: 1111: 1048: 1001: 983: 946: 759: 675: 625:

leaves. The family is widely distributed, and is the third-largest

202: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 38: 9763: 2829:, commonly called flame of the forest and from dyer's greenweed, ( 126: 9378: 9044: 8143: 8098: 7793: 7745: 7712: 7626: 7350: 7296: 6804: 4081: 3165: 2862: 2795:) is also used to produce a red or purple dye. The Madras thorn ( 2681: 2570: 2546: 2468: 2457: 2452: 2439: 2413: 2183: 2172: 2163: 2116: 2047: 1987: 1917: 1649: 1446: 1406: 1382: 1138: 1131: 1093: 1056: 1039: 1028: 1011: 989: 978: 950: 841: 775: 737: 711: 622: 225: 114: 89: 5091:

Pan, Aaron D.; Jacobs, Bonnie F.; Herendeen, Patrick S. (2010).

3872:

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

2789:

is produced from this species. The wood of the Brazilwood tree (

2393:, where they became a staple, essential as a source of protein. 1985:: 17 genera and ~85 species. Widespread throughout the tropics. 7649: 7616: 7223: 7034: 6387:

International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS)

6381: 6115:"Lathyrus tuberosus L. Biologie et perspectives d'amélioration" 5887:

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

3255: 3191: 2676: 2668: 2648: 2610: 2600: 2564: 2558: 2508: 2496: 2473: 2443: 2432: 2428: 2386: 2274:, which forms both rapidly and slow growing rhizobial nodules. 2132: 2124: 2021: 2015: 1939: 1604: 1568: 1542:

16 to 12 million years ago. In addition, the separation of the

1527: 1519: 1511: 1374: 1366: 1350: 1331: 1269: 1249: 1222: 1202: 1088: 1023: 1017: 914: 868: 783: 718: 679: 671: 666: 648: 618: 508: 482: 215: 6247: 6119:

Journal d'Agriculture Traditionnelle et de Botanique Appliquée

553: 9963: 9750: 5234:

Markmann, Katharina; Giczey, Gábor; Parniske, Martin (2008).

4737: 4493:(M.Sc. thesis). University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB. 3965: 3459: 3451: 2675:

and other insects to encourage them to carry pollen from the

2582: 2535: 2512: 2500: 2447: 2175: 2100: 2086: 2053: 1378: 1210: 1206: 1162: 1061: 1033: 938: 864: 859: 722: 614: 599: 499: 419: 376: 270: 163: 134: 5713: 3832:. In Lewis, G; Schrire, G.; Mackinder, B.; Lock, M. (eds.). 1397:. Where they are, the cyanogenic compounds are derived from 6270:. Efemérides Culturales Argentinas. Consulted 3 March 2010. 5386:

Martin F. Wojciechowski; Johanna Mahn; Bruce Jones (2006).

4982:

10.1663/0007-196X(2005)057[0382:AFAMPP]2.0.CO;2

4911:"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree" 4759: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4021: 4018: 4003: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3953: 3936: 3933: 3924: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3891: 2578: 2492: 2480: 2438:

There are of two broad types of forage legumes. Some, like

2374: 1611: 1552: 1457:, which may be removed through various processing methods. 934: 921:, and after fertilization produce fruits that are legumes. 893: 595: 562: 547: 541: 532: 375:

Fabaceae distribution map. Legumes are found in four major

5785: 5532: 5405:

Wojciechowski, M. F.; Lavin, M.; Sanderson, M. J. (2014).

4313: 3695: 2143:

establishing the molecular basis of a mutually beneficial

1072:

which protect the plant from herbivore insects (a form of

6422: 6153:"Tuberous Pea, Lathyrus tuberosus - Flowers - NatureGate" 4671: 4172:

Magallón, S. A., and Sanderson, M. J.; Sanderson (2001).

4012: 3962: 3959: 2672: 2504: 2427:

Farmed legumes can belong to numerous classes, including

1597: 1069: 751: 695: 637:, with about 765 genera and nearly 20,000 known species. 444: 6385: 3747: 2115:) is a very old process that probably originated in the 6112: 5179:"Function and evolution of nodulation genes in legumes" 4915:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4908: 3836:. Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 21–54. 2412:. Legume seeds and foliage have a comparatively higher 1575:) cannot yet be ruled out as the origin of the family. 1047:. Both the leaves and the leaflets often have wrinkled 933:, including trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and even 6248:

Leguminosas arbóreas y arbustivas cultivadas en Chile.

5648: 5233: 2460:

and grazed by livestock. Other forage legumes such as

2139:. Some of these lineages co-evolved together with the 1279:. The upper petal is the innermost one, unlike in the 1273:, or nearly symmetrical with five equal petals, as in 1068:

Many species have leaves with structures that attract

5898: 5054: 4174:"Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades" 4033: 4027: 4006: 3983: 3977: 3956: 3930: 3918: 3903: 3888: 3882:

Leguminosae." English pronunciations are as follows:

2870:

main ornamental legume species, listed by subfamily.

2262:

lost in some lineages. For example, within the genus

559: 544: 529: 6059:

Agriculturally & Economically Important Legumes.

6011:"Legumes: importance and constraints to greater use" 4075: 4015: 4009: 4000: 3950: 3897: 2692:, are important sources of nectar and honey for the 1518:

period. Fossils of flowers, fruit, leaves, wood and

1476: 538: 4909:Wikstrom, N.; Savolainen, V.; Chase, M. W. (2001). 4024: 3974: 3968: 3894: 3780:The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). (2017). 2355: 2178:(as established by the gene molecular phylogeny of 1920:according to most taxonomic systems, including the 535: 5090: 4487:Fabricius (Leguminosae) with Special Reference to 4469:Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería 2716:formed of different sugars and usually containing 2035:(Papilionoideae): 503 genera and ~14,000 species. 1973:: 1 genus and 1 species. West and Central Africa. 1503:to become a ubiquitous part of the modern earth's 853:The name 'Fabaceae' comes from the defunct genus 5836: 5693:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. pp. 1–10. 5691:Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 7: Phylogeny 5398: 5065: 4356:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3827: 1152:, acting as a provider of usable nitrate, form a 10233: 6338: 6051: 5586: 4152:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7 May 2006 3828:Schrire, B. D.; Lewis, G. P.; Lavin, M. (2005). 1252:), and the flowers are usually showy to attract 6177:Oertel, E. (1967). "Nectar and Pollen Plants". 5043: 5004: 4961: 4951: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 3750:"The families of flowering plants: Leguminosae" 2075: 1949:: 84 genera and ~760 species. Mainly tropical. 1931:: 12 genera and ~335 species. Mainly tropical. 977:and compound. Most often they are even- or odd- 7318: 6189: 4847: 4730: 4710: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4234: 3775: 3773: 3771: 2781:, is used to produce red and purple dyes. The 2230:and Fabaceae have nodules formed by rhizobia. 1388: 1055:. In some species, leaflets have evolved into 6408: 5176: 4967: 4364: 4165: 2534:Bloom legume species include species such as 1221:, usually cup-shaped. There are normally ten 629:family in number of species, behind only the 6740: 5688: 4894:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4820: 4810: 4612: 4411:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4220:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4132: 4082:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). 3691: 3689: 2408:to replenish soil that has been depleted of 6312:"Golden Wattle: Floral Emblem of Australia" 6309: 6077:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 12. 6008: 5127: 4720: 4591: 3768: 2066: 1924:. The family now includes six subfamilies: 814:in different parts of the world, including 586:, are a large and agriculturally important 550: 6415: 6401: 6113:Hossaert-Palauqui, M.; Delbos, M. (1983). 4419: 4145: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 3823: 3821: 3748:Watson L.; Dallwitz, M. J. (1 June 2007). 1510:The Fabaceae have an abundant and diverse 1308:, the flowers are zygomorphic, and have a 640:The five largest genera of the family are 366: 125: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6214: 6034: 5967: 5957: 5939: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5862: 5813: 5803: 5770: 5760: 5642: 5617: 5555: 5422: 5381: 5379: 5351: 5302: 5261: 5251: 5202: 5177:Yokota, Keisuke; Hayashi, Makoto (2011). 5153: 5112: 4934: 4871: 4793: 4566:Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary 4539: 4529: 4443: 4388: 4260: 4189: 4099: 3809: 3799: 3723: 3713: 3686: 1582: 1461:are a class of molecules (derivatives of 1349:The ovary most typically develops into a 6332: 5899:Lloret, L.; Martínez-Romero, E. (2005). 5682: 5484: 5445: 5101:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 5059: 4902: 4700: 4665: 4480: 4474: 4432:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 4282: 4280: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3702:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 2842: 2763: 2111:(BNF, performed by the organisms called 2093: 2079: 1335: 1186: 1114:in their roots within structures called 941:. The herbaceous plants can be annuals, 878: 8856: 6273: 6205: 6074:Legume Nodulation: A Global Perspective 4235:Burnham, R. J.; Johnson, K. R. (2004). 4228: 4108: 4058:"List of plants in the family Fabaceae" 3818: 3181:, by Executive Order of 31 August 1959. 2479:Grain legumes are cultivated for their 2098:Cross-section through a root nodule of 1283:. Some species, like some in the genus 613:, which are easily recognized by their 14: 10234: 7625: 6235: 6176: 6070: 6002: 5933: 5919: 5892: 5376: 5325: 4562: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4445:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x 4307: 3148: 993:respectively), often trifoliate (e.g. 810:). A number of species are also weedy 9658: 9657: 7614: 6396: 6303: 5984: 5587:Lavin M, Doyle JJ, Palmer JD (1990). 5580: 5535:"A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene 5526: 5478: 4297: 4277: 3867: 3865: 3732: 2336:, and thus the compound inhibits the 1916:The Fabaceae are placed in the order 1567:Period. However, others contend that 10160:f547e9ef-a3b9-45d0-ac6b-c52f0f36d5ec 10018:d3590e10-e8ac-4848-9e33-9fbbaf171f7a 9969:A4A093D7-26C5-20C0-07BC-72060B51FA50 9930:492da56d-f372-4773-80e7-8e45cad69491 6009:Graham, P. H.; Vance, C. P. (2003). 5993: 5439: 5183:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 4743: 4426:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). 3661: 1148:. The legume, acting as a host, and 929:The Fabaceae have a wide variety of 6319:Australian National Botanic Gardens 6290: 5452:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 4483:A Biosystematic Study of the Genus 4452: 3696:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). 3417:(Peas); note the leaf-like stipules 2594:, cultivated for the production of 2277: 2226:), and the two remaining families, 892:Fabaceae range in habit from giant 24: 10252:Extant Paleocene first appearances 10186:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60456559-2 9982:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000147-2 6261:Día de la Flor Nacional "El Ceibo" 4191:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00826.x 3862: 2699: 2588:Industrial farmed legumes include 2364: 2234:bacteria. For example, nodules in 1166:form tubers, which can be edible. 867:of these plants, which are called 710:and that they belong to the order 25: 10273: 6364: 5128:Doyle, J. J.; Luckow, MA (2003). 3830:"Biogeography of the Leguminosae" 2823:. Yellow dyes are extracted from 1477:Evolution, phylogeny and taxonomy 27:Family of legume flowering plants 9638: 9637: 5304:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02155.x 5114:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01044.x 3996: 3946: 3884: 3715:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x 3639: 3622: 3605: 3588: 3571: 3554: 3537: 3520: 3503: 3487: 3467: 3438: 3422: 3405: 3387: 3369: 3353: 3336: 3319: 3303: 3286: 3269: 3248: 3231: 3224: 3190:) has been the national tree of 2853:is one of many Fabaceae used as 2684:, and various clovers including 2614:, for the insecticide action of 2356:Economic and cultural importance 2182:, a gene coding for part of the 2090:with white root nodules visible. 2025:. Includes the former subfamily 1997:: 148 genera and ~4400 species. 1314:CYCLOIDEA (CYC)/DICHOTOMA (DICH) 1205:often have five generally fused 525: 150: 57: 6253: 6170: 6145: 6106: 6096: 6064: 5940:Becker T.; et al. (2017). 5879: 5830: 5779: 5736: 5707: 5319: 5278: 5227: 5170: 5121: 5084: 4753: 4606: 4556: 4497: 2732:. The most well known gums are 2704: 2266:, a member of the Mimosoideae, 2131:and just 6 of the more than 50 1233:. They are usually arranged in 1031:, which can be leaf-like (e.g. 924: 5969:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-51D4-1 4338:(inactive 12 September 2024). 4050: 2838: 2104:observed through a microscope. 1465:) found only in the Fabaceae. 874: 13: 1: 6250:Chloris Chilensis Año 2. Nº1. 4635:10.1126/science.228.4703.1087 4481:Seabrook, Janet E.A. (1973). 3655: 2420:, which makes them ideal for 2328:). The free acid 3-NPA is an 2127:. It is only carried out by 1550:started 4 million years ago. 1385:from the basic legume fruit. 1156:relationship. Members of the 360:730 genera and 19,400 species 359: 6376:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website 6061:. Accessed 15 November 2008. 5911:(1–2): 43–60. Archived from 5472:10.1016/0305-1978(96)00032-4 5392:The Tree of Life Web Project 5253:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060068 5051:The Tree of Life Web Project 3162:National Flower of Argentina 2874:Subfamily Caesalpinioideae: 2859:National Flower of Argentina 2109:Biological nitrogen fixation 2076:Biological nitrogen fixation 1621:, or the ribosomal spacers 1587: 1481: 848: 7: 5489:) and ncDNA (ITS1 and 2)". 4563:Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) . 1911: 1514:record, especially for the 1425:or both at the same time. 1389:Physiology and biochemistry 1225:and one elongated superior 1122:, have the ability to take 1118:. These bacteria, known as 10: 10278: 6057:Wojciechowski, M.F. 2006. 5901:"Evolución y filogenia de" 5762:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 5411:American Journal of Botany 5017:American Journal of Botany 4829:Canadian Journal of Botany 4766:American Journal of Botany 4738:http://www.botany2001.org/ 4674:American Journal of Botany 4377:American Journal of Botany 4336:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.515 4101:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 3634:(Cape lilac) mauve flowers 3216:is the national flower of 3210:The Hong Kong Orchid tree 3177:) is the national tree of 2618:, a compound it produces. 2061: 1409:. They frequently contain 1329: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1144:). This process is called 1103: 664:(around 700 species), and 454:Hedysareae (Hedysaraceae) 36: 29: 10054: 9666: 9633: 9595: 9577: 9554: 9531: 9463: 9425: 9377: 9366: 9229: 9191: 9173: 9155: 9117: 9094: 9076: 9053: 9042: 8915: 8867: 8804: 8601: 8578: 8567: 8493: 8475: 8417: 8354: 8321: 8298: 8250: 8152: 8141: 8089: 7896: 7873: 7850: 7792: 7744: 7711: 7658: 7647: 7643: 7522: 7511: 7484: 7466: 7448: 7400: 7367: 7349: 7340: 7309: 7222: 7169: 7131: 7108: 7025: 6962: 6924: 6896: 6878: 6795: 6777: 6762: 6731: 6679: 6636: 6608: 6585: 6576: 6565: 6533: 6505: 6487: 6476: 6436: 6341:"Golden Enigmatic Beauty" 6339:Williams, Martin (1999). 6071:Sprent, Janet I. (2009). 5353:10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.007 5326:Downie, J. Allan (2005). 5195:10.1007/s00018-011-0651-4 4873:10.1080/10635150590947131 4463:Burkart, A. Leguminosas. 3877:27 September 2013 at the 3600:(Arroyo Lupine Succulent) 3154:The Cockspur Coral Tree ( 2857:. In addition, it is the 2778:Haematoxylon campechianum 2667:Melliferous plants offer 2385:, several varieties) and 1841: 1826: 1819: 1804: 1797: 1782: 1775: 1751: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1703: 1696: 1680: 1660: 1653: 1417:can be present either as 1240:. Fabaceae are typically 968: 839:(kudzu), and a number of 794:Trigonella foenum-graecum 414: 407: 374: 365: 358: 351: 288: 283: 263: 256: 147:Scientific classification 145: 133: 124: 48: 3174:Enterolobium cyclocarpum 3012:Paraserianthes lophantha 2847:The Cockspur Coral Tree 2398:fix atmospheric nitrogen 2338:tricarboxylic acid cycle 2326:beta-nitropropionic acid 2067:Distribution and habitat 1393:The Fabaceae are rarely 1325: 1263:, the flowers are often 1099: 574:, commonly known as the 37:Not to be confused with 10216:Watson & Dallwitz: 6266:12 January 2016 at the 6131:10.3406/jatba.1983.3887 5946:Natural Product Reports 4531:10.1073/pnas.0600986103 4062:Encyclopædia Britannica 3171:The Elephant ear tree ( 2931:Subfamily Mimosoideae: 2814:Indigofera suffruticosa 2759: 2753:Cyamopsis tetragonoloba 2661:Castanospermum australe 2389:(broad beans) by 6,000 2119:eon when the primitive 1373:, indehiscent legumes, 973:The leaves are usually 5855:10.1093/sysbio/syaa013 5512:10.1006/mpev.1997.0410 5492:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 5424:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846 4927:10.1098/rspb.2001.1782 4390:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846 4253:10.1098/rstb.2004.1531 3312:Pleurolobus gangeticus 3157:Erythrina crista-galli 3075:Otholobium glandulosum 3039:Erythrina crista-galli 2866: 2850:Erythrina crista-galli 2817:and Natal indigo from 2772: 2483:, and are also called 2330:irreversible inhibitor 2105: 2091: 1583:Phylogeny and taxonomy 1346: 1244:plants (i.e. they are 1198: 889: 658:(around 700 species), 652:(over 1,000 species), 646:(over 3,000 species), 621:) and their compound, 10168:Paleobiology Database 9951:Paleobiology Database 6179:US Dep. Agr. Handbook 6089:Preview available at 5146:10.1104/pp.102.018150 3362:Indigofera gerardiana 3328:Dichrostachys cinerea 3184:The Brazilwood tree ( 3024:Subfamily Faboideae: 2925:Senna multiglandulosa 2907:Gleditsia triacanthos 2883:Caesalpinia gilliesii 2846: 2767: 2342:Astragalus canadensis 2157:that co-evolved with 2097: 2083: 1339: 1310:specialized structure 1213:. They are generally 1190: 1183:Papilionaceous flower 1078:Extrafloral nectaries 882: 6310:Boden, Anne (1985). 6298:Caesalpinia echinata 6157:www.luontoportti.com 3834:Legumes of the world 3583:(snail vine) flowers 3187:Caesalpinia echinata 3129:Teline monspessulana 3099:Robinia pseudoacacia 3051:Laburnum anagyroides 3000:Albizzia julibrissin 2919:Parkinsonia aculeata 2804:Indigofera tinctoria 2798:Pithecellobium dulce 2792:Caesalpinia echinata 2511:, and trees such as 1037:), thorn-like (e.g. 1027:). They always have 823:Robinia pseudoacacia 692:phylogenetic studies 5504:1997MolPE...8...65K 5464:1996BioSE..24..365K 5344:2005CBio...15.R196D 4921:(1482): 2211–2220. 4627:1985Sci...228.1087C 4621:(4703): 1087–1089. 4522:2006PNAS..10312017C 4516:(32): 12017–12020. 4247:(1450): 1595–1610. 3597:Lupinus succulentus 3546:Hosackia stipularis 3400:(Yellow bush lupin) 3207:'s national flower. 3149:Emblematic Fabaceae 3069:Lupinus polyphyllus 3057:Lotus peliorhynchus 3006:Calliandra tweediei 2988:Acacia verticillata 2940:Acacia cultriformis 2901:Cercis siliquastrum 2889:Caesalpinia spinosa 2738:Astragalus gummifer 2346:Astragalus collinus 1536:separated from the 1441:are often present. 1110:Many Fabaceae host 886:Gymnocladus dioicus 9483:Pentaphragmataceae 8701:Stegnospermataceae 8593:Berberidopsidaceae 8217:Pentadiplandraceae 6704:Atherospermataceae 6382:LegumeWeb Database 5959:10.1039/C6NP00122J 5055:http://tolweb.org/ 4860:Systematic Biology 4467:Dimitri, M. 1987. 3850:on 2 February 2014 3631:Virgilia oroboides 3617:(Harlequin Lupine) 3295:Cassia leptophylla 3197:The Golden wattle 3117:Sophora macrocarpa 3111:Sophora macnabiana 3027:Clianthus puniceus 3018:Prosopis chilensis 2964:Acacia melanoxylon 2913:Gymnocladus dioica 2877:Bauhinia forficata 2867: 2820:Indigofera arrecta 2773: 2528:Lathyrus tuberosus 2371:history of legumes 2350:defense in insects 2106: 2092: 1627:cladistic analysis 1610:, the chloroplast 1347: 1296:, the flowers are 1199: 899:Koompassia excelsa 890: 857:, now included in 803:Glycyrrhiza glabra 10229: 10228: 9938:Open Tree of Life 9660:Taxon identifiers 9651: 9650: 9629: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9440:Cardiopteridaceae 9362: 9361: 9239:Plocospermataceae 9038: 9037: 8852: 8851: 8791:Anacampserotaceae 8651:Ancistrocladaceae 8580:Berberidopsidales 8563: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8503:Biebersteiniaceae 8384:Sphaerosepalaceae 8270:Strasburgeriaceae 8187:Setchellanthaceae 8137: 8136: 7610: 7609: 7552:Cercidiphyllaceae 7507: 7506: 7336: 7335: 7305: 7304: 6758: 6757: 6727: 6726: 6561: 6560: 6543:Austrobaileyaceae 6084:978-1-4051-8175-4 6027:10.1104/pp.017004 5915:on 11 April 2013. 5805:10.1111/nph.16290 5662:(11): 1488–1502. 5291:The Plant Journal 5077:978-87-7304-304-2 4778:10.1002/ajb2.1808 4383:(11): 1846–1862. 4324:Systematic Botany 3843:978-1-900347-80-8 3756:on 8 October 2017 3648:Vicia grandiflora 3614:Lupinus stiversii 3549:(Stipulate Lotus) 3512:Cytisus scoparius 3394:Inflorescence of 3379:Lathyrus odoratus 3213:Bauhinia blakeana 3141:Wisteria sinensis 3093:Robinia luxurians 3081:Retama monosperma 3045:Erythrina falcata 3033:Cytisus scoparius 2958:Acacia longifolia 2895:Ceratonia siliqua 2855:ornamental plants 2832:Genista tinctoria 2730:anti-inflammatory 2694:Western honey bee 2396:Their ability to 2332:of mitochondrial 2150:Sesbania rostrata 1908: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1764: 1763: 1451:C3 photosynthesis 1415:Proanthocyanidins 1217:and have a short 1194:Wisteria sinensis 1146:nitrogen fixation 817:Cytisus scoparius 789:Ceratonia siliqua 611:herbaceous plants 517: 516: 511: 502: 494: 485: 477: 471: 465: 459: 451: 438: 430: 422: 344: 336: 328: 320: 312: 304: 275: 268:(now included in 252: 16:(Redirected from 10269: 10222: 10221: 10212: 10211: 10202: 10201: 10189: 10188: 10176: 10175: 10163: 10162: 10153: 10152: 10140: 10139: 10127: 10126: 10114: 10113: 10101: 10100: 10088: 10087: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10047: 10046: 10034: 10033: 10021: 10020: 10008: 10007: 9998: 9997: 9985: 9984: 9972: 9971: 9959: 9958: 9946: 9945: 9933: 9932: 9923: 9922: 9910: 9909: 9907:NBNSYS0000003201 9897: 9896: 9884: 9883: 9871: 9870: 9858: 9857: 9845: 9844: 9832: 9831: 9819: 9818: 9806: 9805: 9793: 9792: 9780: 9779: 9767: 9766: 9754: 9753: 9741: 9740: 9728: 9727: 9715: 9714: 9702: 9701: 9700: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9655: 9654: 9641: 9640: 9375: 9374: 9324:Thomandersiaceae 9314:Lentibulariaceae 9274:Scrophulariaceae 9254:Tetrachondraceae 9051: 9050: 9040: 9039: 9030:Mitrastemonaceae 8960:Pentaphylacaceae 8935:Tetrameristaceae 8882:Hydrostachyaceae 8865: 8864: 8854: 8853: 8656:Rhabdodendraceae 8646:Dioncophyllaceae 8576: 8575: 8409:Dipterocarpaceae 8346:Dipentodontaceae 8290:Crossosomataceae 8265:Geissolomataceae 8150: 8149: 8011:Chrysobalanaceae 7916:Ctenolophonaceae 7883:Lepidobotryaceae 7673:Anisophylleaceae 7656: 7655: 7645: 7644: 7623: 7622: 7612: 7611: 7587:Tetracarpaeaceae 7582:Aphanopetalaceae 7557:Daphniphyllaceae 7520: 7519: 7509: 7508: 7458:Trochodendraceae 7420:Circaeasteraceae 7347: 7346: 7328:Ceratophyllaceae 7316: 7315: 6992:Alstroemeriaceae 6855:Potamogetonaceae 6830:Scheuchzeriaceae 6825:Hydrocharitaceae 6775: 6774: 6738: 6737: 6618:Aristolochiaceae 6583: 6582: 6574: 6573: 6535:Austrobaileyales 6485: 6484: 6481: 6479:Basalangiosperms 6463:Acrogymnospermae 6425:flowering plants 6417: 6410: 6403: 6394: 6393: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6345: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6287:, 9789977649009. 6277: 6271: 6257: 6251: 6246:Macaya J. 1999. 6244: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6110: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6068: 6062: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6038: 6015:Plant Physiology 6006: 6000: 5997: 5991: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5971: 5961: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5917: 5916: 5896: 5890: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5866: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5817: 5807: 5798:(3): 1355–1369. 5783: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5764: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5621: 5593: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5559: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5355: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5306: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5255: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5206: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5157: 5134:Plant Physiology 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5063: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4938: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4875: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4797: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4589: 4588: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4533: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4478: 4472: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4402: 4392: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4347: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4211: 4193: 4184:(9): 1762–1780. 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4130: 4119: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3846:. Archived from 3825: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3803: 3777: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3752:. Archived from 3745: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3717: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3665: 3643: 3626: 3609: 3592: 3575: 3558: 3541: 3524: 3507: 3491: 3471: 3456:Himachal Pradesh 3447:Trifolium repens 3442: 3431:Smithia conferta 3426: 3409: 3397:Lupinus arboreus 3391: 3373: 3357: 3340: 3323: 3307: 3290: 3273: 3252: 3240:Acacia baileyana 3235: 3200:Acacia pycnantha 3123:Spartium junceum 3105:Sophora japonica 3063:Lupinus arboreus 2976:Acacia retinodes 2826:Butea monosperma 2556:(honey locust), 2278:Chemical ecology 2141:flowering plants 1995:Caesalpinioideae 1971:Duparquetioideae 1829:Caesalpinioideae 1822: 1821: 1800: 1799: 1785:Duparquetioideae 1778: 1777: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1699: 1698: 1656: 1655: 1646: 1645: 1355:simple dry fruit 1353:. A legume is a 1261:Caesalpinioideae 1229:, with a curved 1053:nastic movements 953:. Plants can be 836:Pueraria montana 780:Arachis hypogaea 592:flowering plants 569: 568: 565: 564: 561: 556: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 506: 498: 489: 481: 475: 469: 463: 455: 442: 434: 426: 418: 417:Caesalpiniaceae 401: 395: 389: 383: 370: 342: 334: 326: 324:Duparquetioideae 318: 310: 302: 292:Caesalpinioideae 267: 239: 155: 154: 129: 119: 56: 55:Paleocene–recent 52:Temporal range: 46: 45: 21: 10277: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10225: 10217: 10215: 10207: 10205: 10197: 10192: 10184: 10179: 10171: 10166: 10158: 10156: 10148: 10143: 10135: 10130: 10122: 10117: 10109: 10104: 10096: 10091: 10083: 10078: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10050: 10042: 10037: 10029: 10024: 10016: 10011: 10003: 10001: 9993: 9988: 9980: 9975: 9967: 9962: 9954: 9949: 9941: 9936: 9928: 9926: 9918: 9913: 9905: 9900: 9892: 9887: 9879: 9874: 9866: 9861: 9853: 9848: 9840: 9835: 9827: 9822: 9814: 9809: 9801: 9796: 9788: 9783: 9775: 9770: 9762: 9757: 9749: 9744: 9736: 9731: 9723: 9718: 9710: 9705: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9662: 9652: 9647: 9609: 9605:Paracryphiaceae 9591: 9573: 9550: 9527: 9459: 9421: 9392:Torricelliaceae 9371: 9358: 9259:Calceolariaceae 9244:Carlemanniaceae 9225: 9187: 9169: 9151: 9113: 9090: 9072: 9047: 9034: 8911: 8861: 8848: 8824:Balanophoraceae 8800: 8711:Lophiocarpaceae 8691:Achatocarpaceae 8686:Caryophyllaceae 8676:Macarthuriaceae 8641:Drosophyllaceae 8597: 8572: 8547: 8489: 8471: 8457:Crypteroniaceae 8452:Melastomataceae 8413: 8350: 8317: 8294: 8252:Crossosomatales 8246: 8222:Gyrostemonaceae 8192:Koeberliniaceae 8146: 8133: 8085: 8076:Picrodendraceae 8041:Lacistemataceae 8001:Dichapetalaceae 7976:Centroplacaceae 7966:Lophopyxidaceae 7926:Erythroxylaceae 7892: 7869: 7846: 7788: 7740: 7707: 7678:Corynocarpaceae 7652: 7639: 7619: 7606: 7567:Grossulariaceae 7516: 7503: 7480: 7462: 7450:Trochodendrales 7444: 7425:Lardizabalaceae 7396: 7363: 7332: 7320:Ceratophyllales 7311:Ceratophyllidae 7301: 7292:Ecdeiocoleaceae 7282:Flagellariaceae 7218: 7165: 7127: 7104: 7075:Tecophilaeaceae 7045:Blandfordiaceae 7021: 6987:Petermanniaceae 6972:Campynemataceae 6958: 6920: 6892: 6874: 6835:Aponogetonaceae 6791: 6766: 6754: 6723: 6675: 6661:Himantandraceae 6632: 6604: 6570: 6568:Mesangiospermae 6557: 6529: 6501: 6477: 6472: 6453:Marchantiophyta 6432: 6421: 6367: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6295: 6291: 6278: 6274: 6268:Wayback Machine 6258: 6254: 6245: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6222:"Broom, Dyer's" 6220: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6194: 6190: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6056: 6052: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5920: 5897: 5893: 5884: 5880: 5835: 5831: 5792:New Phytologist 5784: 5780: 5741: 5737: 5730:10.1139/B08-058 5712: 5708: 5701: 5687: 5683: 5668:10.2307/2446103 5647: 5643: 5610:10.2307/2409416 5591: 5585: 5581: 5557:10.2307/2446030 5531: 5527: 5483: 5479: 5444: 5440: 5417:(11): 1846–62. 5403: 5399: 5384: 5377: 5332:Current Biology 5324: 5320: 5283: 5279: 5232: 5228: 5175: 5171: 5126: 5122: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5064: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5029:10.2307/2445441 5009: 5005: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4907: 4903: 4887: 4886: 4852: 4848: 4841:10.1139/B08-058 4825: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4701: 4686:10.2307/2444261 4670: 4666: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4592: 4577: 4561: 4557: 4502: 4498: 4489:Apios americana 4479: 4475: 4462: 4453: 4424: 4420: 4404: 4403: 4369: 4365: 4349: 4348: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4285: 4278: 4233: 4229: 4213: 4212: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4146:Stevens, P. F. 4144: 4133: 4120: 4109: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4056: 4055: 4051: 3999: 3995: 3949: 3945: 3929: 3917: 3911: 3887: 3883: 3879:Wayback Machine 3870: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3826: 3819: 3778: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3746: 3733: 3694: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3635: 3627: 3618: 3610: 3601: 3593: 3584: 3580:Vigna caracalla 3576: 3567: 3559: 3550: 3542: 3533: 3532:(Easter cassia) 3525: 3516: 3508: 3499: 3492: 3483: 3476:Kashubian vetch 3472: 3463: 3443: 3434: 3427: 3418: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3358: 3349: 3341: 3332: 3324: 3315: 3308: 3299: 3291: 3282: 3274: 3265: 3253: 3244: 3236: 3227: 3151: 3087:Robinia hispida 2970:Acacia paradoxa 2946:Acacia dealbata 2841: 2762: 2740:), gum arabic ( 2714:polysaccharides 2707: 2702: 2700:Industrial uses 2367: 2365:Food and forage 2358: 2280: 2078: 2069: 2064: 1914: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1765: 1590: 1585: 1484: 1479: 1391: 1334: 1328: 1185: 1179: 1172: 1142: 1135: 1129: 1108: 1102: 1009:compound (e.g. 981:compound (e.g. 971: 927: 877: 851: 772:Medicago sativa 756:Cicer arietinum 727:human evolution 717:Along with the 594:. It includes 558: 528: 524: 399: 393: 387: 382:tropical forest 381: 341:Papilionoideae 279: 276: 238: 149: 139:Pueraria lobata 120: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 54: 53: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10275: 10265: 10264: 10262:Soil improvers 10259: 10257:Rosid families 10254: 10249: 10247:Nitrogen cycle 10244: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10203: 10190: 10177: 10164: 10154: 10141: 10128: 10115: 10102: 10089: 10076: 10060: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10035: 10031:wfo-7000000323 10022: 10009: 9999: 9986: 9973: 9960: 9947: 9934: 9924: 9911: 9898: 9885: 9872: 9859: 9846: 9833: 9820: 9807: 9794: 9781: 9768: 9755: 9742: 9729: 9716: 9703: 9688: 9672: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9601: 9599: 9597:Paracryphiales 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9587:Escalloniaceae 9583: 9581: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9569:Caprifoliaceae 9566: 9560: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9541:Columelliaceae 9537: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9503:Argophyllaceae 9500: 9495: 9493:Alseuosmiaceae 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9469: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9445:Phyllonomaceae 9442: 9437: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9412:Myodocarpaceae 9409: 9404: 9402:Pittosporaceae 9399: 9397:Griseliniaceae 9394: 9389: 9383: 9381: 9372: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9319:Schlegeliaceae 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9269:Plantaginaceae 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9235: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9216:Sphenocleaceae 9213: 9208: 9203: 9201:Convolvulaceae 9197: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9179: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9161: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9123: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9100: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9086:Metteniusaceae 9082: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9048: 9043: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 9000:Sarraceniaceae 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8940:Fouquieriaceae 8937: 8932: 8930:Marcgraviaceae 8927: 8921: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8871: 8862: 8857: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8834:Misodendraceae 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8810: 8808: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8736:Phytolaccaceae 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8671:Asteropeiaceae 8668: 8663: 8661:Simmondsiaceae 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8621:Plumbaginaceae 8618: 8613: 8607: 8605: 8603:Caryophyllales 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8573: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8499: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8423: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8404:Sarcolaenaceae 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8331:Gerrardinaceae 8327: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8156: 8147: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8119:Elaeocarpaceae 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8081:Phyllanthaceae 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8036:Passifloraceae 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7971:Putranjivaceae 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7946:Calophyllaceae 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7921:Rhizophoraceae 7918: 7913: 7908: 7902: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7865:Zygophyllaceae 7862: 7856: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7798: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7779:Ticodendraceae 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7664: 7662: 7653: 7648: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7620: 7615: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7547:Hamamelidaceae 7544: 7539: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7494:Myrothamnaceae 7490: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7430:Menispermaceae 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7324: 7322: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7287:Joinvilleaceae 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7179:Strelitziaceae 7175: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7156:Pontederiaceae 7153: 7148: 7143: 7137: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7118:Dasypogonaceae 7114: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7095:Amaryllidaceae 7092: 7087: 7085:Xeronemataceae 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7031: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6888:Petrosaviaceae 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6750:Chloranthaceae 6746: 6744: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6689:Calycanthaceae 6685: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6580: 6571: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6553:Schisandraceae 6550: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6458:Polypodiophyta 6455: 6450: 6445: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6379: 6366: 6365:External links 6363: 6361: 6360: 6331: 6302: 6289: 6272: 6252: 6234: 6213: 6204: 6188: 6169: 6144: 6105: 6095: 6083: 6063: 6050: 6021:(3): 872–877. 6001: 5992: 5983: 5952:(4): 343–360. 5932: 5918: 5891: 5889:, Article 19.8 5878: 5849:(4): 613–622. 5829: 5778: 5749:S. Afr. J. Bot 5735: 5724:(7): 697–718. 5706: 5699: 5681: 5653:(Fabaceae)?". 5641: 5619:2027.42/137404 5604:(2): 390–402. 5579: 5550:(4): 541–554. 5525: 5477: 5458:(5): 365–378. 5438: 5397: 5375: 5318: 5277: 5226: 5189:(8): 1341–51. 5169: 5120: 5083: 5076: 5058: 5042: 5023:(6): 711–722. 5003: 4976:(4): 382–396. 4960: 4950: 4901: 4866:(4): 575–594. 4846: 4835:(7): 697–718. 4819: 4809: 4772:(1): 130–150. 4752: 4742: 4729: 4719: 4709: 4699: 4680:(4): 548–563. 4664: 4605: 4590: 4575: 4555: 4496: 4473: 4451: 4438:(4): 399–436. 4418: 4363: 4330:(3): 515–536. 4306: 4296: 4276: 4227: 4164: 4131: 4107: 4094:(3): 201–217. 4074: 4049: 3861: 3842: 3817: 3801:10.12705/661.3 3767: 3731: 3708:(2): 105–121. 3685: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3636: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3604: 3602: 3594: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3536: 3534: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3515:(Scotch broom) 3509: 3502: 3500: 3496:Zornia gibbosa 3493: 3486: 3484: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3444: 3437: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3393: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3254: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3208: 3195: 3182: 3169: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3022: 2982:Acacia saligna 2929: 2840: 2837: 2761: 2758: 2743:Acacia senegal 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2456:, are sown in 2418:hydraulic lift 2366: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2279: 2276: 2272:Acacia senegal 2237:Acacia senegal 2186:enzyme in the 2155:spermatophytes 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2030: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1944: 1922:APG III system 1913: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1644: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1390: 1387: 1330:Main article: 1327: 1324: 1238:inflorescences 1215:hermaphroditic 1209:and five free 1171: 1168: 1140: 1133: 1127: 1104:Main article: 1101: 1098: 970: 967: 926: 923: 876: 873: 850: 847: 830:Ulex europaeus 826:(black locust) 672:legume species 515: 514: 513: 512: 503: 495: 486: 480:Papilionaceae 478: 472: 466: 460: 452: 439: 433:Ceratoniaceae 431: 423: 412: 411: 405: 404: 372: 371: 363: 362: 356: 355: 349: 348: 347: 346: 329: 321: 313: 305: 297: 286: 285: 281: 280: 277: 261: 260: 254: 253: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 206: 205: 200: 193: 192: 187: 180: 179: 174: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 143: 142: 131: 130: 122: 121: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10274: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10220: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10200: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10155: 10151: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10057: 10053: 10045: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9925: 9921: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9678: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9644: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9579:Escalloniales 9576: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9553: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9508:Menyanthaceae 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9478:Campanulaceae 9476: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9455:Aquifoliaceae 9453: 9451: 9450:Helwingiaceae 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9435:Stemonuraceae 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9387:Pennantiaceae 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9365: 9355: 9354:Orobanchaceae 9352: 9350: 9349:Paulowniaceae 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9284:Linderniaceae 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9116: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9078:Metteniusales 9075: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9063:Oncothecaceae 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9041: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9010:Actinidiaceae 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8990:Diapensiaceae 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8950:Lecythidaceae 8948: 8946: 8945:Polemoniaceae 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8925:Balsaminaceae 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8887:Hydrangeaceae 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8855: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8839:Schoepfiaceae 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8786:Portulacaceae 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8776:Halophytaceae 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8756:Molluginaceae 8754: 8752: 8751:Nyctaginaceae 8749: 8747: 8746:Sarcobataceae 8744: 8742: 8741:Petiveriaceae 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8696:Amaranthaceae 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8611:Frankeniaceae 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8588:Aextoxicaceae 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8570:Superasterids 8566: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538:Simaroubaceae 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8523:Anacardiaceae 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8485:Picramniaceae 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8389:Thymelaeaceae 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:Muntingiaceae 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8285:Stachyuraceae 8283: 8281: 8280:Guamatelaceae 8278: 8276: 8275:Staphyleaceae 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8207:Emblingiaceae 8205: 8203: 8202:Salvadoraceae 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182:Limnanthaceae 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167:Tropaeolaceae 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8140: 8130: 8129:Brunelliaceae 8127: 8125: 8124:Cephalotaceae 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8071:Ixonanthaceae 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8061:Euphorbiaceae 8059: 8057: 8056:Rafflesiaceae 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8006:Euphroniaceae 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7986:Malpighiaceae 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961:Caryocaraceae 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7951:Podostemaceae 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7852:Zygophyllales 7849: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7774:Casuarinaceae 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7754:Nothofagaceae 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7693:Tetramelaceae 7691: 7689: 7688:Cucurbitaceae 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7668:Apodanthaceae 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7613: 7603: 7602:Cynomoriaceae 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7572:Saxifragaceae 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7532:Peridiscaceae 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7440:Ranunculaceae 7438: 7436: 7435:Berberidaceae 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7382:Nelumbonaceae 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7252:Eriocaulaceae 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7214:Zingiberaceae 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7189:Heliconiaceae 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7161:Haemodoraceae 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146:Commelinaceae 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7090:Asphodelaceae 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7070:Ixioliriaceae 7068: 7066: 7065:Doryanthaceae 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6982:Melanthiaceae 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:Cyclanthaceae 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6916:Dioscoreaceae 6914: 6912: 6911:Burmanniaceae 6909: 6907: 6906:Nartheciaceae 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6880:Petrosaviales 6877: 6871: 6870:Cymodoceaceae 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6860:Posidoniaceae 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6840:Juncaginaceae 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:Tofieldiaceae 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6742:Chloranthales 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733:Chloranthidae 6730: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6709:Hernandiaceae 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:Gomortegaceae 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6666:Eupomatiaceae 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6656:Degeneriaceae 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6646:Myristicaceae 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6564: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515:Hydatellaceae 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6497:Amborellaceae 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6406: 6404: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6285:9977-64-900-6 6282: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6256: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6223: 6217: 6208: 6202: 6201:84-282-1191-4 6198: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6067: 6060: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6005: 5996: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5710: 5702: 5700:9780947643799 5696: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5380: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5338:(6): R196–8. 5337: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5297:(4): 587–98. 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5140:(3): 900–10. 5139: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4723: 4713: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4576:0-87842-280-3 4572: 4568: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4310: 4300: 4293: 4292:1-900347-80-6 4289: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4127:0-87893-403-0 4124: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4044: 3991: 3941: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3674: 3673:www.mobot.org 3670: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3563:Lupinus manus 3557: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3529:Senna pendula 3523: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3414:Pisum sativum 3408: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3345:Delonix regia 3339: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3225:Image gallery 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2953: 2952:Acacia karroo 2948: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2785:stain called 2784: 2780: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2658:species, and 2657: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2422:intercropping 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406:crop rotation 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:Casuarinaceae 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2161:diazotrophs ( 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:Euryarchaeota 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2073: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1640:sensu stricto 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1571:(or even the 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:Tethys seaway 1557: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1548:Neoastragalus 1545: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:isoflavonoids 1460: 1456: 1455:antinutrients 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:phenylalanine 1400: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1357:that usually 1356: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1298:actinomorphic 1295: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:entomophilous 1239: 1236: 1235:indeterminate 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1184: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1136: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1005:) and rarely 1004: 1003: 998: 997: 992: 991: 986: 985: 980: 976: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 922: 920: 917:with a short 916: 913:and a single 912: 908: 905: 901: 900: 895: 888: 887: 883:The fruit of 881: 872: 870: 866: 862: 861: 856: 846: 844: 843: 838: 837: 832: 831: 825: 824: 819: 818: 813: 809: 805: 804: 799: 795: 791: 790: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 748:Pisum sativum 745: 744: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668: 663: 662: 657: 656: 651: 650: 645: 644: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 567: 522: 510: 505:Swartziaceae 504: 501: 496: 493:& Alvares 492: 491:Ponce de León 488:Phaseolaceae 487: 484: 479: 473: 467: 461: 458: 453: 450: 446: 440: 437: 432: 429: 424: 421: 416: 415: 413: 410: 406: 402: 396: 390: 384: 378: 373: 369: 364: 361: 357: 354: 350: 340: 333: 330: 325: 322: 317: 314: 309: 306: 301: 298: 296: 293: 290: 289: 287: 282: 273: 272: 266: 262: 259: 255: 250: 246: 243:(Leguminosae 242: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177:Tracheophytes 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 153: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 10055: 9667: 9518:Calyceraceae 9513:Goodeniaceae 9498:Phellinaceae 9488:Stylidiaceae 9427:Aquifoliales 9309:Bignoniaceae 9294:Martyniaceae 9264:Gesneriaceae 9221:Hydroleaceae 9211:Montiniaceae 9165:Boraginaceae 9142:Gelsemiaceae 9132:Gentianaceae 9104:Eucommiaceae 9005:Roridulaceae 8985:Symplocaceae 8955:Sladeniaceae 8897:Curtisiaceae 8844:Loranthaceae 8766:Didiereaceae 8721:Barbeuiaceae 8681:Microteaceae 8636:Nepenthaceae 8626:Polygonaceae 8616:Tamaricaceae 8508:Nitrariaceae 8477:Picramniales 8442:Vochysiaceae 8427:Combretaceae 8341:Tapisciaceae 8336:Petenaeaceae 8242:Brassicaceae 7996:Trigoniaceae 7991:Balanopaceae 7956:Hypericaceae 7936:Bonnetiaceae 7911:Irvingiaceae 7898:Malpighiales 7888:Celastraceae 7860:Krameriaceae 7817:Elaeagnaceae 7812:Dirachmaceae 7769:Juglandaceae 7736:Polygalaceae 7725: 7721:Quillajaceae 7683:Coriariaceae 7660:Cucurbitales 7597:Haloragaceae 7592:Penthoraceae 7577:Crassulaceae 7542:Altingiaceae 7524:Saxifragales 7476:Dilleniaceae 7415:Papaveraceae 7410:Eupteleaceae 7402:Ranunculales 7310: 7277:Restionaceae 7237:Bromeliaceae 7171:Zingiberales 7151:Philydraceae 7141:Hanguanaceae 7133:Commelinales 7100:Asparagaceae 7060:Hypoxidaceae 7007:Ripogonaceae 7002:Philesiaceae 6997:Colchicaceae 6939:Velloziaceae 6934:Triuridaceae 6898:Dioscoreales 6815:Alismataceae 6763: 6732: 6694:Siparunaceae 6651:Magnoliaceae 6548:Trimeniaceae 6525:Nymphaeaceae 6489:Amborellales 6468:Angiospermae 6423:Families of 6386: 6375: 6351:. Retrieved 6347: 6334: 6322:. Retrieved 6318: 6305: 6297: 6292: 6275: 6255: 6225:. Retrieved 6216: 6207: 6191: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6160:. Retrieved 6156: 6147: 6125:(1): 49–58. 6122: 6118: 6108: 6098: 6091:Google Books 6073: 6066: 6053: 6018: 6014: 6004: 5995: 5986: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5913:the original 5908: 5904: 5894: 5881: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5795: 5791: 5781: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5690: 5684: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5601: 5595: 5582: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5528: 5498:(1): 65–88. 5495: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5455: 5451: 5450:sequences". 5447: 5441: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5391: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5243: 5240:PLOS Biology 5239: 5229: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5067: 5061: 5045: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4953: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4890:cite journal 4863: 4859: 4849: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4812: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4745: 4732: 4722: 4712: 4702: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4565: 4558: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4407:cite journal 4380: 4376: 4366: 4352:cite journal 4327: 4323: 4317: 4309: 4299: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4216:cite journal 4181: 4177: 4167: 4155:. 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1958:Detarium 1934:Bauhinia 1912:Taxonomy 1719:Fabaceae 1667:outgroup 1573:Americas 1516:Tertiary 1467:Forisome 1429:such as 1419:cyanidin 1399:tyrosine 1359:dehisces 1276:Bauhinia 1267:, as in 1150:rhizobia 1124:nitrogen 1120:rhizobia 1112:bacteria 1057:tendrils 1029:stipules 1002:Medicago 984:Caragana 951:tendrils 676:Americas 521:Fabaceae 409:Synonyms 236:Fabaceae 232:Family: 203:Eudicots 49:Fabaceae 39:Fagaceae 10098:3960911 9379:Apiales 9045:Lamiids 8144:Malvids 8099:Huaceae 7794:Rosales 7746:Fagales 7713:Fabales 7627:Vitales 7351:Buxales 7297:Poaceae 6805:Araceae 6764:Lilidae 6384:at the 6373:at the 6162:28 July 6036:1540286 5864:7302050 5815:6972672 5676:2446103 5628:2409416 5566:2446030 5520:9242596 5500:Bibcode 5460:Bibcode 5340:Bibcode 5263:2270324 5155:1540290 5037:2445441 4990:4098954 4936:1088868 4795:9306462 4694:2444261 4623:Bibcode 4615:Science 4541:1567690 4518:Bibcode 4491:Medikus 4344:3093979 4262:1693437 3678:16 June 3256:Loments 3166:Uruguay 2863:Uruguay 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4358:link 4318:rbcL 4288:ISBN 4267:PMID 4222:link 4196:PMID 4159:2008 4123:ISBN 4069:2021 3994:and 3856:2010 3838:ISBN 3762:2008 3680:2023 3348:tree 3298:tree 3164:and 2861:and 2760:Dyes 2728:and 2688:and 2673:bees 2637:and 2581:and 2574:are 2519:and 2507:and 2505:peas 2489:oils 2375:Asia 2369:The 2344:and 2318:and 2222:and 2180:rbcL 1619:matK 1617:and 1615:rbcL 1608:trnL 1592:The 1553:Inga 1495:and 1437:and 1201:The 1070:ants 987:and 855:Faba 770:), 706:and 678:and 633:and 519:The 449:Hess 436:Link 428:Link 339:syn. 335:Rudd 327:LPWG 319:LPWG 303:LPWG 265:Faba 60:PreꞒ 10111:631 10026:WFO 10005:132 9902:NBN 9842:440 9811:FoC 9785:FNA 9746:EoL 9733:CoL 6183:335 6127:doi 6031:PMC 6023:doi 6019:131 5964:hdl 5954:doi 5859:PMC 5851:doi 5810:PMC 5800:doi 5796:225 5767:hdl 5757:doi 5726:doi 5664:doi 5614:hdl 5606:doi 5552:doi 5508:doi 5468:doi 5419:doi 5348:doi 5299:doi 5258:PMC 5248:doi 5199:PMC 5191:doi 5150:PMC 5142:doi 5138:131 5109:doi 5105:163 5025:doi 4978:doi 4931:PMC 4923:doi 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