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Inside the family the patriarch made all the decisions, and tried to arrange advantageous marriages for his children. Much of the villages' communal life centered on church services and holy days. In
Prussia, the peasants drew lots to choose conscripts required by the army. The noblemen handled external relationships and politics for the villages under their control, and were not typically involved in daily activities or decisions.
1278:
1121:
859:. In 21st-century English, the word "peasant" can mean "an ignorant, rude, or unsophisticated person". The word rose to renewed popularity in the 1940sâ1960s as a collective term, often referring to rural populations of developing countries in general, as the "semantic successor to 'native', incorporating all its condescending and racial overtones".
986:. Peasants paid rent or labor services to the lord in exchange for their right to cultivate the land. Fallowed land, pastures, forests, and wasteland were held in common. The open field system required cooperation among the peasants of the manor. It was gradually replaced by individual ownership and management of land.
1943:
1893:
1841:
Very early on, both the
English 'peasant,' the French 'paysan' and similar terms sometimes connoted 'rustic,' 'ignorant,' 'stupid,' 'crass' and 'rude,' among many other pejorative terms. The word could also imply criminality, as in thirteenth-century Germany where '"peasant"' meant 'villain, rustic,
1037:
was abolished in Russia in 1861, and while many peasants would remain in areas where their family had farmed for generations, the changes did allow for the buying and selling of lands traditionally held by peasants, and for landless ex-peasants to move to the cities. Even before emancipation in 1861,
1097:
traced the modernization of French villages and argued that rural France went from backward and isolated to modern and possessing a sense of French nationhood during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He emphasized the roles of railroads, republican schools, and universal military conscription.
1070:
In most of
Germany, farming was handled by tenant farmers who paid rents and obligatory services to the landlordâtypically a nobleman. Peasant leaders supervised the fields and ditches and grazing rights, maintained public order and morals, and supported a village court which handled minor offenses.
997:
in the mid-14th century, resulting in more land for the survivors and making labor more scarce. In the wake of this disruption to the established order, it became more productive for many laborers to demand wages and other alternative forms of compensation, which ultimately led to the development of
1058:
In
Germany, peasants continued to center their lives in the village well into the 19th century. They belonged to a corporate body and helped to manage the community resources and to monitor community life. In the East they had the status of serfs bound permanently to parcels of land. A peasant is
1217:
for
Chinese farmers, typically without ever defining what the term means. This Western use of the term suggests that China is stagnant, "medieval", underdeveloped, and held back by its rural population. Cohen writes that the "imposition of the historically burdened Western contrasts of town and
1208:
and non-Marxist
Western perceptions of the "peasant," thereby putting the full weight of the Western heritage to use in a new and sometimes harshly negative representation of China's rural population. Likewise, with this development Westerners found it all the more "natural" to apply their own
1085:
Information about the complexities of the French
Revolution, especially the fast-changing scene in Paris, reached isolated areas through both official announcements and long-established oral networks. Peasants responded differently to different sources of information. The limits on political
1367:
starting in the 1920s. The anthropologist Myron Cohen, however, asked why the rural population in China were called "peasants" rather than "farmers", a distinction he called political rather than scientific. One important outlet for their scholarly work and theory was
1032:
This process happened in an especially pronounced and truncated way in
Eastern Europe. Lacking any catalysts for change in the 14th century, Eastern European peasants largely continued upon the original medieval path until the 18th and 19th centuries.
1359:'s field observations in Malaysia convinced him that villagers were active participants in their local politics even though they were forced to use indirect methods. Many of these activist scholars looked back to the
850:
In some contexts, "peasant" has a pejorative meaning, even when referring to farm laborers. As early as in 13th-century
Germany, the concept of "peasant" could imply "rustic" as well as "robber", as the English term
2151:
For details on the life of a representative peasant farmer, who migrated in 1710 to
Pennsylvania, see Bernd Kratz, he was a farmer, "Hans Stauffer: A Farmer in Germany before his Emigration to Pennsylvania",
1086:
knowledge in these areas depended more on how much peasants chose to know than on bad roads or illiteracy. Historian Jill Maciak concludes that peasants "were neither subservient, reactionary, nor ignorant."
1029:, displaced many peasants from the land and compelled them, often unwillingly, to become urban factory-workers, who came to occupy the socio-economic stratum formerly the preserve of the medieval peasants.
962:
farmed much of the land. More generally, the word "peasant" is sometimes used to refer pejoratively to those considered to be "lower class", perhaps defined by poorer education and/or a lower income.
1209:
historically derived images of the peasant to what they observed or were told in China. The idea of the peasant remains powerfully entrenched in the Western perception of China to this very day.
1263:
have asserted that "Every campesino has a natural right to possess a reasonable allotment of land where he can establish his home, work for subsistence of his family and a secure life".
1038:
serfdom was on the wane in Russia. The proportion of serfs within the empire had gradually decreased "from 45â50 percent at the end of the eighteenth century, to 37.7 percent in 1858."
1875:
1 A poor farmer of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation (chiefly in historical use or with reference to subsistence farming in poorer countries)
1236:
before the 20th century were in equivalent status to peasantsâthey usually did not own land and had to make payments to or were in an employment position towards a landlord (the
738:
1256:. Hence, many Campesinos in Latin America today are closer smallholders who own their land and do not pay rent to a landlord, rather than peasants who do not own land.
1106:
created a sense of French nationality in rural areas. The book was widely praised, but some argued that a sense of Frenchness existed in the provinces before 1870.
1991:
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2416:
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of agriculture dominated most of Europe during medieval times and endured until the nineteenth century in many areas. Under this system, peasants lived on a
887:
717:
1609:
2383:
2131:
The monasteries of Bavaria, which controlled 56% of the land, were broken up by the government, and sold off around 1803. Nipperdey, Thomas (1996)
2166:
Maciak, Jill (2001). "Of News and Networks: The Communication of Political Information in the Rural South-West during the French Revolution".
1102:. Weber argued that until 1900 or so a sense of French nationhood was weak in the provinces. Weber then looked at how the policies of the
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3703:
394:
3713:
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dynasties), China was notable for the cultural, social, political, and economic interpenetration of city and countryside. But the term
1142:
Farmers in China have been sometimes referred to as "peasants" in English-language sources. However, the traditional term for farmer,
3971:
1176:
society. These terms created a negative image of Chinese farmers by making a class distinction where one had not previously existed.
1218:
country, shopkeeper and peasant, or merchant and landlord, serves only to distort the realities of the Chinese economic tradition".
2869:
3820:
3758:
1348:
745:
1152:), simply refers to "farmer" or "agricultural worker". In the 19th century, Japanese intellectuals reinvented the Chinese terms
3800:
3131:
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1497:
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adopted in 2018. In general English-language literature, the use of the word "peasant" has steadily declined since about 1970.
1351:. Wolf and a group of scholars criticized both Marx and the field of Modernization theorists for treating peasants as lacking
3795:
2601:
2396:
1700:
1013:, which enabled mechanically and chemically augmented agricultural production while simultaneously increasing the demand for
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1854:
3838:
1476:
3986:
3966:
3945:
2457:
2333:
2140:
2098:
2074:
2033:
1975:
1737:
1727:
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3833:
3676:
2665:, Volume 1, Issue 1 October 1973, pp. 3â22 â article discusses the definition of "peasant" as used in social sciences
2053:
618:
1382:
4078:
3698:
2003:
1260:
638:
4058:
387:
52:
3688:
2652:
1370:
947:. The majority of the peopleâaccording to one estimate 85% of the populationâin the Middle Ages were peasants.
315:
3981:
3753:
3748:
3232:
2554:
Cohen, Myron (1993). "Cultural and Political Inventions in Modern China: The Case of the Chinese "Peasant"".
1822:
1245:
936:
240:
59:
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929:
773:
554:
1131:
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were more comprehensive initiatives that redistributed lands from large landholders to former peasantsâ
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The evolution of ideas in an environment of relatively widespread literacy laid the groundwork for the
608:
380:
4048:
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1415:
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The new peasantries: struggles for autonomy and sustainability in an era of empire and globalization
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3870:
3227:
3039:
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2526:
33:
17:
1324:, and in the post-1945 studies of the "great tradition" and the "little tradition" in the work of
4083:
4068:
4027:
3925:
3860:
1799:
1765:
1466:
1022:
431:
2487:
Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world
3885:
3514:
3256:
2326:
Ideology, Power, Text: Self-Representation and the Peasant 'Other' in Modern Chinese Literature
1461:
1046:
944:
789:
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731:
628:
443:
2642:
1690:
3940:
3915:
3905:
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3743:
2811:
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2715:
Peasants and Globalization: Political Economy, Rural Transformation and the Agrarian Question
1807:
1773:
1524:
1103:
1010:
633:
448:
255:
1403:
1098:
He based his findings on school records, migration patterns, military-service documents and
4001:
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3900:
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3721:
3115:
3081:
3066:
2902:
2849:
2634:
The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries
1294:
1115:
1003:
883:
660:
194:
150:
44:
2499:
Shanin, Teodor (1973). "The nature and logic of the peasant economy 1: A Generalisation".
2357:
8:
3385:
3190:
3165:
3145:
3049:
2528:
Give us this day our daily bread: The moral order of Pentecostal peasants in South Brazil
1487:
1387:
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140:
85:
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2607:
2563:
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1408:
1352:
688:
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305:
145:
1343:, for instance, drew on the work of earlier scholars in the Marxist tradition such as
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1971:
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1471:
1317:
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979:
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438:
180:
155:
2670:
Government and Peasant in Russia, 1861â1906; The Pre-History of the Stolypin Reforms
1668:
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of 20th-century French historians emphasized the importance of peasants. Its leader
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was frequently used to describe the traditional rural population in countries where
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3865:
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3244:
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1823:"What is a peasant? What are peasantries? A briefing paper on issues of definition"
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335:
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1999:
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to the largely silent and invisible world that existed below the market economy.
1302:
1080:
994:
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265:
135:
66:
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in world history and in their own disciplines. Peasant revolution was seen as a
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The relative position of peasants in Western Europe improved greatly after the
951:
939:
farmers at a cottage in early 19th century; by Pehr Hilleström and J. F. Martin
875:
453:
295:
270:
185:
120:
95:
2512:
1729:
Dry Grain Farming Families: Hausaland (Nigeria) and Karnataka (India) Compared
1564:
1544:
1534:
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Peasants typically made up the majority of the agricultural labour force in a
4042:
3534:
3331:
3120:
2990:
2980:
2938:
2912:
2907:
2844:
2804:
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The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia
2586:
Kinship, Contract, Community, and State Anthropological Perspectives on China
1621:
1507:
890:
Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas
871:
808:
710:
653:
596:
515:
470:
463:
325:
310:
1881:
An ignorant, rude, or unsophisticated person; a person of low social status.
1328:. In the 1960s, anthropologists and historians began to rethink the role of
870:
for the rural population in the poor and developing countries of the world.
3567:
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260:
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1987:
1559:
1456:
1431:
1333:
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1249:
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1094:
990:
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prominently uses the term "peasant" in a non-pejorative sense, as in the
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800:
683:
601:
549:
527:
505:
250:
230:
190:
170:
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1277:
1226:
In Latin America, the term "peasant" is translated to "Campesino" (from
1025:. The trend toward individual ownership of land, typified in England by
3577:
2917:
2228:
Weber, Eugen (1980). "The Second Republic, Politics, and the Peasant".
2214:
1436:
1364:
1124:
A Chinese painting depicting an agricultural scene probably during the
1060:
878:
of about 200 million farm-workers around the world, self-defines as an
824:
792:
510:
410:
350:
90:
2249:
1614:
1579:
758:
3623:
3618:
3585:
3557:
3445:
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3376:
3351:
3298:
3212:
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2445:
1446:
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Peasants into Frenchmen: the Modernization of Rural France, 1880â1914
1026:
1018:
836:
804:
370:
300:
285:
110:
2677:
Peasant Economy, Culture, and Politics of European Russia, 1800â1921
1232:âcountry person), but the meaning has changed over time. While most
1192:
and others have shown how especially during the later imperial era (
3632:
3604:
3590:
3457:
3423:
3381:
3366:
3326:
3071:
2241:
1919:"Via Campesina â Globalizing hope, globalizing the struggle !"
1855:"peasant | Definition of peasant in English by Lexico Dictionaries"
1631:
1424:
1237:
999:
844:
613:
290:
275:
210:
115:
100:
3628:
3613:
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3054:
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1626:
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In medieval Europe society was theorized as being organized into
1240:
system), most Latin American countries saw one or more extensive
1205:
1136:
1034:
933:
856:
852:
816:
812:
360:
345:
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225:
200:
125:
2531:. Master's thesis in Cultural Anthropology. Uppsala universitet.
2265:"French Rural Society in the Nineteenth Century: A Review Essay"
1184:
that represented a cultural and political invention. He writes:
1054:" ("Celebrating Peasants"), artist unknown, 18th or 19th century
909:
The word "peasant" is derived from the 15th-century French word
3600:
3413:
3346:
3286:
3281:
3088:
2755:
1918:
1574:
1554:
1420:
1363:
in India and to the theories of the revolution in China led by
1316:
Other research in the field of peasant studies was promoted by
1285:, in the permanent collection of the Museum of Ventura County,
1120:
832:
796:
532:
500:
340:
160:
130:
105:
3408:
3336:
2887:
1604:
1569:
1539:
1519:
1281:
Portrait sculpture of 18th-century French peasants by artist
205:
1188:
This divide represented a radical departure from tradition:
3418:
2960:
2640:
1589:
1297:: those who work, those who pray, and those who fight. The
764:
215:
80:
2284:
2282:
799:
with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the
29:
Agricultural laborer or farmer with limited land ownership
1172:), or "farming people", terms used in the description of
1002:
and the enormous social and intellectual changes of the
950:
Though "peasant" is a word of loose application, once a
2644:
Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914â1921
2279:
1347:, who saw the rural population as a key element in the
811:
In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free
1213:
Modern Western writers often continue to use the term
1650:
718:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
2588:. Basel/Berlin/Boston: Stanford University Press.
1787:
1786:
1753:
1752:
809:paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord.
2262:
2193:Amato, Joseph A. (1992). "Eugen Weber's France".
4040:
2713:Akram-Lodhi, A. Haroon, and Cristobal Kay, eds.
2694:Subsistence agriculture and economic development
2411:Paraguayan Bishops' Conference, Pastoral Letter
2192:
866:is commonly used in a non-pejorative sense as a
2675:Kingston-Mann, Esther and Timothy Mixter, eds.
2519:
762:Young women offer berries to visitors to their
2064:
823:. Peasants might hold title to land outright (
2771:
2419:, 2015, paragraph 94, accessed 1 January 2024
2046:The abolition of serfdom in Russia, 1762â1907
1311:Civilization and Capitalism 15thâ18th Century
1167:
1157:
1147:
965:
739:
388:
3675:
3455:
2553:
2227:
2165:
2133:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800â1866
917:, or countryside; ultimately from the Latin
874:, an organization claiming to represent the
2686:(2 vol. 1918); classic sociological study;
2682:Thomas, William I., and Florian Znaniecki.
2067:Russia Under the Old Regime: Second edition
1986:
2778:
2764:
2415:(12 June 1983), quoted by Pope Francis in
1679:
1479:(political movements in various countries)
746:
732:
395:
381:
2724:, 2004, Vol. 39 Issue 3, pp. 270â281
2661:Hobsbawm, E. J. "Peasants and politics",
2641:Vladimir IUrevich Cherniaev, ed. (1997).
2156:, Fall 2008, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pp. 131â169
1968:Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary
1411:(c. 1635), at the Alte Pinakothek, Munich
1221:
3663:
2684:The Polish Peasant in Europe and America
2391:(in Spanish). Universidad de Los Andes.
2381:
2119:Transactions of the Philological Society
2109:
2024:Gies, Frances and Gies, Joseph (1989).
1414:
1402:
1381:
1336:response to capitalism and imperialism.
1276:
1180:Myron Cohen considers these terms to be
1130:
1119:
1059:called a "Bauer" in German and "Bur" in
1045:
928:
900:
757:
2720:Barkin, David. "Who Are The Peasants?"
2632:Evans, Richard J., and W. R. Lee, eds.
2452:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
1992:"Peasants and their role in rural life"
1820:
1685:
1349:transition from feudalism to capitalism
1041:
921:, or outlying administrative district.
882:as of 2019. The United Nations and its
14:
4041:
2498:
2091:A Social History of Germany: 1648â1914
1721:
1719:
1498:Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
60:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
3662:
3019:
2759:
2542:Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century
1695:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 440.
2729:Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism
2444:
2328:. Stanford University Press. p. 26.
2093:. Methuen young books. pp. 140â154.
1808:participating institution membership
1774:participating institution membership
1725:
1204:did enter China in association with
2639:Figes, Orlando. "The Peasantry" in
2627:Peasant Protest in Japan, 1590â1884
2069:. Penguin Publishing. p. 163.
1842:devil, robber, brigand and looter.'
1716:
774:were officially emancipated in 1861
24:
3021:
3020:
2696:. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co., 1969.
2525:Alves, Leonardo Marcondes (2018).
2413:El campesino paraguayo y la tierra
1109:
924:
880:"International Peasant's Movement"
25:
4100:
2751:
2472:Van der Ploeg, Jan Douwe (2012).
1970:. Merriam-Webster. pp. 846, 866.
1266:
827:), or by any of several forms of
4023:
4022:
2785:
2577:
2385:La CuestiĂłn Agraria en Venezuela
1513:
1305:devoted the first volumeâcalled
51:
2647:. Indiana UP. pp. 543â53.
2619:
2547:
2534:
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2438:
2422:
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2375:
2350:
2338:
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2256:
2221:
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2159:
2145:
2135:. Princeton Univ Press. p. 59.
2125:
2103:
2083:
2058:
2038:
2018:
1980:
1961:
1936:
1911:
1307:The Structures of Everyday Life
768:home, 1909. Those who had been
3664:
2722:Latin American Research Review
2501:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1886:
1847:
1814:
1780:
1746:
1732:. Cambridge University Press.
1661:
1643:
1371:The Journal of Peasant Studies
993:had reduced the population of
316:Peerages in the United Kingdom
13:
1:
2544:. New York: Harper & Row.
2433:The Making of the Middle Ages
2363:. Central Intelligence Agency
2028:New York: Harper. pp. 12â18.
1859:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1637:
1246:land reforms of Latin America
241:Feudal land tenure in England
1261:Catholic Bishops of Paraguay
1063:(pronounced in English like
896:
772:among the Russian peasantry
7:
1830:United Nations Human Rights
1377:
1017:in cities, who became what
10:
4105:
2870:Weberian (three-component)
2663:Journal of Peasant Studies
2583:
2485:Moore, Barrington (1993).
2344:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2263:Margadant, Ted W. (1979).
2026:Life in a Medieval Village
1407:"Peasants in a Tavern" by
1353:the ability to take action
1270:
1113:
1078:
966:Medieval European peasants
31:
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2688:complete text online free
2513:10.1080/03066157308437872
2489:. Vol. 268. Beacon Press.
2382:Delahaye, Oliver (2018).
2358:"The Agrarian Reform Law"
2230:French Historical Studies
2195:Journal of Social History
2048:. Routledge. pp. 98â114.
1795:Oxford English Dictionary
1761:Oxford English Dictionary
1397:Pieter Brueghel the Elder
1244:in the 20th century. The
1168:
1158:
1148:
1074:
954:had taken root, the term
3992:Pre-industrial East Asia
2584:Cohen, Myron L. (2005).
2065:Pipes, Richard (1995) .
34:Peasant (disambiguation)
4079:Estates (social groups)
3040:Administrative detainee
2736:Latin American Peasants
1800:Oxford University Press
1766:Oxford University Press
1467:List of peasant revolts
913:, meaning one from the
4059:History of agriculture
3456:
2703:(Prentice-Hall, 1966).
1821:Edelman, Marc (2013).
1692:Early European History
1673:Merriam-Webster online
1462:Land reform by country
1427:
1419:Monument dedicated to
1412:
1400:
1290:
1222:Latin American farmers
1211:
1162:) for "feudalism" and
1139:
1128:
1055:
945:pre-industrial society
940:
906:
781:
778:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
3997:Pre-industrial Europe
2594:10.1515/9781503624986
2540:Wolf, Eric R. (1969)
2115:"English Etymologies"
1944:"Google Ngram Viewer"
1923:Via Campesina English
1894:"Google Ngram Viewer"
1418:
1406:
1385:
1280:
1186:
1134:
1123:
1049:
1011:Industrial Revolution
932:
904:
761:
256:English feudal barony
3854: or countries
3665:By country or region
2903:Class discrimination
2692:Wharton, Clifton R.
2324:Mei, Yi-tsi (1998).
2269:Agricultural History
2207:10.1353/jsh/25.4.879
2089:Sagarra, Eda (1977)
1879:informal, derogatory
1726:Hill, Polly (1982).
1309:âof his major work,
1135:Chinese peasants in
1116:Agriculture in China
1089:In his seminal book
1042:Early modern Germany
884:Human Rights Council
793:agricultural laborer
609:Types of communities
151:Feudal fragmentation
32:For other uses, see
4054:Early modern period
3386:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2668:Macey, David A. J.
2180:10.1093/fh/15.3.273
2111:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
2044:Moon, David (2001)
1996:The British Library
1798:(Online ed.).
1764:(Online ed.).
1657:. 20 February 2024.
1388:The Peasant Wedding
1339:The anthropologist
982:or a bishop of the
978:presided over by a
956:peasant proprietors
86:Ecclesiastical fief
3967:18th-century Spain
3821:Standard of living
3525:Upper middle class
3520:Lower middle class
3111:Political prisoner
2893:Chattering classes
2865:Spoon class theory
1580:Pagesos de remença
1483:Peasants' Republic
1428:
1413:
1409:Adriaen van Ostade
1401:
1291:
1140:
1129:
1093:(1976), historian
1056:
941:
907:
782:
523:Indigenous peoples
306:Customary freehold
146:Feudal maintenance
4036:
4035:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
3847:
3846:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3548:Lumpenproletariat
3050:illegal immigrant
3011:
3010:
2923:Classless society
2603:978-1-5036-2498-6
2429:Southern, Richard
2398:978-980-11-1939-5
1990:(30 April 2015).
1806:(Subscription or
1772:(Subscription or
1702:978-1-4191-1711-4
1472:Peasant economics
1318:Florian Znaniecki
972:open field system
756:
755:
405:
404:
181:Lord of the manor
156:Bastard feudalism
45:English feudalism
16:(Redirected from
4096:
4049:Medieval society
4026:
4025:
3853:
3754:Mexican-American
3682:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3659:
3461:
3404:Business magnate
3294:Knowledge worker
3179:
3178:
3067:dual or multiple
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
2971:Social exclusion
2966:Social cleansing
2880:
2830:
2829:
2819:Economic classes
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2734:Brass, Tom, ed.
2658:
2625:Bix, Herbert P.
2615:
2572:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2442:
2436:
2426:
2420:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2062:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2006:on 23 March 2022
2002:. Archived from
1984:
1978:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1948:books.google.com
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1898:books.google.com
1890:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1861:. Archived from
1851:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1675:. 28 March 2024.
1665:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1618:
1488:Peasants' Revolt
1361:peasant movement
1283:George S. Stuart
1171:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1150:
776:. Photograph by
748:
741:
734:
706:Peasant movement
696:Nomadic conflict
444:Delivery service
407:
406:
397:
390:
383:
336:Avera and inward
70:
55:
41:
40:
21:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4074:Rural economics
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4006:
3955:
3843:
3815:
3782:
3766:Underprivileged
3708:
3667:
3666:
3642:
3572:
3529:
3489:
3471:
3390:
3308:
3268:
3170:
3125:
3024:
3023:
3007:
2986:Social position
2976:Social mobility
2874:
2824:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2754:
2742:Scott, James C.
2710:
2655:
2622:
2604:
2580:
2575:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2524:
2520:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2443:
2439:
2427:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2261:
2257:
2226:
2222:
2191:
2187:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2146:
2130:
2126:
2108:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2000:British Library
1985:
1981:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1865:on 12 July 2019
1853:
1852:
1848:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1724:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1687:Webster, Hutton
1684:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1612:
1516:
1380:
1326:Robert Redfield
1303:Fernand Braudel
1275:
1269:
1224:
1190:F. W. Mote
1174:feudal Japanese
1118:
1112:
1110:Chinese farmers
1100:economic trends
1083:
1081:French peasants
1077:
1052:Feiernde Bauern
1044:
1015:factory workers
995:medieval Europe
968:
927:
925:Social position
899:
868:collective noun
752:
723:
722:
679:
671:
670:
656:
646:
645:
572:
562:
561:
496:
488:
487:
449:Electrification
422:
401:
365:
320:
235:
165:
72:
71:
67:Bayeux Tapestry
64:
63:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4084:Social classes
4081:
4076:
4071:
4069:Social history
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Ottoman Empire
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:Ancient Greece
3969:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3946:United Kingdom
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3839:Home-ownership
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:American Dream
3691:
3685:
3679:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Migrant worker
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3022:By demographic
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3002:Status Anxiety
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2956:Ranked society
2953:
2948:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Class conflict
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2881: topics
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Mudsill theory
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2753:
2752:External links
2750:
2749:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:Wolf, Eric R.
2697:
2690:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2653:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2602:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2562:(2): 151â170.
2546:
2533:
2518:
2491:
2478:
2465:
2459:978-0136554561
2458:
2437:
2421:
2404:
2397:
2374:
2349:
2337:
2334:978-0804733199
2317:
2305:
2293:
2278:
2255:
2242:10.2307/286349
2236:(4): 521â550.
2220:
2201:(4): 879â882.
2185:
2174:(3): 273â306.
2168:French History
2158:
2144:
2141:978-0691636115
2124:
2102:
2099:978-0416776201
2082:
2076:978-0140247688
2075:
2057:
2037:
2034:978-0060920463
2017:
1979:
1976:978-0877795094
1960:
1935:
1910:
1885:
1846:
1813:
1779:
1745:
1739:978-0521271028
1738:
1715:
1701:
1678:
1660:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Petty nobility
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1442:Family economy
1439:
1434:
1399:, 1567 or 1568
1379:
1376:
1357:James C. Scott
1345:Daniel Thorner
1330:peasant revolt
1299:Annales School
1268:
1267:Historiography
1265:
1254:tenant farmers
1223:
1220:
1178:Anthropologist
1111:
1108:
1104:Third Republic
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1043:
1040:
967:
964:
952:market economy
926:
923:
905:A farm in 1794
898:
895:
790:pre-industrial
754:
753:
751:
750:
743:
736:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
714:
713:
703:
698:
693:
692:
691:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
663:
657:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
616:
611:
606:
605:
604:
594:
589:
584:
579:
573:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
558:
557:
555:in Agriculture
547:
542:
537:
536:
535:
525:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
506:Family farmers
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:
478:
468:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
436:
435:
434:
423:
418:
417:
414:
413:
403:
402:
400:
399:
392:
385:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
322:
321:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Knight-service
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
244:
243:
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
188:
186:Manorial court
183:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
121:Subinfeudation
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
96:Allodial title
93:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
57:
56:
48:
47:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4101:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3951:United States
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:Other regions
3850:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:United States
3674:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Socioeconomic
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Social stigma
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Social orphan
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:Nouveau riche
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Class traitor
2911:
2909:
2908:Class society
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Gilbert model
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2578:Cited sources
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:Wolf, Eric R.
2441:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2275:(3): 644â651.
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2121:(8): 117â118.
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2054:9780582294868
2051:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Tenant farmer
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:Related terms
1509:
1508:Via Campesina
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:Peasant Party
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:three estates
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1004:Enlightenment
1001:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
963:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
938:
935:
931:
922:
920:
916:
912:
903:
894:
892:
891:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Via Campesina
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:, among them
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:, semi-free
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:
760:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
729:
727:
726:
719:
716:
712:
711:Via Campesina
709:
708:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
681:
675:
674:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:
650:
649:
640:
639:United States
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
603:
600:
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598:
595:
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590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
571:
566:
565:
556:
553:
552:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
534:
531:
530:
529:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
498:
492:
491:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
469:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
437:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
416:
415:
412:
409:
408:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
379:
378:
376:
375:
372:
369:
368:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
331:
330:
327:
326:Feudal duties
324:
323:
317:
314:
312:
311:Landed gentry
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
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259:
257:
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249:
248:
246:
245:
242:
239:
238:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
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209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
196:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
68:
62:
61:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
39:
35:
27:
19:
4002:Soviet Union
3977:Ancient Rome
3834:Homelessness
3759:Upper Middle
3631: /
3612: /
3609:
3603: /
3568:Working poor
3464:
3451:Robber baron
3274:Intellectual
3264:Royal family
3228:Ancient Rome
3082:second-class
3000:
2943:
2942: /
2937:
2933:High society
2840:Elite theory
2817:
2810:
2803:
2790:Social class
2744:
2735:
2728:
2727:Brass, Tom.
2721:
2714:
2700:
2693:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2643:
2633:
2626:
2620:Bibliography
2585:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2476:. Routledge.
2473:
2468:
2449:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2412:
2407:
2384:
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2352:
2340:
2325:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2132:
2127:
2118:
2105:
2090:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2045:
2040:
2025:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1995:
1982:
1967:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1878:
1874:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1858:
1849:
1840:
1835:11 September
1833:. Retrieved
1829:
1816:
1793:
1782:
1759:
1748:
1728:
1706:. Retrieved
1691:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1600:Sharecropper
1452:Folk culture
1386:
1369:
1338:
1322:Fei Xiaotong
1315:
1310:
1306:
1292:
1289:, California
1258:
1250:farm workers
1242:land reforms
1228:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1212:
1201:
1187:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1126:Ming dynasty
1090:
1088:
1084:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1031:
1008:
988:
969:
960:smallholders
955:
949:
942:
918:
914:
910:
908:
889:
863:
861:
849:
821:free tenants
785:
783:
763:
661:Agricultural
602:Agricultural
545:Smallholders
539:
528:Pastoralists
356:Scot and lot
266:Knight's fee
261:Feudal baron
220:
58:
38:
26:
3921:New Zealand
3638:Untouchable
3563:Proletariat
3553:Pea-pickers
3503:Bourgeoisie
3191:Aristocracy
3077:naturalized
3072:native-born
2417:Laudato si'
2154:Genealogist
1988:Alixe Bovey
1613: [
1565:HonbyakushĆ
1560:Free tenant
1457:Land reform
1432:Agrarianism
1334:Third World
1273:Agrarianism
1095:Eugen Weber
1023:proletariat
1021:called the
998:widespread
991:Black Death
829:land tenure
801:Middle Ages
684:Agrarianism
476:Reservation
439:Development
251:Land tenure
231:Free tenant
191:Manor house
171:Manorialism
4043:Categories
3911:Luxembourg
3801:Inequality
3466:Superclass
3257:Hereditary
3233:Post-Roman
3224:Patrician
3094:adolescent
2918:Classicide
2654:0253333334
1810:required.)
1776:required.)
1655:Wiktionary
1638:References
1530:Bracciante
1437:Cudgel War
1365:Mao Zedong
1271:See also:
1234:Campesinos
1182:neologisms
1114:See also:
1061:Low German
825:fee simple
701:Parliament
619:By Country
511:Farmworker
411:Rural area
351:Feudal aid
91:Crown land
4064:Feudalism
3936:Sri Lanka
3829:Education
3796:Household
3689:Affluence
3624:Rat tribe
3586:Ant tribe
3558:Precariat
3543:Lazzaroni
3485:Bohemians
3446:Overclass
3441:Old money
3377:Spartiate
3352:Kshatriya
3342:Hashashin
3299:Professor
3240:Political
3213:Oligarchy
3203:Hanseaten
3121:Stateless
3101:Convicted
3033:By status
2996:Subaltern
2928:Euthenics
2860:New class
2612:246207129
2507:: 63â80.
1789:"villein"
1755:"villain"
1669:"peasant"
1651:"peasant"
1545:Contadino
1535:Campesino
1447:Feudalism
1423:peasant,
1341:Eric Wolf
1027:Enclosure
1019:Karl Marx
897:Etymology
864:peasantry
862:The word
841:leasehold
837:quit-rent
805:feudalism
689:Socialism
587:Diversity
420:Economics
371:Feudalism
301:Gavelkind
286:Serjeanty
111:Feoffment
4089:Peasants
4028:Category
3960:Historic
3881:Colombia
3871:Cambodia
3806:Personal
3704:Mobility
3633:Freedman
3619:Plebeian
3605:Prisoner
3591:Commoner
3477:Creative
3458:Seigneur
3424:Nobility
3382:Vanniyar
3367:Pendekar
3327:Cossacks
2961:Snobbery
2833:Theories
2701:Peasants
2568:20027171
2556:Daedalus
2450:Peasants
2448:(1965).
2113:(1855).
1689:(2004).
1425:Jagodina
1395:painter
1378:See also
1238:hacienda
1154:fengjian
1000:literacy
937:Savonian
845:copyhold
678:Politics
666:Regional
614:Rurality
577:Agrarian
454:Internet
296:Freehold
291:Copyhold
276:Baronage
211:Overlord
141:Affinity
116:Seignory
101:Appanage
18:Peasants
3931:Romania
3926:Nigeria
3811:Poverty
3714:Classes
3699:History
3610:Peasant
3596:Outcast
3535:Working
3515:Burgher
3372:Samurai
3362:OcÄlĆtl
3322:Chhetri
3314:Warrior
3304:Scholar
3218:Russian
3208:Magnate
3196:Aristoi
3175:By type
3062:Citizen
3055:refugee
2951:Poverty
2945:Parvenu
2879:Related
2850:Marxian
2812:Stratum
2672:(1987).
2431:(1952)
2367:26 July
2347:, p. 73
2315:, p. 68
2303:, p. 65
2291:, p. 64
2215:3788392
1953:12 July
1928:12 July
1903:12 July
1869:12 July
1632:Villein
1627:Terrone
1503:Serfdom
1421:Serbian
1393:Flemish
1287:Ventura
1215:peasant
1206:Marxist
1202:nongmin
1164:nongmin
1137:Kunming
1035:Serfdom
934:Finnish
911:paĂŻsant
857:villein
853:villain
786:peasant
654:History
597:Tourism
582:Country
570:Society
540:Peasant
471:Poverty
464:Housing
361:Tallage
346:Scutage
281:Peerage
226:Serfdom
221:Peasant
201:Demesne
126:Feoffee
3886:France
3866:Belize
3861:Africa
3788:Income
3744:Middle
3737:Gentry
3601:Outlaw
3508:Petite
3495:Middle
3429:Landed
3414:Gentry
3347:Knight
3287:Priest
3282:Clergy
3245:Family
3183:Ruling
3132:collar
3089:Clique
2805:Status
2747:(1976)
2738:(2003)
2731:(2000)
2717:(2009)
2708:Recent
2679:(1991)
2651:
2636:(1986)
2629:(1986)
2610:
2600:
2566:
2456:
2395:
2332:
2250:286349
2248:
2213:
2139:
2097:
2073:
2052:
2032:
2010:4 July
1974:
1736:
1708:3 June
1699:
1575:Muzhik
1555:Fellah
1550:Cotter
1144:nongfu
1075:France
984:church
876:rights
843:, and
833:socage
819:, and
813:slaves
803:under
797:farmer
624:Canada
592:Flight
533:Herder
516:Tenant
501:Farmer
495:People
481:Ghetto
459:Health
427:Crafts
341:Socage
161:Livery
136:Homage
131:Fealty
106:Vassal
3982:Aztec
3941:Tibet
3916:Nepal
3906:Italy
3896:India
3891:Haiti
3876:China
3776:Under
3771:Lower
3749:Black
3732:Donor
3727:Black
3722:Upper
3629:Slave
3578:Under
3434:Petty
3409:Elite
3396:Upper
3337:Harii
3332:CuÄuh
3166:White
3146:Green
3045:Alien
2888:Caste
2608:S2CID
2564:JSTOR
2389:(PDF)
2361:(PDF)
2345:Cohen
2313:Cohen
2301:Cohen
2289:Cohen
2246:JSTOR
2211:JSTOR
1826:(PDF)
1804:
1770:
1617:]
1605:Smerd
1570:Kulak
1540:Churl
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