33:
80:
441:
57:
477:
grasses. The
Indians, usually women, harvested the root with a sharpened, fire-hardened digging stick. The tubers have a hard, dark skin and are peeled before eating. Some were eaten immediately, either raw or boiled, but most were dried for further use. They were sliced and sun dried, braided and hung on meat racks to dry, and pounded into flour.
436:
in terminal clusters 5 to 10 cm (4 in) long, leading to flattened, slender-tipped pods. Harvest of the tubers is during flowering. The flowers and flower stalk break off and disappear soon after flowering, making the plant difficult to locate. The plant grows from one or more sturdy brown
480:
The prairie turnip was also a reliable food in times of shortage or famine. A number of examples have been recorded of
Indians and whites subsisting on the root for extended periods when other food could not be obtained. The prairie turnip is more nutritious than most root crops, containing about 7
493:
As a food, the prairie turnip has been described variously as a "delicacy," "tolerably good eating," or "tasteless and insipid." Barry Kaye and D. W. Moodie describe the Native
Americans’ use of it as food as follows: "they eat it uncooked, or they boil it, or roast it in the embers, or dry it, and
476:
Abundant under favorable conditions, palatable, and nutritious, the prairie turnip was once a wild-gathered staple food of the Plains
Indians, especially the nomads, and of early European explorers. It was harvested May through July when the blooming flower stalks were easily visible among prairie
420:
as
Tipsina, the seed-bearing plant is due to climatic conditions especially in high, dry spots and can be found near rivers or in the steppe. The relative scarcity of the plant today compared to its previous abundance may be because most prairie has been converted to farmland or managed grassland.
560:
functioned as a vegetable food resource among the equestrian hunters of the northern plains in a manner akin to, but on a smaller scale than, wild rice or maize among the
Indians of the more humid, wooded environments of the east. Finally, the paper suggests that it was in the plains environment,
484:
The prairie turnip takes 2 to 4 years to grow from seed to mature root. The long period required for maturation probably limited the success of any efforts the
Indians made to cultivate the plant. Garden plantings have been made by scientists to evaluate the potential for domestication.
481:
percent protein, more than 50 percent carbohydrates, and is rich in vitamins and trace minerals. Particularly important was the vitamin C content of 17.1 milligrams per 100 grams as the winter meat-rich diet of the Plains
Indians was often deficient in vitamin C.
798:
696:
494:
crush it to powder and make soup of it. Large quantities are stored in buffalo skin bags for winter use. A sort of pudding made of the flour of the dried roots and with the
1039:
556:, in contrast, was widely and regularly used, and formed a valuable food resource of high nutritional quality. When dried or converted into flour,
1603:
1444:
1175:
1025:
Annual book for practical pharmacy and related subjects: Journal of the
General German Pharmacists Association, Department of Southern Germany
574:
This is a report by
Gaudichaud and Payen on Lamare-Picquot's essay, which deals with and describes the introduction of two new food plants of
1214:
992:
Stahnke, April; Hayes, Michelle; Meyer, Karen; Witt, Karla; Weideman, Jeanna; Fernando, Anne P.; Burrows, Rhoda; Reese, R. Neil (Mar 2008). "
437:
roots which form rounded, spindle-shaped tubers about 7 to 10 cm (4 in) below the surface, each 4 to 10 cm (4 in) long.
1020:
Jahrbuch für practische Pharmacie und verwandte Fächer: Zeitschr. d. Allgemeinen Teutschen Apotheker-Vereins, Abtheilung Süddeutschland
1253:
704:
565:
resource played its most significant role in meeting the vegetable needs of grassland Indians in both prehistoric and historic time.
1392:
1123:
548:
as wild plant foods among the Indians of the northern plains during the fur trade period. From this analysis, it is apparent that
1457:
1405:
1188:
1136:
1017:
Walz, Georg Friedrich (1850). "Physiologische und pathologische Chemie." [Physiological and pathological chemistry.].
507:
The root can be peeled and eaten raw or cooked. The dried root can be ground into flour, and then boiled with serviceberries (
849:
1193:
1462:
1573:
602:
808:
1219:
1431:
1162:
1088:
64:
416:. It grows best in full sun on well-drained and rocky or sandy soil. The plant is referred to by the Indians of
630:
1514:
1271:
1115:
1598:
1141:
1509:
1410:
1266:
79:
1588:
424:
The prairie turnip is a perennial, living 3 to more than 6 years. In spring, several densely haired
1583:
378:), the little breadroot, is also edible, although the plant and root are smaller. Another species,
223:
1206:
1593:
1304:
1258:
1449:
1180:
1110:
1050:
460:, the capital city of Kansas, is believed to mean a "good place to dig prairie turnips" in the
380:
1475:
1488:
1245:
509:
500:
206:
1366:
428:
emerge from the ground and reach up to 30 cm (12 in), bearing palmately compound
370:
8:
1578:
841:
46:
32:
432:
divided into five leaflets. In early summer the plant produces abundant blue or purple
1545:
1312:
980:
955:
882:
287:
235:
74:
1501:
996:(Pursh) Rydb.: historical and modern use, propagation, and management of a new crop".
1483:
1353:
1240:
1097:
901:
855:
845:
804:
930:
873:
Freedman, Robert Louis (1976). "Native North American Food Preparation Techniques".
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307:
117:
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330:
104:
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859:
516:
Prairie turnip flour is often used as a "secret ingredient" in modern Indian
449:
326:
319:
1009:
1527:
1284:
397:
1232:
838:
Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods
1418:
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183:
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440:
409:
173:
1044:
1522:
1338:
1279:
1067:
1027:] (in German). Vol. 21. Landau: J. Baur. pp. 174–175.
800:
The Plains Cree: An Ethnographic, Historical, and Comparative Study
517:
504:), after boiling together, is very palatable and a favorite dish."
401:
315:
163:
130:
1436:
1384:
1167:
676:
413:
311:
153:
803:. Vol. 9. Regina: University of Regina Press. p. 400.
1371:
465:
433:
323:
143:
817:
405:
91:
881:(47). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 126.
444:
The leaves, flowers, tubers and seeds of the prairie turnip.
388:), was probably harvested for food only in times of famine.
875:
BoletĂn Bibliográfico de AntropologĂa Americana (1973-1979)
429:
417:
304:
742:
652:
361:
The prairie turnip continues to be a staple food of the
718:
664:
991:
772:
736:
682:
552:
was exploited for food mainly in times of necessity.
754:
971:as a Prairie Resource: An Ethnographic Appraisal".
954:(82, Part l). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 329–336.
778:
40:In bloom in Badlands National Park, South Dakota
1565:
937:. Vol. 139, no. 20. pp. 316–317.
625:
623:
836:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) .
942:Kaye, Barry; Moodie, D. W. (Nov 1978). "The
835:
620:
540:This paper describes the nature and role of
600:
941:
823:
796:
748:
658:
594:
55:
31:
946:Food Ressource of the Northern plains".
872:
439:
391:
1604:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1566:
688:
396:The prairie turnip has a range on the
333:. English names for the plant include
1049:
1048:
928:
760:
561:rather than in the prairie, that the
1016:
966:
784:
724:
697:"Topeka's Roots: the Prairie Potato"
670:
694:
13:
14:
1615:
1033:
1515:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:212214-2
1272:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:186566-2
78:
894:
866:
829:
790:
488:
16:Plant species in the pea family
967:Reid, Kenneth C. (Nov 1977). "
921:
568:
534:
1:
891:, s.v. Prairie Turnip Hidatsa
797:Mandelbaum, David G. (1979).
523:
641:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
528:
7:
1040:Information and habit photo
929:Cowen, Ron (May 18, 1991).
513:) to make a sweet pudding.
10:
1620:
1574:NatureServe secure species
639:Plants of the World Online
471:
1328:
1057:
241:
234:
212:
205:
75:Scientific classification
73:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
906:The Weekly South Dakotan
1010:10.2979/NPJ.2008.9.1.46
979:(78, Part l): 321–327.
272:Kellogg, nom. illeg.
824:Kaye & Moodie 1978
749:Kaye & Moodie 1978
659:Kaye & Moodie 1978
452:name for the plant is
445:
381:Pediomelum argophyllum
351:large Indian breadroot
1089:Pediomelum esculentum
1059:Pediomelum esculentum
994:Pediomelum esculentum
973:Plains Anthropologist
948:Plains Anthropologist
633:Pediomelum esculentum
609:. Arlington, Virginia
605:Pediomelum esculentum
510:Amelanchier alnifolia
501:Amelanchier alnifolia
443:
392:Description and range
283:Pediomelum esculentum
216:Pediomelum esculentum
25:Pediomelum esculentum
601:NatureServe (2024).
371:Pediomelum hypogaeum
931:"The Sacred Turnip"
826:, pp. 332–334.
773:Stahnke et al. 2008
737:Stahnke et al. 2008
727:, pp. 322–324.
683:Stahnke et al. 2008
550:P. argophyllum
546:P. argophyllum
464:and other southern
386:Psoralea argophylla
368:A related species,
347:breadroot scurf pea
256:Douglas ex Hook.
47:Conservation status
1599:Flora of Minnesota
1330:Psoralea esculenta
969:Psoralea esculenta
695:Burgess, Barbara.
673:, p. 174-175.
576:P. esculentum
558:P. esculentum
554:P. esculentum
542:P. esculentum
446:
292:Psoralea esculenta
269:Psoralea fruticosa
261:Psoralea esculenta
253:Psoralea brachiata
245:Lotodes esculentum
198:P. esculentum
1561:
1560:
1484:Open Tree of Life
1241:Open Tree of Life
1051:Taxon identifiers
851:978-1-4027-6715-9
775:, pp. 55–56.
739:, pp. 49–50.
376:Psoralea hypogaea
279:
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248:(Pursh) Kuntze
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1589:Flora of Montana
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902:"Prairie Turnip"
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703:. Archived from
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1584:Root vegetables
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844:. p. 150.
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456:. The name of
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308:perennial plant
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359:pomme blanche.
355:prairie potato
331:root vegetable
297:prairie turnip
295:, common name
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453:
447:
423:
398:Great Plains
395:
385:
379:
375:
369:
367:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:edible as a
300:
296:
291:
290:
282:
281:
280:
268:
260:
252:
244:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
137:
124:
111:
98:
24:
18:
1419:iNaturalist
1202:NatureServe
1150:iNaturalist
1083:Wikispecies
922:Works cited
468:languages.
318:of central
170:Subfamily:
118:Angiosperms
65:NatureServe
1579:Psoraleeae
1568:Categories
1497:Plant List
1302:WisFlora:
911:2023-08-01
761:Cowen 1991
711:2019-10-08
645:2023-05-03
613:2024-07-26
563:Pediomelum
524:References
310:native to
305:herbaceous
185:Pediomelum
1502:ild-15795
1116:220010041
1074:Q21314347
860:244766414
785:Reid 1977
725:Reid 1977
671:Walz 1850
589:Citations
529:Footnotes
520:recipes.
410:Wisconsin
408:and from
404:south to
343:breadroot
339:teepsenee
316:woodlands
192:Species:
174:Faboideae
88:Kingdom:
1535:VASCAN:
1528:13015361
1523:Tropicos
1476:19891733
1450:10758868
1437:212214-2
1345:Q1283624
1339:Wikidata
1292:VASCAN:
1285:13011919
1280:Tropicos
1207:2.138611
1181:10161109
1168:186566-2
1068:Wikidata
985:25667410
960:25667478
944:Psoralea
887:43996285
842:Sterling
518:frybread
454:timpsula
412:west to
402:Manitoba
314:and dry
312:prairies
303:, is an
301:timpsula
264:Pursh
236:Synonyms
164:Fabaceae
160:Family:
131:Eudicots
1489:1067618
1398:2944104
1246:1067618
1129:2944105
472:Harvest
434:flowers
414:Montana
324:starchy
288:synonym
180:Genus:
154:Fabales
150:Order:
92:Plantae
63: (
61:Secure
1424:138677
1372:639008
1254:PLANTS
1233:211137
1220:458363
1194:504177
1155:166268
1142:312047
983:
958:
885:
858:
848:
807:
466:Siouan
458:Topeka
450:Lakota
430:leaves
384:(syn.
374:(syn.
335:tipsin
144:Rosids
1538:16380
1463:26896
1445:IRMNG
1411:30238
1385:PSRES
1359:4PLJW
1176:IRMNG
1103:6TY5L
1023:[
981:JSTOR
956:JSTOR
883:JSTOR
462:Kansa
426:stems
406:Texas
400:from
228:Rydb.
224:Pursh
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
99:Clade
1510:POWO
1471:IUCN
1458:ITIS
1432:IPNI
1406:GRIN
1393:GBIF
1380:EPPO
1305:4445
1295:5891
1267:POWO
1259:PEES
1215:NCBI
1189:ITIS
1163:IPNI
1137:GRIN
1124:GBIF
856:OCLC
846:ISBN
805:ISBN
578:and
544:and
448:The
418:Iowa
357:and
1546:WFO
1367:EoL
1354:CoL
1313:WFO
1111:FNA
1098:CoL
1006:doi
299:or
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622:^
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353:,
349:,
345:,
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337:,
286:,
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1008::
1002:9
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889:.
862:.
813:.
714:.
648:.
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616:.
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498:(
222:(
67:)
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