536:) and was attacking Chang'an, having defeated and captured the major general Qutu Tong (屈突通), Emperor Yang was alarmed, and Pei suggested returning to Luoyang. Emperor Yang, while not listening to Pei, restored him to his posts. Pei, seeing that Emperor Yang's elite Xiaoguo Army (驍果), which Emperor Yang had taken to Jiangdu with him, had its soldiers deserting due to their missing their northern homes, treated the Xiaoguo officers with respect while suggesting that the soldiers be given wives in Jiangdu. Emperor Yang agreed, and Xiaoguo soldiers were given wives (and permitted to marry those with whom they had previously had secret liaisons).
431:, Yuwen Shu, Zhang Jin (張瑾), and Pei Yun (裴蘊) in charge of selecting and promoting officials, and they were known as the "seven nobles of officialdom." However, it was said that the actual selective powers were in Yu's hands, and that Yu became exceedingly corrupt, making recommendations based on the amount of bribes that he received. Pei Ju, however, was known and praised for not accepting bribes.
305:), where Wang was stationed, and Wang's forces, in fear, collapsed. In all, Pei pacified more than 20 provinces, commissioning governors and county magistrates in Emperor Wen's name. After he returned to Chang'an, Emperor Wen was pleased and praised Pei greatly. He created Pei the Duke of Wenxi and awarded him a large cache of silk. He also made Pei the assistant minister of census, and then
467:) in 611 or face consequences. King Yeongyang, in fear, began to prepare for war, as did Emperor Yang, believing that conquest would be easy. (The subsequent campaigns against Goguryeo in 612, 613, and 614, particularly the one in 612, however, was disastrous for Sui, as great human and material costs were expended with only minimal territorial gains, leading eventually to Sui's downfall.)
289:) to comfort the people there, but while he was still traveling there, nearly all of former Chen territory, with the people unfamiliar with and resenting Sui laws, erupted into rebellion. Emperor Wen initially recalled Pei, but Pei requested permission to continue, and Emperor Wen allowed him. He gathered several thousand soldiers at Nankang (南康, in modern
524:). Pei accompanied him, but when Pei subsequently warned him about agrarian rebellions—which he did not wish to hear about—he ordered Pei back to Chang'an to be in charge of again receiving Xiyu emissaries, an effective banishment, although he did not push the issue when Pei subsequently claimed illness. In 617, when news that the general
663:
suggestion that
Emperor Taizong rejected as impractical, pointing out that households had various sizes, instead ordering that the silk be distributed by household size. However, later that year, Pei received approval from Emperor Taizong, when he counseled Emperor Taizong not to execute a low level official who had received a bribe in a
375:), and Emperor Yang put Pei in charge of the merchant operations there. Pei knew that Emperor Yang had great ambitions of territorial expansion, and when he met with central Asian merchants, he would get information from them as to the geographical features and customs of their states. He wrote a three-volume work entitled the
342:, with whom Emperor Wen was already displeased (and would eventually depose later that year in favor of Yang Guang) and executed, and Pei was given no rewards. Soon, Emperor Wen against sent Pei as an emissary to Ashina Rangan to comfort him and his troops; upon return to Chang'an, Pei was made deputy to the prime minister
475:
Gaochang. Emperor Yang then sent Pei to
Gaochang to persuade Ashina Daman to come to Sui, and Ashina Daman did; he subsequently stayed in China and did not return to his own land. Emperor Yang, pleased with this development, awarded Pei with a sable coat and jewels that Ashina Daman offered as tribute.
482:
was becoming strong and difficult to control and had therefore suggested that
Emperor Yang offer to marry a princess to the khan's brother Ashina Chiji (阿史那叱吉). Ashina Chiji, in fear, declined. This already brought resentment from the khan, when Pei tricked the Shibi Khan's strategist Shishuhu (史蜀胡)
474:
Ashina Daman similarly refused to visit
Emperor Yang, Pei suggested forming an alliance with Ashina Daman's subordinate Ashina Shekui, who had been requesting to marry a Sui princess. Emperor Yang agreed, and subsequently, Ashina Shekui attacked Ashina Daman, defeating him and forcing him to flee to
324:
Ashina
Yongyulü had married Northern Zhou's Princess Qianjin, who hated Yang for destroying Northern Zhou's imperial Yuwen clan. In 593, Pei Ju served as a Sui emissary to Eastern Tujue, and he revealed to Ashina Yongyulü that Princess Qianjin had been committing adultery, and then further persuaded
329:
Ashina Rangan that if he was able to get
Princess Qianjin killed, Sui would be willing to let him marry a Sui princess. Ashina Rangan therefore convinced Ashina Yongyulü that Princess Qianjin should be killed, and Ashina Yongyulü killed Princess Qianjin. Later, Ashina Rangan was in fact allowed to
653:
and killed them. After Li
Jiancheng's and Li Yuanji's deaths, their troops nevertheless continued to battle Li Shimin's, and Li Shimin asked Pei to appear before them and encourage them to disband, which they did. When Li Shimin then effectively forced Emperor Gaozu to create him crown prince and
512:
and sent messengers to
Princess Yicheng, who was directing military affairs at the Turkish capital in her husband's absence. She falsely informed Shibi Khan that the Turks were under attack from the north, and so the khan lifted the siege. After the end of the siege, Pei accompanied Emperor Yang
402:
the Duke of Xu toward
Tuyuhun, Murong Fuyun distrusted them and fled. Sui forces then attacked him, greatly defeating him and forcing him to flee further, seizing Tuyuhun territory and putting it under Sui control. Later that year, when Emperor Yang was set to offer sacrifices to the spirits of
330:
marry Sui's
Princess Anyi, and this led to a break between him and Ashina Yongyulü. Emperor Wen put Ashina Rangan under Sui protection, created him Qimin Khan, and, after Princess Anyi's death, gave him Princess Yicheng in marriage. He also launched armies against Dulan Khan and the subordinate
662:
Pei Ju continued to serve as minister of census after Emperor Gaozu yielded the throne to Li Shimin in winter 626 (as Emperor Taizong). Also in winter 626, Pei suggested that a small amount of silk be distributed per household for the people who had been adversely affected by Tujue incursions—a
334:
Ashina Dianjue, to protect Ashina Rangan. In one of those attacks, commanded by Shi Wansui (史萬歲) the Duke of Taiping, against Ashina Dianjue, Pei served as Shi's assistant, and they achieved a great victory, but once they returned to Chang'an, Shi was falsely accused of being an adherent of the
633:
In 625, Western Tujue's Yehu Khan Ashina Tong requested a marriage with a Tang princess. Emperor Gaozu consulted Pei, who believed that such a marriage would be beneficial to Tang, and Emperor Gaozu therefore agreed. (However, Ashina Tong, fearful of anger of Eastern Tujue's
602:) and considered supporting an adoptive son of Dou Jiande as Prince of Xia and continuing to resist Tang, but at the urging of the official Qi Shanxing (齊善行), Xia forces were disbanded. Qi, Pei, and Empress Cao's brother Cao Dan (曹旦) then escorted her and surrendered to Tang.
359:
In 604, Emperor Wen died—a death that traditional historians mostly believe to be a murder ordered by Yang Guang, although they admitted a lack of direct evidence—and was succeeded by Yang Guang (as Emperor Yang). Emperor Yang soon started the reconstruction of
350:
died, there were few written regulations about an empress' funeral, so new regulations were written by Pei and Niu Hong (牛弘). Emperor Wen subsequently made him the minister of civil service affairs, and Pei was considered capable at that position.
908:
However, this statement, as made in all of the traditional histories' biographies of Pei, is problematic, because by that point, Gao Renying was no longer a prince (although he, unlike almost all of the other Northern Qi princes, was spared by
446:
happened to be at Ashina Rangan's headquarters as well, and Ashina Rangan had him meet with Emperor Yang. Pei then suggested to Emperor Yang that Goguryeo should be subjugated—pointing out that Goguryeo territory was formerly ruled by the
508:. The Turks besieged them there on September 11. Emperor Yang put Yu and Pei in charge of planning the military counteroffensive, but was only able to get the siege lifted after he followed the advice of the empress's brother
495:) and then killed him, claiming that Shishuhu was planning to rebel against the khan. Shibi Khan, knowing that the accusation was false, became resolved to rebel against Sui. In the fall of 615, when Emperor Yang was visiting
423:), to pay homage to him and to assist in offering sacrifices. Emperor Yang was greatly pleased by this and greatly awarded both Pei and all of the Xiyu emissaries. Around the same time, Emperor Yang made Pei Ju, along with
499:
on the northern frontier, the khan launched a surprise attack on the area, overrunning most of its Chinese settlements. Warned by the khan's wife Princess Yicheng—a member of the imperial family who had been well treated by
645:
In 626, Li Shimin the Prince of Qin, then in an intense rivalry with Li Jiancheng and fearing that Li Jiancheng would kill him, ambushed Li Jiancheng and another brother who supported Li Jiancheng,
217:
In his youth, Pei Ju was known for his knowledge and intelligence. He served on the staff of Gao Zhen (高貞) the Prince of Beiping and then of Gao Renying (高仁英) the Prince of Gaoping, both sons of
563:). After he poisoned Yang Hao and declared himself emperor of a state of Xu (許) later in 618, he created Pei the Duke of Cai. He was subsequently captured and executed by another rebel ruler,
172:
and practically directly contributing to Sui's downfall by encouraging many external military campaigns that drained Sui's resources. Modern historians have questioned these assessments:
543:(Yuwen Shu's son). They killed Emperor Yang and a large number of high-level officials, but as Pei was kind to them, they spared Pei. Yuwen Huaji declared Emperor Yang's nephew
478:
Meanwhile, another strategy offered by Pei to keep the Eastern Turks divided and controlled backfired. Pei had become apprehensive that Ashina Rangan's son and successor the
237:), he invited Pei to serve as his secretary. Pei later left Yang Jian's service when his mother died, to observe a mourning period. In 580, Yang Jian seized power as
913:), and therefore would not have eligible to have a staff any more. No explanation was given in any of the traditional histories as to which position Pei was stuck at.
618:(Yu Shiji's brother) draft regulations on various ceremonies, and the regulations were described as appropriate and praised by scholars. In 624, he was made acting
586:
the Emperor of Zheng, Dou, believing that if Tang destroyed Zheng, his own Xia state would be cornered, went to Wang's aid, but was defeated by Li Shimin at the
297:) and defeated and killed the rebel general Zhou Shiju (周師舉), who served under Wang Zhongxuan (王仲宣). He then approached Guang Province (廣州, roughly modern
383:
states. Emperor Yang summoned Pei to discuss with him, and Pei further convinced him that Xiyu was full of treasure and that the large nearby state,
387:, could be easily conquered. Emperor Yang was enticed, and he put Pei in charge of planning the subjugation of Xiyu states and conquest of Tuyuhun.
257:
as its Emperor Wen. Pei Ju became a mid-level official in the new dynasty's government. In 589, when Emperor Wen sent forces to conquer the rival
1231:
516:
In 616, Emperor Yang, despite the fact that most of his territory was engulfed by agrarian rebellions, went from Luoyang to Jiangdu (江都, in modern
379:(西域圖記, of which only the preface is still extant), and he submitted it to Emperor Yang, urging reopening of relations with and subjugation of the
567:
the Prince of Xia, in 619. Dou, as his government was then unorganized, had Pei draft the governmental organization and continue to serve as
667:—pointing out the inequity in executing someone for falling trap to a sting operation. Pei died in October 627 and was posthumously honored.
331:
1256:
214:. Pei Nazhi died when Pei Ju was young, and Pei Ju was raised by his uncle Pei Rangzhi (裴讓之), himself a famed official during the time.
364:
to serve as the eastern capital, and he put Pei Ju in charge of building the governmental offices, which Pei completed in nine months.
434:
In 610, when Emperor Yang visited the headquarters of Ashina Rangan—who had, by this point, with Sui support, become the ruler of the
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168:. He was praised by traditional Chinese historians for his ability and lack of corruption, but blamed for flattering
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during an earlier visit—the emperor, empress, and their entourage escaped to the commandery seat at present-day
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implied, but failed to explicitly state, that Pei Ju was 79 when Emperor Taizong took the throne in 626. The
1090:
816:
242:
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initially sought aid from Sui, but when Emperor Yang sent his cousin Yang Xiong (楊雄) the Prince of Ande and
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and Pei collect the Chen archives. In 590, Pei was ordered to head to the Lingnan region (嶺南, i.e., modern
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Emperor Gaozu created Pei Ju the Duke of Anyi and had him serve as the head of his son and crown prince
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back to Luoyang, and was subsequently in charge of receiving a delegation led by Ashina Shekui's son.
253:
In 581, Yang Jian had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and establishing the
206:, and his father Pei Nazhi (裴訥之) served as an official during Northern Wei's branch successor state
455:. Emperor Yang was enticed, and he issued an edict, to be taken back to Goguryeo's king Gao Yuan (
435:
367:
Meanwhile, there was a substantial central Asian merchant trade with Sui at Zhangye (張掖, in modern
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8:
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Ashina Duobi, did not actually carry out the marriage.) Later in 625, Pei was no longer
428:
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169:
225:
in 577, it was said that Pei was stuck at his position. When the Northern Zhou general
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in his government, often inquiring Pei as to Sui governance and other related matters.
226:
1131:
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and a number of generals fled back to the Xia capital Ming Prefecture (洺州, in modern
496:
191:
407:, Pei persuaded emissaries from 27 Xiyu states, headed by Qu Boya (麴伯雅) the King of
1110:
1100:
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691:
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the Prince of Jin, the commander for the overall operation. After Chen's capital
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245:. He sent messengers to summon Pei, and Pei served on his staff as a secretary.
122:
756:
182:
a "particularly blatant piece of editorializing" and "absurd ... beyond doubt."
152:, was a Chinese cartographer, diplomat, politician, and writer who lived in the
1145:
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876:
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the Prince of Qin emperor, and began to head back north with the Xiaoguo Army.
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At that time, one of the major threats that Sui was facing was from Eastern
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309:(內史侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau of the government (內史省,
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697:
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448:
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both indicated that it was Li Shimin who requested Pei to do this. See
1127:
635:
564:
479:
326:
321:
804:. Vol. 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part One. p. 127.
654:
then reorganized the government, Pei was made the minister of census.
261:
and to unite China, Pei Ju served as a secretary to Emperor Wen's son
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615:
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In spring 618, Xiaoguo officers nevertheless rose in a coup, led by
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622:(侍中)—the head of the examination bureau of the government (門下省,
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served as the commandant at Ding Province (定州, roughly modern
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234:
1123:
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy
826:
both gave Pei Ju's grandfather's name as Pei Tuo – and the
892:
gave his grandfather's name, however, as Pei Ta (裴他).
459:), in which he ordered King Yeongyang to visit him at
1059:
indicated that it was Emperor Gaozu who did so. See
202:). His grandfather Pei Tuo (裴佗) was an official for
550:
578:(a son of Li Yuan, who had in 618 established the
559:) of the executive bureau of the government (尚書省,
657:
1198:
790:
642:and therefore apparently no longer chancellor.
605:
354:
325:Ashina Yongyulü's nephew and subordinate khan
248:
16:Chinese cartographer and chancellor (547–627)
944:. In the biography for Emperor Yang in the
221:. After Northern Qi was destroyed by rival
377:Maps of and Notes About the Western Regions
273:was captured, Yang Guang had his assistant
80:Cartographer, diplomat, politician, writer
555:Yuwen Huaji made Pei Ju the co-head (僕射,
415:general in charge of Yiwu (伊吾, in modern
320:, to the north, particularly because its
1014:
794:(1979). "The Sui dynasty (581–617)". In
1232:Chancellors under Emperor Gaozu of Tang
948:, it also placed these events in 608.
836:both had a biography for Pei Tuo. See
528:had rebelled at Taiyuan (太原, in modern
1199:
1130:: State University of New York Press,
973:
1119:
979:
176:labelled the latter judgement in the
926:placed these events in 607, but the
614:'s household. He also had Pei and
394:to attack Tuyuhun. Tuyuhun's khan
346:. In 601, when Emperor Wen's wife
13:
1257:Northern Zhou government officials
626:) and a post considered one for a
210:and Eastern Wei's successor state
190:Pei Ju's clan was originally from
137:(547 – 3 October 627), birth name
14:
1303:
1282:Sui dynasty government officials
922:The biography for Pei Ju in the
582:as its Emperor Gaozu) attacking
551:Under Yuwen Huaji and Dou Jiande
160:dynasties, briefly serving as a
1073:
1033:
1222:7th-century Chinese scientists
989:
916:
902:
808:
801:The Cambridge History of China
784:
771:
719:
677:
658:During Emperor Taizong's reign
470:In 611, after Western Tujue's
411:and Ashina Tutun (阿史那吐屯), the
219:Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi
1:
1120:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2006),
1091:History of Northern Dynasties
932:placed them in 608. Compare
846:History of Northern Dynasties
834:History of Northern Dynasties
817:History of Northern Dynasties
708:
243:Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou
185:
1247:Medieval Chinese geographers
713:
606:During Emperor Gaozu's reign
7:
911:Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou
701:gave no age for him at all.
355:During Emperor Yang's reign
52:627 (aged 79–80)
10:
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390:In 608, Pei persuaded the
249:During Emperor Wen's reign
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1227:7th-century cartographers
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436:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
66:Duke Jing of Anyi (安邑敬公)
1217:6th-century geographers
1272:Scientists from Shanxi
1242:Chinese travel writers
1277:Sui dynasty diplomats
1237:Chinese cartographers
777:(八月戊戌，....。户部尚书裴矩卒。)
649:the Prince of Qi, at
269:fell and the emperor
166:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
1055:, vol. 100, but the
483:into meeting him at
463:(涿郡, roughly modern
442:)—the emissary from
194:(河東, roughly modern
164:during the reign of
1292:Writers from Shanxi
1287:Sui dynasty writers
170:Emperor Yang of Sui
1262:Pei clan of Hedong
1252:Northern Qi people
1005:2010-05-22 at the
796:Denis C. Twitchett
497:Yanmen Commandery
192:Hedong Commandery
150:Duke Jing of Anyi
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57:Other names
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731:"舊唐書 列傳 卷十一至二十"
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851:"北史 列傳 卷二一至三十"
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753:"唐書 列傳 第十一至二五"
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879:on 2008-02-10
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584:Wang Shichong
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574:In 621, with
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143:courtesy name
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1074:Bibliography
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1029:(in Chinese)
1021:
1020:Sima Guang,
1016:
1010:(in Chinese)
991:
980:Xiong (2006)
975:
963:. Retrieved
959:the original
949:
945:
937:
933:
927:
923:
918:
904:
893:
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881:. Retrieved
877:the original
867:
859:. Retrieved
855:the original
845:
837:
833:
827:
821:
815:
810:
799:
786:
779:Jiu Tang Shu
778:
773:
761:. Retrieved
757:the original
747:
739:. Retrieved
735:the original
725:
721:
696:
690:
684:
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661:
644:
639:
632:
624:Menxia Sheng
623:
619:
612:Li Jiancheng
609:
580:Tang dynasty
573:
568:
560:
556:
554:
538:
515:
502:Empress Xiao
477:
469:
439:
433:
427:, Niu Hong,
396:Murong Fuyun
389:
376:
366:
358:
348:Empress Dugu
337:crown prince
315:
311:Neishi Sheng
310:
306:
259:Chen dynasty
252:
216:
204:Northern Wei
189:
177:
149:
145:
138:
134:
133:
126:
119:Chinese name
1114:, vol. 100.
1081:Book of Sui
982:, pp.
955:"隋書 紀 卷一至五"
950:Book of Sui
946:Book of Sui
934:Book of Sui
924:Book of Sui
894:Book of Sui
890:Book of Sui
838:Book of Wei
829:Book of Wei
750:, vol. 100
698:Book of Sui
651:Xuanwu Gate
592:Empress Cao
541:Yuwen Huaji
472:Chuluo Khan
453:Jin dynasty
449:Han dynasty
271:Chen Shubao
255:Sui dynasty
212:Northern Qi
208:Eastern Wei
148:, formally
123:family name
100:Pei Shuying
94:Pei Fenggao
63:Hongda (弘大)
1212:627 deaths
1207:547 births
1201:Categories
1104:, vol. 63.
1094:, vol. 38.
1084:, vol. 67.
965:2008-05-11
896:, vol. 67
883:2007-12-18
870:, vol. 63
861:2006-10-02
848:, vol. 38
763:2008-02-10
741:2007-12-18
728:, vol. 63
709:References
636:Jiali Khan
628:chancellor
565:Dou Jiande
480:Shibi Khan
440:Dong Tujue
405:Mount Heng
332:Datou Khan
322:Dulan Khan
263:Yang Guang
186:Background
162:chancellor
91:Pei Xuanji
1026:Vol. 182.
998:十一年 八月癸酉
952:, vol. 3
714:Citations
683:Both the
647:Li Yuanji
616:Yu Shinan
576:Li Shimin
400:Yuwen Shu
340:Yang Yong
327:Tuli Khan
303:Guangdong
299:Guangzhou
279:Guangdong
275:Gao Jiong
227:Yang Jian
139:Pei Shiju
111:Pei Nazhi
1149:, vols.
1065:vol. 191
1043:and the
1003:Archived
942:vol. 181
820:and the
781:, vol.02
689:and the
640:Shizhong
620:Shizhong
545:Yang Hao
518:Yangzhou
489:Shuozhou
444:Goguryeo
425:Yu Shiji
421:Xinjiang
409:Gaochang
267:Jiankang
196:Yuncheng
117:In this
85:Children
38:Yuncheng
888:. The
842:vol. 88
798:(ed.).
530:Taiyuan
526:Li Yuan
522:Jiangsu
510:Xiao Yu
506:Daixian
465:Beijing
385:Tuyuhun
369:Zhangye
362:Luoyang
344:Yang Su
295:Jiangxi
291:Ganzhou
287:Vietnam
283:Guangxi
231:Baoding
1134:
1128:Albany
596:Handan
534:Shanxi
493:Shanxi
429:Su Wei
239:regent
200:Shanxi
146:Hongda
135:Pei Ju
121:, the
108:Father
42:Shanxi
23:Pei Ju
671:Notes
600:Hebei
569:Pushe
557:Pushe
392:Tiele
373:Gansu
318:Tujue
235:Hebei
1132:ISBN
1039:The
984:63–4
832:and
814:The
746:and
485:Mayi
451:and
381:Xiyu
158:Tang
156:and
49:Died
31:Born
1191:192
1187:191
1183:189
1179:187
1175:185
1171:184
1167:182
1163:181
1159:180
1155:178
1151:177
313:).
154:Sui
128:Pei
125:is
34:547
1203::
1189:,
1185:,
1181:,
1177:,
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
1161:,
1157:,
1153:,
1126:,
1063:,
1024:,
996:大業
940:,
866:;
844:;
840:,
630:.
598:,
532:,
520:,
491:,
419:,
371:,
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293:,
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233:,
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141:,
40:,
25:裴矩
1193:.
1141:.
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970:.
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438:(
131:.
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